Winnie Madikizela-Mandela

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    <title>Winnie Madikizela-Mandela</title>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
      <sha1>jhfw8f03y91ulkk9i2sexafbkqmr9cj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>67435</id>
      <parentid>67434</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-30T22:21:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
        <id>3104</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I don add de header 'Apartheid: 1963–1985'</comment>
      <origin>67435</origin>
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      <text bytes="30232" sha1="l3xt858x6qwnr2uz4ffasvpqutba4kh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
      <sha1>i2tec6ryf3xvx948dra6t8z0bm92b64</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>67446</id>
      <parentid>67443</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-30T22:45:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
        <id>3104</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I don add de header 'Violence plus criminal proceedings'</comment>
      <origin>67446</origin>
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      <text bytes="35971" sha1="bhegteo61v6x52arzjyg3gdqzr9o9t7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>67451</id>
      <parentid>67449</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-30T22:50:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
        <id>3104</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Violence plus criminal proceedings */  I don add de sub-header 'Return to Soweto and Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989'</comment>
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      <text bytes="37908" sha1="4u1r6vhyswemcmyzcve02o2ckj3h3yk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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      <id>67455</id>
      <parentid>67454</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-30T23:02:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
        <id>3104</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Violence plus criminal proceedings */  I don add de sub-header 'Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala'</comment>
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      <text bytes="44920" sha1="ahfrgnw57ohpyko47z4skwl3d758ry9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
        <id>3104</id>
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      <comment>/* Violence plus criminal proceedings */  I don add de sub-header 'Seipei plus Asvat killings'</comment>
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      <text bytes="46478" sha1="1rfl0p9lobozf8tn2qmw4wkipqn10ua" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>67465</id>
      <parentid>67463</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-30T23:34:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
        <id>3104</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I don add de header 'Check am too'</comment>
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      <text bytes="59500" sha1="bo6lwptpjvgbgua6nsa9ji1tlgswa6d" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
      <sha1>9yf5tkcrb8ljgu011nhwopapj0uemie</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>67468</id>
      <parentid>67466</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-30T23:37:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
        <id>3104</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I don add de header 'Insyde popular culture'</comment>
      <origin>67468</origin>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Insyde popular culture ==

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Insyde popular culture ==
Alfre Woodard play Mandela for 1987 HBO TV movie wey dem call Mandela. Woodard collect CableACE Award and NAACP Image Award for di fine acting, same as Danny Glover wey play Nelson Mandela too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Haithman, Diane|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-18-ca-5684-story.html|title='Mandela' Tackles Apartheid Issue : Glover and Woodard Are Passionate About Roles|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=18 September 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tina Lifford sabi play am for 1997 TV film wey dem call Mandela plus de Klerk. Sophie Okonedo too act am for BBC drama Mrs Mandela, wey dem show first for BBC Four on 25 January 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Hudson play as Winnie Mandela for film wey Darrell Roodt direct. Dem drop am for Canada by D Films on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson use Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob biography, Winnie Mandela:&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Michael. (17 November 2009) [https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/jennifer-hudson-to-star-in-winnie-1118011521/ &quot;Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie'&quot;] . ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; A Life, take write the script. De Creative Workers Union of South Africa no gree make dem use Hudson for di main role, dem talk say make dem fit use local actors to tell di country's stories don undermine de efforts to develop de national film industry.&lt;ref&gt;Tartaglione, Nancy. (7 December 2009) [http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/6175691/south-african-actors-up-in-arms-over-hudson-casting?page=all South African Actors Up In Arms over Hudson Casting {{!}} Movie News]. Hollywood.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Jennifer Hudson should not star in Mandela film, South African actors say|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=7 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Hudson plus Terrance Howard wey play Nelson Mandela get praise from plenty critics, di film fall flat for critics plus money side.

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

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[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
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[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Insyde popular culture ==
Alfre Woodard play Mandela for 1987 HBO TV movie wey dem call Mandela. Woodard collect CableACE Award and NAACP Image Award for di fine acting, same as Danny Glover wey play Nelson Mandela too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Haithman, Diane|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-18-ca-5684-story.html|title='Mandela' Tackles Apartheid Issue : Glover and Woodard Are Passionate About Roles|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=18 September 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tina Lifford sabi play am for 1997 TV film wey dem call Mandela plus de Klerk. Sophie Okonedo too act am for BBC drama Mrs Mandela, wey dem show first for BBC Four on 25 January 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Hudson play as Winnie Mandela for film wey Darrell Roodt direct. Dem drop am for Canada by D Films on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson use Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob biography, Winnie Mandela:&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Michael. (17 November 2009) [https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/jennifer-hudson-to-star-in-winnie-1118011521/ &quot;Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie'&quot;] . ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; A Life, take write the script. De Creative Workers Union of South Africa no gree make dem use Hudson for di main role, dem talk say make dem fit use local actors to tell di country's stories don undermine de efforts to develop de national film industry.&lt;ref&gt;Tartaglione, Nancy. (7 December 2009) [http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/6175691/south-african-actors-up-in-arms-over-hudson-casting?page=all South African Actors Up In Arms over Hudson Casting {{!}} Movie News]. Hollywood.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Jennifer Hudson should not star in Mandela film, South African actors say|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=7 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Hudson plus Terrance Howard wey play Nelson Mandela get praise from plenty critics, di film fall flat for critics plus money side.

For 2007, dem do one opera wey dem call The Passion of Winnie based on her life for Canada; but she no fit get visa go attend di world premiere plus di gala wey dem go fundraise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Winnie Mandela denied entry to Canada for arts gala|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/winnie-mandela-denied-entry-to-canada-for-arts-gala-1.670799|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=5 June 2007|access-date=5 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandela dey again for 2013 film wey dem call Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom wey actress Naomie Harris play am (Idris Elba wey be British actor also play Nelson Mandela). When she watch di film, Madikizela-Mandela tell Harris say na di first time she gofit see her story captured for film. Gugulethu okaMseleku write for De Guardian, talk say di film bring Madikizela-Mandela back to her correct position, sabi her role for di ‘struggle’ wey for South African women ... na better pass her husband own.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Long Walk to Freedom returns Winnie Mandela to her rightful place|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/03/long-walk-to-freedom-winnie-mandela-nelson|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Gugulethu|last=okaMseleku|date=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As we dey prepare for Madikizela-Mandela funeral, everywhere dey hot with politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; small time after dem move former president Jacob Zuma,&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jessie Duarte, one big ANC leader, tell critics make dem &quot;sit down and shut up&quot;, while Economic Freedom Fighters leader Julius Malema talk say &quot;anybody wey accuse Mama Winnie of any crime na traitor&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Insyde popular culture ==
Alfre Woodard play Mandela for 1987 HBO TV movie wey dem call Mandela. Woodard collect CableACE Award and NAACP Image Award for di fine acting, same as Danny Glover wey play Nelson Mandela too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Haithman, Diane|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-18-ca-5684-story.html|title='Mandela' Tackles Apartheid Issue : Glover and Woodard Are Passionate About Roles|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=18 September 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tina Lifford sabi play am for 1997 TV film wey dem call Mandela plus de Klerk. Sophie Okonedo too act am for BBC drama Mrs Mandela, wey dem show first for BBC Four on 25 January 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Hudson play as Winnie Mandela for film wey Darrell Roodt direct. Dem drop am for Canada by D Films on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson use Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob biography, Winnie Mandela:&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Michael. (17 November 2009) [https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/jennifer-hudson-to-star-in-winnie-1118011521/ &quot;Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie'&quot;] . ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; A Life, take write the script. De Creative Workers Union of South Africa no gree make dem use Hudson for di main role, dem talk say make dem fit use local actors to tell di country's stories don undermine de efforts to develop de national film industry.&lt;ref&gt;Tartaglione, Nancy. (7 December 2009) [http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/6175691/south-african-actors-up-in-arms-over-hudson-casting?page=all South African Actors Up In Arms over Hudson Casting {{!}} Movie News]. Hollywood.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Jennifer Hudson should not star in Mandela film, South African actors say|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=7 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Hudson plus Terrance Howard wey play Nelson Mandela get praise from plenty critics, di film fall flat for critics plus money side.

For 2007, dem do one opera wey dem call The Passion of Winnie based on her life for Canada; but she no fit get visa go attend di world premiere plus di gala wey dem go fundraise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Winnie Mandela denied entry to Canada for arts gala|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/winnie-mandela-denied-entry-to-canada-for-arts-gala-1.670799|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=5 June 2007|access-date=5 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandela dey again for 2013 film wey dem call Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom wey actress Naomie Harris play am (Idris Elba wey be British actor also play Nelson Mandela). When she watch di film, Madikizela-Mandela tell Harris say na di first time she gofit see her story captured for film. Gugulethu okaMseleku write for De Guardian, talk say di film bring Madikizela-Mandela back to her correct position, sabi her role for di ‘struggle’ wey for South African women ... na better pass her husband own.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Long Walk to Freedom returns Winnie Mandela to her rightful place|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/03/long-walk-to-freedom-winnie-mandela-nelson|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Gugulethu|last=okaMseleku|date=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As we dey prepare for Madikizela-Mandela funeral, everywhere dey hot with politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; small time after dem move former president Jacob Zuma,&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jessie Duarte, one big ANC leader, tell critics make dem &quot;sit down and shut up&quot;, while Economic Freedom Fighters leader Julius Malema talk say &quot;anybody wey accuse Mama Winnie of any crime na traitor&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South African government wan give Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Special Official Funeral&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;encaOfficialFuneralExplainer&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Toit|first=Christelle du|title=What does an official funeral in SA entail?|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161603/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Enca.com Explainer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem hold her public funeral for Orlando Stadium on 14 April 2018. Her daughters and Julius Malema dey plan the funeral gree gree, and ANC sabi say dem get wahala to fit find space for de event.&lt;ref name=&quot;news24FuneralRift&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Cele|first=S’Thembile|author2=Hlengiwe Nhlabathi|title=Winnie's funeral rift|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415050250/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|archive-date=15 April 2018|access-date=15 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the public service, ANC and President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa talk say dem no stand behind Madikizela-Mandela when wahala dey her legal side.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Julius Malema&lt;ref name=&quot;malemaRailsCitizen&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=14 April 2018|title='They are here' – Malema rails against Winnie's 'traitors' at funeral|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1894115/they-are-here-malema-rails-against-winnies-traitors-at-funeral/|website=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; talk am well wey he wound Dem United Democratic Front wey abandon Madikizela-Mandela back for de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malema sef don dey talk plenty about the National Executive Committee members of ANC Women League wey resign for 1995,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgThaboWinnieRescue&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; sekof dem dey see Madikizela-Mandela as criminal.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela pikin, Zenani, don fight back people wey dey badmouth her mama, she dey call dem hypocrites.&lt;ref name=&quot;zenaniEwnFuneralHypocrites&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title='Praising Mama Winnie now that she's gone shows what hypocrites you are'|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/14/praising-mama-winnie-now-that-she-s-gone-shows-what-hypocrites-you-are|publisher=Eyewitness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; After dem finish public service, dem bury am for cemetery for Fourways for north Johannesburg during private memorial wey nobody fit waka enter.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plenty ANC people don dey ready to defend demself for di matter wey dem talk for di funeral; but di ANC still talk make everybody chill small.&lt;ref name=&quot;ancRestraintAallegations&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mashaba|first1=Sibongile|last2=Feketha|first2=Siviwe|date=17 April 2018|title=ANC calls for restraint over #Winnie allegations|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/anc-calls-for-restraint-over-winnie-allegations-14484247|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Insyde popular culture ==
Alfre Woodard play Mandela for 1987 HBO TV movie wey dem call Mandela. Woodard collect CableACE Award and NAACP Image Award for di fine acting, same as Danny Glover wey play Nelson Mandela too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Haithman, Diane|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-18-ca-5684-story.html|title='Mandela' Tackles Apartheid Issue : Glover and Woodard Are Passionate About Roles|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=18 September 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tina Lifford sabi play am for 1997 TV film wey dem call Mandela plus de Klerk. Sophie Okonedo too act am for BBC drama Mrs Mandela, wey dem show first for BBC Four on 25 January 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Hudson play as Winnie Mandela for film wey Darrell Roodt direct. Dem drop am for Canada by D Films on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson use Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob biography, Winnie Mandela:&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Michael. (17 November 2009) [https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/jennifer-hudson-to-star-in-winnie-1118011521/ &quot;Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie'&quot;] . ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; A Life, take write the script. De Creative Workers Union of South Africa no gree make dem use Hudson for di main role, dem talk say make dem fit use local actors to tell di country's stories don undermine de efforts to develop de national film industry.&lt;ref&gt;Tartaglione, Nancy. (7 December 2009) [http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/6175691/south-african-actors-up-in-arms-over-hudson-casting?page=all South African Actors Up In Arms over Hudson Casting {{!}} Movie News]. Hollywood.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Jennifer Hudson should not star in Mandela film, South African actors say|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=7 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Hudson plus Terrance Howard wey play Nelson Mandela get praise from plenty critics, di film fall flat for critics plus money side.

For 2007, dem do one opera wey dem call The Passion of Winnie based on her life for Canada; but she no fit get visa go attend di world premiere plus di gala wey dem go fundraise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Winnie Mandela denied entry to Canada for arts gala|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/winnie-mandela-denied-entry-to-canada-for-arts-gala-1.670799|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=5 June 2007|access-date=5 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandela dey again for 2013 film wey dem call Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom wey actress Naomie Harris play am (Idris Elba wey be British actor also play Nelson Mandela). When she watch di film, Madikizela-Mandela tell Harris say na di first time she gofit see her story captured for film. Gugulethu okaMseleku write for De Guardian, talk say di film bring Madikizela-Mandela back to her correct position, sabi her role for di ‘struggle’ wey for South African women ... na better pass her husband own.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Long Walk to Freedom returns Winnie Mandela to her rightful place|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/03/long-walk-to-freedom-winnie-mandela-nelson|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Gugulethu|last=okaMseleku|date=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
      <sha1>n6pvyrkr5klfz66ukhzdkaki3tkf1cc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>67486</id>
      <parentid>67484</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-30T23:57:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
        <id>3104</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I don add de sub-header '2010 interview with Nadira Naipaul'</comment>
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      <text bytes="69619" sha1="4zw6gf54x3rbizo1boxpug329w4g7gy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== 2010 interview with Nadira Naipaul =====

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As we dey prepare for Madikizela-Mandela funeral, everywhere dey hot with politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; small time after dem move former president Jacob Zuma,&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jessie Duarte, one big ANC leader, tell critics make dem &quot;sit down and shut up&quot;, while Economic Freedom Fighters leader Julius Malema talk say &quot;anybody wey accuse Mama Winnie of any crime na traitor&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South African government wan give Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Special Official Funeral&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;encaOfficialFuneralExplainer&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Toit|first=Christelle du|title=What does an official funeral in SA entail?|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161603/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Enca.com Explainer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem hold her public funeral for Orlando Stadium on 14 April 2018. Her daughters and Julius Malema dey plan the funeral gree gree, and ANC sabi say dem get wahala to fit find space for de event.&lt;ref name=&quot;news24FuneralRift&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Cele|first=S’Thembile|author2=Hlengiwe Nhlabathi|title=Winnie's funeral rift|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415050250/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|archive-date=15 April 2018|access-date=15 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the public service, ANC and President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa talk say dem no stand behind Madikizela-Mandela when wahala dey her legal side.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Julius Malema&lt;ref name=&quot;malemaRailsCitizen&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=14 April 2018|title='They are here' – Malema rails against Winnie's 'traitors' at funeral|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1894115/they-are-here-malema-rails-against-winnies-traitors-at-funeral/|website=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; talk am well wey he wound Dem United Democratic Front wey abandon Madikizela-Mandela back for de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malema sef don dey talk plenty about the National Executive Committee members of ANC Women League wey resign for 1995,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgThaboWinnieRescue&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; sekof dem dey see Madikizela-Mandela as criminal.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela pikin, Zenani, don fight back people wey dey badmouth her mama, she dey call dem hypocrites.&lt;ref name=&quot;zenaniEwnFuneralHypocrites&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title='Praising Mama Winnie now that she's gone shows what hypocrites you are'|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/14/praising-mama-winnie-now-that-she-s-gone-shows-what-hypocrites-you-are|publisher=Eyewitness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; After dem finish public service, dem bury am for cemetery for Fourways for north Johannesburg during private memorial wey nobody fit waka enter.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plenty ANC people don dey ready to defend demself for di matter wey dem talk for di funeral; but di ANC still talk make everybody chill small.&lt;ref name=&quot;ancRestraintAallegations&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mashaba|first1=Sibongile|last2=Feketha|first2=Siviwe|date=17 April 2018|title=ANC calls for restraint over #Winnie allegations|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/anc-calls-for-restraint-over-winnie-allegations-14484247|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Insyde popular culture ==
Alfre Woodard play Mandela for 1987 HBO TV movie wey dem call Mandela. Woodard collect CableACE Award and NAACP Image Award for di fine acting, same as Danny Glover wey play Nelson Mandela too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Haithman, Diane|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-18-ca-5684-story.html|title='Mandela' Tackles Apartheid Issue : Glover and Woodard Are Passionate About Roles|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=18 September 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tina Lifford sabi play am for 1997 TV film wey dem call Mandela plus de Klerk. Sophie Okonedo too act am for BBC drama Mrs Mandela, wey dem show first for BBC Four on 25 January 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Hudson play as Winnie Mandela for film wey Darrell Roodt direct. Dem drop am for Canada by D Films on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson use Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob biography, Winnie Mandela:&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Michael. (17 November 2009) [https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/jennifer-hudson-to-star-in-winnie-1118011521/ &quot;Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie'&quot;] . ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; A Life, take write the script. De Creative Workers Union of South Africa no gree make dem use Hudson for di main role, dem talk say make dem fit use local actors to tell di country's stories don undermine de efforts to develop de national film industry.&lt;ref&gt;Tartaglione, Nancy. (7 December 2009) [http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/6175691/south-african-actors-up-in-arms-over-hudson-casting?page=all South African Actors Up In Arms over Hudson Casting {{!}} Movie News]. Hollywood.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Jennifer Hudson should not star in Mandela film, South African actors say|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=7 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Hudson plus Terrance Howard wey play Nelson Mandela get praise from plenty critics, di film fall flat for critics plus money side.

For 2007, dem do one opera wey dem call The Passion of Winnie based on her life for Canada; but she no fit get visa go attend di world premiere plus di gala wey dem go fundraise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Winnie Mandela denied entry to Canada for arts gala|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/winnie-mandela-denied-entry-to-canada-for-arts-gala-1.670799|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=5 June 2007|access-date=5 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandela dey again for 2013 film wey dem call Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom wey actress Naomie Harris play am (Idris Elba wey be British actor also play Nelson Mandela). When she watch di film, Madikizela-Mandela tell Harris say na di first time she gofit see her story captured for film. Gugulethu okaMseleku write for De Guardian, talk say di film bring Madikizela-Mandela back to her correct position, sabi her role for di ‘struggle’ wey for South African women ... na better pass her husband own.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Long Walk to Freedom returns Winnie Mandela to her rightful place|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/03/long-walk-to-freedom-winnie-mandela-nelson|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Gugulethu|last=okaMseleku|date=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== 2010 interview with Nadira Naipaul =====
For 2010, Madikizela-Mandela talk with Nadira Naipaul. For that interview, she no let am slide, she yan say her ex-husband don “let blacks down”, say him just dey “carry come collect money”, plus say him be “nothing but foundation”. She still fire am for him choice to take Nobel Peace Prize with F. W. de Klerk. Among other things, dem talk say Mandela don dey “no dey show” for her daughters. She even call Archbishop Desmond Tutu, wey dey run Truth and Reconciliation Commission, as a “cretin”.&lt;ref&gt;Naipaul, Nadira (8 March 2010) [https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html &quot;How Nelson Mandela betrayed us, says ex-wife Winnie&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408045752/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html|date=8 April 2018}}. ''London Evening Standard''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di interview catch media eye,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7403504/Winnie-Mandela-accuses-Nelson-of-letting-down-South-Africas-blacks.html &quot;Winnie Mandela accuses Nelson of letting down South Africa's blacks&quot;]. ''The Telegraph'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; plus di ANC come talk say dem go ask her to explain wetin she talk about Nelson Mandela.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madiba&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Williams, Murray|author2=Kgosana, Caiphus|date=9 March 2010|title=South Africa: &quot;'Madiba' let us down&quot;|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20100309120838574C472618&amp;singlepage=1|name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 March 2010, dem drop statement for Madikizela-Mandela side wey claim say di interview na fake.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article354012.ece &quot;'Ms Naipaul is a liar and a fraud'&quot;]. ''Times Live/Sunday Times'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As we dey prepare for Madikizela-Mandela funeral, everywhere dey hot with politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; small time after dem move former president Jacob Zuma,&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jessie Duarte, one big ANC leader, tell critics make dem &quot;sit down and shut up&quot;, while Economic Freedom Fighters leader Julius Malema talk say &quot;anybody wey accuse Mama Winnie of any crime na traitor&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South African government wan give Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Special Official Funeral&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;encaOfficialFuneralExplainer&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Toit|first=Christelle du|title=What does an official funeral in SA entail?|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161603/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Enca.com Explainer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem hold her public funeral for Orlando Stadium on 14 April 2018. Her daughters and Julius Malema dey plan the funeral gree gree, and ANC sabi say dem get wahala to fit find space for de event.&lt;ref name=&quot;news24FuneralRift&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Cele|first=S’Thembile|author2=Hlengiwe Nhlabathi|title=Winnie's funeral rift|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415050250/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|archive-date=15 April 2018|access-date=15 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the public service, ANC and President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa talk say dem no stand behind Madikizela-Mandela when wahala dey her legal side.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Julius Malema&lt;ref name=&quot;malemaRailsCitizen&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=14 April 2018|title='They are here' – Malema rails against Winnie's 'traitors' at funeral|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1894115/they-are-here-malema-rails-against-winnies-traitors-at-funeral/|website=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; talk am well wey he wound Dem United Democratic Front wey abandon Madikizela-Mandela back for de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malema sef don dey talk plenty about the National Executive Committee members of ANC Women League wey resign for 1995,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgThaboWinnieRescue&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; sekof dem dey see Madikizela-Mandela as criminal.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela pikin, Zenani, don fight back people wey dey badmouth her mama, she dey call dem hypocrites.&lt;ref name=&quot;zenaniEwnFuneralHypocrites&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title='Praising Mama Winnie now that she's gone shows what hypocrites you are'|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/14/praising-mama-winnie-now-that-she-s-gone-shows-what-hypocrites-you-are|publisher=Eyewitness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; After dem finish public service, dem bury am for cemetery for Fourways for north Johannesburg during private memorial wey nobody fit waka enter.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plenty ANC people don dey ready to defend demself for di matter wey dem talk for di funeral; but di ANC still talk make everybody chill small.&lt;ref name=&quot;ancRestraintAallegations&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mashaba|first1=Sibongile|last2=Feketha|first2=Siviwe|date=17 April 2018|title=ANC calls for restraint over #Winnie allegations|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/anc-calls-for-restraint-over-winnie-allegations-14484247|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Insyde popular culture ==
Alfre Woodard play Mandela for 1987 HBO TV movie wey dem call Mandela. Woodard collect CableACE Award and NAACP Image Award for di fine acting, same as Danny Glover wey play Nelson Mandela too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Haithman, Diane|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-18-ca-5684-story.html|title='Mandela' Tackles Apartheid Issue : Glover and Woodard Are Passionate About Roles|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=18 September 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tina Lifford sabi play am for 1997 TV film wey dem call Mandela plus de Klerk. Sophie Okonedo too act am for BBC drama Mrs Mandela, wey dem show first for BBC Four on 25 January 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Hudson play as Winnie Mandela for film wey Darrell Roodt direct. Dem drop am for Canada by D Films on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson use Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob biography, Winnie Mandela:&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Michael. (17 November 2009) [https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/jennifer-hudson-to-star-in-winnie-1118011521/ &quot;Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie'&quot;] . ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; A Life, take write the script. De Creative Workers Union of South Africa no gree make dem use Hudson for di main role, dem talk say make dem fit use local actors to tell di country's stories don undermine de efforts to develop de national film industry.&lt;ref&gt;Tartaglione, Nancy. (7 December 2009) [http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/6175691/south-african-actors-up-in-arms-over-hudson-casting?page=all South African Actors Up In Arms over Hudson Casting {{!}} Movie News]. Hollywood.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Jennifer Hudson should not star in Mandela film, South African actors say|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=7 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Hudson plus Terrance Howard wey play Nelson Mandela get praise from plenty critics, di film fall flat for critics plus money side.

For 2007, dem do one opera wey dem call The Passion of Winnie based on her life for Canada; but she no fit get visa go attend di world premiere plus di gala wey dem go fundraise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Winnie Mandela denied entry to Canada for arts gala|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/winnie-mandela-denied-entry-to-canada-for-arts-gala-1.670799|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=5 June 2007|access-date=5 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandela dey again for 2013 film wey dem call Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom wey actress Naomie Harris play am (Idris Elba wey be British actor also play Nelson Mandela). When she watch di film, Madikizela-Mandela tell Harris say na di first time she gofit see her story captured for film. Gugulethu okaMseleku write for De Guardian, talk say di film bring Madikizela-Mandela back to her correct position, sabi her role for di ‘struggle’ wey for South African women ... na better pass her husband own.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Long Walk to Freedom returns Winnie Mandela to her rightful place|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/03/long-walk-to-freedom-winnie-mandela-nelson|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Gugulethu|last=okaMseleku|date=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>67488</id>
      <parentid>67487</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-01T00:01:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
        <id>3104</id>
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      <comment>I don add de header 'Return to politics'</comment>
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      <text bytes="71455" sha1="1n6198girgkoefwamw6tfkoan5frrhh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Return to politics ==

===== 2010 interview with Nadira Naipaul =====
For 2010, Madikizela-Mandela talk with Nadira Naipaul. For that interview, she no let am slide, she yan say her ex-husband don “let blacks down”, say him just dey “carry come collect money”, plus say him be “nothing but foundation”. She still fire am for him choice to take Nobel Peace Prize with F. W. de Klerk. Among other things, dem talk say Mandela don dey “no dey show” for her daughters. She even call Archbishop Desmond Tutu, wey dey run Truth and Reconciliation Commission, as a “cretin”.&lt;ref&gt;Naipaul, Nadira (8 March 2010) [https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html &quot;How Nelson Mandela betrayed us, says ex-wife Winnie&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408045752/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html|date=8 April 2018}}. ''London Evening Standard''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di interview catch media eye,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7403504/Winnie-Mandela-accuses-Nelson-of-letting-down-South-Africas-blacks.html &quot;Winnie Mandela accuses Nelson of letting down South Africa's blacks&quot;]. ''The Telegraph'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; plus di ANC come talk say dem go ask her to explain wetin she talk about Nelson Mandela.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madiba&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Williams, Murray|author2=Kgosana, Caiphus|date=9 March 2010|title=South Africa: &quot;'Madiba' let us down&quot;|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20100309120838574C472618&amp;singlepage=1|name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 March 2010, dem drop statement for Madikizela-Mandela side wey claim say di interview na fake.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article354012.ece &quot;'Ms Naipaul is a liar and a fraud'&quot;]. ''Times Live/Sunday Times'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As we dey prepare for Madikizela-Mandela funeral, everywhere dey hot with politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; small time after dem move former president Jacob Zuma,&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jessie Duarte, one big ANC leader, tell critics make dem &quot;sit down and shut up&quot;, while Economic Freedom Fighters leader Julius Malema talk say &quot;anybody wey accuse Mama Winnie of any crime na traitor&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South African government wan give Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Special Official Funeral&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;encaOfficialFuneralExplainer&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Toit|first=Christelle du|title=What does an official funeral in SA entail?|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161603/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Enca.com Explainer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem hold her public funeral for Orlando Stadium on 14 April 2018. Her daughters and Julius Malema dey plan the funeral gree gree, and ANC sabi say dem get wahala to fit find space for de event.&lt;ref name=&quot;news24FuneralRift&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Cele|first=S’Thembile|author2=Hlengiwe Nhlabathi|title=Winnie's funeral rift|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415050250/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|archive-date=15 April 2018|access-date=15 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the public service, ANC and President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa talk say dem no stand behind Madikizela-Mandela when wahala dey her legal side.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Julius Malema&lt;ref name=&quot;malemaRailsCitizen&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=14 April 2018|title='They are here' – Malema rails against Winnie's 'traitors' at funeral|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1894115/they-are-here-malema-rails-against-winnies-traitors-at-funeral/|website=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; talk am well wey he wound Dem United Democratic Front wey abandon Madikizela-Mandela back for de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malema sef don dey talk plenty about the National Executive Committee members of ANC Women League wey resign for 1995,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgThaboWinnieRescue&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; sekof dem dey see Madikizela-Mandela as criminal.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela pikin, Zenani, don fight back people wey dey badmouth her mama, she dey call dem hypocrites.&lt;ref name=&quot;zenaniEwnFuneralHypocrites&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title='Praising Mama Winnie now that she's gone shows what hypocrites you are'|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/14/praising-mama-winnie-now-that-she-s-gone-shows-what-hypocrites-you-are|publisher=Eyewitness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; After dem finish public service, dem bury am for cemetery for Fourways for north Johannesburg during private memorial wey nobody fit waka enter.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plenty ANC people don dey ready to defend demself for di matter wey dem talk for di funeral; but di ANC still talk make everybody chill small.&lt;ref name=&quot;ancRestraintAallegations&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mashaba|first1=Sibongile|last2=Feketha|first2=Siviwe|date=17 April 2018|title=ANC calls for restraint over #Winnie allegations|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/anc-calls-for-restraint-over-winnie-allegations-14484247|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Insyde popular culture ==
Alfre Woodard play Mandela for 1987 HBO TV movie wey dem call Mandela. Woodard collect CableACE Award and NAACP Image Award for di fine acting, same as Danny Glover wey play Nelson Mandela too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Haithman, Diane|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-18-ca-5684-story.html|title='Mandela' Tackles Apartheid Issue : Glover and Woodard Are Passionate About Roles|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=18 September 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tina Lifford sabi play am for 1997 TV film wey dem call Mandela plus de Klerk. Sophie Okonedo too act am for BBC drama Mrs Mandela, wey dem show first for BBC Four on 25 January 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Hudson play as Winnie Mandela for film wey Darrell Roodt direct. Dem drop am for Canada by D Films on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson use Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob biography, Winnie Mandela:&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Michael. (17 November 2009) [https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/jennifer-hudson-to-star-in-winnie-1118011521/ &quot;Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie'&quot;] . ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; A Life, take write the script. De Creative Workers Union of South Africa no gree make dem use Hudson for di main role, dem talk say make dem fit use local actors to tell di country's stories don undermine de efforts to develop de national film industry.&lt;ref&gt;Tartaglione, Nancy. (7 December 2009) [http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/6175691/south-african-actors-up-in-arms-over-hudson-casting?page=all South African Actors Up In Arms over Hudson Casting {{!}} Movie News]. Hollywood.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Jennifer Hudson should not star in Mandela film, South African actors say|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=7 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Hudson plus Terrance Howard wey play Nelson Mandela get praise from plenty critics, di film fall flat for critics plus money side.

For 2007, dem do one opera wey dem call The Passion of Winnie based on her life for Canada; but she no fit get visa go attend di world premiere plus di gala wey dem go fundraise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Winnie Mandela denied entry to Canada for arts gala|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/winnie-mandela-denied-entry-to-canada-for-arts-gala-1.670799|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=5 June 2007|access-date=5 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandela dey again for 2013 film wey dem call Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom wey actress Naomie Harris play am (Idris Elba wey be British actor also play Nelson Mandela). When she watch di film, Madikizela-Mandela tell Harris say na di first time she gofit see her story captured for film. Gugulethu okaMseleku write for De Guardian, talk say di film bring Madikizela-Mandela back to her correct position, sabi her role for di ‘struggle’ wey for South African women ... na better pass her husband own.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Long Walk to Freedom returns Winnie Mandela to her rightful place|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/03/long-walk-to-freedom-winnie-mandela-nelson|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Gugulethu|last=okaMseleku|date=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Return to politics ==
[[File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|right|thumb|Madikizela-Mandela for 2008]]
Wen ANC talk say dem go elect National Executive Committee on 21 December 2007, Madikizela-Mandela carry first with 2,845 votes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/ Newly-elected National Executive Committee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525085835/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/|date=25 May 2010}}, [[African National Congress|ANC]] Website. Retrieved 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599 Winnie Mandela tops ANC election list] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002120731/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599|date=2 October 2008}}, ''[[The Sunday Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'', 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela talk say di anti-immigrant wahala wey happen for May–June 2008 wey start for Johannesburg and spread everywhere no good. She blame di government for no provide better housing wey fit calm di people wey dey vex.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=13&amp;art_id=nw20080530112254983C305166 &quot;Winnie speaks out on SA's issues&quot;]. Iol.co.za (30 May 2008). Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; She apologize go di victims of di riot&lt;ref&gt;Hawley, Caroline. (16 May 2008) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7404351.stm Refugees flee South Africa attacks]. BBC News. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; plus even visit Alexandra township. She use her house give one immigrant family from de Democratic Republic of de Congo make dem fit stay.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} She also warn say di people wey cause di wahala fit go attack di Gauteng train system next. {{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

===== 2010 interview with Nadira Naipaul =====
For 2010, Madikizela-Mandela talk with Nadira Naipaul. For that interview, she no let am slide, she yan say her ex-husband don “let blacks down”, say him just dey “carry come collect money”, plus say him be “nothing but foundation”. She still fire am for him choice to take Nobel Peace Prize with F. W. de Klerk. Among other things, dem talk say Mandela don dey “no dey show” for her daughters. She even call Archbishop Desmond Tutu, wey dey run Truth and Reconciliation Commission, as a “cretin”.&lt;ref&gt;Naipaul, Nadira (8 March 2010) [https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html &quot;How Nelson Mandela betrayed us, says ex-wife Winnie&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408045752/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html|date=8 April 2018}}. ''London Evening Standard''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di interview catch media eye,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7403504/Winnie-Mandela-accuses-Nelson-of-letting-down-South-Africas-blacks.html &quot;Winnie Mandela accuses Nelson of letting down South Africa's blacks&quot;]. ''The Telegraph'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; plus di ANC come talk say dem go ask her to explain wetin she talk about Nelson Mandela.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madiba&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Williams, Murray|author2=Kgosana, Caiphus|date=9 March 2010|title=South Africa: &quot;'Madiba' let us down&quot;|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20100309120838574C472618&amp;singlepage=1|name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 March 2010, dem drop statement for Madikizela-Mandela side wey claim say di interview na fake.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article354012.ece &quot;'Ms Naipaul is a liar and a fraud'&quot;]. ''Times Live/Sunday Times'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As we dey prepare for Madikizela-Mandela funeral, everywhere dey hot with politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; small time after dem move former president Jacob Zuma,&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jessie Duarte, one big ANC leader, tell critics make dem &quot;sit down and shut up&quot;, while Economic Freedom Fighters leader Julius Malema talk say &quot;anybody wey accuse Mama Winnie of any crime na traitor&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South African government wan give Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Special Official Funeral&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;encaOfficialFuneralExplainer&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Toit|first=Christelle du|title=What does an official funeral in SA entail?|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161603/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Enca.com Explainer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem hold her public funeral for Orlando Stadium on 14 April 2018. Her daughters and Julius Malema dey plan the funeral gree gree, and ANC sabi say dem get wahala to fit find space for de event.&lt;ref name=&quot;news24FuneralRift&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Cele|first=S’Thembile|author2=Hlengiwe Nhlabathi|title=Winnie's funeral rift|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415050250/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|archive-date=15 April 2018|access-date=15 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the public service, ANC and President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa talk say dem no stand behind Madikizela-Mandela when wahala dey her legal side.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Julius Malema&lt;ref name=&quot;malemaRailsCitizen&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=14 April 2018|title='They are here' – Malema rails against Winnie's 'traitors' at funeral|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1894115/they-are-here-malema-rails-against-winnies-traitors-at-funeral/|website=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; talk am well wey he wound Dem United Democratic Front wey abandon Madikizela-Mandela back for de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malema sef don dey talk plenty about the National Executive Committee members of ANC Women League wey resign for 1995,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgThaboWinnieRescue&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; sekof dem dey see Madikizela-Mandela as criminal.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela pikin, Zenani, don fight back people wey dey badmouth her mama, she dey call dem hypocrites.&lt;ref name=&quot;zenaniEwnFuneralHypocrites&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title='Praising Mama Winnie now that she's gone shows what hypocrites you are'|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/14/praising-mama-winnie-now-that-she-s-gone-shows-what-hypocrites-you-are|publisher=Eyewitness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; After dem finish public service, dem bury am for cemetery for Fourways for north Johannesburg during private memorial wey nobody fit waka enter.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plenty ANC people don dey ready to defend demself for di matter wey dem talk for di funeral; but di ANC still talk make everybody chill small.&lt;ref name=&quot;ancRestraintAallegations&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mashaba|first1=Sibongile|last2=Feketha|first2=Siviwe|date=17 April 2018|title=ANC calls for restraint over #Winnie allegations|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/anc-calls-for-restraint-over-winnie-allegations-14484247|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Insyde popular culture ==
Alfre Woodard play Mandela for 1987 HBO TV movie wey dem call Mandela. Woodard collect CableACE Award and NAACP Image Award for di fine acting, same as Danny Glover wey play Nelson Mandela too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Haithman, Diane|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-18-ca-5684-story.html|title='Mandela' Tackles Apartheid Issue : Glover and Woodard Are Passionate About Roles|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=18 September 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tina Lifford sabi play am for 1997 TV film wey dem call Mandela plus de Klerk. Sophie Okonedo too act am for BBC drama Mrs Mandela, wey dem show first for BBC Four on 25 January 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Hudson play as Winnie Mandela for film wey Darrell Roodt direct. Dem drop am for Canada by D Films on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson use Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob biography, Winnie Mandela:&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Michael. (17 November 2009) [https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/jennifer-hudson-to-star-in-winnie-1118011521/ &quot;Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie'&quot;] . ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; A Life, take write the script. De Creative Workers Union of South Africa no gree make dem use Hudson for di main role, dem talk say make dem fit use local actors to tell di country's stories don undermine de efforts to develop de national film industry.&lt;ref&gt;Tartaglione, Nancy. (7 December 2009) [http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/6175691/south-african-actors-up-in-arms-over-hudson-casting?page=all South African Actors Up In Arms over Hudson Casting {{!}} Movie News]. Hollywood.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Jennifer Hudson should not star in Mandela film, South African actors say|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=7 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Hudson plus Terrance Howard wey play Nelson Mandela get praise from plenty critics, di film fall flat for critics plus money side.

For 2007, dem do one opera wey dem call The Passion of Winnie based on her life for Canada; but she no fit get visa go attend di world premiere plus di gala wey dem go fundraise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Winnie Mandela denied entry to Canada for arts gala|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/winnie-mandela-denied-entry-to-canada-for-arts-gala-1.670799|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=5 June 2007|access-date=5 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandela dey again for 2013 film wey dem call Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom wey actress Naomie Harris play am (Idris Elba wey be British actor also play Nelson Mandela). When she watch di film, Madikizela-Mandela tell Harris say na di first time she gofit see her story captured for film. Gugulethu okaMseleku write for De Guardian, talk say di film bring Madikizela-Mandela back to her correct position, sabi her role for di ‘struggle’ wey for South African women ... na better pass her husband own.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Long Walk to Freedom returns Winnie Mandela to her rightful place|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/03/long-walk-to-freedom-winnie-mandela-nelson|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Gugulethu|last=okaMseleku|date=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Return to politics ==
[[File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|right|thumb|Madikizela-Mandela for 2008]]
Wen ANC talk say dem go elect National Executive Committee on 21 December 2007, Madikizela-Mandela carry first with 2,845 votes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/ Newly-elected National Executive Committee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525085835/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/|date=25 May 2010}}, [[African National Congress|ANC]] Website. Retrieved 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599 Winnie Mandela tops ANC election list] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002120731/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599|date=2 October 2008}}, ''[[The Sunday Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'', 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela talk say di anti-immigrant wahala wey happen for May–June 2008 wey start for Johannesburg and spread everywhere no good. She blame di government for no provide better housing wey fit calm di people wey dey vex.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=13&amp;art_id=nw20080530112254983C305166 &quot;Winnie speaks out on SA's issues&quot;]. Iol.co.za (30 May 2008). Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; She apologize go di victims of di riot&lt;ref&gt;Hawley, Caroline. (16 May 2008) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7404351.stm Refugees flee South Africa attacks]. BBC News. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; plus even visit Alexandra township. She use her house give one immigrant family from de Democratic Republic of de Congo make dem fit stay.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} She also warn say di people wey cause di wahala fit go attack di Gauteng train system next. {{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Madikizela-Mandela take fifth place for ANC ballot for 2009 election, e dey behind party president Jacob Zuma, South Africa president Kgalema Motlanthe, Deputy President Baleka Mbete, plus Finance Minister Trevor Manuel. One article for De Observer talk say her position for the top show say party leadership dey see am as big person wey fit help dem get support from ground level plus de poor party pipo .&lt;ref&gt;Duval Smith, Alex (1 March 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/01/winnie-mandela-mp-south-africa Winnie set for shock comeback to ANC politics], ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Madkizela-Mandela dey sidelined plenty by ANC after apartheid finish.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgAncBetrayedWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-06-00-how-the-anc-betrayed-winnie|title=How the ANC betrayed Winnie|first=Dineo|last=Bendile|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|date=6 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jMalalaAttemptsDontWash&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Malala|first=Justice|date=16 April 2018|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|archive-date=17 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even though she be ANC MP for long time, she dey chill with non-ANC people like Bantu Holomisa plus Julius Malema.&lt;ref name=&quot;jMalalaAttemptsDontWash2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Malala|first=Justice|date=16 April 2018|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|archive-date=17 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela dey support Malema, wey dem kick out from ANC,den him later start him own party, wey dem dey call Economic Freedom Fighters.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== 2010 interview with Nadira Naipaul =====
For 2010, Madikizela-Mandela talk with Nadira Naipaul. For that interview, she no let am slide, she yan say her ex-husband don “let blacks down”, say him just dey “carry come collect money”, plus say him be “nothing but foundation”. She still fire am for him choice to take Nobel Peace Prize with F. W. de Klerk. Among other things, dem talk say Mandela don dey “no dey show” for her daughters. She even call Archbishop Desmond Tutu, wey dey run Truth and Reconciliation Commission, as a “cretin”.&lt;ref&gt;Naipaul, Nadira (8 March 2010) [https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html &quot;How Nelson Mandela betrayed us, says ex-wife Winnie&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408045752/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html|date=8 April 2018}}. ''London Evening Standard''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di interview catch media eye,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7403504/Winnie-Mandela-accuses-Nelson-of-letting-down-South-Africas-blacks.html &quot;Winnie Mandela accuses Nelson of letting down South Africa's blacks&quot;]. ''The Telegraph'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; plus di ANC come talk say dem go ask her to explain wetin she talk about Nelson Mandela.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madiba&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Williams, Murray|author2=Kgosana, Caiphus|date=9 March 2010|title=South Africa: &quot;'Madiba' let us down&quot;|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20100309120838574C472618&amp;singlepage=1|name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 March 2010, dem drop statement for Madikizela-Mandela side wey claim say di interview na fake.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article354012.ece &quot;'Ms Naipaul is a liar and a fraud'&quot;]. ''Times Live/Sunday Times'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As we dey prepare for Madikizela-Mandela funeral, everywhere dey hot with politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; small time after dem move former president Jacob Zuma,&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jessie Duarte, one big ANC leader, tell critics make dem &quot;sit down and shut up&quot;, while Economic Freedom Fighters leader Julius Malema talk say &quot;anybody wey accuse Mama Winnie of any crime na traitor&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South African government wan give Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Special Official Funeral&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;encaOfficialFuneralExplainer&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Toit|first=Christelle du|title=What does an official funeral in SA entail?|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161603/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Enca.com Explainer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem hold her public funeral for Orlando Stadium on 14 April 2018. Her daughters and Julius Malema dey plan the funeral gree gree, and ANC sabi say dem get wahala to fit find space for de event.&lt;ref name=&quot;news24FuneralRift&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Cele|first=S’Thembile|author2=Hlengiwe Nhlabathi|title=Winnie's funeral rift|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415050250/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|archive-date=15 April 2018|access-date=15 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the public service, ANC and President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa talk say dem no stand behind Madikizela-Mandela when wahala dey her legal side.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Julius Malema&lt;ref name=&quot;malemaRailsCitizen&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=14 April 2018|title='They are here' – Malema rails against Winnie's 'traitors' at funeral|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1894115/they-are-here-malema-rails-against-winnies-traitors-at-funeral/|website=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; talk am well wey he wound Dem United Democratic Front wey abandon Madikizela-Mandela back for de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malema sef don dey talk plenty about the National Executive Committee members of ANC Women League wey resign for 1995,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgThaboWinnieRescue&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; sekof dem dey see Madikizela-Mandela as criminal.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela pikin, Zenani, don fight back people wey dey badmouth her mama, she dey call dem hypocrites.&lt;ref name=&quot;zenaniEwnFuneralHypocrites&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title='Praising Mama Winnie now that she's gone shows what hypocrites you are'|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/14/praising-mama-winnie-now-that-she-s-gone-shows-what-hypocrites-you-are|publisher=Eyewitness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; After dem finish public service, dem bury am for cemetery for Fourways for north Johannesburg during private memorial wey nobody fit waka enter.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plenty ANC people don dey ready to defend demself for di matter wey dem talk for di funeral; but di ANC still talk make everybody chill small.&lt;ref name=&quot;ancRestraintAallegations&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mashaba|first1=Sibongile|last2=Feketha|first2=Siviwe|date=17 April 2018|title=ANC calls for restraint over #Winnie allegations|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/anc-calls-for-restraint-over-winnie-allegations-14484247|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Insyde popular culture ==
Alfre Woodard play Mandela for 1987 HBO TV movie wey dem call Mandela. Woodard collect CableACE Award and NAACP Image Award for di fine acting, same as Danny Glover wey play Nelson Mandela too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Haithman, Diane|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-18-ca-5684-story.html|title='Mandela' Tackles Apartheid Issue : Glover and Woodard Are Passionate About Roles|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=18 September 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tina Lifford sabi play am for 1997 TV film wey dem call Mandela plus de Klerk. Sophie Okonedo too act am for BBC drama Mrs Mandela, wey dem show first for BBC Four on 25 January 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Hudson play as Winnie Mandela for film wey Darrell Roodt direct. Dem drop am for Canada by D Films on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson use Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob biography, Winnie Mandela:&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Michael. (17 November 2009) [https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/jennifer-hudson-to-star-in-winnie-1118011521/ &quot;Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie'&quot;] . ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; A Life, take write the script. De Creative Workers Union of South Africa no gree make dem use Hudson for di main role, dem talk say make dem fit use local actors to tell di country's stories don undermine de efforts to develop de national film industry.&lt;ref&gt;Tartaglione, Nancy. (7 December 2009) [http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/6175691/south-african-actors-up-in-arms-over-hudson-casting?page=all South African Actors Up In Arms over Hudson Casting {{!}} Movie News]. Hollywood.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Jennifer Hudson should not star in Mandela film, South African actors say|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=7 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Hudson plus Terrance Howard wey play Nelson Mandela get praise from plenty critics, di film fall flat for critics plus money side.

For 2007, dem do one opera wey dem call The Passion of Winnie based on her life for Canada; but she no fit get visa go attend di world premiere plus di gala wey dem go fundraise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Winnie Mandela denied entry to Canada for arts gala|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/winnie-mandela-denied-entry-to-canada-for-arts-gala-1.670799|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=5 June 2007|access-date=5 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandela dey again for 2013 film wey dem call Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom wey actress Naomie Harris play am (Idris Elba wey be British actor also play Nelson Mandela). When she watch di film, Madikizela-Mandela tell Harris say na di first time she gofit see her story captured for film. Gugulethu okaMseleku write for De Guardian, talk say di film bring Madikizela-Mandela back to her correct position, sabi her role for di ‘struggle’ wey for South African women ... na better pass her husband own.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Long Walk to Freedom returns Winnie Mandela to her rightful place|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/03/long-walk-to-freedom-winnie-mandela-nelson|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Gugulethu|last=okaMseleku|date=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
      <sha1>f6hjs9zihdm2kbtexf4ullnprndt6ny</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>67493</id>
      <parentid>67492</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-01T00:13:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
        <id>3104</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I don add de header 'Withdrawal from politics: 2003–2007'</comment>
      <origin>67493</origin>
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      <text bytes="76494" sha1="2odouf2ezhmarx160q8gwcurni8t1he" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Withdrawal from politics: 2003–2007 ==

== Return to politics ==
[[File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|right|thumb|Madikizela-Mandela for 2008]]
Wen ANC talk say dem go elect National Executive Committee on 21 December 2007, Madikizela-Mandela carry first with 2,845 votes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/ Newly-elected National Executive Committee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525085835/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/|date=25 May 2010}}, [[African National Congress|ANC]] Website. Retrieved 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599 Winnie Mandela tops ANC election list] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002120731/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599|date=2 October 2008}}, ''[[The Sunday Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'', 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela talk say di anti-immigrant wahala wey happen for May–June 2008 wey start for Johannesburg and spread everywhere no good. She blame di government for no provide better housing wey fit calm di people wey dey vex.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=13&amp;art_id=nw20080530112254983C305166 &quot;Winnie speaks out on SA's issues&quot;]. Iol.co.za (30 May 2008). Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; She apologize go di victims of di riot&lt;ref&gt;Hawley, Caroline. (16 May 2008) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7404351.stm Refugees flee South Africa attacks]. BBC News. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; plus even visit Alexandra township. She use her house give one immigrant family from de Democratic Republic of de Congo make dem fit stay.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} She also warn say di people wey cause di wahala fit go attack di Gauteng train system next. {{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Madikizela-Mandela take fifth place for ANC ballot for 2009 election, e dey behind party president Jacob Zuma, South Africa president Kgalema Motlanthe, Deputy President Baleka Mbete, plus Finance Minister Trevor Manuel. One article for De Observer talk say her position for the top show say party leadership dey see am as big person wey fit help dem get support from ground level plus de poor party pipo .&lt;ref&gt;Duval Smith, Alex (1 March 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/01/winnie-mandela-mp-south-africa Winnie set for shock comeback to ANC politics], ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Madkizela-Mandela dey sidelined plenty by ANC after apartheid finish.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgAncBetrayedWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-06-00-how-the-anc-betrayed-winnie|title=How the ANC betrayed Winnie|first=Dineo|last=Bendile|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|date=6 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jMalalaAttemptsDontWash&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Malala|first=Justice|date=16 April 2018|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|archive-date=17 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even though she be ANC MP for long time, she dey chill with non-ANC people like Bantu Holomisa plus Julius Malema.&lt;ref name=&quot;jMalalaAttemptsDontWash2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Malala|first=Justice|date=16 April 2018|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|archive-date=17 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela dey support Malema, wey dem kick out from ANC,den him later start him own party, wey dem dey call Economic Freedom Fighters.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== 2010 interview with Nadira Naipaul =====
For 2010, Madikizela-Mandela talk with Nadira Naipaul. For that interview, she no let am slide, she yan say her ex-husband don “let blacks down”, say him just dey “carry come collect money”, plus say him be “nothing but foundation”. She still fire am for him choice to take Nobel Peace Prize with F. W. de Klerk. Among other things, dem talk say Mandela don dey “no dey show” for her daughters. She even call Archbishop Desmond Tutu, wey dey run Truth and Reconciliation Commission, as a “cretin”.&lt;ref&gt;Naipaul, Nadira (8 March 2010) [https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html &quot;How Nelson Mandela betrayed us, says ex-wife Winnie&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408045752/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html|date=8 April 2018}}. ''London Evening Standard''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di interview catch media eye,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7403504/Winnie-Mandela-accuses-Nelson-of-letting-down-South-Africas-blacks.html &quot;Winnie Mandela accuses Nelson of letting down South Africa's blacks&quot;]. ''The Telegraph'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; plus di ANC come talk say dem go ask her to explain wetin she talk about Nelson Mandela.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madiba&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Williams, Murray|author2=Kgosana, Caiphus|date=9 March 2010|title=South Africa: &quot;'Madiba' let us down&quot;|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20100309120838574C472618&amp;singlepage=1|name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 March 2010, dem drop statement for Madikizela-Mandela side wey claim say di interview na fake.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article354012.ece &quot;'Ms Naipaul is a liar and a fraud'&quot;]. ''Times Live/Sunday Times'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As we dey prepare for Madikizela-Mandela funeral, everywhere dey hot with politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; small time after dem move former president Jacob Zuma,&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jessie Duarte, one big ANC leader, tell critics make dem &quot;sit down and shut up&quot;, while Economic Freedom Fighters leader Julius Malema talk say &quot;anybody wey accuse Mama Winnie of any crime na traitor&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South African government wan give Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Special Official Funeral&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;encaOfficialFuneralExplainer&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Toit|first=Christelle du|title=What does an official funeral in SA entail?|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161603/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Enca.com Explainer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem hold her public funeral for Orlando Stadium on 14 April 2018. Her daughters and Julius Malema dey plan the funeral gree gree, and ANC sabi say dem get wahala to fit find space for de event.&lt;ref name=&quot;news24FuneralRift&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Cele|first=S’Thembile|author2=Hlengiwe Nhlabathi|title=Winnie's funeral rift|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415050250/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|archive-date=15 April 2018|access-date=15 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the public service, ANC and President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa talk say dem no stand behind Madikizela-Mandela when wahala dey her legal side.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Julius Malema&lt;ref name=&quot;malemaRailsCitizen&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=14 April 2018|title='They are here' – Malema rails against Winnie's 'traitors' at funeral|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1894115/they-are-here-malema-rails-against-winnies-traitors-at-funeral/|website=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; talk am well wey he wound Dem United Democratic Front wey abandon Madikizela-Mandela back for de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malema sef don dey talk plenty about the National Executive Committee members of ANC Women League wey resign for 1995,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgThaboWinnieRescue&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; sekof dem dey see Madikizela-Mandela as criminal.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela pikin, Zenani, don fight back people wey dey badmouth her mama, she dey call dem hypocrites.&lt;ref name=&quot;zenaniEwnFuneralHypocrites&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title='Praising Mama Winnie now that she's gone shows what hypocrites you are'|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/14/praising-mama-winnie-now-that-she-s-gone-shows-what-hypocrites-you-are|publisher=Eyewitness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; After dem finish public service, dem bury am for cemetery for Fourways for north Johannesburg during private memorial wey nobody fit waka enter.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plenty ANC people don dey ready to defend demself for di matter wey dem talk for di funeral; but di ANC still talk make everybody chill small.&lt;ref name=&quot;ancRestraintAallegations&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mashaba|first1=Sibongile|last2=Feketha|first2=Siviwe|date=17 April 2018|title=ANC calls for restraint over #Winnie allegations|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/anc-calls-for-restraint-over-winnie-allegations-14484247|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Insyde popular culture ==
Alfre Woodard play Mandela for 1987 HBO TV movie wey dem call Mandela. Woodard collect CableACE Award and NAACP Image Award for di fine acting, same as Danny Glover wey play Nelson Mandela too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Haithman, Diane|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-18-ca-5684-story.html|title='Mandela' Tackles Apartheid Issue : Glover and Woodard Are Passionate About Roles|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=18 September 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tina Lifford sabi play am for 1997 TV film wey dem call Mandela plus de Klerk. Sophie Okonedo too act am for BBC drama Mrs Mandela, wey dem show first for BBC Four on 25 January 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Hudson play as Winnie Mandela for film wey Darrell Roodt direct. Dem drop am for Canada by D Films on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson use Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob biography, Winnie Mandela:&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Michael. (17 November 2009) [https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/jennifer-hudson-to-star-in-winnie-1118011521/ &quot;Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie'&quot;] . ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; A Life, take write the script. De Creative Workers Union of South Africa no gree make dem use Hudson for di main role, dem talk say make dem fit use local actors to tell di country's stories don undermine de efforts to develop de national film industry.&lt;ref&gt;Tartaglione, Nancy. (7 December 2009) [http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/6175691/south-african-actors-up-in-arms-over-hudson-casting?page=all South African Actors Up In Arms over Hudson Casting {{!}} Movie News]. Hollywood.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Jennifer Hudson should not star in Mandela film, South African actors say|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=7 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Hudson plus Terrance Howard wey play Nelson Mandela get praise from plenty critics, di film fall flat for critics plus money side.

For 2007, dem do one opera wey dem call The Passion of Winnie based on her life for Canada; but she no fit get visa go attend di world premiere plus di gala wey dem go fundraise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Winnie Mandela denied entry to Canada for arts gala|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/winnie-mandela-denied-entry-to-canada-for-arts-gala-1.670799|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=5 June 2007|access-date=5 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandela dey again for 2013 film wey dem call Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom wey actress Naomie Harris play am (Idris Elba wey be British actor also play Nelson Mandela). When she watch di film, Madikizela-Mandela tell Harris say na di first time she gofit see her story captured for film. Gugulethu okaMseleku write for De Guardian, talk say di film bring Madikizela-Mandela back to her correct position, sabi her role for di ‘struggle’ wey for South African women ... na better pass her husband own.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Long Walk to Freedom returns Winnie Mandela to her rightful place|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/03/long-walk-to-freedom-winnie-mandela-nelson|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Gugulethu|last=okaMseleku|date=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

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[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Withdrawal from politics: 2003–2007 ==
For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela gree say she go fit be human shield before dem invade Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 February 2003|title=Winnie Mandela – Iraqi 'human shield'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2779509.stm|website=Bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no stop there, for de same year, 2003, she cari her hand help calm wahala wey dey happen for Wits University, where one student wey owe school fees hold one staff with knife.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie wins over Wits hostage-taker|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/winnie-wins-over-wits-hostage-taker-100801|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Keyser|first=Antoinette|date=5 February 2003|title=Student arrested as Wits hostage drama ends|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/student-arrested-as-wits-hostage-drama-ends-101119|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=6 February 2003|title=Winnie Mandela saves the day|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2732351.stm|access-date=10 August 2018|website=News.bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 24 April 2003, Madikizela-Mandela collect 435 fraud wahala and 25 theft, her broker, Addy Moolman too collect 58 fraud wahala plus 25 theft. Both no gree say dem guilty. Dem charge be say money from loan applicants' accounts chop for funeral fund, but dem no fit benefit. Madikizela-Mandela carry 5 years for prison.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.co.za/2003/04/27/news/news01.asp|title=ANC: We won't dump Winnie|newspaper=Sunday Times|location=South Africa|date=27 April 2003|access-date=27 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822043818/http://www.suntimes.co.za/2003/04/27/news/news01.asp|archive-date=22 August 2006|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Small time after dem convict am, she waka comot from all di leadership spots for ANC, wey de include her parliament seat plus di presidency for ANC Women's League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/04/25/mandela.sentencing/|title=Winnie Mandela resigns ANC posts|publisher=CNN|date=25 April 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For July 2004, one appeal judge for Pretoria High Court talk say, &quot;de crimes no be for personal benefit&quot;. Di judge quash di theft conviction, but dem uphold di fraud one, give am three years plus six months suspended sentence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1553061,00.html|title=Winnie: No personal gain|publisher=News24|date=7 May 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225731/http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1553061,00.html|archive-date=30 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Return to politics ==
[[File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|right|thumb|Madikizela-Mandela for 2008]]
Wen ANC talk say dem go elect National Executive Committee on 21 December 2007, Madikizela-Mandela carry first with 2,845 votes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/ Newly-elected National Executive Committee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525085835/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/|date=25 May 2010}}, [[African National Congress|ANC]] Website. Retrieved 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599 Winnie Mandela tops ANC election list] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002120731/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599|date=2 October 2008}}, ''[[The Sunday Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'', 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela talk say di anti-immigrant wahala wey happen for May–June 2008 wey start for Johannesburg and spread everywhere no good. She blame di government for no provide better housing wey fit calm di people wey dey vex.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=13&amp;art_id=nw20080530112254983C305166 &quot;Winnie speaks out on SA's issues&quot;]. Iol.co.za (30 May 2008). Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; She apologize go di victims of di riot&lt;ref&gt;Hawley, Caroline. (16 May 2008) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7404351.stm Refugees flee South Africa attacks]. BBC News. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; plus even visit Alexandra township. She use her house give one immigrant family from de Democratic Republic of de Congo make dem fit stay.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} She also warn say di people wey cause di wahala fit go attack di Gauteng train system next. {{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Madikizela-Mandela take fifth place for ANC ballot for 2009 election, e dey behind party president Jacob Zuma, South Africa president Kgalema Motlanthe, Deputy President Baleka Mbete, plus Finance Minister Trevor Manuel. One article for De Observer talk say her position for the top show say party leadership dey see am as big person wey fit help dem get support from ground level plus de poor party pipo .&lt;ref&gt;Duval Smith, Alex (1 March 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/01/winnie-mandela-mp-south-africa Winnie set for shock comeback to ANC politics], ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Madkizela-Mandela dey sidelined plenty by ANC after apartheid finish.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgAncBetrayedWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-06-00-how-the-anc-betrayed-winnie|title=How the ANC betrayed Winnie|first=Dineo|last=Bendile|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|date=6 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jMalalaAttemptsDontWash&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Malala|first=Justice|date=16 April 2018|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|archive-date=17 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even though she be ANC MP for long time, she dey chill with non-ANC people like Bantu Holomisa plus Julius Malema.&lt;ref name=&quot;jMalalaAttemptsDontWash2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Malala|first=Justice|date=16 April 2018|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|archive-date=17 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela dey support Malema, wey dem kick out from ANC,den him later start him own party, wey dem dey call Economic Freedom Fighters.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== 2010 interview with Nadira Naipaul =====
For 2010, Madikizela-Mandela talk with Nadira Naipaul. For that interview, she no let am slide, she yan say her ex-husband don “let blacks down”, say him just dey “carry come collect money”, plus say him be “nothing but foundation”. She still fire am for him choice to take Nobel Peace Prize with F. W. de Klerk. Among other things, dem talk say Mandela don dey “no dey show” for her daughters. She even call Archbishop Desmond Tutu, wey dey run Truth and Reconciliation Commission, as a “cretin”.&lt;ref&gt;Naipaul, Nadira (8 March 2010) [https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html &quot;How Nelson Mandela betrayed us, says ex-wife Winnie&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408045752/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html|date=8 April 2018}}. ''London Evening Standard''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di interview catch media eye,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7403504/Winnie-Mandela-accuses-Nelson-of-letting-down-South-Africas-blacks.html &quot;Winnie Mandela accuses Nelson of letting down South Africa's blacks&quot;]. ''The Telegraph'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; plus di ANC come talk say dem go ask her to explain wetin she talk about Nelson Mandela.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madiba&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Williams, Murray|author2=Kgosana, Caiphus|date=9 March 2010|title=South Africa: &quot;'Madiba' let us down&quot;|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20100309120838574C472618&amp;singlepage=1|name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 March 2010, dem drop statement for Madikizela-Mandela side wey claim say di interview na fake.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article354012.ece &quot;'Ms Naipaul is a liar and a fraud'&quot;]. ''Times Live/Sunday Times'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As we dey prepare for Madikizela-Mandela funeral, everywhere dey hot with politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; small time after dem move former president Jacob Zuma,&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jessie Duarte, one big ANC leader, tell critics make dem &quot;sit down and shut up&quot;, while Economic Freedom Fighters leader Julius Malema talk say &quot;anybody wey accuse Mama Winnie of any crime na traitor&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South African government wan give Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Special Official Funeral&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;encaOfficialFuneralExplainer&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Toit|first=Christelle du|title=What does an official funeral in SA entail?|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161603/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Enca.com Explainer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem hold her public funeral for Orlando Stadium on 14 April 2018. Her daughters and Julius Malema dey plan the funeral gree gree, and ANC sabi say dem get wahala to fit find space for de event.&lt;ref name=&quot;news24FuneralRift&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Cele|first=S’Thembile|author2=Hlengiwe Nhlabathi|title=Winnie's funeral rift|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415050250/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|archive-date=15 April 2018|access-date=15 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the public service, ANC and President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa talk say dem no stand behind Madikizela-Mandela when wahala dey her legal side.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Julius Malema&lt;ref name=&quot;malemaRailsCitizen&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=14 April 2018|title='They are here' – Malema rails against Winnie's 'traitors' at funeral|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1894115/they-are-here-malema-rails-against-winnies-traitors-at-funeral/|website=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; talk am well wey he wound Dem United Democratic Front wey abandon Madikizela-Mandela back for de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malema sef don dey talk plenty about the National Executive Committee members of ANC Women League wey resign for 1995,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgThaboWinnieRescue&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; sekof dem dey see Madikizela-Mandela as criminal.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela pikin, Zenani, don fight back people wey dey badmouth her mama, she dey call dem hypocrites.&lt;ref name=&quot;zenaniEwnFuneralHypocrites&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title='Praising Mama Winnie now that she's gone shows what hypocrites you are'|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/14/praising-mama-winnie-now-that-she-s-gone-shows-what-hypocrites-you-are|publisher=Eyewitness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; After dem finish public service, dem bury am for cemetery for Fourways for north Johannesburg during private memorial wey nobody fit waka enter.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plenty ANC people don dey ready to defend demself for di matter wey dem talk for di funeral; but di ANC still talk make everybody chill small.&lt;ref name=&quot;ancRestraintAallegations&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mashaba|first1=Sibongile|last2=Feketha|first2=Siviwe|date=17 April 2018|title=ANC calls for restraint over #Winnie allegations|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/anc-calls-for-restraint-over-winnie-allegations-14484247|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Insyde popular culture ==
Alfre Woodard play Mandela for 1987 HBO TV movie wey dem call Mandela. Woodard collect CableACE Award and NAACP Image Award for di fine acting, same as Danny Glover wey play Nelson Mandela too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Haithman, Diane|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-18-ca-5684-story.html|title='Mandela' Tackles Apartheid Issue : Glover and Woodard Are Passionate About Roles|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=18 September 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tina Lifford sabi play am for 1997 TV film wey dem call Mandela plus de Klerk. Sophie Okonedo too act am for BBC drama Mrs Mandela, wey dem show first for BBC Four on 25 January 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Hudson play as Winnie Mandela for film wey Darrell Roodt direct. Dem drop am for Canada by D Films on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson use Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob biography, Winnie Mandela:&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Michael. (17 November 2009) [https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/jennifer-hudson-to-star-in-winnie-1118011521/ &quot;Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie'&quot;] . ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; A Life, take write the script. De Creative Workers Union of South Africa no gree make dem use Hudson for di main role, dem talk say make dem fit use local actors to tell di country's stories don undermine de efforts to develop de national film industry.&lt;ref&gt;Tartaglione, Nancy. (7 December 2009) [http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/6175691/south-african-actors-up-in-arms-over-hudson-casting?page=all South African Actors Up In Arms over Hudson Casting {{!}} Movie News]. Hollywood.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Jennifer Hudson should not star in Mandela film, South African actors say|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=7 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Hudson plus Terrance Howard wey play Nelson Mandela get praise from plenty critics, di film fall flat for critics plus money side.

For 2007, dem do one opera wey dem call The Passion of Winnie based on her life for Canada; but she no fit get visa go attend di world premiere plus di gala wey dem go fundraise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Winnie Mandela denied entry to Canada for arts gala|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/winnie-mandela-denied-entry-to-canada-for-arts-gala-1.670799|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=5 June 2007|access-date=5 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandela dey again for 2013 film wey dem call Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom wey actress Naomie Harris play am (Idris Elba wey be British actor also play Nelson Mandela). When she watch di film, Madikizela-Mandela tell Harris say na di first time she gofit see her story captured for film. Gugulethu okaMseleku write for De Guardian, talk say di film bring Madikizela-Mandela back to her correct position, sabi her role for di ‘struggle’ wey for South African women ... na better pass her husband own.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Long Walk to Freedom returns Winnie Mandela to her rightful place|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/03/long-walk-to-freedom-winnie-mandela-nelson|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Gugulethu|last=okaMseleku|date=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
      <sha1>rnafegq3q2eutbeap4obtg4az5xh9of</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>67495</id>
      <parentid>67494</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-01T00:19:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
        <id>3104</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I don add de header 'Transition to democracy: 1990–2003'</comment>
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      <text bytes="79183" sha1="f1vmanmw4lop08vwe307mmctac8lczc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transition to democracy: 1990–2003 ==

== Withdrawal from politics: 2003–2007 ==
For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela gree say she go fit be human shield before dem invade Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 February 2003|title=Winnie Mandela – Iraqi 'human shield'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2779509.stm|website=Bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no stop there, for de same year, 2003, she cari her hand help calm wahala wey dey happen for Wits University, where one student wey owe school fees hold one staff with knife.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie wins over Wits hostage-taker|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/winnie-wins-over-wits-hostage-taker-100801|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Keyser|first=Antoinette|date=5 February 2003|title=Student arrested as Wits hostage drama ends|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/student-arrested-as-wits-hostage-drama-ends-101119|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=6 February 2003|title=Winnie Mandela saves the day|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2732351.stm|access-date=10 August 2018|website=News.bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 24 April 2003, Madikizela-Mandela collect 435 fraud wahala and 25 theft, her broker, Addy Moolman too collect 58 fraud wahala plus 25 theft. Both no gree say dem guilty. Dem charge be say money from loan applicants' accounts chop for funeral fund, but dem no fit benefit. Madikizela-Mandela carry 5 years for prison.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.co.za/2003/04/27/news/news01.asp|title=ANC: We won't dump Winnie|newspaper=Sunday Times|location=South Africa|date=27 April 2003|access-date=27 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822043818/http://www.suntimes.co.za/2003/04/27/news/news01.asp|archive-date=22 August 2006|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Small time after dem convict am, she waka comot from all di leadership spots for ANC, wey de include her parliament seat plus di presidency for ANC Women's League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/04/25/mandela.sentencing/|title=Winnie Mandela resigns ANC posts|publisher=CNN|date=25 April 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For July 2004, one appeal judge for Pretoria High Court talk say, &quot;de crimes no be for personal benefit&quot;. Di judge quash di theft conviction, but dem uphold di fraud one, give am three years plus six months suspended sentence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1553061,00.html|title=Winnie: No personal gain|publisher=News24|date=7 May 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225731/http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1553061,00.html|archive-date=30 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Return to politics ==
[[File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|right|thumb|Madikizela-Mandela for 2008]]
Wen ANC talk say dem go elect National Executive Committee on 21 December 2007, Madikizela-Mandela carry first with 2,845 votes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/ Newly-elected National Executive Committee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525085835/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/|date=25 May 2010}}, [[African National Congress|ANC]] Website. Retrieved 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599 Winnie Mandela tops ANC election list] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002120731/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599|date=2 October 2008}}, ''[[The Sunday Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'', 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela talk say di anti-immigrant wahala wey happen for May–June 2008 wey start for Johannesburg and spread everywhere no good. She blame di government for no provide better housing wey fit calm di people wey dey vex.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=13&amp;art_id=nw20080530112254983C305166 &quot;Winnie speaks out on SA's issues&quot;]. Iol.co.za (30 May 2008). Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; She apologize go di victims of di riot&lt;ref&gt;Hawley, Caroline. (16 May 2008) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7404351.stm Refugees flee South Africa attacks]. BBC News. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; plus even visit Alexandra township. She use her house give one immigrant family from de Democratic Republic of de Congo make dem fit stay.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} She also warn say di people wey cause di wahala fit go attack di Gauteng train system next. {{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Madikizela-Mandela take fifth place for ANC ballot for 2009 election, e dey behind party president Jacob Zuma, South Africa president Kgalema Motlanthe, Deputy President Baleka Mbete, plus Finance Minister Trevor Manuel. One article for De Observer talk say her position for the top show say party leadership dey see am as big person wey fit help dem get support from ground level plus de poor party pipo .&lt;ref&gt;Duval Smith, Alex (1 March 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/01/winnie-mandela-mp-south-africa Winnie set for shock comeback to ANC politics], ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Madkizela-Mandela dey sidelined plenty by ANC after apartheid finish.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgAncBetrayedWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-06-00-how-the-anc-betrayed-winnie|title=How the ANC betrayed Winnie|first=Dineo|last=Bendile|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|date=6 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jMalalaAttemptsDontWash&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Malala|first=Justice|date=16 April 2018|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|archive-date=17 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even though she be ANC MP for long time, she dey chill with non-ANC people like Bantu Holomisa plus Julius Malema.&lt;ref name=&quot;jMalalaAttemptsDontWash2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Malala|first=Justice|date=16 April 2018|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|archive-date=17 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela dey support Malema, wey dem kick out from ANC,den him later start him own party, wey dem dey call Economic Freedom Fighters.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== 2010 interview with Nadira Naipaul =====
For 2010, Madikizela-Mandela talk with Nadira Naipaul. For that interview, she no let am slide, she yan say her ex-husband don “let blacks down”, say him just dey “carry come collect money”, plus say him be “nothing but foundation”. She still fire am for him choice to take Nobel Peace Prize with F. W. de Klerk. Among other things, dem talk say Mandela don dey “no dey show” for her daughters. She even call Archbishop Desmond Tutu, wey dey run Truth and Reconciliation Commission, as a “cretin”.&lt;ref&gt;Naipaul, Nadira (8 March 2010) [https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html &quot;How Nelson Mandela betrayed us, says ex-wife Winnie&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408045752/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html|date=8 April 2018}}. ''London Evening Standard''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di interview catch media eye,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7403504/Winnie-Mandela-accuses-Nelson-of-letting-down-South-Africas-blacks.html &quot;Winnie Mandela accuses Nelson of letting down South Africa's blacks&quot;]. ''The Telegraph'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; plus di ANC come talk say dem go ask her to explain wetin she talk about Nelson Mandela.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madiba&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Williams, Murray|author2=Kgosana, Caiphus|date=9 March 2010|title=South Africa: &quot;'Madiba' let us down&quot;|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20100309120838574C472618&amp;singlepage=1|name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 March 2010, dem drop statement for Madikizela-Mandela side wey claim say di interview na fake.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article354012.ece &quot;'Ms Naipaul is a liar and a fraud'&quot;]. ''Times Live/Sunday Times'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As we dey prepare for Madikizela-Mandela funeral, everywhere dey hot with politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; small time after dem move former president Jacob Zuma,&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jessie Duarte, one big ANC leader, tell critics make dem &quot;sit down and shut up&quot;, while Economic Freedom Fighters leader Julius Malema talk say &quot;anybody wey accuse Mama Winnie of any crime na traitor&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South African government wan give Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Special Official Funeral&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;encaOfficialFuneralExplainer&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Toit|first=Christelle du|title=What does an official funeral in SA entail?|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161603/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Enca.com Explainer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem hold her public funeral for Orlando Stadium on 14 April 2018. Her daughters and Julius Malema dey plan the funeral gree gree, and ANC sabi say dem get wahala to fit find space for de event.&lt;ref name=&quot;news24FuneralRift&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Cele|first=S’Thembile|author2=Hlengiwe Nhlabathi|title=Winnie's funeral rift|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415050250/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|archive-date=15 April 2018|access-date=15 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the public service, ANC and President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa talk say dem no stand behind Madikizela-Mandela when wahala dey her legal side.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Julius Malema&lt;ref name=&quot;malemaRailsCitizen&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=14 April 2018|title='They are here' – Malema rails against Winnie's 'traitors' at funeral|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1894115/they-are-here-malema-rails-against-winnies-traitors-at-funeral/|website=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; talk am well wey he wound Dem United Democratic Front wey abandon Madikizela-Mandela back for de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malema sef don dey talk plenty about the National Executive Committee members of ANC Women League wey resign for 1995,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgThaboWinnieRescue&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; sekof dem dey see Madikizela-Mandela as criminal.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela pikin, Zenani, don fight back people wey dey badmouth her mama, she dey call dem hypocrites.&lt;ref name=&quot;zenaniEwnFuneralHypocrites&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title='Praising Mama Winnie now that she's gone shows what hypocrites you are'|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/14/praising-mama-winnie-now-that-she-s-gone-shows-what-hypocrites-you-are|publisher=Eyewitness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; After dem finish public service, dem bury am for cemetery for Fourways for north Johannesburg during private memorial wey nobody fit waka enter.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plenty ANC people don dey ready to defend demself for di matter wey dem talk for di funeral; but di ANC still talk make everybody chill small.&lt;ref name=&quot;ancRestraintAallegations&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mashaba|first1=Sibongile|last2=Feketha|first2=Siviwe|date=17 April 2018|title=ANC calls for restraint over #Winnie allegations|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/anc-calls-for-restraint-over-winnie-allegations-14484247|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Insyde popular culture ==
Alfre Woodard play Mandela for 1987 HBO TV movie wey dem call Mandela. Woodard collect CableACE Award and NAACP Image Award for di fine acting, same as Danny Glover wey play Nelson Mandela too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Haithman, Diane|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-18-ca-5684-story.html|title='Mandela' Tackles Apartheid Issue : Glover and Woodard Are Passionate About Roles|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=18 September 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tina Lifford sabi play am for 1997 TV film wey dem call Mandela plus de Klerk. Sophie Okonedo too act am for BBC drama Mrs Mandela, wey dem show first for BBC Four on 25 January 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Hudson play as Winnie Mandela for film wey Darrell Roodt direct. Dem drop am for Canada by D Films on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson use Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob biography, Winnie Mandela:&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Michael. (17 November 2009) [https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/jennifer-hudson-to-star-in-winnie-1118011521/ &quot;Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie'&quot;] . ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; A Life, take write the script. De Creative Workers Union of South Africa no gree make dem use Hudson for di main role, dem talk say make dem fit use local actors to tell di country's stories don undermine de efforts to develop de national film industry.&lt;ref&gt;Tartaglione, Nancy. (7 December 2009) [http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/6175691/south-african-actors-up-in-arms-over-hudson-casting?page=all South African Actors Up In Arms over Hudson Casting {{!}} Movie News]. Hollywood.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Jennifer Hudson should not star in Mandela film, South African actors say|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=7 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Hudson plus Terrance Howard wey play Nelson Mandela get praise from plenty critics, di film fall flat for critics plus money side.

For 2007, dem do one opera wey dem call The Passion of Winnie based on her life for Canada; but she no fit get visa go attend di world premiere plus di gala wey dem go fundraise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Winnie Mandela denied entry to Canada for arts gala|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/winnie-mandela-denied-entry-to-canada-for-arts-gala-1.670799|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=5 June 2007|access-date=5 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandela dey again for 2013 film wey dem call Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom wey actress Naomie Harris play am (Idris Elba wey be British actor also play Nelson Mandela). When she watch di film, Madikizela-Mandela tell Harris say na di first time she gofit see her story captured for film. Gugulethu okaMseleku write for De Guardian, talk say di film bring Madikizela-Mandela back to her correct position, sabi her role for di ‘struggle’ wey for South African women ... na better pass her husband own.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Long Walk to Freedom returns Winnie Mandela to her rightful place|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/03/long-walk-to-freedom-winnie-mandela-nelson|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Gugulethu|last=okaMseleku|date=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transition to democracy: 1990–2003 ==
[[File:Nelson_Mandela_Alberto_Chissano_Winnie_Mandela_Cidalia_Chissano_in_Museu_Galeria_Chissano,_Matola,_Mozambique.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nelson_Mandela_Alberto_Chissano_Winnie_Mandela_Cidalia_Chissano_in_Museu_Galeria_Chissano,_Matola,_Mozambique.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Winnie Mandela with Nelson Mandela, [[:en:Alberto_Chissano|Alberto Chissano]] plus ein daughter Cidalia for Museu Galeria Chissano, Mozambique, 1990]]
When South Africa dey change to multi-racial democracy, she no dey ginger White South Africans well well, plus people sabi her like she get wahala as her husband wey dey before dem arrest am.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; When dem release am for February 1990, she dey with him, na de first time dem don show for public after almost 30 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;nprDayNelsonWalked&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Myre|first=Greg|date=27 June 2013|title=The Day Nelson Mandela Walked Out Of Prison|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/06/11/190671704/the-day-nelson-mandela-walked-out-of-prison|publisher=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem 38-year marriage scatter for April 1992 as plenty talk say no faithful.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentUnfaithfulness&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=3 April 2018|title=Letter to lover spells trouble for Winnie|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/letter-to-lover-spells-trouble-for-winnie-1549863.html|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem finalize di divorce March 1996. She come take di name &quot;Madikizela-Mandela&quot;. Again for 1992, she lose im position as di head of ANC social welfare department, as pipo dey talk say she dey chop corruption.&lt;ref name=&quot;csmonitor1992AncDivided&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0413/13032.html|title=ANC Ranks Deeply Divided On Winnie Mandela Affair|date=13 April 1992|newspaper=[[Christian Science Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wapoResurrected1994&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=French|first=Mary Ann|date=30 April 1994|title=The Resurrected Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pastDarkCloudDispatch&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gqulu|first=Kanyo|date=6 November 2014|title=Winnie's past a dark cloud|url=http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/opinion/2014/11/06/winnies-past-a-dark-cloud/|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Dispatchlive.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Withdrawal from politics: 2003–2007 ==
For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela gree say she go fit be human shield before dem invade Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 February 2003|title=Winnie Mandela – Iraqi 'human shield'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2779509.stm|website=Bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no stop there, for de same year, 2003, she cari her hand help calm wahala wey dey happen for Wits University, where one student wey owe school fees hold one staff with knife.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie wins over Wits hostage-taker|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/winnie-wins-over-wits-hostage-taker-100801|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Keyser|first=Antoinette|date=5 February 2003|title=Student arrested as Wits hostage drama ends|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/student-arrested-as-wits-hostage-drama-ends-101119|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=6 February 2003|title=Winnie Mandela saves the day|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2732351.stm|access-date=10 August 2018|website=News.bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 24 April 2003, Madikizela-Mandela collect 435 fraud wahala and 25 theft, her broker, Addy Moolman too collect 58 fraud wahala plus 25 theft. Both no gree say dem guilty. Dem charge be say money from loan applicants' accounts chop for funeral fund, but dem no fit benefit. Madikizela-Mandela carry 5 years for prison.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.co.za/2003/04/27/news/news01.asp|title=ANC: We won't dump Winnie|newspaper=Sunday Times|location=South Africa|date=27 April 2003|access-date=27 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822043818/http://www.suntimes.co.za/2003/04/27/news/news01.asp|archive-date=22 August 2006|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Small time after dem convict am, she waka comot from all di leadership spots for ANC, wey de include her parliament seat plus di presidency for ANC Women's League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/04/25/mandela.sentencing/|title=Winnie Mandela resigns ANC posts|publisher=CNN|date=25 April 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For July 2004, one appeal judge for Pretoria High Court talk say, &quot;de crimes no be for personal benefit&quot;. Di judge quash di theft conviction, but dem uphold di fraud one, give am three years plus six months suspended sentence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1553061,00.html|title=Winnie: No personal gain|publisher=News24|date=7 May 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225731/http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1553061,00.html|archive-date=30 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Return to politics ==
[[File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|right|thumb|Madikizela-Mandela for 2008]]
Wen ANC talk say dem go elect National Executive Committee on 21 December 2007, Madikizela-Mandela carry first with 2,845 votes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/ Newly-elected National Executive Committee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525085835/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/|date=25 May 2010}}, [[African National Congress|ANC]] Website. Retrieved 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599 Winnie Mandela tops ANC election list] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002120731/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599|date=2 October 2008}}, ''[[The Sunday Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'', 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela talk say di anti-immigrant wahala wey happen for May–June 2008 wey start for Johannesburg and spread everywhere no good. She blame di government for no provide better housing wey fit calm di people wey dey vex.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=13&amp;art_id=nw20080530112254983C305166 &quot;Winnie speaks out on SA's issues&quot;]. Iol.co.za (30 May 2008). Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; She apologize go di victims of di riot&lt;ref&gt;Hawley, Caroline. (16 May 2008) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7404351.stm Refugees flee South Africa attacks]. BBC News. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; plus even visit Alexandra township. She use her house give one immigrant family from de Democratic Republic of de Congo make dem fit stay.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} She also warn say di people wey cause di wahala fit go attack di Gauteng train system next. {{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Madikizela-Mandela take fifth place for ANC ballot for 2009 election, e dey behind party president Jacob Zuma, South Africa president Kgalema Motlanthe, Deputy President Baleka Mbete, plus Finance Minister Trevor Manuel. One article for De Observer talk say her position for the top show say party leadership dey see am as big person wey fit help dem get support from ground level plus de poor party pipo .&lt;ref&gt;Duval Smith, Alex (1 March 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/01/winnie-mandela-mp-south-africa Winnie set for shock comeback to ANC politics], ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Madkizela-Mandela dey sidelined plenty by ANC after apartheid finish.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgAncBetrayedWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-06-00-how-the-anc-betrayed-winnie|title=How the ANC betrayed Winnie|first=Dineo|last=Bendile|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|date=6 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jMalalaAttemptsDontWash&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Malala|first=Justice|date=16 April 2018|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|archive-date=17 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even though she be ANC MP for long time, she dey chill with non-ANC people like Bantu Holomisa plus Julius Malema.&lt;ref name=&quot;jMalalaAttemptsDontWash2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Malala|first=Justice|date=16 April 2018|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|archive-date=17 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela dey support Malema, wey dem kick out from ANC,den him later start him own party, wey dem dey call Economic Freedom Fighters.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== 2010 interview with Nadira Naipaul =====
For 2010, Madikizela-Mandela talk with Nadira Naipaul. For that interview, she no let am slide, she yan say her ex-husband don “let blacks down”, say him just dey “carry come collect money”, plus say him be “nothing but foundation”. She still fire am for him choice to take Nobel Peace Prize with F. W. de Klerk. Among other things, dem talk say Mandela don dey “no dey show” for her daughters. She even call Archbishop Desmond Tutu, wey dey run Truth and Reconciliation Commission, as a “cretin”.&lt;ref&gt;Naipaul, Nadira (8 March 2010) [https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html &quot;How Nelson Mandela betrayed us, says ex-wife Winnie&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408045752/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html|date=8 April 2018}}. ''London Evening Standard''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di interview catch media eye,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7403504/Winnie-Mandela-accuses-Nelson-of-letting-down-South-Africas-blacks.html &quot;Winnie Mandela accuses Nelson of letting down South Africa's blacks&quot;]. ''The Telegraph'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; plus di ANC come talk say dem go ask her to explain wetin she talk about Nelson Mandela.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madiba&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Williams, Murray|author2=Kgosana, Caiphus|date=9 March 2010|title=South Africa: &quot;'Madiba' let us down&quot;|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20100309120838574C472618&amp;singlepage=1|name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 March 2010, dem drop statement for Madikizela-Mandela side wey claim say di interview na fake.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article354012.ece &quot;'Ms Naipaul is a liar and a fraud'&quot;]. ''Times Live/Sunday Times'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As we dey prepare for Madikizela-Mandela funeral, everywhere dey hot with politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; small time after dem move former president Jacob Zuma,&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jessie Duarte, one big ANC leader, tell critics make dem &quot;sit down and shut up&quot;, while Economic Freedom Fighters leader Julius Malema talk say &quot;anybody wey accuse Mama Winnie of any crime na traitor&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South African government wan give Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Special Official Funeral&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;encaOfficialFuneralExplainer&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Toit|first=Christelle du|title=What does an official funeral in SA entail?|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161603/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Enca.com Explainer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem hold her public funeral for Orlando Stadium on 14 April 2018. Her daughters and Julius Malema dey plan the funeral gree gree, and ANC sabi say dem get wahala to fit find space for de event.&lt;ref name=&quot;news24FuneralRift&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Cele|first=S’Thembile|author2=Hlengiwe Nhlabathi|title=Winnie's funeral rift|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415050250/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|archive-date=15 April 2018|access-date=15 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the public service, ANC and President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa talk say dem no stand behind Madikizela-Mandela when wahala dey her legal side.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Julius Malema&lt;ref name=&quot;malemaRailsCitizen&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=14 April 2018|title='They are here' – Malema rails against Winnie's 'traitors' at funeral|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1894115/they-are-here-malema-rails-against-winnies-traitors-at-funeral/|website=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; talk am well wey he wound Dem United Democratic Front wey abandon Madikizela-Mandela back for de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malema sef don dey talk plenty about the National Executive Committee members of ANC Women League wey resign for 1995,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgThaboWinnieRescue&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; sekof dem dey see Madikizela-Mandela as criminal.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela pikin, Zenani, don fight back people wey dey badmouth her mama, she dey call dem hypocrites.&lt;ref name=&quot;zenaniEwnFuneralHypocrites&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title='Praising Mama Winnie now that she's gone shows what hypocrites you are'|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/14/praising-mama-winnie-now-that-she-s-gone-shows-what-hypocrites-you-are|publisher=Eyewitness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; After dem finish public service, dem bury am for cemetery for Fourways for north Johannesburg during private memorial wey nobody fit waka enter.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plenty ANC people don dey ready to defend demself for di matter wey dem talk for di funeral; but di ANC still talk make everybody chill small.&lt;ref name=&quot;ancRestraintAallegations&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mashaba|first1=Sibongile|last2=Feketha|first2=Siviwe|date=17 April 2018|title=ANC calls for restraint over #Winnie allegations|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/anc-calls-for-restraint-over-winnie-allegations-14484247|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Insyde popular culture ==
Alfre Woodard play Mandela for 1987 HBO TV movie wey dem call Mandela. Woodard collect CableACE Award and NAACP Image Award for di fine acting, same as Danny Glover wey play Nelson Mandela too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Haithman, Diane|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-18-ca-5684-story.html|title='Mandela' Tackles Apartheid Issue : Glover and Woodard Are Passionate About Roles|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=18 September 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tina Lifford sabi play am for 1997 TV film wey dem call Mandela plus de Klerk. Sophie Okonedo too act am for BBC drama Mrs Mandela, wey dem show first for BBC Four on 25 January 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Hudson play as Winnie Mandela for film wey Darrell Roodt direct. Dem drop am for Canada by D Films on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson use Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob biography, Winnie Mandela:&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Michael. (17 November 2009) [https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/jennifer-hudson-to-star-in-winnie-1118011521/ &quot;Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie'&quot;] . ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; A Life, take write the script. De Creative Workers Union of South Africa no gree make dem use Hudson for di main role, dem talk say make dem fit use local actors to tell di country's stories don undermine de efforts to develop de national film industry.&lt;ref&gt;Tartaglione, Nancy. (7 December 2009) [http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/6175691/south-african-actors-up-in-arms-over-hudson-casting?page=all South African Actors Up In Arms over Hudson Casting {{!}} Movie News]. Hollywood.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Jennifer Hudson should not star in Mandela film, South African actors say|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=7 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Hudson plus Terrance Howard wey play Nelson Mandela get praise from plenty critics, di film fall flat for critics plus money side.

For 2007, dem do one opera wey dem call The Passion of Winnie based on her life for Canada; but she no fit get visa go attend di world premiere plus di gala wey dem go fundraise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Winnie Mandela denied entry to Canada for arts gala|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/winnie-mandela-denied-entry-to-canada-for-arts-gala-1.670799|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=5 June 2007|access-date=5 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandela dey again for 2013 film wey dem call Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom wey actress Naomie Harris play am (Idris Elba wey be British actor also play Nelson Mandela). When she watch di film, Madikizela-Mandela tell Harris say na di first time she gofit see her story captured for film. Gugulethu okaMseleku write for De Guardian, talk say di film bring Madikizela-Mandela back to her correct position, sabi her role for di ‘struggle’ wey for South African women ... na better pass her husband own.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Long Walk to Freedom returns Winnie Mandela to her rightful place|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/03/long-walk-to-freedom-winnie-mandela-nelson|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Gugulethu|last=okaMseleku|date=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transition to democracy: 1990–2003 ==
[[File:Nelson_Mandela_Alberto_Chissano_Winnie_Mandela_Cidalia_Chissano_in_Museu_Galeria_Chissano,_Matola,_Mozambique.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nelson_Mandela_Alberto_Chissano_Winnie_Mandela_Cidalia_Chissano_in_Museu_Galeria_Chissano,_Matola,_Mozambique.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Winnie Mandela with Nelson Mandela, [[:en:Alberto_Chissano|Alberto Chissano]] plus ein daughter Cidalia for Museu Galeria Chissano, Mozambique, 1990]]
When South Africa dey change to multi-racial democracy, she no dey ginger White South Africans well well, plus people sabi her like she get wahala as her husband wey dey before dem arrest am.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; When dem release am for February 1990, she dey with him, na de first time dem don show for public after almost 30 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;nprDayNelsonWalked&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Myre|first=Greg|date=27 June 2013|title=The Day Nelson Mandela Walked Out Of Prison|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/06/11/190671704/the-day-nelson-mandela-walked-out-of-prison|publisher=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem 38-year marriage scatter for April 1992 as plenty talk say no faithful.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentUnfaithfulness&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=3 April 2018|title=Letter to lover spells trouble for Winnie|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/letter-to-lover-spells-trouble-for-winnie-1549863.html|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem finalize di divorce March 1996. She come take di name &quot;Madikizela-Mandela&quot;. Again for 1992, she lose im position as di head of ANC social welfare department, as pipo dey talk say she dey chop corruption.&lt;ref name=&quot;csmonitor1992AncDivided&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0413/13032.html|title=ANC Ranks Deeply Divided On Winnie Mandela Affair|date=13 April 1992|newspaper=[[Christian Science Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wapoResurrected1994&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=French|first=Mary Ann|date=30 April 1994|title=The Resurrected Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pastDarkCloudDispatch&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gqulu|first=Kanyo|date=6 November 2014|title=Winnie's past a dark cloud|url=http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/opinion/2014/11/06/winnies-past-a-dark-cloud/|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Dispatchlive.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey campaign for ANC for South Africa first non-racial elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;wapoResurrected19942&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=French|first=Mary Ann|date=30 April 1994|title=The Resurrected Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem appoint am Deputy Minister of Arts, Culture, Science plus Technology for May 1994, but dem sack am 11 months later because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.scotsman.com/winniemandela/Winnie-Mandelas-fall-from-grace.2422138.jp|title=Winnie Mandela's fall from grace|date=26 April 2003|author=Bridgland, Fred|work=The Scotsman|location=Edinburgh|access-date=24 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/28/world/winnie-mandela-out-of-cabinet-for-defying-presidential-orders.html|title=Winnie Mandela Out of Cabinet For Defying Presidential Orders|first=Bill|last=Keller|newspaper=The New York Times|date=28 March 1995}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1995, some big women for ANC Women’s League, like Adelaide Tambo, don waka comot from di National Executive Committee. Dem no gree with how Madikizela-Mandela dey run things and dem plenty wahala about big money from Pakistani politician Benazir Bhutto wey Madikizela-Mandela no gree hand over to di League.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandelaSecondTermIndependent&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/mandela-says-he-will-not-stand-a-second-term-1573289.html|title=Mandela says he will not stand a second term|date=16 February 1995|newspaper=The Independent|first=Peter|last=Gregson|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414234405/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/mandela-says-he-will-not-stand-a-second-term-1573289.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgAncBetrayedWinnie2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-06-00-how-the-anc-betrayed-winnie|title=How the ANC betrayed Winnie|first=Dineo|last=Bendile|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|date=6 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgThaboWinnieRescue2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgConsidersSuingMufamadi95&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-03-24-winnie-considers-suing-mufamadi|title=Winnie considers suing Mufamadi|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Withdrawal from politics: 2003–2007 ==
For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela gree say she go fit be human shield before dem invade Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 February 2003|title=Winnie Mandela – Iraqi 'human shield'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2779509.stm|website=Bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no stop there, for de same year, 2003, she cari her hand help calm wahala wey dey happen for Wits University, where one student wey owe school fees hold one staff with knife.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie wins over Wits hostage-taker|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/winnie-wins-over-wits-hostage-taker-100801|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Keyser|first=Antoinette|date=5 February 2003|title=Student arrested as Wits hostage drama ends|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/student-arrested-as-wits-hostage-drama-ends-101119|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=6 February 2003|title=Winnie Mandela saves the day|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2732351.stm|access-date=10 August 2018|website=News.bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 24 April 2003, Madikizela-Mandela collect 435 fraud wahala and 25 theft, her broker, Addy Moolman too collect 58 fraud wahala plus 25 theft. Both no gree say dem guilty. Dem charge be say money from loan applicants' accounts chop for funeral fund, but dem no fit benefit. Madikizela-Mandela carry 5 years for prison.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.co.za/2003/04/27/news/news01.asp|title=ANC: We won't dump Winnie|newspaper=Sunday Times|location=South Africa|date=27 April 2003|access-date=27 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822043818/http://www.suntimes.co.za/2003/04/27/news/news01.asp|archive-date=22 August 2006|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Small time after dem convict am, she waka comot from all di leadership spots for ANC, wey de include her parliament seat plus di presidency for ANC Women's League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/04/25/mandela.sentencing/|title=Winnie Mandela resigns ANC posts|publisher=CNN|date=25 April 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For July 2004, one appeal judge for Pretoria High Court talk say, &quot;de crimes no be for personal benefit&quot;. Di judge quash di theft conviction, but dem uphold di fraud one, give am three years plus six months suspended sentence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1553061,00.html|title=Winnie: No personal gain|publisher=News24|date=7 May 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225731/http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1553061,00.html|archive-date=30 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Return to politics ==
[[File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|right|thumb|Madikizela-Mandela for 2008]]
Wen ANC talk say dem go elect National Executive Committee on 21 December 2007, Madikizela-Mandela carry first with 2,845 votes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/ Newly-elected National Executive Committee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525085835/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/|date=25 May 2010}}, [[African National Congress|ANC]] Website. Retrieved 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599 Winnie Mandela tops ANC election list] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002120731/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599|date=2 October 2008}}, ''[[The Sunday Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'', 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela talk say di anti-immigrant wahala wey happen for May–June 2008 wey start for Johannesburg and spread everywhere no good. She blame di government for no provide better housing wey fit calm di people wey dey vex.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=13&amp;art_id=nw20080530112254983C305166 &quot;Winnie speaks out on SA's issues&quot;]. Iol.co.za (30 May 2008). Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; She apologize go di victims of di riot&lt;ref&gt;Hawley, Caroline. (16 May 2008) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7404351.stm Refugees flee South Africa attacks]. BBC News. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; plus even visit Alexandra township. She use her house give one immigrant family from de Democratic Republic of de Congo make dem fit stay.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} She also warn say di people wey cause di wahala fit go attack di Gauteng train system next. {{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Madikizela-Mandela take fifth place for ANC ballot for 2009 election, e dey behind party president Jacob Zuma, South Africa president Kgalema Motlanthe, Deputy President Baleka Mbete, plus Finance Minister Trevor Manuel. One article for De Observer talk say her position for the top show say party leadership dey see am as big person wey fit help dem get support from ground level plus de poor party pipo .&lt;ref&gt;Duval Smith, Alex (1 March 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/01/winnie-mandela-mp-south-africa Winnie set for shock comeback to ANC politics], ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Madkizela-Mandela dey sidelined plenty by ANC after apartheid finish.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgAncBetrayedWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-06-00-how-the-anc-betrayed-winnie|title=How the ANC betrayed Winnie|first=Dineo|last=Bendile|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|date=6 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jMalalaAttemptsDontWash&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Malala|first=Justice|date=16 April 2018|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|archive-date=17 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even though she be ANC MP for long time, she dey chill with non-ANC people like Bantu Holomisa plus Julius Malema.&lt;ref name=&quot;jMalalaAttemptsDontWash2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Malala|first=Justice|date=16 April 2018|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|archive-date=17 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela dey support Malema, wey dem kick out from ANC,den him later start him own party, wey dem dey call Economic Freedom Fighters.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== 2010 interview with Nadira Naipaul =====
For 2010, Madikizela-Mandela talk with Nadira Naipaul. For that interview, she no let am slide, she yan say her ex-husband don “let blacks down”, say him just dey “carry come collect money”, plus say him be “nothing but foundation”. She still fire am for him choice to take Nobel Peace Prize with F. W. de Klerk. Among other things, dem talk say Mandela don dey “no dey show” for her daughters. She even call Archbishop Desmond Tutu, wey dey run Truth and Reconciliation Commission, as a “cretin”.&lt;ref&gt;Naipaul, Nadira (8 March 2010) [https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html &quot;How Nelson Mandela betrayed us, says ex-wife Winnie&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408045752/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html|date=8 April 2018}}. ''London Evening Standard''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di interview catch media eye,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7403504/Winnie-Mandela-accuses-Nelson-of-letting-down-South-Africas-blacks.html &quot;Winnie Mandela accuses Nelson of letting down South Africa's blacks&quot;]. ''The Telegraph'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; plus di ANC come talk say dem go ask her to explain wetin she talk about Nelson Mandela.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madiba&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Williams, Murray|author2=Kgosana, Caiphus|date=9 March 2010|title=South Africa: &quot;'Madiba' let us down&quot;|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20100309120838574C472618&amp;singlepage=1|name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 March 2010, dem drop statement for Madikizela-Mandela side wey claim say di interview na fake.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article354012.ece &quot;'Ms Naipaul is a liar and a fraud'&quot;]. ''Times Live/Sunday Times'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As we dey prepare for Madikizela-Mandela funeral, everywhere dey hot with politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; small time after dem move former president Jacob Zuma,&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jessie Duarte, one big ANC leader, tell critics make dem &quot;sit down and shut up&quot;, while Economic Freedom Fighters leader Julius Malema talk say &quot;anybody wey accuse Mama Winnie of any crime na traitor&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South African government wan give Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Special Official Funeral&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;encaOfficialFuneralExplainer&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Toit|first=Christelle du|title=What does an official funeral in SA entail?|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161603/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Enca.com Explainer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem hold her public funeral for Orlando Stadium on 14 April 2018. Her daughters and Julius Malema dey plan the funeral gree gree, and ANC sabi say dem get wahala to fit find space for de event.&lt;ref name=&quot;news24FuneralRift&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Cele|first=S’Thembile|author2=Hlengiwe Nhlabathi|title=Winnie's funeral rift|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415050250/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|archive-date=15 April 2018|access-date=15 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the public service, ANC and President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa talk say dem no stand behind Madikizela-Mandela when wahala dey her legal side.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Julius Malema&lt;ref name=&quot;malemaRailsCitizen&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=14 April 2018|title='They are here' – Malema rails against Winnie's 'traitors' at funeral|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1894115/they-are-here-malema-rails-against-winnies-traitors-at-funeral/|website=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; talk am well wey he wound Dem United Democratic Front wey abandon Madikizela-Mandela back for de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malema sef don dey talk plenty about the National Executive Committee members of ANC Women League wey resign for 1995,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgThaboWinnieRescue&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; sekof dem dey see Madikizela-Mandela as criminal.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela pikin, Zenani, don fight back people wey dey badmouth her mama, she dey call dem hypocrites.&lt;ref name=&quot;zenaniEwnFuneralHypocrites&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title='Praising Mama Winnie now that she's gone shows what hypocrites you are'|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/14/praising-mama-winnie-now-that-she-s-gone-shows-what-hypocrites-you-are|publisher=Eyewitness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; After dem finish public service, dem bury am for cemetery for Fourways for north Johannesburg during private memorial wey nobody fit waka enter.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plenty ANC people don dey ready to defend demself for di matter wey dem talk for di funeral; but di ANC still talk make everybody chill small.&lt;ref name=&quot;ancRestraintAallegations&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mashaba|first1=Sibongile|last2=Feketha|first2=Siviwe|date=17 April 2018|title=ANC calls for restraint over #Winnie allegations|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/anc-calls-for-restraint-over-winnie-allegations-14484247|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Insyde popular culture ==
Alfre Woodard play Mandela for 1987 HBO TV movie wey dem call Mandela. Woodard collect CableACE Award and NAACP Image Award for di fine acting, same as Danny Glover wey play Nelson Mandela too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Haithman, Diane|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-18-ca-5684-story.html|title='Mandela' Tackles Apartheid Issue : Glover and Woodard Are Passionate About Roles|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=18 September 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tina Lifford sabi play am for 1997 TV film wey dem call Mandela plus de Klerk. Sophie Okonedo too act am for BBC drama Mrs Mandela, wey dem show first for BBC Four on 25 January 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Hudson play as Winnie Mandela for film wey Darrell Roodt direct. Dem drop am for Canada by D Films on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson use Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob biography, Winnie Mandela:&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Michael. (17 November 2009) [https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/jennifer-hudson-to-star-in-winnie-1118011521/ &quot;Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie'&quot;] . ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; A Life, take write the script. De Creative Workers Union of South Africa no gree make dem use Hudson for di main role, dem talk say make dem fit use local actors to tell di country's stories don undermine de efforts to develop de national film industry.&lt;ref&gt;Tartaglione, Nancy. (7 December 2009) [http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/6175691/south-african-actors-up-in-arms-over-hudson-casting?page=all South African Actors Up In Arms over Hudson Casting {{!}} Movie News]. Hollywood.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Jennifer Hudson should not star in Mandela film, South African actors say|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=7 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Hudson plus Terrance Howard wey play Nelson Mandela get praise from plenty critics, di film fall flat for critics plus money side.

For 2007, dem do one opera wey dem call The Passion of Winnie based on her life for Canada; but she no fit get visa go attend di world premiere plus di gala wey dem go fundraise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Winnie Mandela denied entry to Canada for arts gala|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/winnie-mandela-denied-entry-to-canada-for-arts-gala-1.670799|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=5 June 2007|access-date=5 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandela dey again for 2013 film wey dem call Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom wey actress Naomie Harris play am (Idris Elba wey be British actor also play Nelson Mandela). When she watch di film, Madikizela-Mandela tell Harris say na di first time she gofit see her story captured for film. Gugulethu okaMseleku write for De Guardian, talk say di film bring Madikizela-Mandela back to her correct position, sabi her role for di ‘struggle’ wey for South African women ... na better pass her husband own.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Long Walk to Freedom returns Winnie Mandela to her rightful place|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/03/long-walk-to-freedom-winnie-mandela-nelson|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Gugulethu|last=okaMseleku|date=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transition to democracy: 1990–2003 ==
[[File:Nelson_Mandela_Alberto_Chissano_Winnie_Mandela_Cidalia_Chissano_in_Museu_Galeria_Chissano,_Matola,_Mozambique.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nelson_Mandela_Alberto_Chissano_Winnie_Mandela_Cidalia_Chissano_in_Museu_Galeria_Chissano,_Matola,_Mozambique.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Winnie Mandela with Nelson Mandela, [[:en:Alberto_Chissano|Alberto Chissano]] plus ein daughter Cidalia for Museu Galeria Chissano, Mozambique, 1990]]
When South Africa dey change to multi-racial democracy, she no dey ginger White South Africans well well, plus people sabi her like she get wahala as her husband wey dey before dem arrest am.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; When dem release am for February 1990, she dey with him, na de first time dem don show for public after almost 30 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;nprDayNelsonWalked&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Myre|first=Greg|date=27 June 2013|title=The Day Nelson Mandela Walked Out Of Prison|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/06/11/190671704/the-day-nelson-mandela-walked-out-of-prison|publisher=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem 38-year marriage scatter for April 1992 as plenty talk say no faithful.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentUnfaithfulness&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=3 April 2018|title=Letter to lover spells trouble for Winnie|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/letter-to-lover-spells-trouble-for-winnie-1549863.html|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem finalize di divorce March 1996. She come take di name &quot;Madikizela-Mandela&quot;. Again for 1992, she lose im position as di head of ANC social welfare department, as pipo dey talk say she dey chop corruption.&lt;ref name=&quot;csmonitor1992AncDivided&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0413/13032.html|title=ANC Ranks Deeply Divided On Winnie Mandela Affair|date=13 April 1992|newspaper=[[Christian Science Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wapoResurrected1994&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=French|first=Mary Ann|date=30 April 1994|title=The Resurrected Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pastDarkCloudDispatch&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gqulu|first=Kanyo|date=6 November 2014|title=Winnie's past a dark cloud|url=http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/opinion/2014/11/06/winnies-past-a-dark-cloud/|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Dispatchlive.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey campaign for ANC for South Africa first non-racial elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;wapoResurrected19942&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=French|first=Mary Ann|date=30 April 1994|title=The Resurrected Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem appoint am Deputy Minister of Arts, Culture, Science plus Technology for May 1994, but dem sack am 11 months later because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.scotsman.com/winniemandela/Winnie-Mandelas-fall-from-grace.2422138.jp|title=Winnie Mandela's fall from grace|date=26 April 2003|author=Bridgland, Fred|work=The Scotsman|location=Edinburgh|access-date=24 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/28/world/winnie-mandela-out-of-cabinet-for-defying-presidential-orders.html|title=Winnie Mandela Out of Cabinet For Defying Presidential Orders|first=Bill|last=Keller|newspaper=The New York Times|date=28 March 1995}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1995, some big women for ANC Women’s League, like Adelaide Tambo, don waka comot from di National Executive Committee. Dem no gree with how Madikizela-Mandela dey run things and dem plenty wahala about big money from Pakistani politician Benazir Bhutto wey Madikizela-Mandela no gree hand over to di League.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandelaSecondTermIndependent&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/mandela-says-he-will-not-stand-a-second-term-1573289.html|title=Mandela says he will not stand a second term|date=16 February 1995|newspaper=The Independent|first=Peter|last=Gregson|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414234405/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/mandela-says-he-will-not-stand-a-second-term-1573289.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgAncBetrayedWinnie2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-06-00-how-the-anc-betrayed-winnie|title=How the ANC betrayed Winnie|first=Dineo|last=Bendile|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|date=6 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgThaboWinnieRescue2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgConsidersSuingMufamadi95&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-03-24-winnie-considers-suing-mufamadi|title=Winnie considers suing Mufamadi|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She dey very popular for plenty ANC supporters. For December 1993 and April 1997, dem elect am as president for ANC Women's League, but she come pull out from the ANC Deputy President position when dem gather for Mafikeng conference for December 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;sapaSaveFace&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 December 1997|title=Winnie saves face at conference|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media%5C1997%5C9712/s971217c.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208090932/https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media%5C1997%5C9712/s971217c.htm|archive-date=8 December 2024|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Earlier for 1997, she show face for the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Archbishop Desmond Tutu wey be the chairman of the commission sabi her role for the anti-apartheid fight but still tell am make she apologize and own her mistakes. She reply small, come admit say &quot;things no go as e suppose be&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/july-dec97/mandela_12-4a.html|title=Facing the Past|publisher=PBS NewsHour|date=4 December 1997|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219143523/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/july-dec97/mandela_12-4a.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fit 1990s, she dey roll with Israeli mafia wey dey operate for South Africa, dem dey chop money from local Jewish people plus dey do other criminal activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;haaretz-2001-gangsters&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Leibovich-Dar|first=Sara|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5351221|title=Winnie Mandela and the Ramat Amidar Gang|work=[[Haaretz]]|date=12 July 2001|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715074125/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5351221|archive-date=15 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2002, Madikizela-Mandela jam for wahala as Parliament ethics committee catch am for no talk wetin she dey get for donations plus money matter.&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2002GuiltyEthics&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2002-08-21-winnie-found-guilty-by-ethics-committee|title=Winnie found guilty by ethics committee|first=Angela|last=Quintal|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iolHideAndSeek&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Parliament fed up with Winnie's hide and seek|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/parliament-fed-up-with-winnies-hide-and-seek-102737|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt; This Madikizela Mandela dey miss Parliament plenty, sometimes even for months. For 2003, Parliament don order am make she explain why she no dey show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg6&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iolHideAndSeek2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Parliament fed up with Winnie's hide and seek|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/parliament-fed-up-with-winnies-hide-and-seek-102737|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;timesOfIndiaAbsence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Truant-Winnie-asked-to-explain-absence-from-parliament/articleshow/40179105.cms|title=Truant Winnie asked to explain absence from parliament|newspaper=Times of India|date=13 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;paAttendenceRecord&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Winfred Madikizela-Mandela|url=https://www.pa.org.za/person/nomzamo-winfred-madikizela-mandela/|website=People's Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Withdrawal from politics: 2003–2007 ==
For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela gree say she go fit be human shield before dem invade Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 February 2003|title=Winnie Mandela – Iraqi 'human shield'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2779509.stm|website=Bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no stop there, for de same year, 2003, she cari her hand help calm wahala wey dey happen for Wits University, where one student wey owe school fees hold one staff with knife.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie wins over Wits hostage-taker|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/winnie-wins-over-wits-hostage-taker-100801|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Keyser|first=Antoinette|date=5 February 2003|title=Student arrested as Wits hostage drama ends|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/student-arrested-as-wits-hostage-drama-ends-101119|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=6 February 2003|title=Winnie Mandela saves the day|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2732351.stm|access-date=10 August 2018|website=News.bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 24 April 2003, Madikizela-Mandela collect 435 fraud wahala and 25 theft, her broker, Addy Moolman too collect 58 fraud wahala plus 25 theft. Both no gree say dem guilty. Dem charge be say money from loan applicants' accounts chop for funeral fund, but dem no fit benefit. Madikizela-Mandela carry 5 years for prison.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.co.za/2003/04/27/news/news01.asp|title=ANC: We won't dump Winnie|newspaper=Sunday Times|location=South Africa|date=27 April 2003|access-date=27 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822043818/http://www.suntimes.co.za/2003/04/27/news/news01.asp|archive-date=22 August 2006|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Small time after dem convict am, she waka comot from all di leadership spots for ANC, wey de include her parliament seat plus di presidency for ANC Women's League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/04/25/mandela.sentencing/|title=Winnie Mandela resigns ANC posts|publisher=CNN|date=25 April 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For July 2004, one appeal judge for Pretoria High Court talk say, &quot;de crimes no be for personal benefit&quot;. Di judge quash di theft conviction, but dem uphold di fraud one, give am three years plus six months suspended sentence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1553061,00.html|title=Winnie: No personal gain|publisher=News24|date=7 May 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225731/http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1553061,00.html|archive-date=30 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Return to politics ==
[[File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|right|thumb|Madikizela-Mandela for 2008]]
Wen ANC talk say dem go elect National Executive Committee on 21 December 2007, Madikizela-Mandela carry first with 2,845 votes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/ Newly-elected National Executive Committee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525085835/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/|date=25 May 2010}}, [[African National Congress|ANC]] Website. Retrieved 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599 Winnie Mandela tops ANC election list] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002120731/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599|date=2 October 2008}}, ''[[The Sunday Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'', 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela talk say di anti-immigrant wahala wey happen for May–June 2008 wey start for Johannesburg and spread everywhere no good. She blame di government for no provide better housing wey fit calm di people wey dey vex.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=13&amp;art_id=nw20080530112254983C305166 &quot;Winnie speaks out on SA's issues&quot;]. Iol.co.za (30 May 2008). Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; She apologize go di victims of di riot&lt;ref&gt;Hawley, Caroline. (16 May 2008) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7404351.stm Refugees flee South Africa attacks]. BBC News. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; plus even visit Alexandra township. She use her house give one immigrant family from de Democratic Republic of de Congo make dem fit stay.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} She also warn say di people wey cause di wahala fit go attack di Gauteng train system next. {{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Madikizela-Mandela take fifth place for ANC ballot for 2009 election, e dey behind party president Jacob Zuma, South Africa president Kgalema Motlanthe, Deputy President Baleka Mbete, plus Finance Minister Trevor Manuel. One article for De Observer talk say her position for the top show say party leadership dey see am as big person wey fit help dem get support from ground level plus de poor party pipo .&lt;ref&gt;Duval Smith, Alex (1 March 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/01/winnie-mandela-mp-south-africa Winnie set for shock comeback to ANC politics], ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Madkizela-Mandela dey sidelined plenty by ANC after apartheid finish.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgAncBetrayedWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-06-00-how-the-anc-betrayed-winnie|title=How the ANC betrayed Winnie|first=Dineo|last=Bendile|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|date=6 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jMalalaAttemptsDontWash&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Malala|first=Justice|date=16 April 2018|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|archive-date=17 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even though she be ANC MP for long time, she dey chill with non-ANC people like Bantu Holomisa plus Julius Malema.&lt;ref name=&quot;jMalalaAttemptsDontWash2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Malala|first=Justice|date=16 April 2018|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|archive-date=17 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela dey support Malema, wey dem kick out from ANC,den him later start him own party, wey dem dey call Economic Freedom Fighters.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== 2010 interview with Nadira Naipaul =====
For 2010, Madikizela-Mandela talk with Nadira Naipaul. For that interview, she no let am slide, she yan say her ex-husband don “let blacks down”, say him just dey “carry come collect money”, plus say him be “nothing but foundation”. She still fire am for him choice to take Nobel Peace Prize with F. W. de Klerk. Among other things, dem talk say Mandela don dey “no dey show” for her daughters. She even call Archbishop Desmond Tutu, wey dey run Truth and Reconciliation Commission, as a “cretin”.&lt;ref&gt;Naipaul, Nadira (8 March 2010) [https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html &quot;How Nelson Mandela betrayed us, says ex-wife Winnie&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408045752/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html|date=8 April 2018}}. ''London Evening Standard''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di interview catch media eye,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7403504/Winnie-Mandela-accuses-Nelson-of-letting-down-South-Africas-blacks.html &quot;Winnie Mandela accuses Nelson of letting down South Africa's blacks&quot;]. ''The Telegraph'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; plus di ANC come talk say dem go ask her to explain wetin she talk about Nelson Mandela.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madiba&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Williams, Murray|author2=Kgosana, Caiphus|date=9 March 2010|title=South Africa: &quot;'Madiba' let us down&quot;|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20100309120838574C472618&amp;singlepage=1|name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 March 2010, dem drop statement for Madikizela-Mandela side wey claim say di interview na fake.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article354012.ece &quot;'Ms Naipaul is a liar and a fraud'&quot;]. ''Times Live/Sunday Times'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As we dey prepare for Madikizela-Mandela funeral, everywhere dey hot with politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; small time after dem move former president Jacob Zuma,&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jessie Duarte, one big ANC leader, tell critics make dem &quot;sit down and shut up&quot;, while Economic Freedom Fighters leader Julius Malema talk say &quot;anybody wey accuse Mama Winnie of any crime na traitor&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South African government wan give Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Special Official Funeral&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;encaOfficialFuneralExplainer&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Toit|first=Christelle du|title=What does an official funeral in SA entail?|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161603/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Enca.com Explainer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem hold her public funeral for Orlando Stadium on 14 April 2018. Her daughters and Julius Malema dey plan the funeral gree gree, and ANC sabi say dem get wahala to fit find space for de event.&lt;ref name=&quot;news24FuneralRift&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Cele|first=S’Thembile|author2=Hlengiwe Nhlabathi|title=Winnie's funeral rift|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415050250/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|archive-date=15 April 2018|access-date=15 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the public service, ANC and President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa talk say dem no stand behind Madikizela-Mandela when wahala dey her legal side.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Julius Malema&lt;ref name=&quot;malemaRailsCitizen&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=14 April 2018|title='They are here' – Malema rails against Winnie's 'traitors' at funeral|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1894115/they-are-here-malema-rails-against-winnies-traitors-at-funeral/|website=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; talk am well wey he wound Dem United Democratic Front wey abandon Madikizela-Mandela back for de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malema sef don dey talk plenty about the National Executive Committee members of ANC Women League wey resign for 1995,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgThaboWinnieRescue&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; sekof dem dey see Madikizela-Mandela as criminal.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela pikin, Zenani, don fight back people wey dey badmouth her mama, she dey call dem hypocrites.&lt;ref name=&quot;zenaniEwnFuneralHypocrites&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title='Praising Mama Winnie now that she's gone shows what hypocrites you are'|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/14/praising-mama-winnie-now-that-she-s-gone-shows-what-hypocrites-you-are|publisher=Eyewitness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; After dem finish public service, dem bury am for cemetery for Fourways for north Johannesburg during private memorial wey nobody fit waka enter.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plenty ANC people don dey ready to defend demself for di matter wey dem talk for di funeral; but di ANC still talk make everybody chill small.&lt;ref name=&quot;ancRestraintAallegations&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mashaba|first1=Sibongile|last2=Feketha|first2=Siviwe|date=17 April 2018|title=ANC calls for restraint over #Winnie allegations|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/anc-calls-for-restraint-over-winnie-allegations-14484247|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Insyde popular culture ==
Alfre Woodard play Mandela for 1987 HBO TV movie wey dem call Mandela. Woodard collect CableACE Award and NAACP Image Award for di fine acting, same as Danny Glover wey play Nelson Mandela too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Haithman, Diane|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-18-ca-5684-story.html|title='Mandela' Tackles Apartheid Issue : Glover and Woodard Are Passionate About Roles|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=18 September 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tina Lifford sabi play am for 1997 TV film wey dem call Mandela plus de Klerk. Sophie Okonedo too act am for BBC drama Mrs Mandela, wey dem show first for BBC Four on 25 January 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Hudson play as Winnie Mandela for film wey Darrell Roodt direct. Dem drop am for Canada by D Films on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson use Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob biography, Winnie Mandela:&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Michael. (17 November 2009) [https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/jennifer-hudson-to-star-in-winnie-1118011521/ &quot;Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie'&quot;] . ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; A Life, take write the script. De Creative Workers Union of South Africa no gree make dem use Hudson for di main role, dem talk say make dem fit use local actors to tell di country's stories don undermine de efforts to develop de national film industry.&lt;ref&gt;Tartaglione, Nancy. (7 December 2009) [http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/6175691/south-african-actors-up-in-arms-over-hudson-casting?page=all South African Actors Up In Arms over Hudson Casting {{!}} Movie News]. Hollywood.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Jennifer Hudson should not star in Mandela film, South African actors say|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=7 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Hudson plus Terrance Howard wey play Nelson Mandela get praise from plenty critics, di film fall flat for critics plus money side.

For 2007, dem do one opera wey dem call The Passion of Winnie based on her life for Canada; but she no fit get visa go attend di world premiere plus di gala wey dem go fundraise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Winnie Mandela denied entry to Canada for arts gala|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/winnie-mandela-denied-entry-to-canada-for-arts-gala-1.670799|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=5 June 2007|access-date=5 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandela dey again for 2013 film wey dem call Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom wey actress Naomie Harris play am (Idris Elba wey be British actor also play Nelson Mandela). When she watch di film, Madikizela-Mandela tell Harris say na di first time she gofit see her story captured for film. Gugulethu okaMseleku write for De Guardian, talk say di film bring Madikizela-Mandela back to her correct position, sabi her role for di ‘struggle’ wey for South African women ... na better pass her husband own.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Long Walk to Freedom returns Winnie Mandela to her rightful place|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/03/long-walk-to-freedom-winnie-mandela-nelson|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Gugulethu|last=okaMseleku|date=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>67499</id>
      <parentid>67498</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-01T00:33:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
        <id>3104</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I don add de sub-header 'TRC findings'</comment>
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      <text bytes="88058" sha1="ts9qqzeh7nrorgncwjjsplq8m2k90sc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== TRC findings =====

== Transition to democracy: 1990–2003 ==
[[File:Nelson_Mandela_Alberto_Chissano_Winnie_Mandela_Cidalia_Chissano_in_Museu_Galeria_Chissano,_Matola,_Mozambique.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nelson_Mandela_Alberto_Chissano_Winnie_Mandela_Cidalia_Chissano_in_Museu_Galeria_Chissano,_Matola,_Mozambique.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Winnie Mandela with Nelson Mandela, [[:en:Alberto_Chissano|Alberto Chissano]] plus ein daughter Cidalia for Museu Galeria Chissano, Mozambique, 1990]]
When South Africa dey change to multi-racial democracy, she no dey ginger White South Africans well well, plus people sabi her like she get wahala as her husband wey dey before dem arrest am.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; When dem release am for February 1990, she dey with him, na de first time dem don show for public after almost 30 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;nprDayNelsonWalked&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Myre|first=Greg|date=27 June 2013|title=The Day Nelson Mandela Walked Out Of Prison|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/06/11/190671704/the-day-nelson-mandela-walked-out-of-prison|publisher=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem 38-year marriage scatter for April 1992 as plenty talk say no faithful.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentUnfaithfulness&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=3 April 2018|title=Letter to lover spells trouble for Winnie|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/letter-to-lover-spells-trouble-for-winnie-1549863.html|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem finalize di divorce March 1996. She come take di name &quot;Madikizela-Mandela&quot;. Again for 1992, she lose im position as di head of ANC social welfare department, as pipo dey talk say she dey chop corruption.&lt;ref name=&quot;csmonitor1992AncDivided&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0413/13032.html|title=ANC Ranks Deeply Divided On Winnie Mandela Affair|date=13 April 1992|newspaper=[[Christian Science Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wapoResurrected1994&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=French|first=Mary Ann|date=30 April 1994|title=The Resurrected Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pastDarkCloudDispatch&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gqulu|first=Kanyo|date=6 November 2014|title=Winnie's past a dark cloud|url=http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/opinion/2014/11/06/winnies-past-a-dark-cloud/|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Dispatchlive.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey campaign for ANC for South Africa first non-racial elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;wapoResurrected19942&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=French|first=Mary Ann|date=30 April 1994|title=The Resurrected Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem appoint am Deputy Minister of Arts, Culture, Science plus Technology for May 1994, but dem sack am 11 months later because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.scotsman.com/winniemandela/Winnie-Mandelas-fall-from-grace.2422138.jp|title=Winnie Mandela's fall from grace|date=26 April 2003|author=Bridgland, Fred|work=The Scotsman|location=Edinburgh|access-date=24 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/28/world/winnie-mandela-out-of-cabinet-for-defying-presidential-orders.html|title=Winnie Mandela Out of Cabinet For Defying Presidential Orders|first=Bill|last=Keller|newspaper=The New York Times|date=28 March 1995}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1995, some big women for ANC Women’s League, like Adelaide Tambo, don waka comot from di National Executive Committee. Dem no gree with how Madikizela-Mandela dey run things and dem plenty wahala about big money from Pakistani politician Benazir Bhutto wey Madikizela-Mandela no gree hand over to di League.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandelaSecondTermIndependent&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/mandela-says-he-will-not-stand-a-second-term-1573289.html|title=Mandela says he will not stand a second term|date=16 February 1995|newspaper=The Independent|first=Peter|last=Gregson|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414234405/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/mandela-says-he-will-not-stand-a-second-term-1573289.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgAncBetrayedWinnie2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-06-00-how-the-anc-betrayed-winnie|title=How the ANC betrayed Winnie|first=Dineo|last=Bendile|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|date=6 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgThaboWinnieRescue2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgConsidersSuingMufamadi95&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-03-24-winnie-considers-suing-mufamadi|title=Winnie considers suing Mufamadi|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She dey very popular for plenty ANC supporters. For December 1993 and April 1997, dem elect am as president for ANC Women's League, but she come pull out from the ANC Deputy President position when dem gather for Mafikeng conference for December 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;sapaSaveFace&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 December 1997|title=Winnie saves face at conference|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media%5C1997%5C9712/s971217c.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208090932/https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media%5C1997%5C9712/s971217c.htm|archive-date=8 December 2024|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Earlier for 1997, she show face for the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Archbishop Desmond Tutu wey be the chairman of the commission sabi her role for the anti-apartheid fight but still tell am make she apologize and own her mistakes. She reply small, come admit say &quot;things no go as e suppose be&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/july-dec97/mandela_12-4a.html|title=Facing the Past|publisher=PBS NewsHour|date=4 December 1997|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219143523/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/july-dec97/mandela_12-4a.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fit 1990s, she dey roll with Israeli mafia wey dey operate for South Africa, dem dey chop money from local Jewish people plus dey do other criminal activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;haaretz-2001-gangsters&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Leibovich-Dar|first=Sara|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5351221|title=Winnie Mandela and the Ramat Amidar Gang|work=[[Haaretz]]|date=12 July 2001|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715074125/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5351221|archive-date=15 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2002, Madikizela-Mandela jam for wahala as Parliament ethics committee catch am for no talk wetin she dey get for donations plus money matter.&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2002GuiltyEthics&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2002-08-21-winnie-found-guilty-by-ethics-committee|title=Winnie found guilty by ethics committee|first=Angela|last=Quintal|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iolHideAndSeek&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Parliament fed up with Winnie's hide and seek|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/parliament-fed-up-with-winnies-hide-and-seek-102737|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt; This Madikizela Mandela dey miss Parliament plenty, sometimes even for months. For 2003, Parliament don order am make she explain why she no dey show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg6&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iolHideAndSeek2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Parliament fed up with Winnie's hide and seek|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/parliament-fed-up-with-winnies-hide-and-seek-102737|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;timesOfIndiaAbsence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Truant-Winnie-asked-to-explain-absence-from-parliament/articleshow/40179105.cms|title=Truant Winnie asked to explain absence from parliament|newspaper=Times of India|date=13 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;paAttendenceRecord&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Winfred Madikizela-Mandela|url=https://www.pa.org.za/person/nomzamo-winfred-madikizela-mandela/|website=People's Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Withdrawal from politics: 2003–2007 ==
For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela gree say she go fit be human shield before dem invade Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 February 2003|title=Winnie Mandela – Iraqi 'human shield'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2779509.stm|website=Bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no stop there, for de same year, 2003, she cari her hand help calm wahala wey dey happen for Wits University, where one student wey owe school fees hold one staff with knife.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie wins over Wits hostage-taker|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/winnie-wins-over-wits-hostage-taker-100801|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Keyser|first=Antoinette|date=5 February 2003|title=Student arrested as Wits hostage drama ends|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/student-arrested-as-wits-hostage-drama-ends-101119|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=6 February 2003|title=Winnie Mandela saves the day|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2732351.stm|access-date=10 August 2018|website=News.bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 24 April 2003, Madikizela-Mandela collect 435 fraud wahala and 25 theft, her broker, Addy Moolman too collect 58 fraud wahala plus 25 theft. Both no gree say dem guilty. Dem charge be say money from loan applicants' accounts chop for funeral fund, but dem no fit benefit. Madikizela-Mandela carry 5 years for prison.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.co.za/2003/04/27/news/news01.asp|title=ANC: We won't dump Winnie|newspaper=Sunday Times|location=South Africa|date=27 April 2003|access-date=27 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822043818/http://www.suntimes.co.za/2003/04/27/news/news01.asp|archive-date=22 August 2006|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Small time after dem convict am, she waka comot from all di leadership spots for ANC, wey de include her parliament seat plus di presidency for ANC Women's League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/04/25/mandela.sentencing/|title=Winnie Mandela resigns ANC posts|publisher=CNN|date=25 April 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For July 2004, one appeal judge for Pretoria High Court talk say, &quot;de crimes no be for personal benefit&quot;. Di judge quash di theft conviction, but dem uphold di fraud one, give am three years plus six months suspended sentence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1553061,00.html|title=Winnie: No personal gain|publisher=News24|date=7 May 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225731/http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1553061,00.html|archive-date=30 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Return to politics ==
[[File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|right|thumb|Madikizela-Mandela for 2008]]
Wen ANC talk say dem go elect National Executive Committee on 21 December 2007, Madikizela-Mandela carry first with 2,845 votes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/ Newly-elected National Executive Committee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525085835/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/|date=25 May 2010}}, [[African National Congress|ANC]] Website. Retrieved 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599 Winnie Mandela tops ANC election list] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002120731/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599|date=2 October 2008}}, ''[[The Sunday Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'', 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela talk say di anti-immigrant wahala wey happen for May–June 2008 wey start for Johannesburg and spread everywhere no good. She blame di government for no provide better housing wey fit calm di people wey dey vex.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=13&amp;art_id=nw20080530112254983C305166 &quot;Winnie speaks out on SA's issues&quot;]. Iol.co.za (30 May 2008). Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; She apologize go di victims of di riot&lt;ref&gt;Hawley, Caroline. (16 May 2008) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7404351.stm Refugees flee South Africa attacks]. BBC News. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; plus even visit Alexandra township. She use her house give one immigrant family from de Democratic Republic of de Congo make dem fit stay.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} She also warn say di people wey cause di wahala fit go attack di Gauteng train system next. {{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Madikizela-Mandela take fifth place for ANC ballot for 2009 election, e dey behind party president Jacob Zuma, South Africa president Kgalema Motlanthe, Deputy President Baleka Mbete, plus Finance Minister Trevor Manuel. One article for De Observer talk say her position for the top show say party leadership dey see am as big person wey fit help dem get support from ground level plus de poor party pipo .&lt;ref&gt;Duval Smith, Alex (1 March 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/01/winnie-mandela-mp-south-africa Winnie set for shock comeback to ANC politics], ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Madkizela-Mandela dey sidelined plenty by ANC after apartheid finish.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgAncBetrayedWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-06-00-how-the-anc-betrayed-winnie|title=How the ANC betrayed Winnie|first=Dineo|last=Bendile|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|date=6 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jMalalaAttemptsDontWash&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Malala|first=Justice|date=16 April 2018|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|archive-date=17 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even though she be ANC MP for long time, she dey chill with non-ANC people like Bantu Holomisa plus Julius Malema.&lt;ref name=&quot;jMalalaAttemptsDontWash2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Malala|first=Justice|date=16 April 2018|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|archive-date=17 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela dey support Malema, wey dem kick out from ANC,den him later start him own party, wey dem dey call Economic Freedom Fighters.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== 2010 interview with Nadira Naipaul =====
For 2010, Madikizela-Mandela talk with Nadira Naipaul. For that interview, she no let am slide, she yan say her ex-husband don “let blacks down”, say him just dey “carry come collect money”, plus say him be “nothing but foundation”. She still fire am for him choice to take Nobel Peace Prize with F. W. de Klerk. Among other things, dem talk say Mandela don dey “no dey show” for her daughters. She even call Archbishop Desmond Tutu, wey dey run Truth and Reconciliation Commission, as a “cretin”.&lt;ref&gt;Naipaul, Nadira (8 March 2010) [https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html &quot;How Nelson Mandela betrayed us, says ex-wife Winnie&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408045752/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html|date=8 April 2018}}. ''London Evening Standard''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di interview catch media eye,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7403504/Winnie-Mandela-accuses-Nelson-of-letting-down-South-Africas-blacks.html &quot;Winnie Mandela accuses Nelson of letting down South Africa's blacks&quot;]. ''The Telegraph'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; plus di ANC come talk say dem go ask her to explain wetin she talk about Nelson Mandela.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madiba&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Williams, Murray|author2=Kgosana, Caiphus|date=9 March 2010|title=South Africa: &quot;'Madiba' let us down&quot;|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20100309120838574C472618&amp;singlepage=1|name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 March 2010, dem drop statement for Madikizela-Mandela side wey claim say di interview na fake.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article354012.ece &quot;'Ms Naipaul is a liar and a fraud'&quot;]. ''Times Live/Sunday Times'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As we dey prepare for Madikizela-Mandela funeral, everywhere dey hot with politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; small time after dem move former president Jacob Zuma,&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jessie Duarte, one big ANC leader, tell critics make dem &quot;sit down and shut up&quot;, while Economic Freedom Fighters leader Julius Malema talk say &quot;anybody wey accuse Mama Winnie of any crime na traitor&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South African government wan give Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Special Official Funeral&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;encaOfficialFuneralExplainer&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Toit|first=Christelle du|title=What does an official funeral in SA entail?|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161603/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Enca.com Explainer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem hold her public funeral for Orlando Stadium on 14 April 2018. Her daughters and Julius Malema dey plan the funeral gree gree, and ANC sabi say dem get wahala to fit find space for de event.&lt;ref name=&quot;news24FuneralRift&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Cele|first=S’Thembile|author2=Hlengiwe Nhlabathi|title=Winnie's funeral rift|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415050250/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|archive-date=15 April 2018|access-date=15 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the public service, ANC and President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa talk say dem no stand behind Madikizela-Mandela when wahala dey her legal side.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Julius Malema&lt;ref name=&quot;malemaRailsCitizen&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=14 April 2018|title='They are here' – Malema rails against Winnie's 'traitors' at funeral|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1894115/they-are-here-malema-rails-against-winnies-traitors-at-funeral/|website=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; talk am well wey he wound Dem United Democratic Front wey abandon Madikizela-Mandela back for de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malema sef don dey talk plenty about the National Executive Committee members of ANC Women League wey resign for 1995,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgThaboWinnieRescue&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; sekof dem dey see Madikizela-Mandela as criminal.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela pikin, Zenani, don fight back people wey dey badmouth her mama, she dey call dem hypocrites.&lt;ref name=&quot;zenaniEwnFuneralHypocrites&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title='Praising Mama Winnie now that she's gone shows what hypocrites you are'|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/14/praising-mama-winnie-now-that-she-s-gone-shows-what-hypocrites-you-are|publisher=Eyewitness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; After dem finish public service, dem bury am for cemetery for Fourways for north Johannesburg during private memorial wey nobody fit waka enter.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plenty ANC people don dey ready to defend demself for di matter wey dem talk for di funeral; but di ANC still talk make everybody chill small.&lt;ref name=&quot;ancRestraintAallegations&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mashaba|first1=Sibongile|last2=Feketha|first2=Siviwe|date=17 April 2018|title=ANC calls for restraint over #Winnie allegations|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/anc-calls-for-restraint-over-winnie-allegations-14484247|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Insyde popular culture ==
Alfre Woodard play Mandela for 1987 HBO TV movie wey dem call Mandela. Woodard collect CableACE Award and NAACP Image Award for di fine acting, same as Danny Glover wey play Nelson Mandela too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Haithman, Diane|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-18-ca-5684-story.html|title='Mandela' Tackles Apartheid Issue : Glover and Woodard Are Passionate About Roles|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=18 September 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tina Lifford sabi play am for 1997 TV film wey dem call Mandela plus de Klerk. Sophie Okonedo too act am for BBC drama Mrs Mandela, wey dem show first for BBC Four on 25 January 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Hudson play as Winnie Mandela for film wey Darrell Roodt direct. Dem drop am for Canada by D Films on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson use Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob biography, Winnie Mandela:&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Michael. (17 November 2009) [https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/jennifer-hudson-to-star-in-winnie-1118011521/ &quot;Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie'&quot;] . ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; A Life, take write the script. De Creative Workers Union of South Africa no gree make dem use Hudson for di main role, dem talk say make dem fit use local actors to tell di country's stories don undermine de efforts to develop de national film industry.&lt;ref&gt;Tartaglione, Nancy. (7 December 2009) [http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/6175691/south-african-actors-up-in-arms-over-hudson-casting?page=all South African Actors Up In Arms over Hudson Casting {{!}} Movie News]. Hollywood.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Jennifer Hudson should not star in Mandela film, South African actors say|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=7 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Hudson plus Terrance Howard wey play Nelson Mandela get praise from plenty critics, di film fall flat for critics plus money side.

For 2007, dem do one opera wey dem call The Passion of Winnie based on her life for Canada; but she no fit get visa go attend di world premiere plus di gala wey dem go fundraise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Winnie Mandela denied entry to Canada for arts gala|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/winnie-mandela-denied-entry-to-canada-for-arts-gala-1.670799|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=5 June 2007|access-date=5 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandela dey again for 2013 film wey dem call Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom wey actress Naomie Harris play am (Idris Elba wey be British actor also play Nelson Mandela). When she watch di film, Madikizela-Mandela tell Harris say na di first time she gofit see her story captured for film. Gugulethu okaMseleku write for De Guardian, talk say di film bring Madikizela-Mandela back to her correct position, sabi her role for di ‘struggle’ wey for South African women ... na better pass her husband own.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Long Walk to Freedom returns Winnie Mandela to her rightful place|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/03/long-walk-to-freedom-winnie-mandela-nelson|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Gugulethu|last=okaMseleku|date=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

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[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
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'''Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela''' (born '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; 26 September 1936&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/292/000023223/ Winnie Mandela]. nndb.com&lt;/ref&gt; – 2 April 2018),&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 &quot;Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81&quot;]. Sky News. 2 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de sanso know am as '''Winnie Mandela''', na she be a South African politician den anti-apartheid activist, second wifey of [[Nelson Mandela]] wey be convicted kidnapper den fraudster. During ein political career, na she serve as a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; den from 2009 til ein death,&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |date=7 May 2009 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she be a deputy minister of arts and culture from 1994 to 1996. A member of de African National Congress (ANC) political party, na she serve for de ANC ein National Executive Committee wey na she head ein Women's League. Na Madikizela-Mandela be known to ein supporters as de &quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam |last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She born from royal Xhosa family for Bizana, and she be qualified social worker. She marry Nelson Mandela, wey be anti-apartheid activist, for Johannesburg in 1958; dem dey married for 38 years and get two pikin together. For 1963, after dem lock Mandela for jail after Rivonia Trial, she come be his public face while he dey spend 27 years for prison. During that time, she rise high for anti-apartheid movement wey dey happen inside Ghana. Madikizela-Mandela don face detention from apartheid security plenty times, dem torture am,&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; give am banning orders, and even send am go rural town, she spend months for solitary confinement.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela dey do wetin dem call 'reign of terror', and she dey be 'centre of violence'&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Soweto, e make people wey dey fight anti-apartheid  movements for South Africa sef no gree look am well,&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mdmStatement160289&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=kyle|date=22 February 2016|title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus ANC wey dey outside don vex am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2018|title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, people wey dey live for Soweto come go burn her house down.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghostsPoliticsweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes-|website=Politicsweb.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Truth plus Reconciliation Commission (TRC) wey Nelson Mandela government start to check human rights wahala, find say Madikizela-Mandela dey &quot;politically and morally accountable&quot; for di serious human rights violation wey Mandela United Football Club dey do with her security personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela back di necklacing of people wey dey look like police informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security team dey do kidnap, torture, den kill plenty people,&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independentBodiesExhumed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tay|first=Nastasya|date=12 March 2013|title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html|website=independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially di notorious case wey dem kill 14-year-old Stompie Seipei&lt;ref name=&quot;independentObitMotherMugger3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-madikizela-nelson-wife-life-story-obituary-anc-football-club-soweto-apartheid-a8285581.html|title=From 'Mother of the Nation' to 'mugger': The turbulent life of South Africa's Winnie Mandela|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Adam|last=Lusher}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianRoughJustice&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/27/southafrica.andrewmalone|title=Rough justice for Winnie's victims|first=Andrew|last=Malone|date=27 April 2003|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she still dey face trial for di kidnap mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nelson Mandela come out from prison on 11 February 1990, plus di couple break up for 1992; dem finalise di divorce for March 1996. She go visit am when e dey sick for di last time.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; As senior ANC person, she join di post-apartheid ANC government, but dem sack her because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela catch case for theft and fraud, and she stay away from politics small before she come back later.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphFiveYearJailSentence2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1428436/Winnie-Mandela-given-five-year-jail-sentence.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Mandela given five-year jail sentence|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=25 April 2003|newspaper=The Telegraph|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=7 May 2009|title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her biography, Winnie Mandela: A life, na Anné Mariè du Preez Bezdrob write am plus dem publish am for 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awtbDwAAQBAJ|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|date=8 April 2011|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa|isbn=978-1-77020-101-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na Madikizela-Mandela ein Xhosa name be Nomzamo. Na dem born am insyd de village of Mbhongweni,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316233444/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/winnie-madikizela-mandela Madikizela-Mandela profile]. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Bizana, Pondoland, in wat now be de Eastern Cape province. Na she be de fifth of nine kiddies, seven sistos den a bro. Na ein parents, Columbus den Gertrude, wey get a white poppie den Xhosa mommie,&lt;ref&gt;French, Mary Ann (30 April 1994). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ &quot;The Resurrected Winnie Mandela&quot;]. ''Washingtonpost.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; both be teachers. Na Columbus be a history teacher den a headie, wey na Gertrude be a domestic science teacher. Na Madikizela-Mandela go on cam turn de head girl for ein high school insyd Bizana.&lt;ref name=&quot;economistObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21739937-anti-apartheid-campaigner-turned-soweto-mafia-matriarch-was-81-winnie-mandela-died-april|title=Winnie Mandela died on April 2nd|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theConversationNomzamoFromBizana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/nomzamo-from-bizana-remembering-winnie-madikizela-as-a-young-woman-94443|title=Nomzamo from Bizana: remembering Winnie Madikizela as a young woman|first=Vashna|last=Jagarnath|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upon she lef school, na she go Johannesburg make she study social work for de Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Winnie Madikizela.|last=Van Wyk|first=Chris|publisher=Awareness Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-919910-12-3|pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she earn a degree insyd social work insyd 1956, den decades later she earn a bachelor's degree insyd international relations from de [[University of the Witwatersrand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news24graduatewits&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs|publisher=News24|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she hold a number of jobs insyd chaw parts of wat na then be de Bantustan of Transkei; wey dey include plus de Transkei government, wey dey live for chaw points of time for Bizana, Shawbury den Johannesburg. Na ein first job be as a social worker for Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto.&lt;ref name=&quot;BioBook&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Preez Bezdrob|first=Anné Mariè|year=2015|title=Winnie Mandela: A Life|location=South Africa|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1868729265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marriage to Nelson Mandela ==
Na Madikizela meet lawyer den anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]] insyd 1957, wen na he still be married to Evelyn Mase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2 April 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela of South Africa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23357267|author=Staff|date=2 April 2018|website=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be 22 years old wey she dey stand at a bus stop insyd Soweto wen na Mandela first see am den charm am, wey he secure a lunch date de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David (6 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage &quot;Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de couple marry insyd 1958 wey na dem get two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) den Zindziswa (born 1960). Na dem arrest den jail Mandela insyd 1963 wey na dem no release am til 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;wpost3decades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/|title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom|first=Cleve R. Jr.|last=Wootson|date=2 April 2018|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di couple separate for 1992. Dem finish dia divorce for March 1996 wit some money wey no clear. For di divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela no gree sey Madikizela-Mandela fit use arbitration save di marriage, and him talk sey her wahala na wetin cause di divorce,&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; him even talk sey &quot;... I go make sure sey I waka comot from dis marriage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentDivorceLonliestMan3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|title=Mandela: Winnie made me the loneliest man|date=19 March 1996|first=Robert|last=Block|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mandela-winnie-made-me-the-loneliest-man-1342765.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her try to collect settlement wey reach US $5million (R70 million) – half of wetin she talk sey her ex-husband dey worth – no work as she no show for court for di settlement hearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716022024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n21_v89/ai_18170308|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5&amp;nbsp;million settlement|date=8 April 1996|work=Jet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When dem ask am for 1994 interview about if dem fit reconcile, she talk say: &quot;I no dey fight to be country First Lady. In fact, I no be person wey go carry fine flowers plus just dey shine for everybody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Derwin|date=22 June 1994|title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela|url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey face lawsuit when she die, she dey claim say she get right to Mandela house for Qunu, based on customary law, even though dem don divorce for 1996. Her case no go shey for Mthatha High Court in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-07-winnie-loses-court-battle-over-mandela-qunu-home-1|title=Winnie loses court battle over Mandela Qunu home|last=Agency|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus she dey plan to carry am go Constitutional Court before she die, after e no work for Supreme Court of Appeal for January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=4 April 2018|title=Mama Winnie's dying wish|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sifile|first=Lindile|date=4 April 2018|title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Apartheid: 1963–1985 ==
Winnie Mandela be strong voice wey dey fight apartheid when her husband dey jive for prison. Sekof she dey do politics, National Party government dey always arrest am. Dem go keep am for house arrest, dey watch am, put am for prison, come still banish am go far town wey dem call Brandfort.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di longest time wey dem lock her up na 491 days (as she talk for im story 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), wey start for 12 May 1969, for Pretoria Central Prison, where she stay plenty months for lone cell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela|url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2010|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem dey torture am and dey beat am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt; As she talk am, di experience for prison fit make her 'hard'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/15d816ca-36a2-11e8-8eee-e06bde01c544|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, anti-apartheid leader, 1936-2018|website=Financial Times|date=2 April 2018|last1=Pilling|first1=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1977 to 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesLiveMarkOnBrandfort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-04-07-exile-in-dust-madikizela-mandela-left-her-mark-on-brandfort/|title=Exile in dust: Madikizela-Mandela left her mark on Brandfort|newspaper=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem send am go Brandfort for Orange Free State plus no allow am waka go far.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis time e take shine for Western world. She organize creche with NGO wey dem call Operation Hunger&lt;ref name=&quot;iolPerlmanObit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Hunger founder dies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus start clinic for Brandfort with her doctor, Dr Abu Baker Asvat.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &amp;#124; South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|access-date=13 April 2018|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; She dey fight for equal rights and ANC use am as their symbol for di struggle against apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1997/the_winnie_mandela_trial/33659.stm|title=The Winnie Mandela Trial|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; While she dey exile for Brandfort, di apartheid police dey disturb am and people wey wan help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;momiatBdAssessment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 April 2018|title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one letter wey leak give Jacob Zuma for October 2008, wey Thabo Mbeki wey wan comot as South Africa President talk, e mention how ANC don create role for Nelson and Winnie Mandela, as the face wey show the rough side of apartheid:

For the struggle we dey fight to free political prisoners for our country, we don decide say make we use Nelson Mandela as the face of dem prisoners. So we go use him story, plus wetin happen to him wife, Winnie Mandela, show di whole world and South African community how di apartheid wahala be bad like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2008|title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&amp;sn=Detail|access-date=15 April 2009|publisher=Politicsweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De apartheid police don beat am well well, so she come dey use painkillers plus alcohol as she get back wahala from de beating.&lt;ref name=&quot;charleneSmithConscienceMercury3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid|url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988|publisher=The Mercury}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaStarBedellLoved&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/opinion/2018/04/02/we-both-loved-winnie-nelson-mandela-and-i.html|title=We both loved Winnie, Nelson Mandela and I|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Gary|last=Bedell|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Violence plus criminal proceedings ==
For one speech wey happen for Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela talk say necklacing na correct move (burn people alive with rubber tyres wey get petrol) as she say: &quot;With our boxes of matches plus our necklaces we go free this country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|work=The Guardian|first=David|last=Beresford|location=UK|date=27 January 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no too help her matter when her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, plus others come dey accuse am for Truth plus Reconciliation Commission sey she don order kidnap and murder for de second half of de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc97&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm|title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous'|date=4 December 1997|work=BBC News|access-date=25 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian1999LoveRival&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/1|title=Winnie Mandela accused of ordering love rival's murder|date=30 November 1999|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Return to Soweto plus Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 =====
{{Main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}Madikizela-Mandela com back to Soweto from Brandfort late 1985, e no mind di ban wey dem give am.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytReturnSoweto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/23/world/winnie-mandela-jailed-for-return-to-soweto-home.html|title=Winnie Mandela Jailed for Return to Soweto Home|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 December 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di time wey dem ban am, United Democratic Front (UDF) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) don form mass-movement wey dey fight against apartheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di new groups dey focus more on collective decision-making, no be like wetin person fit do alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20182&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She gree take military way, wear military dress, and surround herself wit bodyguards: di Mandela United Football Club (MUFC).&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20183&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di so-called 'soccer team' wey dey live for Madikizela-Mandela house start dey hear family wahala and dey give 'judgment' and 'sentences', before dem come join matter wey get kidnapping, torture plus murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20184&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She don involve for at least 15 deaths for dat time insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1988, Madikizela-Mandela house burn dem by some high school pikin for Soweto, because dem dey vex for wetin Mandela United Football Club dey do.&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryMandelaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20185&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1989, after local people beg,&lt;ref name=&quot;bdFramedFromTheGrave&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2018|title=Editorial: Framed from the grave|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus after Seipei kidnapping palava,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-12-how-do-we-write-about-winnies-life-sympathetically|title=How do we write about Winnie's life sympathetically?|first=Sean|last=Jacobs|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de UDF (wey call demself Mass Democratic Movement, or MDM)&lt;ref name=&quot;mgJacobs20186&quot; /&gt; come 'disown' her because she dey 'violate human rights ... for de struggle against apartheid'.&lt;ref name=&quot;latimesUdfDisown2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kraft|first=Scott|date=17 February 1989|title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html|website=Articles.latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ANC wey dey outside come talk say she no gree listen to Nelson Mandela wey dey prison, wey tell am make she no dey with de Football Club,&lt;ref name=&quot;nyTimesShedGuards3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html|title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards|first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York|last=Times|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus wetin ANC crisis committee try do no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinIndependentBeautyBraved2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead-nelson-mandeal-south-africa-apartheid-a8285496.html|title=Beautiful and brave but destroyed by her arrogance - the Winnie Mandela I knew|first=Paul|last=Martin|date=2 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;isolatingCollectiveTimes20182&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dlamini|first=Penwell|date=16 April 2018|title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Lolo Sono plus Siboniso Shabalala =====
For November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono plus him 19-year-old paddy Siboniso Shabalala, just disappear for Soweto. Lolo papa talk say him see him for inside kombi wit Madikizela-Mandela, plus say dem don beat him well well. Lolo mama talk say Madikizela-Mandela don call her son spy, plus she talk say she dey take am away. For Truth and Reconciliation Commission wey follow, Lolo stepmama dey cry say, &quot;I dey beg you, Mrs Mandela, today, for everybody to see, make you give us our pikin back. Even if Lolo don die, make you give us de remains make we fit bury am well, then we go fit rest for sure say Lolo dey here for ground.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 April 2011|title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I|publisher=SABC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dig Lolo and Shabalala body from poor man's grave for Soweto's Avalon Cemetery for 2013, by National Prosecuting Authority’s Missing People Task Team, after dem stab dem sharp sharp when dem take dem away.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Seipei plus Asvat killings =====
{{see|Stompie Seipei|Abu Baker Asvat|Paul Verryn}}

For 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson wey be 'coach' of Mandela United Football Club, carry 14-year-old James Seipei (wey dem dey call Stompie Moeketsi) plus three other pikin from Methodist minister Paul Verryn house.&lt;ref name=&quot;verrynNews24Intertwined&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bornman|first=Jan|date=4 April 2018|title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403|archive-date=8 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richardson talk say Madikizela-Mandela don take the pikin go her place because she dey suspect say de minister dey touch dem for wrong place (but na lie be dat&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Dem beat the four boys to make dem talk say dem don do anything with the minister. After 10 days of wahala wey senior ANC and community leaders try settle to free the boys from Madikizela-Mandela, e no work.&lt;ref name=&quot;exLeadersIrishTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ex-leaders-link-winnie-mandela-to-murder-1.131369|title=Ex-leaders link Winnie Mandela to murder|newspaper=Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call Seipei informer, plus dem go find im body for field with knife wound for throat on 6 January 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 1990|first=Christopher S.|last=Wren}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2013bodies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Wet|first=Phillip De|date=15 March 2013|title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie|website=Mail&amp;Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{main|The 1991 trial of Winnie Mandela}}For 1991, Madam Mandela no gree wey dem go charge am for all dem matter wey dey concern Seipei kidnappa.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian13&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage|title=Nelson and Winnie Mandela's marriage ended, but the bond was never broken|work=The Guardian|author=Smith, David|date=6 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; One strong witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=sahoboss|date=16 March 2011|title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey suppose talk say Madikizela-Mandela kill Seipei, dem torture am and carry am go Zambia before di trial, so say e no go fit talk against am.&lt;ref name=&quot;trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Trewhela|first=Paul|date=6 April 2018|title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/|website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent1997&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fine wey she for serve for six years inside jail, dem come reduce am to just fine when dem appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Staff and agencies|date=24 April 2003|title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1992, dem accuse am say she order make dem kill Abu Baker Asvat, wey be family paddy and big doctor for Soweto,&lt;ref name=&quot;saHistoryAsvatBio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=michelle|date=25 May 2012|title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey don check Seipei for Mandela house after dem don carry Seipei waka but before dem go kill am.&lt;ref&gt;Battersby, John (9 April 1992), [http://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0409/09042.html &quot;South Africa Police Order Full Probe Of Mandela Charge&quot;], ''The Christian Science Monitor''.&lt;/ref&gt; Mandela role for de Asvat matter come dey probe during Truth plus Reconciliation Commission hearing for 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentFreshMurderCharge&quot;&gt;Bridgland, Fred (28 November 1997), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html &quot;Winnie may face fresh murder charge&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008031137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/winnie-may-face-fresh-murder-charge-1296630.html|date=8 October 2017}}, ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Asvat murderer talk say she pay like $8,000 plus give gun wey dem use for the kill wey happen for 27 January 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Daley, Suzanne (2 December 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/02/world/panel-hears-evidence-winnie-mandela-sought-doctor-s-death.html &quot;Panel Hears Evidence Winnie Mandela Sought Doctor's Death&quot;], ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; De hearing come later stop as people dey claim say dem dey intimidate witnesses on top Madikizela-Mandela orders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36003.stm Winnie hearing adjourned after intimidation claims], BBC.co.uk, 1 December 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 documentary wey show Madikizela-Mandela life and work, former police officer for Soweto, Henk Heslinga, talk say former safety minister, Sydney Mufamadi, tell am make e reopen investigation about Seipei death and all cases wey dem talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey involved, just to charge Winnie for murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson talk for interview say Seipei find out say he be informant, and e kill the pikin to hide him moves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-winnie-mandela-could-not-be-forgiven/|title=Why Winnie Mandela could not be forgiven|date=4 April 2018|work=Macleans.ca|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, for press conference few days after Madikizela-Mandela burial, Mufamadi deny all wey dem talk for de documentary, talk say Heslinga no dey tell truth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416|archive-date=16 April 2018|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanity Fair don already talk say de documentary too one-sided plus e dey defend Madikizela-Mandela too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanityFairSundanceWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/winnie-review-1201972227|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Winnie'|first=Guy|last=Lodge|date=30 January 2017|magazine=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentator Max du Preez talk say eNCA station wey go show di documentary before Madikizela-Mandela funeral no add context, na “serious mistake”, and e call am “outrageous claims”.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza self dey ask wetin di documentary maker de try do.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntsebezaNews24Documentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people'|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, wey be Nelson Mandela pikin from him first wife, Evelyn Mase, dey call make dem check Madikizela-Mandela matter for Asvat and Seipei murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Nthakoana Ngatane|date=20 January 2018|title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/|access-date=15 April 2018|publisher=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=19 January 2018|title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat|archive-date=7 April 2018|access-date=7 April 2018|website=Enca.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For October 2018, dem bring new biography wey talk say Madikizela-Mandela dey behind Asvat murder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/Trending/Books/book-extract-the-assassination-of-dr-asvat-20181007 The assassination of Dr Asvat], Fred Brigland, ''City Press'', 7 October 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018, Joyce Seipei, Stompie Seipei mama, talk say she no believe say Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dey involve for her pikin murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/08/stompie-seipei-s-mother-i-don-t-believe-madikizela-mandela-involved-in-murder|title=Stompie Seipei's mother: I don't believe Madikizela-Mandela involved in murder|last=Motau|first=Koketšo|date=8 April 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, she follow UK paper De Independent talk say she don forgive Madikizela-Mandela, plus during TRC meeting, Madikizela-Mandela tell am, say: &quot;...may God forgive me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de TRC, Madikizela-Mandela help Joyce Seipei family with money, plus ANC come furnish Seipei house well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== TRC findings =====
{{see|Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)}}

De final report wey Truth plud Reconciliation commission (TRC) drop for 1998 talk say &quot;Madam Winnie Madikizela Mandela dey politically plus morally responsible for de serious human rights wahala wey Mandela United Football Club do&quot; and she &quot;no do anything wey fit stop de serious human rights wahala.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; TRC report still talk say dem carry Sepei trial witness, Katiza Cebekhulu, go Zambia, make he dey lockup without trial for almost 3 years by Kenneth Kaunda government before e move go UK,&lt;ref name=&quot;katizaCarlinIndependent19972&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/alive-well-and-still-determined-to-nail-winnie-1287342.html|title=Alive, well – and still determined to nail Winnie|first=John|last=Carlin|date=7 December 1997|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ANC do am for Madikizela-Mandela sake.&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; De TRC talk say all the wahala wey dem dey accuse Methodist minister Paul Verryn no get case, plus say Madikizela-Mandela really try spoil Verryn name for her own gain plus to shift de focus from herself den her people. Dem also find say she dey involve for de kidnapping den beating of Stompie Sepei, and she try cover am up by saying him run go Botswana.&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission7&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; TRC find say she dey responsible for Lolo Sono and Siboniso Shabalala wey vanish for 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;moruduBliveAccountability6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Morudu|first=Palesa|date=13 April 2018|title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/|archive-date=13 April 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;truth-commission8&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 1998|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transition to democracy: 1990–2003 ==
[[File:Nelson_Mandela_Alberto_Chissano_Winnie_Mandela_Cidalia_Chissano_in_Museu_Galeria_Chissano,_Matola,_Mozambique.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nelson_Mandela_Alberto_Chissano_Winnie_Mandela_Cidalia_Chissano_in_Museu_Galeria_Chissano,_Matola,_Mozambique.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Winnie Mandela with Nelson Mandela, [[:en:Alberto_Chissano|Alberto Chissano]] plus ein daughter Cidalia for Museu Galeria Chissano, Mozambique, 1990]]
When South Africa dey change to multi-racial democracy, she no dey ginger White South Africans well well, plus people sabi her like she get wahala as her husband wey dey before dem arrest am.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; When dem release am for February 1990, she dey with him, na de first time dem don show for public after almost 30 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;nprDayNelsonWalked&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Myre|first=Greg|date=27 June 2013|title=The Day Nelson Mandela Walked Out Of Prison|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/06/11/190671704/the-day-nelson-mandela-walked-out-of-prison|publisher=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem 38-year marriage scatter for April 1992 as plenty talk say no faithful.&lt;ref name=&quot;independentUnfaithfulness&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=3 April 2018|title=Letter to lover spells trouble for Winnie|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/letter-to-lover-spells-trouble-for-winnie-1549863.html|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Independent.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem finalize di divorce March 1996. She come take di name &quot;Madikizela-Mandela&quot;. Again for 1992, she lose im position as di head of ANC social welfare department, as pipo dey talk say she dey chop corruption.&lt;ref name=&quot;csmonitor1992AncDivided&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0413/13032.html|title=ANC Ranks Deeply Divided On Winnie Mandela Affair|date=13 April 1992|newspaper=[[Christian Science Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wapoResurrected1994&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=French|first=Mary Ann|date=30 April 1994|title=The Resurrected Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pastDarkCloudDispatch&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gqulu|first=Kanyo|date=6 November 2014|title=Winnie's past a dark cloud|url=http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/opinion/2014/11/06/winnies-past-a-dark-cloud/|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Dispatchlive.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela dey campaign for ANC for South Africa first non-racial elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;wapoResurrected19942&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=French|first=Mary Ann|date=30 April 1994|title=The Resurrected Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/|website=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem appoint am Deputy Minister of Arts, Culture, Science plus Technology for May 1994, but dem sack am 11 months later because of corruption wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.scotsman.com/winniemandela/Winnie-Mandelas-fall-from-grace.2422138.jp|title=Winnie Mandela's fall from grace|date=26 April 2003|author=Bridgland, Fred|work=The Scotsman|location=Edinburgh|access-date=24 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/28/world/winnie-mandela-out-of-cabinet-for-defying-presidential-orders.html|title=Winnie Mandela Out of Cabinet For Defying Presidential Orders|first=Bill|last=Keller|newspaper=The New York Times|date=28 March 1995}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1995, some big women for ANC Women’s League, like Adelaide Tambo, don waka comot from di National Executive Committee. Dem no gree with how Madikizela-Mandela dey run things and dem plenty wahala about big money from Pakistani politician Benazir Bhutto wey Madikizela-Mandela no gree hand over to di League.&lt;ref name=&quot;mandelaSecondTermIndependent&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/mandela-says-he-will-not-stand-a-second-term-1573289.html|title=Mandela says he will not stand a second term|date=16 February 1995|newspaper=The Independent|first=Peter|last=Gregson|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414234405/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/mandela-says-he-will-not-stand-a-second-term-1573289.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgAncBetrayedWinnie2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-06-00-how-the-anc-betrayed-winnie|title=How the ANC betrayed Winnie|first=Dineo|last=Bendile|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|date=6 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgThaboWinnieRescue2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mgConsidersSuingMufamadi95&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-03-24-winnie-considers-suing-mufamadi|title=Winnie considers suing Mufamadi|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She dey very popular for plenty ANC supporters. For December 1993 and April 1997, dem elect am as president for ANC Women's League, but she come pull out from the ANC Deputy President position when dem gather for Mafikeng conference for December 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;sapaSaveFace&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 December 1997|title=Winnie saves face at conference|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media%5C1997%5C9712/s971217c.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208090932/https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media%5C1997%5C9712/s971217c.htm|archive-date=8 December 2024|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Earlier for 1997, she show face for the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Archbishop Desmond Tutu wey be the chairman of the commission sabi her role for the anti-apartheid fight but still tell am make she apologize and own her mistakes. She reply small, come admit say &quot;things no go as e suppose be&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/july-dec97/mandela_12-4a.html|title=Facing the Past|publisher=PBS NewsHour|date=4 December 1997|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219143523/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/july-dec97/mandela_12-4a.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fit 1990s, she dey roll with Israeli mafia wey dey operate for South Africa, dem dey chop money from local Jewish people plus dey do other criminal activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;haaretz-2001-gangsters&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Leibovich-Dar|first=Sara|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5351221|title=Winnie Mandela and the Ramat Amidar Gang|work=[[Haaretz]]|date=12 July 2001|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715074125/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5351221|archive-date=15 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2002, Madikizela-Mandela jam for wahala as Parliament ethics committee catch am for no talk wetin she dey get for donations plus money matter.&lt;ref name=&quot;mg2002GuiltyEthics&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2002-08-21-winnie-found-guilty-by-ethics-committee|title=Winnie found guilty by ethics committee|first=Angela|last=Quintal|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iolHideAndSeek&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Parliament fed up with Winnie's hide and seek|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/parliament-fed-up-with-winnies-hide-and-seek-102737|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt; This Madikizela Mandela dey miss Parliament plenty, sometimes even for months. For 2003, Parliament don order am make she explain why she no dey show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiveTimesLetDownMg6&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-21-five-times-winnie-mandela-let-us-down|title=Five times Winnie Mandela has let us down|first=Verashni|last=Pillay|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iolHideAndSeek2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Parliament fed up with Winnie's hide and seek|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/parliament-fed-up-with-winnies-hide-and-seek-102737|publisher=IOL News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;timesOfIndiaAbsence&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Truant-Winnie-asked-to-explain-absence-from-parliament/articleshow/40179105.cms|title=Truant Winnie asked to explain absence from parliament|newspaper=Times of India|date=13 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;paAttendenceRecord&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Nomzamo Winfred Madikizela-Mandela|url=https://www.pa.org.za/person/nomzamo-winfred-madikizela-mandela/|website=People's Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Withdrawal from politics: 2003–2007 ==
For 2003, Madikizela-Mandela gree say she go fit be human shield before dem invade Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=19 February 2003|title=Winnie Mandela – Iraqi 'human shield'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2779509.stm|website=Bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no stop there, for de same year, 2003, she cari her hand help calm wahala wey dey happen for Wits University, where one student wey owe school fees hold one staff with knife.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Winnie wins over Wits hostage-taker|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/winnie-wins-over-wits-hostage-taker-100801|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Keyser|first=Antoinette|date=5 February 2003|title=Student arrested as Wits hostage drama ends|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/student-arrested-as-wits-hostage-drama-ends-101119|access-date=10 August 2018|website=Iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=6 February 2003|title=Winnie Mandela saves the day|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2732351.stm|access-date=10 August 2018|website=News.bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 24 April 2003, Madikizela-Mandela collect 435 fraud wahala and 25 theft, her broker, Addy Moolman too collect 58 fraud wahala plus 25 theft. Both no gree say dem guilty. Dem charge be say money from loan applicants' accounts chop for funeral fund, but dem no fit benefit. Madikizela-Mandela carry 5 years for prison.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.co.za/2003/04/27/news/news01.asp|title=ANC: We won't dump Winnie|newspaper=Sunday Times|location=South Africa|date=27 April 2003|access-date=27 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822043818/http://www.suntimes.co.za/2003/04/27/news/news01.asp|archive-date=22 August 2006|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Small time after dem convict am, she waka comot from all di leadership spots for ANC, wey de include her parliament seat plus di presidency for ANC Women's League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/04/25/mandela.sentencing/|title=Winnie Mandela resigns ANC posts|publisher=CNN|date=25 April 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For July 2004, one appeal judge for Pretoria High Court talk say, &quot;de crimes no be for personal benefit&quot;. Di judge quash di theft conviction, but dem uphold di fraud one, give am three years plus six months suspended sentence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1553061,00.html|title=Winnie: No personal gain|publisher=News24|date=7 May 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225731/http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1553061,00.html|archive-date=30 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Return to politics ==
[[File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|right|thumb|Madikizela-Mandela for 2008]]
Wen ANC talk say dem go elect National Executive Committee on 21 December 2007, Madikizela-Mandela carry first with 2,845 votes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/ Newly-elected National Executive Committee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525085835/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/|date=25 May 2010}}, [[African National Congress|ANC]] Website. Retrieved 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599 Winnie Mandela tops ANC election list] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002120731/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599|date=2 October 2008}}, ''[[The Sunday Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'', 21 December 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Madikizela-Mandela talk say di anti-immigrant wahala wey happen for May–June 2008 wey start for Johannesburg and spread everywhere no good. She blame di government for no provide better housing wey fit calm di people wey dey vex.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianObit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-obituary|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela obituary|first1=David|last1=Beresford|first2=Dan van der|last2=Vat|date=2 April 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=13&amp;art_id=nw20080530112254983C305166 &quot;Winnie speaks out on SA's issues&quot;]. Iol.co.za (30 May 2008). Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; She apologize go di victims of di riot&lt;ref&gt;Hawley, Caroline. (16 May 2008) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7404351.stm Refugees flee South Africa attacks]. BBC News. Retrieved 30 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; plus even visit Alexandra township. She use her house give one immigrant family from de Democratic Republic of de Congo make dem fit stay.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} She also warn say di people wey cause di wahala fit go attack di Gauteng train system next. {{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Madikizela-Mandela take fifth place for ANC ballot for 2009 election, e dey behind party president Jacob Zuma, South Africa president Kgalema Motlanthe, Deputy President Baleka Mbete, plus Finance Minister Trevor Manuel. One article for De Observer talk say her position for the top show say party leadership dey see am as big person wey fit help dem get support from ground level plus de poor party pipo .&lt;ref&gt;Duval Smith, Alex (1 March 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/01/winnie-mandela-mp-south-africa Winnie set for shock comeback to ANC politics], ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Madkizela-Mandela dey sidelined plenty by ANC after apartheid finish.&lt;ref name=&quot;mgAncBetrayedWinnie&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-06-00-how-the-anc-betrayed-winnie|title=How the ANC betrayed Winnie|first=Dineo|last=Bendile|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|date=6 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jMalalaAttemptsDontWash&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Malala|first=Justice|date=16 April 2018|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|archive-date=17 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even though she be ANC MP for long time, she dey chill with non-ANC people like Bantu Holomisa plus Julius Malema.&lt;ref name=&quot;jMalalaAttemptsDontWash2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Malala|first=Justice|date=16 April 2018|title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash|url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/|archive-date=17 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|website=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela dey support Malema, wey dem kick out from ANC,den him later start him own party, wey dem dey call Economic Freedom Fighters.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTarnished2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== 2010 interview with Nadira Naipaul =====
For 2010, Madikizela-Mandela talk with Nadira Naipaul. For that interview, she no let am slide, she yan say her ex-husband don “let blacks down”, say him just dey “carry come collect money”, plus say him be “nothing but foundation”. She still fire am for him choice to take Nobel Peace Prize with F. W. de Klerk. Among other things, dem talk say Mandela don dey “no dey show” for her daughters. She even call Archbishop Desmond Tutu, wey dey run Truth and Reconciliation Commission, as a “cretin”.&lt;ref&gt;Naipaul, Nadira (8 March 2010) [https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html &quot;How Nelson Mandela betrayed us, says ex-wife Winnie&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408045752/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-nelson-mandela-betrayed-us-says-ex-wife-winnie-6734116.html|date=8 April 2018}}. ''London Evening Standard''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di interview catch media eye,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7403504/Winnie-Mandela-accuses-Nelson-of-letting-down-South-Africas-blacks.html &quot;Winnie Mandela accuses Nelson of letting down South Africa's blacks&quot;]. ''The Telegraph'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; plus di ANC come talk say dem go ask her to explain wetin she talk about Nelson Mandela.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madiba&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Williams, Murray|author2=Kgosana, Caiphus|date=9 March 2010|title=South Africa: &quot;'Madiba' let us down&quot;|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20100309120838574C472618&amp;singlepage=1|name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 March 2010, dem drop statement for Madikizela-Mandela side wey claim say di interview na fake.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article354012.ece &quot;'Ms Naipaul is a liar and a fraud'&quot;]. ''Times Live/Sunday Times'', 14 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Death den funeral ==
[[File:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Flag at half-staff at de residence of de South African ambassador insyd Tokyo on 4 April 2018]]
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela die for de Netcare Milpark Hospital insyd Johannesburg on 2 April 2018 for de age of 81. Na she suffer from diabetes wey na she recently undergo chaw major surgeries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html|title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid|first=Alan|last=Cowell|date=2 April 2018|website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she &quot;be insyd den outsyd of hospital since de start of de year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;death2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143|title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81|publisher=Sky News|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As we dey prepare for Madikizela-Mandela funeral, everywhere dey hot with politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Du Preez|first=Max|date=17 April 2018|title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; small time after dem move former president Jacob Zuma,&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jessie Duarte, one big ANC leader, tell critics make dem &quot;sit down and shut up&quot;, while Economic Freedom Fighters leader Julius Malema talk say &quot;anybody wey accuse Mama Winnie of any crime na traitor&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html|title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy|date=13 April 2018|newspaper=The Independent|first=Paul|last=Martin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South African government wan give Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Special Official Funeral&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;encaOfficialFuneralExplainer&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Toit|first=Christelle du|title=What does an official funeral in SA entail?|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161603/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail|archive-date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|website=Enca.com Explainer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem hold her public funeral for Orlando Stadium on 14 April 2018. Her daughters and Julius Malema dey plan the funeral gree gree, and ANC sabi say dem get wahala to fit find space for de event.&lt;ref name=&quot;news24FuneralRift&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Cele|first=S’Thembile|author2=Hlengiwe Nhlabathi|title=Winnie's funeral rift|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415050250/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2|archive-date=15 April 2018|access-date=15 April 2018|website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the public service, ANC and President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa talk say dem no stand behind Madikizela-Mandela when wahala dey her legal side.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Julius Malema&lt;ref name=&quot;malemaRailsCitizen&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Hlatshaneni|first=Simnikiwe|date=14 April 2018|title='They are here' – Malema rails against Winnie's 'traitors' at funeral|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1894115/they-are-here-malema-rails-against-winnies-traitors-at-funeral/|website=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; talk am well wey he wound Dem United Democratic Front wey abandon Madikizela-Mandela back for de 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malema sef don dey talk plenty about the National Executive Committee members of ANC Women League wey resign for 1995,&lt;ref name=&quot;mgThaboWinnieRescue&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-02-17-when-thabo-came-to-winnies-rescue|title=When Thabo came to Winnie's rescue|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; sekof dem dey see Madikizela-Mandela as criminal.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madikizela-Mandela pikin, Zenani, don fight back people wey dey badmouth her mama, she dey call dem hypocrites.&lt;ref name=&quot;zenaniEwnFuneralHypocrites&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title='Praising Mama Winnie now that she's gone shows what hypocrites you are'|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/14/praising-mama-winnie-now-that-she-s-gone-shows-what-hypocrites-you-are|publisher=Eyewitness News}}&lt;/ref&gt; After dem finish public service, dem bury am for cemetery for Fourways for north Johannesburg during private memorial wey nobody fit waka enter.&lt;ref name=&quot;takenRestingPlaceIol4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 April 2018|title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370|publisher=IOL News|format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plenty ANC people don dey ready to defend demself for di matter wey dem talk for di funeral; but di ANC still talk make everybody chill small.&lt;ref name=&quot;ancRestraintAallegations&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mashaba|first1=Sibongile|last2=Feketha|first2=Siviwe|date=17 April 2018|title=ANC calls for restraint over #Winnie allegations|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/anc-calls-for-restraint-over-winnie-allegations-14484247|work=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Insyde popular culture ==
Alfre Woodard play Mandela for 1987 HBO TV movie wey dem call Mandela. Woodard collect CableACE Award and NAACP Image Award for di fine acting, same as Danny Glover wey play Nelson Mandela too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Haithman, Diane|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-18-ca-5684-story.html|title='Mandela' Tackles Apartheid Issue : Glover and Woodard Are Passionate About Roles|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=18 September 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tina Lifford sabi play am for 1997 TV film wey dem call Mandela plus de Klerk. Sophie Okonedo too act am for BBC drama Mrs Mandela, wey dem show first for BBC Four on 25 January 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Hudson play as Winnie Mandela for film wey Darrell Roodt direct. Dem drop am for Canada by D Films on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson use Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob biography, Winnie Mandela:&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Michael. (17 November 2009) [https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/jennifer-hudson-to-star-in-winnie-1118011521/ &quot;Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie'&quot;] . ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; A Life, take write the script. De Creative Workers Union of South Africa no gree make dem use Hudson for di main role, dem talk say make dem fit use local actors to tell di country's stories don undermine de efforts to develop de national film industry.&lt;ref&gt;Tartaglione, Nancy. (7 December 2009) [http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/6175691/south-african-actors-up-in-arms-over-hudson-casting?page=all South African Actors Up In Arms over Hudson Casting {{!}} Movie News]. Hollywood.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/6751261/Jennifer-Hudson-should-not-star-in-Mandela-film-South-African-actors-say.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Jennifer Hudson should not star in Mandela film, South African actors say|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=7 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Hudson plus Terrance Howard wey play Nelson Mandela get praise from plenty critics, di film fall flat for critics plus money side.

For 2007, dem do one opera wey dem call The Passion of Winnie based on her life for Canada; but she no fit get visa go attend di world premiere plus di gala wey dem go fundraise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Winnie Mandela denied entry to Canada for arts gala|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/winnie-mandela-denied-entry-to-canada-for-arts-gala-1.670799|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=5 June 2007|access-date=5 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandela dey again for 2013 film wey dem call Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom wey actress Naomie Harris play am (Idris Elba wey be British actor also play Nelson Mandela). When she watch di film, Madikizela-Mandela tell Harris say na di first time she gofit see her story captured for film. Gugulethu okaMseleku write for De Guardian, talk say di film bring Madikizela-Mandela back to her correct position, sabi her role for di ‘struggle’ wey for South African women ... na better pass her husband own.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Long Walk to Freedom returns Winnie Mandela to her rightful place|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/03/long-walk-to-freedom-winnie-mandela-nelson|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Gugulethu|last=okaMseleku|date=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours den awards==
Insyd 1985, na Mandela win de Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award along plus fellow activists Allan Boesak den Beyers Naudé for dema human rights work insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates |url=http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she receive a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from de National Coalition of 100 Black Women insyd 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;page2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Winners 1982–1990 |page =2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=14 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd January 2018, na de University Council den University Senate of [[Makerere University]], Kampala, [[Uganda]], approve de award of an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, for recognition of ein fight against apartheid insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=4 January 2018|location=Kampala|author=News Agencies|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-award-Winnie-Mandela-Honorary-Doctorate/688334-4251046-96kr2i/index.html|date=4 January 2018|title=Makerere to award Winnie Mandela with Honorary Doctorate|newspaper=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 January 2018|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|title=Makerere awards Winnie Mandela honorary degree|date=19 January 2018|newspaper=New Vision|location=Kampala|first=Joseph|last=Kizza|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134934/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1469337/museveni-congratulates-mandela-makerere-degree|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, na dem officially rename de Mbizana Local Municipality insyd de Eastern Cape de ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Malibongwe|title=Mbizana Local Municipality renamed Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/mbizana-local-municipality-renamed-winnie-madikizela-mandela-local-municipality-20210305|access-date=2022-02-12|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' Na dem sanso officially rename de town of Brandfort insyd de Free State as ''Winnie Mandela.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=Government moves forward with unveiling newly named Free State town Winnie Mandela|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/government-moves-forward-with-unveiling-newly-named-free-state-town-winnie-mandela/|access-date=2023-04-29|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, de section of de R562 road wey dey connect Midrand plus Olifantsfontein, na dem rename am from ''Olifantsfontein Road'' to ''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road'' by de City of Ekurhuleni insyd Gauteng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2022-04-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_civil_rights_leaders|List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid|List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* ''[[:en:The_Resurrection_of_Winnie_Mandela|The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela]]'', 2018 biography of Mandela by [[:en:Sisonke_Msimang|Sisonke Msimang]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_who_died_in_office|List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Blackwell|first1=Geoff|last2=Hobday|first2=Ruth|title=200 Women|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-1452166582|pages=150–53|oclc=1007173093}}
* Jonny Steinberg: ''Winnie &amp; Nelson. Portrait of a Marriage''. London, William Collins, 2023. {{ISBN|9780008353797}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q239062|c=Category:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[[imdbname:0541692|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] at IMDb
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18%2C+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R &quot;Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174728/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=FEB+18,+1989&amp;author=William+Claiborne&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R Archived] 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Washington Post'', 18 February 1989
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml &quot;Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 15 October 2001
* Alec Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031103005310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html &quot;Mrs Mandela defies accusers&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 5 December 1997
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115200943/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html &quot;Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'&quot;], ''Telegraph'', 9 December 1997
* Emma Gilbey., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160228135801/http://the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html ''The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela''], London: Vintage, 1994. {{ISBN|0-09-938801-4}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001002042602/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC statement on Mandela Football Club], 19 February 1989
* [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela &quot;Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary&quot;]
* Rachel Holmes, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/466738 &quot;Queer Comrades: Winnie Mandela and the Moffies&quot;], ''Social Text'', No. 52/53, Queer Transexions of Race, Nation, and Gender (Autumn – Winter, 1997), pp.&amp;nbsp;161–180
* [http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408566 Report on Winnie Mandela] on ''Japan Today News''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8474580.stm Can Winnie Mandela's Heroism Outshine her Crimes?] by ''BBC News'', 25 January 2010

{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:South African Methodists]]
[[Category:South African female criminals]]
[[Category:Rectors of de University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Mandela family|Winnie]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2009–2014]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of de National Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Luthuli]]
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]
[[Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 1999–2004]]</text>
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    <title>Atlantic slave trade</title>
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[[File:Slave_Auction_Ad.jpg|thumb|Reproduction of a handbill wey dey advertise a slave auction insyd Charleston, British Province of South Carolina, insyd 1769]]
Na de '''Atlantic slave trade''' anaa '''transatlantic slave trade''' involve de transportation by slave traders of [[Slavery in Africa|enslaved African people]] to de Americas. Na European slave ships regularly use de triangular trade route den ein Middle Passage. Na Europeans establish a coastal slave trade insyd de 15th century den trade to de Americas begin insyd de 16th century, wey dey last thru de 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Diffie|first=Bailey|title=Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas Before Henry the Navigator|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=1963|pages=58}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de vast majority of those wey be transported insyd de transatlantic slave trade komot [[Central Africa]] den [[West Africa]] wey na dem be sold by West African slave traders to European slave traders,[3] while na dem capture odas directly by de slave traders insyd coastal raids.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The transatlantic slave trade|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zy7fr82/revision/3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716004107/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zy7fr82/revision/3|archive-date=16 July 2020|access-date=6 May 2021|publisher=BBC|quote=* Some of those enslaved were captured directly by the European slave traders. Enslavers ambushed and captured local people in Africa. Most slave ships used European &quot;factors&quot;, men who lived full-time in Africa and bought enslaved people from local leaders.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Exchanging People for Trade Goods|url=https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histContextsB.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215214335/https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histContextsB.htm|archive-date=15 December 2022|access-date=12 January 2024|website=African American Heritage and Ethnography|publisher=National Park Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na European slave traders gather den imprison de enslaved at forts for de African coast wey dem bring dem to de Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Implications of the slave trade for African societies|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxt3gk7/revision/7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717094706/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxt3gk7/revision/7|archive-date=17 July 2020|access-date=12 June 2020|publisher=BBC|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=West Africa – National Museums Liverpool|url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/history-of-slavery/west-africa#section--the-capture-and-sale-of-enslaved-africans|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126155135/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/history-of-slavery/west-africa|archive-date=26 November 2020|access-date=14 October 2015|publisher=International Slavery Museum|location=Liverpool}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na sam Portuguese den Europeans participate insyd slave raids. As de National Museums Liverpool dey explain: &quot;Na European traders capture sam Africans insyd raids along de coast, buh dem buy chaw of dem from local African anaa African-European dealers.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The capture and sale of enslaved Africans|url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/history-of-slavery/west-africa|url-status=live|access-date=15 August 2024|website=National Museums Liverpool}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na chaw European slave traders generally no participate insyd slave raids secof na life expectancy give Europeans insyd sub-Saharan Africa be less dan one year during de period of de slave trade secof [[malaria]] wey na e be endemic insyd de African continent.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malaria and French Imperialism&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=William |date=1983 |title=Malaria and French Imperialism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/181856 |url-status=live |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=23–36 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700021502 |jstor=181856 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429141741/https://www.jstor.org/stable/181856 |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Portuguese coastal raiders find say na [[slave raiding]] be too costly den often ineffective wey dem opt for established commercial relations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade|url=https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/africanpassageslowcountryadapt/introductionatlanticworld/trans_atlantic_slave_trade|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627115650/https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/africanpassageslowcountryadapt/introductionatlanticworld/trans_atlantic_slave_trade|archive-date=27 June 2024|access-date=28 April 2024|website=Lowcountry Digital History Initiative|publisher=College of Charleston}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na de colonial South Atlantic den Caribbean economies be particularly dependent for slave labour top for de production of sugarcane den oda commodities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Rise and Fall of King Sugar|url=https://www.natt.gov.tt/sites/default/files/pdfs/The-Rise-and-Fall-of-King-Sugar.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625094400/http://natt.gov.tt/sites/default/files/pdfs/The-Rise-and-Fall-of-King-Sugar.pdf|archive-date=25 June 2024|access-date=24 January 2024|website=National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sugar Plantations|url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/archaeologyofslavery/sugar-plantations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127075115/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/archaeologyofslavery/sugar-plantations|archive-date=27 January 2024|access-date=24 January 2024|website=National Museums Liverpool}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis be viewed as crucial by those Western European states wich na dem dey vie plus one anoda make dem create overseas empires.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mannix 1962 Introduction-1–5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mannix|first=Daniel|url=https://archive.org/details/blackcargoeshist00mann|title=Black Cargoes|publisher=The Viking Press|year=1962|pages=Introduction–1–5|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ives Bortolot|first=Alexander|title=The Transatlantic Slave Trade|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/slav/hd_slav.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117150911/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/slav/hd_slav.htm|archive-date=17 January 2024|access-date=17 January 2024|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=Department of Art History and Archaeology, Columbia University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de Portuguese, insyd de 16th century, be de first make dem transport slaves across de Atlantic. Insyd 1526, na dem plete de first transatlantic slave voyage to [[Brazil]], den oda Europeans soon follow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Weber|first=Greta|date=5 June 2015|title=Shipwreck Shines Light on Historic Shift in Slave Trade|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150605-shipwreck-slave-trade-south-africa-18th-century-brazil|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607030319/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150605-shipwreck-slave-trade-south-africa-18th-century-brazil/|archive-date=7 June 2015|access-date=8 June 2015|publisher=National Geographic Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na shipowners regard de slaves as cargo make dem be transported to de Americas as quickly den cheaply as possible,&lt;ref name=&quot;Mannix 1962 Introduction-1–5&quot; /&gt; for der make dem sell dem make work for coffee, tobacco, cocoa, sugar, den cotton plantations, gold den silver mines, rice fields, de construction industry, cutting timber for ships, as skilled labour, den as domestic servants.&lt;ref name=&quot;Covey-Eisnach 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=What the Slaves Ate: Recollections of African American Foods and Foodways from the Slave Narratives|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-313-37497-5|editor-last=Covey|editor-first=Herbert C.|location=Santa Barbara, California|pages=49–72|chapter=Slave Cooking and Meals – Arrival in the Americas|lccn=2009003907|editor-last2=Eisnach|editor-first2=Dwight|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhpBsIa5yqEC&amp;pg=PA49}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem classify de first enslaved Africans dem send to de English colonies as indentured servants, plus legal standing similar to dat of contract-based workers wey dey cam from Britain den Ireland. By de middle of de 17th century, na slavery harden as a racial caste, plus African slaves den dema future offspring be legally de property of dema owners, as na kiddies wey be born to slave mommies sanso be slaves (''partus sequitur ventrem''). As property, na dem consider de people merchandise anaa units of labour, wey na dem be sold for markets plus oda goods den services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Berlin|first=Ira|date=9 April 2012|title=The Discovery of the Americas and the Transatlantic Slave Trade|url=https://ap.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/imperial-rivalries/essays/discovery-americas-and-transatlantic-slave-trade|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117153933/https://ap.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/imperial-rivalries/essays/discovery-americas-and-transatlantic-slave-trade|archive-date=17 January 2024|access-date=17 January 2024|website=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Atlantic travel ===
De Atlantic slave trade business start after people for de &quot;Old World&quot; (that place wey we dey call Afro-Eurasia) and the &quot;New World&quot; (the Americas) start dey do trade. For hundreds of years, de way de sea water dey move (the tidal currents) make am very hard and risky for de ships wey dem get that time to travel on top de ocean. So, because of this thing, de people wey dey live for these different continents no get plenty contact through sea travel, some sef no get contact at all.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton199815%E2%80%9317-26&lt;/ref&gt; But for de 15th century inside, Europe people come get new technology for sea travel, like de new ship wey dem invent call caravel. This thing make dem build better ships wey fit stand the sea current, so dem start dey fit cross the Atlantic Ocean. De Portugal people start one school wey dem call Navigator's School, but till today, people still dey argue whether this school dey true true, and even if e dey, dem no really know wetin e be. Between the year 1600 and 1800, like 300,000 sailors wey dey the slave trade business inside come West Africa.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristopher2006127-27&lt;/ref&gt; As dem dey do so, dem come meet different people for West Africa coast and for the Americas wey dem never see before in their life.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton199813-28

&lt;/ref&gt; One history man, Pierre Chaunu, call the result of this Europe people their sea travel &quot;disenclavement&quot;. E mean say, some people wey bin dey their one corner come stop dey lonely, and for most of the other people, the contact wey dem get with other people come plenty pass before.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-29&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-30&lt;/ref&gt;

One history man, John Thornton, talk say, &quot;Plenty technical and geographical things join body make am be like say na Europe people pɛ go fit explore de Atlantic and start trade for there&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton199824-31&lt;/ref&gt; He talk say de things wey push dem be say, dem dey find new ways to make money through trade wey no dey Europe inside. Plus, dem want make their own trade routes wey de Muslim Ottoman Empire for Middle East no go control. Dem see this Ottoman Empire people as threat to their business, their power, and their Christian religion for Europe. Especially, de Europe traders want trade gold wey dem fit get for West Africa, and dem want find sea route go &quot;de Indies&quot; (India), where dem fit trade fine fine things like spices without say dem go buy am from de Middle East Islamic traders.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton199824%E2%80%9326-32&lt;/ref&gt; De Portugal sea-men use caravel ships travel go south for de West African coast, and for 1462, dem go colonize Cape Verde. For de first time wey de Europe people start dey colonize places, even though na de Iberian conquistadors (wey be people from Spain and Portugal side) dey lead de first travels for de Atlantic sea top, people from plenty other Europe countries join body. Sailors from Spain, Portugal, France, England, de Italian states, and Netherlands all dey inside. Because plenty different people dey inside, e make Thornton talk say de first &quot;exploration of de Atlantic&quot; be like &quot;international work true true, even if na de Iberian kings and queens sponsor de money for de big big discoveries wey dem make&quot;. But because dem lead, e later make people start dey talk lie lie say &quot;na only de Iberia people lead de exploration&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton199827-34&lt;/ref&gt;De way de Europe people spread go other countries make de Old and New Worlds come meet, and dis thing born de Columbian Exchange, wey dem name am after de Italian explorer, Christopher Columbus.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-McNeill_2019-35&lt;/ref&gt; E start de world silver trade from de 16th go reach de 18th century, and e make de Europe people go involve demself direct for de Chinese porcelain trade. E involve say dem carry goods wey dey one side of de world go de other side. De Europe people carry cattle, horses, and sheep go de New World, and from de New World, de Europe people get tobacco, potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Other things wey come get value for de world trade be de tobacco, sugarcane, and cotton wey dem dey grow for de Americas, plus de gold and silver wey dem carry from de American continent no be only go Europe, but other places for de Old World inside.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-oxfordbibliographies1-36&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-Escudero_2014-37&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-Knight_2010-38&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-Nater_2006-39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== European colonization and slavery in West-Central Africa ===
[[File:ElMina_AtlasBlaeuvanderHem.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElMina_AtlasBlaeuvanderHem.jpg|thumb|Elmina Castle for Guinea coast, wey we dey call Ghana now, dem build am for 1482 by Portuguese traders wey be di first European-slave trading post for Sub-Saharan Africa..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Elmina Castle|url=https://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi3/elmina.htm#:~:text=Located%20on%20the%20western%20coast,British%20ownership%20in%20the%201800s.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118160445/https://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi3/elmina.htm#:~:text=Located%20on%20the%20western%20coast,British%20ownership%20in%20the%201800s.|archive-date=18 January 2024|access-date=18 January 2024|website=[[PBS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Womber |first1=Peter Kwame |date=2020 |title=From Anomansa to Elmina: The Establishment and the Use of the Elmina Castle – From the Portuguese to the British |url=https://www.athensjournals.gr/history/2020-6-4-4-Womber.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Athens Journal of History]] |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=349–372 |doi=10.30958/ajhis.6-4-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118160446/https://www.athensjournals.gr/history/2020-6-4-4-Womber.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=18 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]Di Atlantic slave trade begin for 1441 when two Portuguese explorers, Nuno Tristão and António Gonçalves, waka go Mauritania for West Africa, kidnap twelve Africans come back give Portugal, present dem as gifts to Prince Henry di Navigator. By 1460, every year, dem dey carry seven hundred to eight hundred Africans enter Portugal. For Portugal, di Africans na dem house servants. From 1460 to 1500, as Portugal and Spain dey build forts for West Africa coast, di removal of Africans increase. By 1500, about 50,000 West Africans don enter Portugal and Spain. Di Africans dey work as house servants, artisans, and farmers. Some also dey work for sugar plantations for di Azores, Madeira&lt;ref name=&quot;Butel2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Butel|first1=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sLGIAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA38|title=The Atlantic|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2002|isbn=978-1-134-84305-3|page=38|quote=For labour in the plantations and the 80 engeñhos (sugar mills), the Portuguese began to bring slaves from the Canaries and Africa, reaching almost 2,000 in number by the end of the fifteenth century.|access-date=13 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713165411/https://books.google.com/books?id=sLGIAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA38|archive-date=13 July 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;, Canary, and Cape Verde islands. Di Europeans dey participate for African enslavement because dem need labor, profit, and religious reasons..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Africa, Europe, and the Rise of Afro-America, 1441-1619|url=https://www.njstatelib.org/research_library/new_jersey_resources/highlights/african_american_history_curriculum/unit_2_rise_of_afro-americans/#:~:text=In%201441%20two%20Portuguese%20explorers,taken%20annually%20into%20Portugal%2C%20for|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620204329/https://www.njstatelib.org/research_library/new_jersey_resources/highlights/african_american_history_curriculum/unit_2_rise_of_afro-americans/|archive-date=20 June 2024|access-date=16 January 2024|website=[[New Jersey State Library]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Transatlantic Slave Trade&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Transatlantic Slave Trade|url=https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histcontextsc.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503083908/https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histcontextsc.htm|archive-date=3 May 2024|access-date=16 January 2024|website=African American History and Ethnography|publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;As dem dey discover new lands through dem naval explorations, di European colonisers start to migrate and settle for lands wey no be dem own. Off di coast of Africa, under di Kingdom of Castile guidance, European migrants invade and colonise di Canary Islands for di 15th century, turn plenty land to produce wine and sugar. Dem also capture native Canary Islanders, di Guanches, use dem as slaves for di Islands and across di Christian Mediterranean.{{sfn|Thornton|1998|pp=28–29}}
[[File:Cannons_at_Cape_Coast_Castle.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cannons_at_Cape_Coast_Castle.JPG|thumb|Cape Coast Castle no be di place wey Swedish African Company set up for Ghana. Dem build am for 1653 as trading post, but e later spread to other European countries. When di British come colonize, di castle turn dem headquarters for colonial wahala. Throughout di 18th century, di Castle dey serve as big market for di British slave business.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Cape Coast Castle, Cape Coast (1653)|url=https://www.ghanamuseums.org/forts/cape-coast-castle.php#:~:text=Cape%20Coast%20Castle%2C%20Cape%20Coast%20(1653)&amp;text=The%20Swedes%2C%20led%20by%20Krusenstjerna,King%20Charles%20X%20of%20Sweden.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709053738/https://www.ghanamuseums.org/forts/cape-coast-castle.php|archive-date=9 July 2024|access-date=18 January 2024|website=Ghana Museums and Monuments Boards}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Roth|first1=Catherine|date=2 December 2009|title=Cape Coast Castle (1652- )|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/cape-coast-castle/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211111323/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/cape-coast-castle/|archive-date=11 December 2023|access-date=18 January 2024|website=Blackpast.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Cape Coast Castle History|url=https://www.everycastle.com/Cape-Coast-Castle.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711042755/https://everycastle.com/cape-coast-castle/|archive-date=11 July 2024|access-date=18 January 2024|website=Castles and Places of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]After Portugal and Spain dey chop well for slave trade, more European countries waka follow. For 1530, one English merchant wey dey from Plymouth, William Hawkins, go Guinea Coast come back with small slaves. For 1564, im pikin John Hawkins, waka go Guinea Coast too, and Queen Elizabeth I support im journey. But John later turn pirate, steal 300 Africans from one Spanish slave ship after e try grab Africans for Guinea but plenty of im men die after wahala with the local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Transatlantic Slave Trade2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Transatlantic Slave Trade|url=https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histcontextsc.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503083908/https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histcontextsc.htm|archive-date=3 May 2024|access-date=16 January 2024|website=African American History and Ethnography|publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As historian John Thornton talk, &quot;the real reason for European expansion and navigation improvement be just to catch quick money by raiding and taking trade goods&quot;{{sfn|Thornton|1998|p=31}}. Using Canary Islands as dem base, Europeans, wey mostly be Portuguese traders, start to move their business down the western coast of Africa, dey raid wey them go capture slaves to sell later for Mediterranean.{{sfn|Thornton|1998|pp=29–31}} Although dem dey do well at first, &quot;it no take time before African naval forces sabi say danger don dey show, and Portuguese [raiding] ships start to face strong wahala&quot;, lots of their crews die by African sailors wey get better boats to handle west-central African waters and rivers.{{sfn|Thornton|1998|p=37}}
[[File:Ann_Zingha.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ann_Zingha.jpg|thumb|Nzinga wey be for Ndongo and Matamba fight Portuguese Empire wey dey wahala for their slave business for beta thirty years war for Angola today.]]
By 1494, di Portuguese king don enter deal with plenty West African rulers wey go fit make trade dey happen between dem peoples, make di Portuguese fit chop from di commercial economy wey African get... without wahala{{sfn|Thornton|1998|pp=38}}. &quot;Peaceful trade be di norm for di African coast&quot;, although sometimes e go dey gree small wahala wey fit lead to palava. For example, di Portuguese traders try conquer Bissagos Islands for 1535{{sfn|Thornton|1998|p=39}}. For 1571, Portugal, wey Kongo dey support, take over di south-west region of Angola to secure dem economic interest wey dey suffer small. Even though Kongo later join force for 1591 to push di Portuguese commot, dem don already secure ground for di continent wey dem dey hold till 20th century{{sfn|Thornton|1998|p=40}}. Although dem get small fight between African and European forces sometimes, plenty African states make sure say any trade dey happen on dem own terms, for example, dem dey collect custom duties from foreign ships. For 1525, di Kongolese King Afonso I seize one French boat and di crew wey dey trade illegal for him coast. Afonso even complain to di king of Portugal say Portuguese slave traders dey carry him people run away, wey dey spoil him kingdom population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade|url=https://www.slps.org/cms/lib/MO01001157/Centricity/Domain/9446/BBC%20-%20History%20-%20British%20History%20in%20depth_%20Africa%20and%20the%20Transatlantic%20Slave%20Trade.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330215334/https://www.slps.org/cms/lib/MO01001157/Centricity/Domain/9446/BBC%20-%20History%20-%20British%20History%20in%20depth_%20Africa%20and%20the%20Transatlantic%20Slave%20Trade.pdf|archive-date=30 March 2024|access-date=20 January 2024|website=St. Louis Public Schools}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Thornton|1998|p=39}} Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba, wey be queen of di Ambundu Kingdoms of Ndongo (1624–1663) and Matamba (1631–1663) for di Angola wey dey today, fight long war against di Portuguese Empire wey dey expand. At first, Nzinga gree make di Portuguese come. She convert to Christianity and change di Ndongo Kingdom to be middleman for slave trade, instead of di place wey dem go take slaves. Dis one even help her get powerful ally against hostile African Kingdoms, but di Portuguese no gree leave her kingdom, dey wan expand di slave trade and set settlements..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Queen Nzinga managed to call a halt to Portuguese slave raids in her kingdom through clever tactics|url=https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/world-changing-women-queen-nzinga|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604172701/https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/world-changing-women-queen-nzinga|archive-date=4 June 2024|access-date=18 January 2024|website=The Open University, History and Arts|publisher=[[The Open University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 June 2009|title=Queen Nzinga(1583-1663)|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/queen-nzinga-1583-1663/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203143926/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/queen-nzinga-1583-1663/|archive-date=3 December 2023|access-date=18 January 2024|website=Black Past}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Women Leaders in African History: Ana Nzinga, Queen of Ndongo|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pwmn_2/hd_pwmn_2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702032528/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pwmn_2/hd_pwmn_2.htm|archive-date=2 July 2024|access-date=18 January 2024|website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nzinga talk say make dem stop the raids, but the Portuguese still declare war on Ndongo for 1626. Nzinga welcome runaway slaves wey run from Portuguese side and gather military wey dem call kilombo to fight the Portuguese. Within two years, Nzinga army lose and she run go exile. Later, she conquer Matamba Kingdom and join forces with Dutch West India Company and some rival African states. With their help, Nzinga fit take back plenty part of Ndongo from 1641 to 1647. Nzinga no stop to fight the Portuguese until dem sign peace treaty for 1656&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Queen Nzinga managed to call a halt to Portuguese slave raids in her kingdom through clever tactics|url=https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/world-changing-women-queen-nzinga|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604172701/https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/world-changing-women-queen-nzinga|archive-date=4 June 2024|access-date=18 January 2024|website=The Open University, History and Arts|publisher=[[The Open University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 June 2009|title=Queen Nzinga(1583-1663)|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/queen-nzinga-1583-1663/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203143926/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/queen-nzinga-1583-1663/|archive-date=3 December 2023|access-date=18 January 2024|website=Black Past}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Women Leaders in African History: Ana Nzinga, Queen of Ndongo|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pwmn_2/hd_pwmn_2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702032528/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pwmn_2/hd_pwmn_2.htm|archive-date=2 July 2024|access-date=18 January 2024|website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Historians dey argue plenty about how these African kingdoms and European traders relate. Guyanese historian Walter Rodney talk say the relationship no balance, as Africans dey forced enter 'colonial' trade with Europeans wey dey better economically, exchanging raw materials and people (like slaves) for goods wey dem make. He argue say this economic trade matter wey start from 16th century make Africa dey underdeveloped for him time{{sfn|Rodney|1972|pp=95–113}}. Other historians like Ralph Austen{{sfn|Austen|1987|pp=81–108}} back am too. But John Thornton come challenge this unequal relationship talk for 1998, him argue say 'the Atlantic slave trade no be as important to African economy like dem scholars think' and 'African manufacturing for that time fit handle competition from preindustrial Europe.{{sfn|Thornton|1998|p=44}}' Anne Bailey, when she dey comment on Thornton’s talk say Africans and Europeans be equal partners for the Atlantic slave trade, she write:

{{blockquote|[T]o see Africans as partners implies equal terms and equal influence on the global and intercontinental processes of the trade. Africans had great influence on the continent itself, but they had no direct influence on the engines behind the trade in the capital firms, the shipping and insurance companies of Europe and America, or the plantation systems in Americas. They did not wield any influence on the building manufacturing centres of the West.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Anne C. |last=Bailey |url=https://archive.org/details/africanvoicesofa00bail |title=African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |date=2005 |page=62 |isbn=978-0-8070-5512-0 |quote=Africans were equal partners.}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

=== European slavery in Portugal and Spain ===
By 15th century finish, this ''slavery matter'' no be new thing for dat ''Iberian Peninsula'' place (wey be Portugal and Spain) for Western Europe. E dey dere since way dem write history come. Dat ''Roman Empire'' people, dem don already set dem own ''slavery system'' for long time ago.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-Korpela,_J._2018-46&lt;/ref&gt;

One historian, ein name be ''Benjamin Isaac'', ein talk say some ''proto-racism'' dey already for dem ''Greco-Roman people'' for olden days. Dem dey hate pipo based on dem skin color or tribe wey no be dem own, dem dey make dem look like animals wey dem go catch for war.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-40&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-41&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-42&lt;/ref&gt;

Since ''Western Roman Empire'' fall, many many ''slavery systems'' continue for inside dem new Islamic and Christian kingdoms for dat place, right into de early modern time wey de ''Atlantic slave trade'' start. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-43&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-44&lt;/ref&gt;For 1441 to 1444, some Portuguese traders, dem go catch Africans for de Atlantic coast of Africa, for where we dey call Mauritania today. Dem carry dem pipo go sell as slaves for Europe, and dem build one fort for de slave trade for ''Bay of Arguin''.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-45&lt;/ref&gt;

''Map of Spanish Empire (red) and Portuguese Empires (blue) when dem join forces (1581–1640)''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-Korpela,_J._2018-46&lt;/ref&gt;

For ''Middle Ages'' time, religion wey be pesin own God wey dem dey serve, no be pesin skin color, wey dey decide who dem fit catch for slave. If you be Christian, you no fit sell Christian as slave. If you be Muslim, you no fit sell Muslim as slave. But if you be like say you no believe dem God or your religion no dey correct, den dem fit catch you. Like how Catholic Christians fit sell Orthodox Christians as slave, and Sunni Muslims fit sell Shia Muslims as slave.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-Korpela,_J._2018-46&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-Korpela,_J._2018-46&lt;/ref&gt;

Both Christians and Muslims, dem all agree say dem fit catch ''pagans'' (pipo wey no follow dem religion) as slave. Dem pagans come be de best and profitable pipo to catch for slave trade for de Middle Ages: Dem give Spain and Portugal non-Catholic slaves from Eastern Europe, through de ''Balkan slave trade'' and de ''Black Sea slave trade''.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-Ro%C5%9Fu,_Felicia_2021_p._35-36-47&lt;/ref&gt;

For 15th century, when ''Ottoman Empire'' take over de Balkan slave trade, and de ''Crimean slave trade'' come replace de Black Sea slave trade and close am from Europe, Spain and Portugal, dem come find new source for slaves.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-48

&lt;/ref&gt; First, dem go carry slaves from de ''Canary Islands'' wey dem conquer, then later from mainland Africa. Dis one, initially, e come from ''Arab slave traders'', through de ''Trans-Saharan slave trade'' from Libya.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-49&lt;/ref&gt; After that, e come straight from de African West coast through Portuguese small small camps, wey later turn to de big ''Atlantic slave trade''. Dis one come blow pass all when dem go establish colonies for Americas for 1492.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_note-50&lt;/ref&gt;

== 16th, 17th, den 18th centuries ==

===Slave market regions den participation===
[[File:Africa slave Regions.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Major slave trading regions of Africa, 15th–19th centuries]]

Na Europeans go buy den ship slaves to de Western Hemisphere from markets across West Africa. Na de number of enslaved people dem sell to de New World vary thru out de slave trade. As for de distribution of slaves from regions of activity, na certain areas produce far more enslaved people dan odas. Between 1650 den 1900, na 10.2&amp;nbsp;million enslaved Africans arrive insyd de Americas from de following regions insyd de following proportions:&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Atlantic_slave_trade#CITEREFLovejoy2000|Lovejoy 2000]].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Senegambia ([[Senegal]] den [[the Gambia]]): 4.8%
* Upper Guinea ([[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Guinea]] den [[Sierra Leone]]): 4.1%
* Windward Coast ([[Liberia]] den [[Ivory Coast]]): 1.8%
* [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] ([[Ghana]] den east of [[Ivory Coast]]): 10.4%
* Bight of Benin ([[Togo]], [[Benin]] den [[Nigeria]] west of de Niger Delta): 20.2%
* Bight of Biafra ([[Nigeria]] east of de Niger Delta, [[Cameroon]], [[Equatorial Guinea]] den [[Gabon]]): 14.6%
* West Central Africa ([[Republic of the Congo]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] den [[Angola]]): 39.4%
* Southeastern Africa ([[Mozambique]] den [[Madagascar]]): 4.7%

Although na de slave trade be largely global, na der be considerable intracontinental slave trade insyd wich na dem enslave 8 million people within de African continent.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Inikori|first=Joseph|title=The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe|publisher=Duke University Press|year=1992|page=120}}&lt;/ref&gt; Of those na wey no move out of Africa, na dem force out 8 million of Eastern Africa make dem send dem to Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

==== Ethnic groups ====
Na de different ethnic groups dem bring to de Americas closely dey correspond to de regions of heaviest activity insyd de slave trade. Na dem take over 45 distinct ethnic groups to de Americas during de trade. Of de 45, na de ten most prominent, according to slave documentation of de era den modern genealogical studies be listed below.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hall&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hall|first1=Gwendolyn Midlo|url=http://uncpress.unc.edu/browse/book_detail?title_id=742|title=Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8078-5862-2|page=|author1-link=|access-date=24 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118132059/http://uncpress.unc.edu/browse/book_detail?title_id=742|archive-date=18 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zakharia |first1=Fouad |last2=Basu |first2=Analabha |last3=Absher |first3=Devin |last4=Assimes |first4=Themistocles L. |last5=Go |first5=Alan S. |last6=Hlatky |first6=Mark A. |last7=Iribarren |first7=Carlos |last8=Knowles |first8=Joshua W. |last9=Li |first9=Jun |last10=Narasimhan |first10=Balasubramanian |last11=Sidney |first11=Steven |last12=Southwick |first12=Audrey |last13=Myers |first13=Richard M. |last14=Quertermous |first14=Thomas |last15=Risch |first15=Neil |date=22 December 2009 |title=Characterizing the admixed African ancestry of African Americans |journal=Genome Biology |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=R141 |doi=10.1186/gb-2009-10-12-r141 |issn=1474-760X |pmc=2812948 |pmid=20025784 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Veeramah |first1=Krishna R. |last2=Connell |first2=Bruce A. |last3=Pour |first3=Naser Ansari |last4=Powell |first4=Adam |last5=Plaster |first5=Christopher A. |last6=Zeitlyn |first6=David |last7=Mendell |first7=Nancy R. |last8=Weale |first8=Michael E. |last9=Bradman |first9=Neil |last10=Thomas |first10=Mark G. |date=31 March 2010 |title=Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=92 |bibcode=2010BMCEE..10...92V |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-92 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=2867817 |pmid=20356404 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# De BaKongo of de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]], de [[Republic of the Congo]] den [[Angola]]
# De Mandé of Upper [[Guinea]]
# De Gbe speakers of [[Togo]], [[Ghana]], and [[Benin]] (Fon, Ewe, Adja, Mina)
# De [[Akan people|Akan]] of Ghana den [[Ivory Coast]]
# De Wolof of [[Senegal]] den [[the Gambia]]
# De Igbo of southeastern [[Nigeria]]
# De Ambundu of [[Angola]]
# De Yoruba of southwestern [[Nigeria]] den [[Benin]]
# De Tikar and Bamileke of [[Cameroon]]
# De Makua of [[Mozambique]]

===Destinations den flags of carriers===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
|+ Flag of vessels wey dey carry de slaves
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Destination
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Portuguese
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| British
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| French
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Spanish
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Dutch
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| American
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Danish
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Total
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Portuguese Brazil
| 4,821,127 || 3,804 || 9,402 || 1,033 || 27,702 || 1,174 || 130 || 4,864,372
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| British Caribbean
| 7,919 || 2,208,296 || 22,920 || 5,795 || 6,996 || 64,836 || 1,489 || 2,318,251
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| French Caribbean
| 2,562 || 90,984 || 1,003,905 || 725 || 12,736 || 6,242 || 3,062 || 1,120,216
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Spanish Americas
| 195,482 || 103,009 || 92,944 || 808,851 || 24,197 || 54,901 || 13,527 || 1,061,524
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Dutch Americas
| 500 || 32,446 || 5,189 || 0 || 392,022 || 9,574 || 4,998 || 444,729
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[United States|North America]]
| 382 || 264,910 || 8,877 || 1,851 || 1,212 || 110,532 || 983 || 388,747
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Danish West Indies
| 0 || 25,594 || 7,782 || 277 || 5,161 || 2,799 || 67,385 || 108,998
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Europe
| 2,636 || 3,438 || 664 || 0 || 2,004 || 119 || 0 || 8,861
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Africa
| 69,206 || 841 || 13,282 || 66,391 || 3,210 || 2,476 || 162 || 155,568
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''dem no arrive''
| 748,452 || 526,121 || 216,439 || 176,601 || 79,096 || 52,673 || 19,304 || 1,818,686
|-style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| '''Total'''
| 5,848,266
| 3,259,443
| 1,381,404
| 1,061,524
| 554,336
| 305,326
| 111,040
| 12,521,339
|}

De timeline chart wen na de different nations transport chaw of dema slaves.
[[File:Slaves transported per 25 year period by 6 nations.png|thumb|center|400px]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=text-align:right;
|+ Source of slaves, by region
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Region
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Dem embark
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Dem disembark
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| ''dem no arrive''
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| ''% dem no arrive''
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Angola Coast, Loango Coast, den Saint Helena
| 5,694,570
| 4,955,430
| 739,140
| 12.98%
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Bight of Benin
| 1,999,060
| 1,724,834
| 274,226
| 13.72%
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Bight of Biafra
| 1,594,564
| 1,317,776
| 276,788
| 17.36%
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]]
| 1,209,322
| 1,030,917
| 178,405
| 14.75%
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Senegambia den off-shore Atlantic
| 755,515
| 611,017
| 144,498
| 19.13%
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Southeast Africa den Indian Ocean islands
| 542,668
| 436,529
| 106,139
| 19.56%
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[Sierra Leone]]
| 388,771
| 338,783
| 49,988
| 12.87%
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Windward Coast
| 336,869
| 287,366
| 49,503
| 14.70%
|-style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| '''Total'''
| 12,521,339
| 10,702,652
| 1,818,687
| 14.52%
|}
==Effects==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
|+World population (insyd millions)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/sixbillion/sixbilpart1.pdf |title=The World at Six Billion |publisher=[[United Nations]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101220025/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/sixbillion/sixbilpart1.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Year
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| 1750
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| 1800
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| 1850
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| 1900
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| 1950
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| 1999
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| World
| 791
| 978
| 1,262
| 1,650
| 2,521
| 5,978
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Africa
| 106
| 107
| 111
| 133
| 221
| 767
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Asia
| 502
| 635
| 809
| 947
| 1,402
| 3,634
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Europe
| 163
| 203
| 276
| 408
| 547
| 729
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Latin America and the Caribbean
| 16
| 24
| 38
| 74
| 167
| 511
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Northern America
| 2
| 7
| 26
| 82
| 172
| 307
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Oceania
| 2
| 2
| 2
| 6
| 13
| 30
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
|+World population (by percentage distribution)
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Year
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| 1750
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| 1800
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| 1850
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| 1900
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| 1950
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| 1999
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| World
| 100
| 100
| 100
| 100
| 100
| 100
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Africa
| 13.4
| 10.9
| 8.8
| 8.1
| 8.8
| 12.8
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Asia
| 63.5
| 64.9
| 64.1
| 57.4
| 55.6
| 60.8
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Europe
| 20.6
| 20.8
| 21.9
| 24.7
| 21.7
| 12.2
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Latin America and the Caribbean
| 2.0
| 2.5
| 3.0
| 4.5
| 6.6
| 8.5
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Northern America
| 0.3
| 0.7
| 2.1
| 5.0
| 6.8
| 5.1
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| Oceania
| 0.3
| 0.2
| 0.2
| 0.4
| 0.5
| 0.5
|}
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== General bibliography ===

==== Academic books ====

* {{cite book|last=Austen|first=Ralph|title=African Economic History: Internal Development and External Dependency|publisher=James Currey|year=1987|isbn=978-0-85255-009-0|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last=Christopher|first=Emma|title=Slave Ship Sailors and Their Captive Cargoes, 1730–1807|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=0-521-67966-4|location=Cambridge}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hair|first1=Paul|title=Oxford History of the British Empire volume 1: The Origins of Empire. British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth century|last2=Law|first2=Robin|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-164734-5|editor=Nicholas Canny|location=Oxford|pages=241–263|chapter=The English in western Africa to 1700}}
* {{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations in Slavery - A History of Slavery in Africa|date=1983|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-78430-1|series=African Studies|number=36}}

* {{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations in Slavery: a history of slavery in Africa|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Rodney|first=Walter|title=How Europe Underdeveloped Africa|publisher=Bogle L'Ouverture|year=1972|isbn=978-0-9501546-4-0|location=London|author-link=}}
* {{cite book|last1=Schama|first1=Simon|title=Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution|title-link=|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2006|isbn=978-0-06-053916-0|author1-link=}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sparks|first1=Randy J.|title=Where the Negroes are masters: an African port in the era of the slave trade|date=2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-72487-7|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}
* {{cite book|last=Thornton|first=John|title=Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-521-62217-2|edition=2nd|location=New York|author-link=}}
* {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Eric|title=Capitalism and Slavery|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=2021|isbn=978-1-4696-6369-2|edition=Third|location=Chapel Hill|author-link=|orig-date=1944}}

==== Academic articles ====

* {{cite journal |last1=Borucki |first1=Alex |last2=Eltis |first2=David |last3=Wheat |first3=David |date=1 April 2015 |title=Atlantic History and the slave Trade to Spanish America |url=https://www.institutomora.edu.mx/Documentos_RHITMO/Atlantic-History-and-the-Slave-Trade-to-Spanish-America.pdf |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=433–461 |doi=10.1093/ahr/120.2.433 |issn=1937-5239 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619035246/https://www.institutomora.edu.mx/Documentos_RHITMO/Atlantic-History-and-the-Slave-Trade-to-Spanish-America.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2024 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last=Handley |first=Fiona J. L. |year=2006 |title=Back to Africa: Issues of hosting 'Roots' tourism in West Africa |journal=African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora |location=London |publisher=University College London Press |pages=20–31}}
* {{cite journal |last=Osei-Tutu, Brempong |year=2006 |title=Contested Monuments: African-Americans and the commoditization of Ghana's slave castles |journal=African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora |location=London: UCL Press |pages=9–19 |ref=Ose06}}

==== Non-academic sources ====

* {{cite book|last1=Meredith|first1=Martin|title=The Fortunes of Africa|date=2014|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-61039-635-6|location=New York|author-link=}}

==Read further==
* {{Cite book |last=Anstey |first=Roger |title=The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, 1760–1810 |publisher=Macmillan |year=1975 |isbn=0-333-14846-0 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Araujo |first=Ana Lucia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kymzngEACAAJ |title=Public Memory of Slavery: Victims and Perpetrators in the South Atlantic |publisher=Cambria Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-60497-714-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bailey |first=Anne |title=African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame |publisher=Beacon Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8070-5513-7 |location=Boston}}
* {{Cite book |last=Blackburn |first=Robin |author-link= |title=The American Crucible: Slavery, Emancipation and Human Rights |publisher=Verso Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-84467-569-2 |location=London &amp; New York}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Boruki |first1=David Eltis |last2=Wheat |first2=David |date=April 2015 |title=Atlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish America |journal=American Historical Review |volume=120 |issue=2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Clarke |first=John Henrik |author-link= |title=Christopher Columbus and the Afrikan Holocaust: Slavery and the Rise of European Capitalism |publisher=A &amp; B Books |year=1992 |isbn=1-881316-14-9 |location=Brooklyn, NY}}

* {{Cite book|last=Curtin|first=Philip D.|url=https://archive.org/details/atlanticslavetra0000curt|title=The Atlantic Slave Trade|date=1969|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-05400-7|location=Madison|oclc=46413|url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Daudin |first=Guillaume |date=2004 |title=Profitability of Slave and Long-Distance Trading in Context: The Case of Eighteenth-Century France |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8fbd/65cbaf8c100207702a7442256ece292d43bd.pdf |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=144–171 |doi=10.1017/S0022050704002633 |issn=1471-6372 |s2cid=154025254 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809134718/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8fbd/65cbaf8c100207702a7442256ece292d43bd.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2020}}
* {{Cite book|last=Domingues da Silva|first=Daniel B.|title=The Atlantic Slave Trade from West Central Africa, 1780–1867|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-107-17626-3|location=Cambridge}}
* {{Cite book|last=Drescher|first=Seymour|title=From Slavery to Freedom: Comparative Studies in the Rise and Fall of Atlantic Slavery|date=1999|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0-333-73748-2|location=New York|oclc=39897280}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Eltis |first=David |year=2001 |title=The volume and structure of the transatlantic slave trade: a reassessment |journal=William and Mary Quarterly |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=17–46 |doi=10.2307/2674417 |jstor=2674417 |pmid=18630381}}

* {{Cite book|last=Eltis|first=David|title=The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=9780521652315|location=New York}}
* {{Cite book|title=Extending the Frontiers: Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2008|isbn=9780300134360|editor-last=Eltis|editor-first=David|location=New Haven|editor-last2=Richardson|editor-first2=David}}
* {{Cite book|last=Emmer|first=Pieter C.|title=The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy, 1580–1880. Trade, Slavery and Emancipation|publisher=Variorum|year=1998|isbn=9780860786979|series=Variorum Collected Studies Series|volume=CS614|location=Aldershot}}
* {{Cite book|last=French|first=Howard|title=Born in Blackness: Africa, Africans, and the Making of the Modern World, 1471 to the Second World War|publisher=Liveright Publishing|year=2021|isbn=978-1-63149-582-3|location=New York|oclc=1268921040}}
* {{Cite book|last=Green|first=Toby|title=The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=9781107014367|location=New York}}
* {{Cite book|last=Guasco|first=Michael|title=Slaves and Englishmen: Human Bondage in the Early Modern Atlantic|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2014|isbn=9780812245783|location=Philadelphia}}

* {{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Gwendolyn Midlo|title=Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the Links|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=2006|isbn=0-8078-2973-0|location=Chapel Hill, NC|author-link=}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Heywood|first1=Linda|title=Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585–1660|last2=Thornton|first2=John K.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|location=New York}}
* {{Cite book|last=Horne|first=Gerald|title=The Deepest South: The United States, Brazil, and the African Slave Trade|publisher=New York University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8147-3688-3|location=New York}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abvkqNGSTZ0C|title=The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe|publisher=Duke University Press|year=1992|isbn=0-8223-8237-7|editor-last=Inikori|editor-first=Joseph E.|editor-last2=Engerman|editor-first2=Stanley L.}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Jensen |first1=Niklas Thode |last2=Simonsen |first2=Gunvor |year=2016 |title=Introduction: The historiography of slavery in the Danish-Norwegian West Indies, c. 1950–2016 |journal=Scandinavian Journal of History |volume=41 |issue=4–5 |pages=475–494 |doi=10.1080/03468755.2016.1210880 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Landers |first=Jane |date=1984 |title=Spanish Sanctuary: Fugitives in Florida, 1687–1790 |journal=Florida Historical Quarterly |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=296–313 |jstor=30146288}}
* {{Cite book|last=Lindsay|first=Lisa A.|title=Captives as Commodities: The Transatlantic Slave Trade|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=2008|isbn=978-0-13-194215-8}}

* {{Cite book|last=McMillin|first=James A.|title=The Final Victims: Foreign Slave Trade to North America, 1783–1810|date=2004|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-57003-546-3}} {{endash}} Includes database on CD-ROM.
* {{Cite book|last=Meltzer|first=Milton|title=Slavery: A World History|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=1993|isbn=0-306-80536-7|location=New York}}
* {{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Christopher L.|title=The French Atlantic Triangle: Literature and Culture of the Slave Trade|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8223-4127-7|location=Durham, NC}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Nimako|first1=Kwame|title=The Dutch Atlantic: Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation|last2=Willemsen|first2=Glenn|publisher=Pluto Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7453-3108-9|location=London}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Newson|first1=Linda|title=From Capture to Sale: The Portuguese Slave Trade to Spanish South America in the Early Seventeenth Century|last2=Minchin|first2=Susie|publisher=Brill|year=2007|isbn=9789004156791|location=Leiden}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Atlantic Slave Trade|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage|year=2010|isbn=978-0-618-64356-1|editor-last=Northrup|editor-first=David|location=Independence, KY}}

* {{Cite book|last1=Rawley|first1=James A.|title=The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History|last2=Behrendt|first2=Stephen D.|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=2005|isbn=9780803239616|edition=Rev.}}
* {{Cite book|last=Rediker|first=Marcus|title=The Slave Ship: A Human History|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2008|isbn=978-0-14-311425-3|location=New York}}
* {{Cite book|last=Rodney|first=Walter|title=How Europe Underdeveloped Africa|publisher=Howard University Press|year=1981|isbn=0-88258-096-5|edition=Revised|location=Washington, DC}}
* {{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World|publisher=M. E. Sharpe|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7656-1257-1|editor-last=Rodriguez|editor-first=Junius P.|location=Armonk, NY}}
* {{Cite book|last=Smallwood|first=Stephanie E.|title=Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-674-03068-8|location=Cambridge, MA}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Schultz |first=Kara |year=2015 |title=The Kingdom of Angola is not very far from here: The South Atlantic Slave Port of Buenos Aires, 1585–1640 |journal=Slavery &amp; Abolition |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=424–444 |doi=10.1080/0144039X.2015.1067397}}
* {{Cite book|title=Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1991|isbn=0-521-40090-2|editor-last=Solow|editor-first=Barbara|location=Cambridge}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Hugh |title=The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440–1870 |publisher=Picador |year=1997 |isbn=0-330-35437-X |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wheat |first=David |title=Atlantic Africa and the Spanish Caribbean, 1570–1640 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2016 |isbn=9781469623412 |location=Chapel Hill}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wheat |first=David |date=March 2011 |title=The First Great Waves: African Provenance Zones for the Transatlantic Slave Trade to Cartagena de Indias |journal=Journal of African History |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1017/S0021853711000119 |jstor=23017646}}
* {{Cite web |last=Poulter |first=Emma |title=Slave-grown cotton in Greater Manchester museums |url=http://www.revealinghistories.org.uk/how-did-money-from-slavery-help-develop-greater-manchester/articles/slave-grown-cotton-in-greater-manchester-museums.html |website=Revealing Histories, Remembering Slavery}}
* {{Cite web |title=Afro Atlantic Histories resource |url=https://www.nga.gov/learn/teachers/lessons-activities/afro-atlantic-histories.html |website=National Gallery of Art |location=Washington, DC}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q105993844|c=Category:Atlantic slave trade|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=Atlantic slave trade|m=no|mw=no|s=On the Horrors of the Slave Trade|wikt=no|species=no}}
&lt;!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--&gt;
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&lt;!--| Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. |--&gt;
&lt;!--| See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details |--&gt;
&lt;!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--&gt;
* [http://digitalscholarship.emory.edu/projects/featured/voyages-slave-trade.html Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190705223316/http://digitalscholarship.emory.edu/projects/featured/voyages-slave-trade.html Archived] 2019-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6445941.stm Quick guide: The slave trade]&amp;nbsp;– BBC News
* [http://www.blackhistory4schools.com/slavetrade/ Slave Trade and Abolition of slavery]&amp;nbsp;– Teaching resources at Black History 4 Schools
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100612112047/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/HT857xA1/stamenu.html British documents on slave holding and the slave trade, 1788–1793]
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atlantic Slave Trade}}
[[Category:Atlantic slave trade| ]]
[[Category:1525 establishments]]
[[Category:1870 disestablishments]]
[[Category:African slave trade]]
[[Category:Black British history]]
[[Category:Early modern period]]
[[Category:European colonisation of Africa]]
[[Category:European colonization of de Americas]]
[[Category:Forced migration]]
[[Category:Genocides insyd North America]]
[[Category:Genocides insyd South America]]
[[Category:History of English colonialism]]
[[Category:History of sugar]]
[[Category:History of de Atlantic Ocean|Slave trade]]
[[Category:Slavery insyd de Caribbean]]
[[Category:Slavery insyd North America]]
[[Category:Slavery insyd South America]]
[[Category:Slavery insyd de British Empire]]
[[Category:Trade routes]]
[[Category:Death marches]]
[[Category:Genocide of indigenous peoples insyd Africa]]</text>
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    <title>Grand China Air</title>
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'''Grand China Air''' be a Chinese airline based at Haikou Meilan International Airport.

== History ==
Na dem form Grand China Air on 29 November 2007 under de initiative of de HNA group ein largest operational entity, Hainan Airlines, make e merge ein operations plus HNA Group ein subsidiaries Shanxi Airlines, Chang An Airlines, den China Xinhua Airlines. De airline be headquartered insyd Beijing den registered insyd Hainan Province. As of 14 April 2012 na one of ein 737-800s per be fitted plus winglets.</text>
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'''Grand China Air''' be a Chinese airline based at Haikou Meilan International Airport.

== History ==
Na dem form Grand China Air on 29 November 2007 under de initiative of de HNA group ein largest operational entity, Hainan Airlines, make e merge ein operations plus HNA Group ein subsidiaries Shanxi Airlines, Chang An Airlines, den China Xinhua Airlines. De airline be headquartered insyd Beijing den registered insyd Hainan Province. As of 14 April 2012 na one of ein 737-800s per be fitted plus winglets.

=== U.S. sanctions ===
Insyd January 2021, na de United States government name Grand China Air as a company &quot;owned anaa controlled&quot; by de People's Liberation Army wey e der by prohibit any American company anaa individual from investing insyd am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Mike|last2=Alper|first2=Alexandra|last3=Brunnstrom|first3=David|date=2021-01-14|title=Trump administration takes final swipes at China and its companies|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-companies-idUSKBN29J1X4|access-date=2021-01-14|archive-date=2021-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194824/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-companies-idUSKBN29J1X4|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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'''Grand China Air''' be a Chinese airline based at Haikou Meilan International Airport.

== History ==
Na dem form Grand China Air on 29 November 2007 under de initiative of de HNA group ein largest operational entity, Hainan Airlines, make e merge ein operations plus HNA Group ein subsidiaries Shanxi Airlines, Chang An Airlines, den China Xinhua Airlines. De airline be headquartered insyd Beijing den registered insyd Hainan Province. As of 14 April 2012 na one of ein 737-800s per be fitted plus winglets.

=== U.S. sanctions ===
Insyd January 2021, na de United States government name Grand China Air as a company &quot;owned anaa controlled&quot; by de People's Liberation Army wey e der by prohibit any American company anaa individual from investing insyd am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Mike|last2=Alper|first2=Alexandra|last3=Brunnstrom|first3=David|date=2021-01-14|title=Trump administration takes final swipes at China and its companies|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-companies-idUSKBN29J1X4|access-date=2021-01-14|archive-date=2021-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194824/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-companies-idUSKBN29J1X4|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fleet==
===Current fleet===
As of September 2019, Grand China Air dey operate an all-Boeing fleet wey dey consist of de following aircraft:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Global Airline Guide 2019 (Part One)|journal=Airliner World|issue=October 2019|page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center&quot;
|+ '''Grand China Air fleet'''
|- bgcolor=red
!rowspan=2|&lt;span style=&quot;color:yellow;&quot;&gt;Aircraft&lt;/span&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;span style=&quot;color:yellow;&quot;&gt;In Fleet&lt;/span&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;span style=&quot;color:yellow;&quot;&gt;Orders&lt;/span&gt;
!colspan=3|&lt;span style=&quot;color:yellow;&quot;&gt;Passengers&lt;/span&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:yellow;&quot;&gt;Notes&lt;/span&gt;
|- bgcolor=red
!&lt;abbr title=First&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:yellow;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt;
!&lt;abbr title=Economy&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:yellow;&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt;
!&lt;span style=&quot;color:yellow;&quot;&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|[[Boeing 737 Next Generation#737-800|Boeing 737-800]]
|3
|–
|8  
|156
|164
|
|}

===Former fleet===
Na de airline previously operate de following aircraft (as of August 2018):&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Global Airline Guide 2018 (Part One)|journal=Airliner World|issue=October 2018|page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Boeing 737-300
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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'''Grand China Air''' be a Chinese airline based at Haikou Meilan International Airport.

== History ==
Na dem form Grand China Air on 29 November 2007 under de initiative of de HNA group ein largest operational entity, Hainan Airlines, make e merge ein operations plus HNA Group ein subsidiaries Shanxi Airlines, Chang An Airlines, den China Xinhua Airlines. De airline be headquartered insyd Beijing den registered insyd Hainan Province. As of 14 April 2012 na one of ein 737-800s per be fitted plus winglets.

=== U.S. sanctions ===
Insyd January 2021, na de United States government name Grand China Air as a company &quot;owned anaa controlled&quot; by de People's Liberation Army wey e der by prohibit any American company anaa individual from investing insyd am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Mike|last2=Alper|first2=Alexandra|last3=Brunnstrom|first3=David|date=2021-01-14|title=Trump administration takes final swipes at China and its companies|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-companies-idUSKBN29J1X4|access-date=2021-01-14|archive-date=2021-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194824/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-companies-idUSKBN29J1X4|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fleet==
===Current fleet===
As of September 2019, Grand China Air dey operate an all-Boeing fleet wey dey consist of de following aircraft:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Global Airline Guide 2019 (Part One)|journal=Airliner World|issue=October 2019|page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center&quot;
|+ '''Grand China Air fleet'''
|- bgcolor=red
!rowspan=2|&lt;span style=&quot;color:yellow;&quot;&gt;Aircraft&lt;/span&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;span style=&quot;color:yellow;&quot;&gt;In Fleet&lt;/span&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;span style=&quot;color:yellow;&quot;&gt;Orders&lt;/span&gt;
!colspan=3|&lt;span style=&quot;color:yellow;&quot;&gt;Passengers&lt;/span&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:yellow;&quot;&gt;Notes&lt;/span&gt;
|- bgcolor=red
!&lt;abbr title=First&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:yellow;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt;
!&lt;abbr title=Economy&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:yellow;&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt;
!&lt;span style=&quot;color:yellow;&quot;&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|[[Boeing 737 Next Generation#737-800|Boeing 737-800]]
|3
|–
|8  
|156
|164
|
|}

===Former fleet===
Na de airline previously operate de following aircraft (as of August 2018):&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Global Airline Guide 2018 (Part One)|journal=Airliner World|issue=October 2018|page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Boeing 737-300
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
*[https://www.grandchinaair.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Airlines of China]]
[[Category:Airlines dem establish insyd 2007]]
[[Category:Companies based insyd Hainan]]
[[Category:HNA Group]]
[[Category:Chinese companies dem establish insyd 2007]]
[[Category:Chinese brands]]</text>
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    <title>Genre</title>
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'''Genre''' (wey be French word wey mean ‘kind’ or ‘type’)&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:genre|&quot;genre&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2022-09-22.&lt;/ref&gt; na any kind style or way wey people dey use take communicate, whether na writing, talking, digital things, art or anything like that, wey people for society agree say e get rules or pattern wey dem dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Devitt, Amy J. (2015), Heilker, Paul; Vandenberg, Peter (eds.), [http://www.upcolorado.com/utah-state-university-press/item/2711-keywords-in-writing-studies &quot;Genre&quot;], ''Keywords in Writing Studies'', Utah State University Press, pp. 82–87, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.7330/9780874219746.c017|10.7330/9780874219746.c017]], [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-87421-974-6|978-0-87421-974-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201130021352/https://upcolorado.com/utah-state-university-press/item/2711-keywords-in-writing-studies archived] from the original on 2020-11-30, retrieved 2021-02-04&lt;/ref&gt; For everyday life, genre dey show us different categories like book, music, film or art based on style.&lt;ref&gt;Miller, Carolyn R. (1984). &quot;&quot;Genre as Social Action&quot;&quot;. ''Quarterly Journal of Speech''. '''70''' (2): 151–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00335638409383686|10.1080/00335638409383686]].&lt;/ref&gt; Many times, one work fit enter more than one genre because e dey mix or borrow from different ones. One piece of work fit get e own unique style, but genre na like the combination of works wey follow some common rules people sabi. Some genres get strong rules dem no dey break, others dey more free. If you use the correct genre, e go make your message land well (we dey call am media-adequacy).&lt;ref&gt;Giessen, Hans W (2015). &quot;Media-Based Learning Methodology: Stories, Games, and Emotions&quot;. In Ally, Mohamed; Khan, Badrul H. (eds.). International Handbook of E-Learning Volume 2: Implementation and Case Studies. Routledge, 43-54.&lt;/ref&gt;

The matter about genre start long time ago when one Greek philosopher Aristotle come write about am for him book &quot;Poetics&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Aristotle (2000), Butcher, S. H. (ed.), ''[http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/poetics.html Poetics]'', Internet Classics Archive, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141229090601/http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/poetics.html archived] from the original on 2014-12-29, retrieved 2021-04-27&lt;/ref&gt; For ein time, e divide literature into poetry (like odes and epics), prose, and drama, and say each one get the kind content wey fit am. Like say, the kind talk for comedy no fit suit tragedy, and even actors dem no dey cross genre because dem believe say different people sabi act different stories best. Today, we dey call the academic study of genre ‘genre theory’ or ‘genre studies’.

Genre no remain static; e dey change as people and audience dey change.&lt;ref&gt;Todorov, Tzvetan (1976), &quot;&quot;The Origins of Genre&quot;&quot;, ''New Literary History'', '''8''' (1): 159–170, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/468619|10.2307/468619]], [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/468619 468619]&lt;/ref&gt; E be like tool wey help people understand life and express their feelings when things hard or confuse. Because art dey reflect wetin dey happen around us, genre too must learn how to change so e fit talk the new meaning of life.

One scholar from another part of the world, Alireza Kaveh, bring new idea come — e talk say genre no be the same as style, format, medium or tradition, and e divide cinematic works into five categories wey e call Cinematic Taxonomy.

== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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'''Genre''' (wey be French word wey mean ‘kind’ or ‘type’)&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:genre|&quot;genre&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2022-09-22.&lt;/ref&gt; na any kind style or way wey people dey use take communicate, whether na writing, talking, digital things, art or anything like that, wey people for society agree say e get rules or pattern wey dem dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;Devitt, Amy J. (2015), Heilker, Paul; Vandenberg, Peter (eds.), [http://www.upcolorado.com/utah-state-university-press/item/2711-keywords-in-writing-studies &quot;Genre&quot;], ''Keywords in Writing Studies'', Utah State University Press, pp. 82–87, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.7330/9780874219746.c017|10.7330/9780874219746.c017]], [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-87421-974-6|978-0-87421-974-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201130021352/https://upcolorado.com/utah-state-university-press/item/2711-keywords-in-writing-studies archived] from the original on 2020-11-30, retrieved 2021-02-04&lt;/ref&gt; For everyday life, genre dey show us different categories like book, music, film or art based on style.&lt;ref&gt;Miller, Carolyn R. (1984). &quot;&quot;Genre as Social Action&quot;&quot;. ''Quarterly Journal of Speech''. '''70''' (2): 151–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00335638409383686|10.1080/00335638409383686]].&lt;/ref&gt; Many times, one work fit enter more than one genre because e dey mix or borrow from different ones. One piece of work fit get e own unique style, but genre na like the combination of works wey follow some common rules people sabi. Some genres get strong rules dem no dey break, others dey more free. If you use the correct genre, e go make your message land well (we dey call am media-adequacy).&lt;ref&gt;Giessen, Hans W (2015). &quot;Media-Based Learning Methodology: Stories, Games, and Emotions&quot;. In Ally, Mohamed; Khan, Badrul H. (eds.). International Handbook of E-Learning Volume 2: Implementation and Case Studies. Routledge, 43-54.&lt;/ref&gt;

The matter about genre start long time ago when one Greek philosopher Aristotle come write about am for him book &quot;Poetics&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Aristotle (2000), Butcher, S. H. (ed.), ''[http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/poetics.html Poetics]'', Internet Classics Archive, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141229090601/http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/poetics.html archived] from the original on 2014-12-29, retrieved 2021-04-27&lt;/ref&gt; For ein time, e divide literature into poetry (like odes and epics), prose, and drama, and say each one get the kind content wey fit am. Like say, the kind talk for comedy no fit suit tragedy, and even actors dem no dey cross genre because dem believe say different people sabi act different stories best. Today, we dey call the academic study of genre ‘genre theory’ or ‘genre studies’.

Genre no remain static; e dey change as people and audience dey change.&lt;ref&gt;Todorov, Tzvetan (1976), &quot;&quot;The Origins of Genre&quot;&quot;, ''New Literary History'', '''8''' (1): 159–170, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/468619|10.2307/468619]], [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/468619 468619]&lt;/ref&gt; E be like tool wey help people understand life and express their feelings when things hard or confuse. Because art dey reflect wetin dey happen around us, genre too must learn how to change so e fit talk the new meaning of life.

One scholar from another part of the world, Alireza Kaveh, bring new idea come — e talk say genre no be the same as style, format, medium or tradition, and e divide cinematic works into five categories wey e call Cinematic Taxonomy.

== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
==External links==
{{sister project links||d=Q483394|c=Category:MzGee|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=genre|species=no}}
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=no
|about=yes
|label=Genre }}
* [https://www.imdb.com/Sections/Genres/ Genres of film] at the Internet Movie Database
* [https://www.ericdigests.org/1994/genres.htm Helping Children Understand Literary Genres] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211016162540/https://www.ericdigests.org/1994/genres.htm Archived] 2021-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
* [https://rhetorica.net/genre.htm Rhetorica Genre] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210224051324/https://rhetorica.net/genre.htm Archived] 2021-02-24 at the Wayback Machine
* [https://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=genre Museum of Broadcast Communications] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514064018/http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=genre Archived] 2013-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
* [https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/genre Dictionary.com]

[[Category:Genres| ]]
[[Category:Narratology]]
[[Category:Theme]]</text>
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    <title>Bai Bureh</title>
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'''Bai Bureh''' (February 15, 1840 – August 24, 1908) na he be a Sierra Leonean ruler, military strategist, den Muslim cleric, wey lead de Temne den Loko uprising against British rule insyd 1898 insyd Northern Sierra Leone.

== Early life den rule pre-rebellion ==
Na dem born Bai Bureh insyd 1840 insyd Kasseh, a village near Port Loko insyd Northern Sierra Leone. Na Bai Bureh ein poppie be Muslim cleric den an important Loko chief wey na ein mommie be a Temne trader wey komot Makeni.

Wen na Bureh be a young man ein poppie send am to de small village of Gbendembu insyd northern Sierra Leone, wer na dem train am make he cam be a warrior. During ein training at de village, na he show say he be a formidable warrior wey na dem give am de nickie of Kebalai, wich dey translate as &quot;one who doesn’t tire of war.&quot; Wen na Kebalai return to ein home village, na dem crown am ruler of Kasseh.&lt;ref name=&quot;sierra-leone&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bai Bureh|url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/heroes5.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107114610/http://www.sierra-leone.org/heroes5.html|archive-date=2007-01-07|access-date=2007-01-17|publisher=sierra-leone.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de 1860s den 1870s, na Bureh cam be de top warrior of Port Loko den de entire Northern Sierra Leone. Na he successfully fight den win wars against oda villagers den tribal leaders wey na dem be against ein plan make he establish correct Islamic den indigenous practices thru out Northern Sierra Leone. Insyd 1882, na Bureh fight against de Susu people wey komot French Guinea (now [[Guinea]]) wey na dem invade Kambia, a town insyd northern Sierra Leone. Na Bai Bureh ein fighters defeat de Susu, wey na dem push dem back into French Guinea wey na dem return de land to de local Kambia people. After he win chaw major wars, ein popularity spread. Na de people of de north feel dem find a warrior wey go defend dema land. Insyd 1886, na dem crown Bai Bureh as de chief of Northern Sierra Leone.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
*[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050419125213/http://www.zmag.org/CrisesCurEvts/sierra_leone.htm Sierra Leone &amp; the New Labour Militism] at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2005-04-19)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061015063009/http://www.statehouse-sl.org/bai-bur-mar29.html President Kabbah Previews &quot;Bai Bureh Goes to War&quot; at the Wayback Machine (archived 2006-10-15)]

{{Authority control}}</text>
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'''Bai Bureh''' (February 15, 1840 – August 24, 1908) na he be a Sierra Leonean ruler, military strategist, den Muslim cleric, wey lead de Temne den Loko uprising against British rule insyd 1898 insyd Northern Sierra Leone.

== Early life den rule pre-rebellion ==
Na dem born Bai Bureh insyd 1840 insyd Kasseh, a village near Port Loko insyd Northern Sierra Leone. Na Bai Bureh ein poppie be Muslim cleric den an important Loko chief wey na ein mommie be a Temne trader wey komot Makeni.

Wen na Bureh be a young man ein poppie send am to de small village of Gbendembu insyd northern Sierra Leone, wer na dem train am make he cam be a warrior. During ein training at de village, na he show say he be a formidable warrior wey na dem give am de nickie of Kebalai, wich dey translate as &quot;one who doesn’t tire of war.&quot; Wen na Kebalai return to ein home village, na dem crown am ruler of Kasseh.&lt;ref name=&quot;sierra-leone&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bai Bureh|url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/heroes5.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107114610/http://www.sierra-leone.org/heroes5.html|archive-date=2007-01-07|access-date=2007-01-17|publisher=sierra-leone.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de 1860s den 1870s, na Bureh cam be de top warrior of Port Loko den de entire Northern Sierra Leone. Na he successfully fight den win wars against oda villagers den tribal leaders wey na dem be against ein plan make he establish correct Islamic den indigenous practices thru out Northern Sierra Leone. Insyd 1882, na Bureh fight against de Susu people wey komot French Guinea (now [[Guinea]]) wey na dem invade Kambia, a town insyd northern Sierra Leone. Na Bai Bureh ein fighters defeat de Susu, wey na dem push dem back into French Guinea wey na dem return de land to de local Kambia people. After he win chaw major wars, ein popularity spread. Na de people of de north feel dem find a warrior wey go defend dema land. Insyd 1886, na dem crown Bai Bureh as de chief of Northern Sierra Leone.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
*[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050419125213/http://www.zmag.org/CrisesCurEvts/sierra_leone.htm Sierra Leone &amp; the New Labour Militism] at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2005-04-19)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061015063009/http://www.statehouse-sl.org/bai-bur-mar29.html President Kabbah Previews &quot;Bai Bureh Goes to War&quot; at the Wayback Machine (archived 2006-10-15)]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bureh, Bai}}
[[Category:1840 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Sierra Leonean people]]
[[Category:Hut Tax War of 1898]]
[[Category:People wey komot Port Loko District]]
[[Category:Tax resisters]]
[[Category:Temne people]]
[[Category:Sierra Leonean Muslims]]
[[Category:Sierra Leonean nobility]]
[[Category:Sierra Leonean royalty]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hubert Harrison</title>
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      <text bytes="12119" sha1="10lzvlt4illc0etrlzgtpv2peoywp94" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.</text>
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      <text bytes="12231" sha1="a1q68k7634hby7bcd6jhmvef28ghjnt" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
Harrison no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.</text>
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      <id>67388</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-30T21:26:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KUUBO EMMANUEL</username>
        <id>3221</id>
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      <text bytes="12493" sha1="7fj5v7p4vir8o53rlcb3brow5kl1pp1" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.</text>
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      <text bytes="12581" sha1="a3i2nj3eydqak1j0jjkyv91pgd29fsg" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.</text>
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      <text bytes="12911" sha1="8ebsppohra6og1un0itdjgtehbqp3xr" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry religion for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot;</text>
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      <id>67392</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-30T21:30:28Z</timestamp>
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        <id>3221</id>
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      <text bytes="12928" sha1="ie8fnoldwini4w637qjhlrpf6cpxq6b" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot;</text>
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        <id>3221</id>
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      <text bytes="13137" sha1="k5dldstka0339w8rbi1cav2yvj2vft9" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for America join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;</text>
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      <text bytes="13187" sha1="aci5fp66d9zkfad5yftfrx767egym55" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;</text>
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      <text bytes="13270" sha1="8u9xihz3p8ghkgdxvipv4hgyhwry9v8" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===</text>
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      <text bytes="13534" sha1="r6go6spdkojchajr21n14ncop700qu8" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like W.E.B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter early. After one case wey dem call the Brownsville Affair, Harrison no gree for Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft, and e begin lash the Republican Party too.</text>
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      <text bytes="13793" sha1="n3ljvgqt21t7va8jagmgx18ucni9r6s" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and William Monroe Trotter early. After one case wey dem call the Brownsville Affair, Harrison no gree for Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft, and e begin lash the Republican Party too.</text>
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      <text bytes="14060" sha1="gtyx34g6eg8zvwc4t3uu8j66oksqrum" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the Brownsville Affair, Harrison no gree for Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft, and e begin lash the Republican Party too.</text>
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      <text bytes="14087" sha1="0x80onl2dvfhlie77tpmf5mlkcsuhhv" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft, and e begin lash the Republican Party too.</text>
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      <text bytes="14377" sha1="0uvg8nvyjvxqjz4asmzddgp33v2f2p4" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too.</text>
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      <text bytes="14887" sha1="9lpa82ha4hglwvz2tf5upe8y7luaqnd" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, Washington own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and Harrison lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be Charles W. Anderson (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).</text>
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      <text bytes="15142" sha1="mov74rh8878toskxx3yqekg58gmv4k2" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and Harrison lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be Charles W. Anderson (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).</text>
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      <text bytes="15320" sha1="or3xmye6nziu8dvue5rh5brrpo2dhao" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and Harrison lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).</text>
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      <text bytes="15613" sha1="733beep5so68wrbtxh9ninstk2sfhya" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).</text>
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      <text bytes="15643" sha1="jb7ziht9rzmhbnywa0qzepg7op9mmie" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==</text>
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      <text bytes="16570" sha1="p7wj8pko80ute42ife8078kvpsnsx8y" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call Georgism, but later he realize say Georgism and socialism no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join Socialist Party full-time. Harrison be the top Black Socialist for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support Socialist candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International Socialist Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say Socialists suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen — one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;</text>
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      <text bytes="16823" sha1="h99fhvasqacpe85h2vxvsthqmyh0uuf" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say Georgism and socialism no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join Socialist Party full-time. Harrison be the top Black Socialist for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support Socialist candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International Socialist Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say Socialists suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen — one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;</text>
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      <text bytes="17076" sha1="de65z5hi4an78up6dy07n6flpomihb9" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and socialism no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join Socialist Party full-time. Harrison be the top Black Socialist for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support Socialist candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International Socialist Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say Socialists suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen — one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;</text>
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      <text bytes="17319" sha1="2m86vzqnuuwhioagwrph6p7364xbxb4" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join Socialist Party full-time. Harrison be the top Black Socialist for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support Socialist candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International Socialist Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say Socialists suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen — one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;</text>
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      <text bytes="17353" sha1="9q9k6c1onk19x5qdeuos7zunsmto3oc" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black Socialist for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support Socialist candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International Socialist Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say Socialists suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen — one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;</text>
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      <text bytes="17387" sha1="ip2uf5xyfeo11bc54jlwvt1ssx8gauw" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support Socialist candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International Socialist Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say Socialists suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen — one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;</text>
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      <text bytes="17489" sha1="neozr7hpo4dsd05yjeope1rm7nlo2as" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen — one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;</text>
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      <text bytes="18262" sha1="i3i45umc385jln45xb80lt0if3gnbe9" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen — one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
Harrison move go the left side of Socialism. He like Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) — the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with IWW big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support IWW their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside — dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make Harrison talk again.

Harrison come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; — dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-30T22:05:17Z</timestamp>
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        <username>KUUBO EMMANUEL</username>
        <id>3221</id>
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      <text bytes="18913" sha1="aqu1rljkwbis08wa0xi2ivossw3mvji" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen — one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) — the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with IWW big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support IWW their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside — dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; — dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.</text>
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      <text bytes="19741" sha1="hk6bbcrmiti2xy3flha2coak9lzrd7n" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen — one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) — the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside — dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; — dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.</text>
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      <text bytes="19734" sha1="f03oegwik1huocfqpyziv5ataelaei4" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen , one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) ,  the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside , dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; , dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.</text>
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      <text bytes="24226" sha1="4m6tl3t33ponhizk3anr3ovjp554b8s" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen , one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) ,  the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside , dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; , dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.

Race Radicalism and the New Negro Movement

1914–15 after Harrison comot from Socialist Party, he begin work with free-thinkers, people wey no dey follow church matter, and he join the Modern School Movement (wey one Spanish man, Francisco Ferrer, wey dem kill, start). He also start him own group wey dem dey call Radical Forum.

Harrison talk about many things — like birth control, evolution, books, people wey no believe God, and how race dey play role for World War I. The way he dey talk for outside (street corner lectures) help create the style wey Harlem people later follow. People like A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Moore, and later Malcolm X follow the path wey Harrison clear.

For 1915–16, after newspaper man James Weldon Johnson praise Harrison street lectures, Harrison decide say e go focus on Black people for Harlem. He begin write review about Black theatre, especially the Lafayette Players for Harlem. He show how Black theatre help Black people express demself and see say skin color matter for dem life.

As labor movement and Socialists dey put white people matter first, Harrison bring the idea of “race first”. He start the New Negro Movement, wey be radical mass movement wey want equality, justice, opportunity and economic power for Black people. That movement later help give foundation for Garvey movement, and even inspire Alain Locke him The New Negro book wey come 8 years after.

Liberty League and The Voice

1917, while America dey fight World War I, dem dey tell Black people say make dem fight for democracy, but dem still dey lynch and discriminate Black people for US. Harrison start Liberty League and one newspaper wey he call The Voice: A Newspaper for the New Negro. This one be alternative to NAACP.

The League fight for full equality, anti-lynching law, Black people political and economic rights, labor unions, support for socialist and anti-imperialist fight, and armed self-defense. The Voice paper reach 10,000 copies per issue but stop after 5 months, because Harrison no gree take advert from people wey dey sell things like hair straightener or skin bleach. And the paper no manage money well.

Later Political Work

1918 Harrison work small with American Federation of Labor (AFL). He help lead Negro-American Liberty Congress with William Monroe Trotter. The Congress submit paper give US Congress say make dem pass anti-lynching law. Harrison talk say this war na excuse wey imperialists dey use to cover dem own bad plan.

The army and people for power like Du Bois and Joel Spingarn work to scatter the Liberty Congress. But Harrison him work be the start of things like the March on Washington later.

1919, Harrison edit New Negro magazine wey focus on Black people and other people of color worldwide. He write plenty about international issues — how imperialism dey do, how people for India, China, Africa, Caribbean dey fight. Harrison like Gandhi non-violent fight, but he believe say Black people for America get right to defend demself.

Garvey Movement and After

1920 Harrison become editor for Negro World — Garvey own newspaper. E make the paper serious for Black pride, politics, and literature. But he begin criticize Garvey for over-talk, money matter, and wanting to create empire. Harrison say Black people fight dey America, no be Africa.

Later, Harrison break from Garvey, but still write for Negro World small before 1922. After that, he look for new political way.

Final Years and Death

1920s, Harrison still dey give public talk, write and organize. He talk for radio, write book reviews, and talk about Ku Klux Klan and Tulsa massacre. He join groups like:

Virgin Island Congressional Council

Democratic Party

Farmer-Labor Party

Single tax movement

Urban League

Communist Party

1924, Harrison start International Colored Unity League (ICUL). He want Black people unite, get self-reliance, economic power, and build Negro state for US (no be Africa like Garvey talk).

1927, he edit ICUL paper Voice of the Negro. Before he die, he tell people say he get appendicitis and go do surgery — but he die for operating table at 44 years old.

Harrison’s Legacy

Harrison no depend on rich white people or small group of educated Black people. He reach the Black masses direct — through newspaper, street talk, and lectures. After he die, people forget him small, but now dem dey study him life again. Columbia University dey work to publish him papers and biography.</text>
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      <text bytes="24231" sha1="6m70rrljjtkhmqxh7og3zfc2ritv2gd" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen , one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) ,  the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside , dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; , dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.

== Race Radicalism and the New Negro Movement ==
1914–15 after Harrison comot from Socialist Party, he begin work with free-thinkers, people wey no dey follow church matter, and he join the Modern School Movement (wey one Spanish man, Francisco Ferrer, wey dem kill, start). He also start him own group wey dem dey call Radical Forum.

Harrison talk about many things — like birth control, evolution, books, people wey no believe God, and how race dey play role for World War I. The way he dey talk for outside (street corner lectures) help create the style wey Harlem people later follow. People like A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Moore, and later Malcolm X follow the path wey Harrison clear.

For 1915–16, after newspaper man James Weldon Johnson praise Harrison street lectures, Harrison decide say e go focus on Black people for Harlem. He begin write review about Black theatre, especially the Lafayette Players for Harlem. He show how Black theatre help Black people express demself and see say skin color matter for dem life.

As labor movement and Socialists dey put white people matter first, Harrison bring the idea of “race first”. He start the New Negro Movement, wey be radical mass movement wey want equality, justice, opportunity and economic power for Black people. That movement later help give foundation for Garvey movement, and even inspire Alain Locke him The New Negro book wey come 8 years after.

Liberty League and The Voice

1917, while America dey fight World War I, dem dey tell Black people say make dem fight for democracy, but dem still dey lynch and discriminate Black people for US. Harrison start Liberty League and one newspaper wey he call The Voice: A Newspaper for the New Negro. This one be alternative to NAACP.

The League fight for full equality, anti-lynching law, Black people political and economic rights, labor unions, support for socialist and anti-imperialist fight, and armed self-defense. The Voice paper reach 10,000 copies per issue but stop after 5 months, because Harrison no gree take advert from people wey dey sell things like hair straightener or skin bleach. And the paper no manage money well.

Later Political Work

1918 Harrison work small with American Federation of Labor (AFL). He help lead Negro-American Liberty Congress with William Monroe Trotter. The Congress submit paper give US Congress say make dem pass anti-lynching law. Harrison talk say this war na excuse wey imperialists dey use to cover dem own bad plan.

The army and people for power like Du Bois and Joel Spingarn work to scatter the Liberty Congress. But Harrison him work be the start of things like the March on Washington later.

1919, Harrison edit New Negro magazine wey focus on Black people and other people of color worldwide. He write plenty about international issues — how imperialism dey do, how people for India, China, Africa, Caribbean dey fight. Harrison like Gandhi non-violent fight, but he believe say Black people for America get right to defend demself.

Garvey Movement and After

1920 Harrison become editor for Negro World — Garvey own newspaper. E make the paper serious for Black pride, politics, and literature. But he begin criticize Garvey for over-talk, money matter, and wanting to create empire. Harrison say Black people fight dey America, no be Africa.

Later, Harrison break from Garvey, but still write for Negro World small before 1922. After that, he look for new political way.

Final Years and Death

1920s, Harrison still dey give public talk, write and organize. He talk for radio, write book reviews, and talk about Ku Klux Klan and Tulsa massacre. He join groups like:

Virgin Island Congressional Council

Democratic Party

Farmer-Labor Party

Single tax movement

Urban League

Communist Party

1924, Harrison start International Colored Unity League (ICUL). He want Black people unite, get self-reliance, economic power, and build Negro state for US (no be Africa like Garvey talk).

1927, he edit ICUL paper Voice of the Negro. Before he die, he tell people say he get appendicitis and go do surgery — but he die for operating table at 44 years old.

Harrison’s Legacy

Harrison no depend on rich white people or small group of educated Black people. He reach the Black masses direct — through newspaper, street talk, and lectures. After he die, people forget him small, but now dem dey study him life again. Columbia University dey work to publish him papers and biography.</text>
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      <text bytes="24236" sha1="ly7ceehi3y4raeyco5x6c83nafmlk9s" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen , one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) ,  the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside , dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; , dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.

== Race Radicalism and the New Negro Movement ==
1914–15 after Harrison comot from Socialist Party, he begin work with free-thinkers, people wey no dey follow church matter, and he join the Modern School Movement (wey one Spanish man, Francisco Ferrer, wey dem kill, start). He also start him own group wey dem dey call Radical Forum.

Harrison talk about many things — like birth control, evolution, books, people wey no believe God, and how race dey play role for World War I. The way he dey talk for outside (street corner lectures) help create the style wey Harlem people later follow. People like A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Moore, and later Malcolm X follow the path wey Harrison clear.

For 1915–16, after newspaper man James Weldon Johnson praise Harrison street lectures, Harrison decide say e go focus on Black people for Harlem. He begin write review about Black theatre, especially the Lafayette Players for Harlem. He show how Black theatre help Black people express demself and see say skin color matter for dem life.

As labor movement and Socialists dey put white people matter first, Harrison bring the idea of “race first”. He start the New Negro Movement, wey be radical mass movement wey want equality, justice, opportunity and economic power for Black people. That movement later help give foundation for Garvey movement, and even inspire Alain Locke him The New Negro book wey come 8 years after.

== Liberty League and The Voice ==
1917, while America dey fight World War I, dem dey tell Black people say make dem fight for democracy, but dem still dey lynch and discriminate Black people for US. Harrison start Liberty League and one newspaper wey he call The Voice: A Newspaper for the New Negro. This one be alternative to NAACP.

The League fight for full equality, anti-lynching law, Black people political and economic rights, labor unions, support for socialist and anti-imperialist fight, and armed self-defense. The Voice paper reach 10,000 copies per issue but stop after 5 months, because Harrison no gree take advert from people wey dey sell things like hair straightener or skin bleach. And the paper no manage money well.

Later Political Work

1918 Harrison work small with American Federation of Labor (AFL). He help lead Negro-American Liberty Congress with William Monroe Trotter. The Congress submit paper give US Congress say make dem pass anti-lynching law. Harrison talk say this war na excuse wey imperialists dey use to cover dem own bad plan.

The army and people for power like Du Bois and Joel Spingarn work to scatter the Liberty Congress. But Harrison him work be the start of things like the March on Washington later.

1919, Harrison edit New Negro magazine wey focus on Black people and other people of color worldwide. He write plenty about international issues — how imperialism dey do, how people for India, China, Africa, Caribbean dey fight. Harrison like Gandhi non-violent fight, but he believe say Black people for America get right to defend demself.

Garvey Movement and After

1920 Harrison become editor for Negro World — Garvey own newspaper. E make the paper serious for Black pride, politics, and literature. But he begin criticize Garvey for over-talk, money matter, and wanting to create empire. Harrison say Black people fight dey America, no be Africa.

Later, Harrison break from Garvey, but still write for Negro World small before 1922. After that, he look for new political way.

Final Years and Death

1920s, Harrison still dey give public talk, write and organize. He talk for radio, write book reviews, and talk about Ku Klux Klan and Tulsa massacre. He join groups like:

Virgin Island Congressional Council

Democratic Party

Farmer-Labor Party

Single tax movement

Urban League

Communist Party

1924, Harrison start International Colored Unity League (ICUL). He want Black people unite, get self-reliance, economic power, and build Negro state for US (no be Africa like Garvey talk).

1927, he edit ICUL paper Voice of the Negro. Before he die, he tell people say he get appendicitis and go do surgery — but he die for operating table at 44 years old.

Harrison’s Legacy

Harrison no depend on rich white people or small group of educated Black people. He reach the Black masses direct — through newspaper, street talk, and lectures. After he die, people forget him small, but now dem dey study him life again. Columbia University dey work to publish him papers and biography.</text>
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      <text bytes="24241" sha1="8lmoravskrr94cv5rjdh3b2nynk6lny" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen , one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) ,  the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside , dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; , dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.

== Race Radicalism and the New Negro Movement ==
1914–15 after Harrison comot from Socialist Party, he begin work with free-thinkers, people wey no dey follow church matter, and he join the Modern School Movement (wey one Spanish man, Francisco Ferrer, wey dem kill, start). He also start him own group wey dem dey call Radical Forum.

Harrison talk about many things — like birth control, evolution, books, people wey no believe God, and how race dey play role for World War I. The way he dey talk for outside (street corner lectures) help create the style wey Harlem people later follow. People like A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Moore, and later Malcolm X follow the path wey Harrison clear.

For 1915–16, after newspaper man James Weldon Johnson praise Harrison street lectures, Harrison decide say e go focus on Black people for Harlem. He begin write review about Black theatre, especially the Lafayette Players for Harlem. He show how Black theatre help Black people express demself and see say skin color matter for dem life.

As labor movement and Socialists dey put white people matter first, Harrison bring the idea of “race first”. He start the New Negro Movement, wey be radical mass movement wey want equality, justice, opportunity and economic power for Black people. That movement later help give foundation for Garvey movement, and even inspire Alain Locke him The New Negro book wey come 8 years after.

== Liberty League and The Voice ==
1917, while America dey fight World War I, dem dey tell Black people say make dem fight for democracy, but dem still dey lynch and discriminate Black people for US. Harrison start Liberty League and one newspaper wey he call The Voice: A Newspaper for the New Negro. This one be alternative to NAACP.

The League fight for full equality, anti-lynching law, Black people political and economic rights, labor unions, support for socialist and anti-imperialist fight, and armed self-defense. The Voice paper reach 10,000 copies per issue but stop after 5 months, because Harrison no gree take advert from people wey dey sell things like hair straightener or skin bleach. And the paper no manage money well.

== Later Political Work ==
1918 Harrison work small with American Federation of Labor (AFL). He help lead Negro-American Liberty Congress with William Monroe Trotter. The Congress submit paper give US Congress say make dem pass anti-lynching law. Harrison talk say this war na excuse wey imperialists dey use to cover dem own bad plan.

The army and people for power like Du Bois and Joel Spingarn work to scatter the Liberty Congress. But Harrison him work be the start of things like the March on Washington later.

1919, Harrison edit New Negro magazine wey focus on Black people and other people of color worldwide. He write plenty about international issues — how imperialism dey do, how people for India, China, Africa, Caribbean dey fight. Harrison like Gandhi non-violent fight, but he believe say Black people for America get right to defend demself.

Garvey Movement and After

1920 Harrison become editor for Negro World — Garvey own newspaper. E make the paper serious for Black pride, politics, and literature. But he begin criticize Garvey for over-talk, money matter, and wanting to create empire. Harrison say Black people fight dey America, no be Africa.

Later, Harrison break from Garvey, but still write for Negro World small before 1922. After that, he look for new political way.

Final Years and Death

1920s, Harrison still dey give public talk, write and organize. He talk for radio, write book reviews, and talk about Ku Klux Klan and Tulsa massacre. He join groups like:

Virgin Island Congressional Council

Democratic Party

Farmer-Labor Party

Single tax movement

Urban League

Communist Party

1924, Harrison start International Colored Unity League (ICUL). He want Black people unite, get self-reliance, economic power, and build Negro state for US (no be Africa like Garvey talk).

1927, he edit ICUL paper Voice of the Negro. Before he die, he tell people say he get appendicitis and go do surgery — but he die for operating table at 44 years old.

Harrison’s Legacy

Harrison no depend on rich white people or small group of educated Black people. He reach the Black masses direct — through newspaper, street talk, and lectures. After he die, people forget him small, but now dem dey study him life again. Columbia University dey work to publish him papers and biography.</text>
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      <text bytes="24246" sha1="rh205k95ua9sf841ggxdfvbu8yn1c8r" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen , one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) ,  the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside , dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; , dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.

== Race Radicalism and the New Negro Movement ==
1914–15 after Harrison comot from Socialist Party, he begin work with free-thinkers, people wey no dey follow church matter, and he join the Modern School Movement (wey one Spanish man, Francisco Ferrer, wey dem kill, start). He also start him own group wey dem dey call Radical Forum.

Harrison talk about many things — like birth control, evolution, books, people wey no believe God, and how race dey play role for World War I. The way he dey talk for outside (street corner lectures) help create the style wey Harlem people later follow. People like A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Moore, and later Malcolm X follow the path wey Harrison clear.

For 1915–16, after newspaper man James Weldon Johnson praise Harrison street lectures, Harrison decide say e go focus on Black people for Harlem. He begin write review about Black theatre, especially the Lafayette Players for Harlem. He show how Black theatre help Black people express demself and see say skin color matter for dem life.

As labor movement and Socialists dey put white people matter first, Harrison bring the idea of “race first”. He start the New Negro Movement, wey be radical mass movement wey want equality, justice, opportunity and economic power for Black people. That movement later help give foundation for Garvey movement, and even inspire Alain Locke him The New Negro book wey come 8 years after.

== Liberty League and The Voice ==
1917, while America dey fight World War I, dem dey tell Black people say make dem fight for democracy, but dem still dey lynch and discriminate Black people for US. Harrison start Liberty League and one newspaper wey he call The Voice: A Newspaper for the New Negro. This one be alternative to NAACP.

The League fight for full equality, anti-lynching law, Black people political and economic rights, labor unions, support for socialist and anti-imperialist fight, and armed self-defense. The Voice paper reach 10,000 copies per issue but stop after 5 months, because Harrison no gree take advert from people wey dey sell things like hair straightener or skin bleach. And the paper no manage money well.

== Later Political Work ==
1918 Harrison work small with American Federation of Labor (AFL). He help lead Negro-American Liberty Congress with William Monroe Trotter. The Congress submit paper give US Congress say make dem pass anti-lynching law. Harrison talk say this war na excuse wey imperialists dey use to cover dem own bad plan.

The army and people for power like Du Bois and Joel Spingarn work to scatter the Liberty Congress. But Harrison him work be the start of things like the March on Washington later.

1919, Harrison edit New Negro magazine wey focus on Black people and other people of color worldwide. He write plenty about international issues — how imperialism dey do, how people for India, China, Africa, Caribbean dey fight. Harrison like Gandhi non-violent fight, but he believe say Black people for America get right to defend demself.

== Garvey Movement and After ==
1920 Harrison become editor for Negro World — Garvey own newspaper. E make the paper serious for Black pride, politics, and literature. But he begin criticize Garvey for over-talk, money matter, and wanting to create empire. Harrison say Black people fight dey America, no be Africa.

Later, Harrison break from Garvey, but still write for Negro World small before 1922. After that, he look for new political way.

Final Years and Death

1920s, Harrison still dey give public talk, write and organize. He talk for radio, write book reviews, and talk about Ku Klux Klan and Tulsa massacre. He join groups like:

Virgin Island Congressional Council

Democratic Party

Farmer-Labor Party

Single tax movement

Urban League

Communist Party

1924, Harrison start International Colored Unity League (ICUL). He want Black people unite, get self-reliance, economic power, and build Negro state for US (no be Africa like Garvey talk).

1927, he edit ICUL paper Voice of the Negro. Before he die, he tell people say he get appendicitis and go do surgery — but he die for operating table at 44 years old.

Harrison’s Legacy

Harrison no depend on rich white people or small group of educated Black people. He reach the Black masses direct — through newspaper, street talk, and lectures. After he die, people forget him small, but now dem dey study him life again. Columbia University dey work to publish him papers and biography.</text>
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      <text bytes="24253" sha1="tv648r5ip3junqxc8cr0sbcqmzfqr78" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen , one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) ,  the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside , dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; , dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.

== Race Radicalism and the New Negro Movement ==
1914–15 after Harrison comot from Socialist Party, he begin work with free-thinkers, people wey no dey follow church matter, and he join the Modern School Movement (wey one Spanish man, Francisco Ferrer, wey dem kill, start). He also start him own group wey dem dey call Radical Forum.

Harrison talk about many things — like birth control, evolution, books, people wey no believe God, and how race dey play role for World War I. The way he dey talk for outside (street corner lectures) help create the style wey Harlem people later follow. People like A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Moore, and later Malcolm X follow the path wey Harrison clear.

For 1915–16, after newspaper man James Weldon Johnson praise Harrison street lectures, Harrison decide say e go focus on Black people for Harlem. He begin write review about Black theatre, especially the Lafayette Players for Harlem. He show how Black theatre help Black people express demself and see say skin color matter for dem life.

As labor movement and Socialists dey put white people matter first, Harrison bring the idea of “race first”. He start the New Negro Movement, wey be radical mass movement wey want equality, justice, opportunity and economic power for Black people. That movement later help give foundation for Garvey movement, and even inspire Alain Locke him The New Negro book wey come 8 years after.

== Liberty League and The Voice ==
1917, while America dey fight World War I, dem dey tell Black people say make dem fight for democracy, but dem still dey lynch and discriminate Black people for US. Harrison start Liberty League and one newspaper wey he call The Voice: A Newspaper for the New Negro. This one be alternative to NAACP.

The League fight for full equality, anti-lynching law, Black people political and economic rights, labor unions, support for socialist and anti-imperialist fight, and armed self-defense. The Voice paper reach 10,000 copies per issue but stop after 5 months, because Harrison no gree take advert from people wey dey sell things like hair straightener or skin bleach. And the paper no manage money well.

== Later Political Work ==
1918 Harrison work small with American Federation of Labor (AFL). He help lead Negro-American Liberty Congress with William Monroe Trotter. The Congress submit paper give US Congress say make dem pass anti-lynching law. Harrison talk say this war na excuse wey imperialists dey use to cover dem own bad plan.

The army and people for power like Du Bois and Joel Spingarn work to scatter the Liberty Congress. But Harrison him work be the start of things like the March on Washington later.

1919, Harrison edit New Negro magazine wey focus on Black people and other people of color worldwide. He write plenty about international issues — how imperialism dey do, how people for India, China, Africa, Caribbean dey fight. Harrison like Gandhi non-violent fight, but he believe say Black people for America get right to defend demself.

== Garvey Movement and After ==
1920 Harrison become editor for Negro World — Garvey own newspaper. E make the paper serious for Black pride, politics, and literature. But he begin criticize Garvey for over-talk, money matter, and wanting to create empire. Harrison say Black people fight dey America, no be Africa.

Later, Harrison break from Garvey, but still write for Negro World small before 1922. After that, he look for new political way.

=== Final Years and Death ===
1920s, Harrison still dey give public talk, write and organize. He talk for radio, write book reviews, and talk about Ku Klux Klan and Tulsa massacre. He join groups like:

Virgin Island Congressional Council

Democratic Party

Farmer-Labor Party

Single tax movement

Urban League

Communist Party

1924, Harrison start International Colored Unity League (ICUL). He want Black people unite, get self-reliance, economic power, and build Negro state for US (no be Africa like Garvey talk).

1927, he edit ICUL paper Voice of the Negro. Before he die, he tell people say he get appendicitis and go do surgery — but he die for operating table at 44 years old.

Harrison’s Legacy

Harrison no depend on rich white people or small group of educated Black people. He reach the Black masses direct — through newspaper, street talk, and lectures. After he die, people forget him small, but now dem dey study him life again. Columbia University dey work to publish him papers and biography.</text>
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      <text bytes="24252" sha1="6zz5wes0131oadz28g75dj22sp27iki" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen , one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) ,  the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside , dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; , dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.

== Race Radicalism and the New Negro Movement ==
1914–15 after Harrison comot from Socialist Party, he begin work with free-thinkers, people wey no dey follow church matter, and he join the Modern School Movement (wey one Spanish man, Francisco Ferrer, wey dem kill, start). He also start him own group wey dem dey call Radical Forum.

Harrison talk about many things — like birth control, evolution, books, people wey no believe God, and how race dey play role for World War I. The way he dey talk for outside (street corner lectures) help create the style wey Harlem people later follow. People like A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Moore, and later Malcolm X follow the path wey Harrison clear.

For 1915–16, after newspaper man James Weldon Johnson praise Harrison street lectures, Harrison decide say e go focus on Black people for Harlem. He begin write review about Black theatre, especially the Lafayette Players for Harlem. He show how Black theatre help Black people express demself and see say skin color matter for dem life.

As labor movement and Socialists dey put white people matter first, Harrison bring the idea of “race first”. He start the New Negro Movement, wey be radical mass movement wey want equality, justice, opportunity and economic power for Black people. That movement later help give foundation for Garvey movement, and even inspire Alain Locke him The New Negro book wey come 8 years after.

== Liberty League and The Voice ==
1917, while America dey fight World War I, dem dey tell Black people say make dem fight for democracy, but dem still dey lynch and discriminate Black people for US. Harrison start Liberty League and one newspaper wey he call The Voice: A Newspaper for the New Negro. This one be alternative to NAACP.

The League fight for full equality, anti-lynching law, Black people political and economic rights, labor unions, support for socialist and anti-imperialist fight, and armed self-defense. The Voice paper reach 10,000 copies per issue but stop after 5 months, because Harrison no gree take advert from people wey dey sell things like hair straightener or skin bleach. And the paper no manage money well.

== Later Political Work ==
1918 Harrison work small with American Federation of Labor (AFL). He help lead Negro-American Liberty Congress with William Monroe Trotter. The Congress submit paper give US Congress say make dem pass anti-lynching law. Harrison talk say this war na excuse wey imperialists dey use to cover dem own bad plan.

The army and people for power like Du Bois and Joel Spingarn work to scatter the Liberty Congress. But Harrison him work be the start of things like the March on Washington later.

1919, Harrison edit New Negro magazine wey focus on Black people and other people of color worldwide. He write plenty about international issues — how imperialism dey do, how people for India, China, Africa, Caribbean dey fight. Harrison like Gandhi non-violent fight, but he believe say Black people for America get right to defend demself.

== Garvey Movement and After ==
1920 Harrison become editor for Negro World — Garvey own newspaper. E make the paper serious for Black pride, politics, and literature. But he begin criticize Garvey for over-talk, money matter, and wanting to create empire. Harrison say Black people fight dey America, no be Africa.

Later, Harrison break from Garvey, but still write for Negro World small before 1922. After that, he look for new political way.

=== Final Years and Death ===
1920s, Harrison still dey give public talk, write and organize. He talk for radio, write book reviews, and talk about Ku Klux Klan and Tulsa massacre. He join groups like: Virgin Island Congressional Council , Democratic Party Farmer-Labor Party, Single tax movement, Urban League, Communist Party

1924, Harrison start International Colored Unity League (ICUL). He want Black people unite, get self-reliance, economic power, and build Negro state for US (no be Africa like Garvey talk).

1927, he edit ICUL paper Voice of the Negro. Before he die, he tell people say he get appendicitis and go do surgery — but he die for operating table at 44 years old.

Harrison’s Legacy

Harrison no depend on rich white people or small group of educated Black people. He reach the Black masses direct — through newspaper, street talk, and lectures. After he die, people forget him small, but now dem dey study him life again. Columbia University dey work to publish him papers and biography.</text>
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      <text bytes="30568" sha1="dwb2p9rr8ai2lr5zkfh0hr8ihvog7xb" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen , one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) ,  the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside , dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; , dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.

== Race Radicalism and the New Negro Movement ==
1914–15 after Harrison comot from Socialist Party, he begin work with free-thinkers, people wey no dey follow church matter, and he join the Modern School Movement (wey one Spanish man, Francisco Ferrer, wey dem kill, start). He also start him own group wey dem dey call Radical Forum.

Harrison talk about many things — like birth control, evolution, books, people wey no believe God, and how race dey play role for World War I. The way he dey talk for outside (street corner lectures) help create the style wey Harlem people later follow. People like A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Moore, and later Malcolm X follow the path wey Harrison clear.

For 1915–16, after newspaper man James Weldon Johnson praise Harrison street lectures, Harrison decide say e go focus on Black people for Harlem. He begin write review about Black theatre, especially the Lafayette Players for Harlem. He show how Black theatre help Black people express demself and see say skin color matter for dem life.

As labor movement and Socialists dey put white people matter first, Harrison bring the idea of “race first”. He start the New Negro Movement, wey be radical mass movement wey want equality, justice, opportunity and economic power for Black people. That movement later help give foundation for Garvey movement, and even inspire Alain Locke him The New Negro book wey come 8 years after.

== Liberty League and The Voice ==
1917, while America dey fight World War I, dem dey tell Black people say make dem fight for democracy, but dem still dey lynch and discriminate Black people for US. Harrison start Liberty League and one newspaper wey he call The Voice: A Newspaper for the New Negro. This one be alternative to NAACP.

The League fight for full equality, anti-lynching law, Black people political and economic rights, labor unions, support for socialist and anti-imperialist fight, and armed self-defense. The Voice paper reach 10,000 copies per issue but stop after 5 months, because Harrison no gree take advert from people wey dey sell things like hair straightener or skin bleach. And the paper no manage money well.

== Later Political Work ==
1918 Harrison work small with American Federation of Labor (AFL). He help lead Negro-American Liberty Congress with William Monroe Trotter. The Congress submit paper give US Congress say make dem pass anti-lynching law. Harrison talk say this war na excuse wey imperialists dey use to cover dem own bad plan.

The army and people for power like Du Bois and Joel Spingarn work to scatter the Liberty Congress. But Harrison him work be the start of things like the March on Washington later.

1919, Harrison edit New Negro magazine wey focus on Black people and other people of color worldwide. He write plenty about international issues — how imperialism dey do, how people for India, China, Africa, Caribbean dey fight. Harrison like Gandhi non-violent fight, but he believe say Black people for America get right to defend demself.

== Garvey Movement and After ==
1920 Harrison become editor for Negro World — Garvey own newspaper. E make the paper serious for Black pride, politics, and literature. But he begin criticize Garvey for over-talk, money matter, and wanting to create empire. Harrison say Black people fight dey America, no be Africa.

Later, Harrison break from Garvey, but still write for Negro World small before 1922. After that, he look for new political way.

=== Final Years and Death ===
1920s, Harrison still dey give public talk, write and organize. He talk for radio, write book reviews, and talk about Ku Klux Klan and Tulsa massacre. He join groups like: Virgin Island Congressional Council , Democratic Party Farmer-Labor Party, Single tax movement, Urban League, Communist Party

1924, Harrison start International Colored Unity League (ICUL). He want Black people unite, get self-reliance, economic power, and build Negro state for US (no be Africa like Garvey talk).

1927, he edit ICUL paper Voice of the Negro. Before he die, he tell people say he get appendicitis and go do surgery — but he die for operating table at 44 years old.

Harrison’s Legacy

Harrison no depend on rich white people or small group of educated Black people. He reach the Black masses direct — through newspaper, street talk, and lectures. After he die, people forget him small, but now dem dey study him life again. Columbia University dey work to publish him papers and biography.

Legacy and Honors

One biographer wey dem dey call Jeffrey B. Perry write say, among all the Black leaders for Harrison time, Harrison na “the most class conscious of the race radicals and the most race conscious of the class radicals.” Perry talk say Harrison na key person wey link two major struggle wey Black people dey do — the labour/civil rights side (wey dem dey connect with people like A. Philip Randolph and later Martin Luther King Jr.) and the race/nationalist side (wey people dey connect with Marcus Garvey and later Malcolm X).

Winston James, wey be historian, talk say Harrison be “the most distinguished, if not the most well-known, Caribbean radical in the United States in the early twentieth century.”

As Harrison be intellectual, e be correct soapbox orator (person wey dey talk for street corner wey people dey gather listen), big lecturer for New York City Board of Education Trend of the Times series, strong writer, and dem say na first Black man wey dey do book reviews steady. Both Black and white writers, thinkers and activists praise am — people like Eugene O’Neill, James Weldon Johnson, Henry Miller, Hermie Huiswoud, William Pickens, Bertha Howe, Hodge Kirnon, and Oscar Benson.

Harrison help Black writers and artists like Charles Gilpin, Andy Razaf, J. A. Rogers, Eubie Blake, Walter Everette Hawkins, Claude McKay, Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje, Lucian B. Watkins, and Augusta Savage. He be one of the first Black people wey join freethought and birth control movement, he love books well-well (he be bibliophile), and he dey encourage people make dem go library.

He create Poetry for the People column for plenty publication, including New Negro magazine (1919), Negro World (1920), and the Voice of the Negro (1927).

You fit find small sample of him work and poetry for A Hubert Harrison Reader (2001). All him papers dey for Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library. He books include The Negro and the Nation (1917) and When Africa Awakes. Columbia University Press dey work on two-part biography — first volume The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918 come out November 2008.

2005, Columbia University collect Harrison papers; 2020, dem put am for their Digital Library Collections website.

References (as e be)

Jervis Anderson, A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973), 79, and Joel. A. Rogers, &quot;Hubert Harrison: Intellectual Giant and Free-Lance Educator (1883–1927)&quot;, in World's Great Men of Color, ed. John Henrik Clarke, 2 vols (1947; New York: reprint, Collier Books, 1972), 2:432–42, esp. 432–33.

John G. Jackson. Hubert Henry Harrison: The Black Socrates. www.atheists.org.

A Hubert Harrison Reader, ed. with an introduction by Jeffrey B. Perry (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001), 1-2.

Winston James, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-century America Archived 2014-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, New York: Verso, 1998, p. 123.

Jeffrey B. Perry, Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918, New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, p. 41.

Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;A Negro on Lynching,&quot; New York Times, June 28, 1903, p. 8.

Hubert H. Harrison, The Negro and the nation. New York, Cosmo-advocate publishing co.

Hubert Harrison, &quot;Hubert Harrison - Freedom from Religion Foundation&quot;.

Hubert Harrison to the editor, NYS, December 8, 1910, p. 8, and December 19, 1910, p. 8; and Charles William Anderson to Booker T. Washington, September 10, 1911, and October 30, 1911, in Louis R. Harlan and Raymond W. Smock (eds). The Booker T. Washington Papers, 13 vols (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972-1984), 11: pp. 300-301 and 351.

Perry, Jeffrey (2009). Hubert Harrison the voice of Harlem radicalism, 1883-1918. New York: Columbia University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0231139113&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

Heideman, Paul (29 June 2019). &quot;The Most Important Black Radical You've Never Heard Of&quot;. Jacobin.

Hubert Harrison, &quot;The Negro and Socialism: 1--The Negro Problem Stated,&quot; New York Call, November 28, 1911, p. 6, repr. in A Hubert Harrison Reader, 52-55, quotes p. 54.

&quot;Hubert Harrison, Wobbly, Socialist, &quot;Black Socrates&quot;&quot;. 21 April 2023.

Perry, Jeffrey (2009). Hubert Harrison the voice of Harlem radicalism, 1883-1918. p. 120.

Hubert Harrison, &quot;Race First Versus Class First&quot;, Negro World, March 27, 1920, repr. in A Hubert Harrison Reader, 107–09, quote p. 109.

De Barra, Caoimhín (2018). The Coming of the Celts, AD 1860: Celtic Nationalism in Ireland and Wales. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780268103378&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Introductory&quot;, August 15, 1920, in When Africa Awakes, pp. 5–8, quote p. 5.

Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;The Descent of Dr. Du Bois,&quot; August 15, 1920, in When Africa Awakes, pp. 66–70, esp. p. 68.

Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Announcement&quot;, New Negro, III (August 1919), 3.

Rare Book and Manuscript Library at www.columbia.edu

&quot;Rare Book and Manuscript Library Acquires Papers of Hubert Harrison, Father of Harlem Radicalism&quot;.

&quot;Hubert H. Harrison Papers, 1893-1927: Finding Aid&quot;.

&quot;www.jeffreybperry.net&quot;.

A Hubert Harrison Reader, p. 2.

James, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia, p. 134.

Hubert Harrison Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.

Jeffrey B. Perry, &quot;Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918&quot;, Vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, November, 2008).

&quot;The Harlem Digital Archive: A Television, Education, and Library Project&quot;. Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning (CCNMTL).

&quot;Hubert H. Harrison papers&quot;. Digital Library Collections, Columbia University.

A Hubert Harrison Reader, Hubert Henry Harrison, Book - Barnes &amp; Noble.

&quot;A Negro on Chicken Stealing&quot;, NYT archive.

&quot;The Black Man's Burden (A Reply to Rudyard Kipling)&quot;.

The Negro and the Nation, archive.org.

&quot;On A Certain Condescension in White Publishers&quot;, in Henry Louis Gates (Jr.) and Gene Andrew Jarret (eds), The New Negro: Readings on Race, Representation, and African American Culture, 1892–1938, Princeton University Press, 2007, pp. 373-4.

Marcus Garvey – Hubert Henry Harrison – Great People of Color.

AAH Examiner article.

Socialism and democracy.

&quot;Hubert Harrison&quot;, BlackPast.</text>
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      <text bytes="30573" sha1="opzto8kno30exbrey0wxdc6yrj60cp6" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen , one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) ,  the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside , dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; , dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.

== Race Radicalism and the New Negro Movement ==
1914–15 after Harrison comot from Socialist Party, he begin work with free-thinkers, people wey no dey follow church matter, and he join the Modern School Movement (wey one Spanish man, Francisco Ferrer, wey dem kill, start). He also start him own group wey dem dey call Radical Forum.

Harrison talk about many things — like birth control, evolution, books, people wey no believe God, and how race dey play role for World War I. The way he dey talk for outside (street corner lectures) help create the style wey Harlem people later follow. People like A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Moore, and later Malcolm X follow the path wey Harrison clear.

For 1915–16, after newspaper man James Weldon Johnson praise Harrison street lectures, Harrison decide say e go focus on Black people for Harlem. He begin write review about Black theatre, especially the Lafayette Players for Harlem. He show how Black theatre help Black people express demself and see say skin color matter for dem life.

As labor movement and Socialists dey put white people matter first, Harrison bring the idea of “race first”. He start the New Negro Movement, wey be radical mass movement wey want equality, justice, opportunity and economic power for Black people. That movement later help give foundation for Garvey movement, and even inspire Alain Locke him The New Negro book wey come 8 years after.

== Liberty League and The Voice ==
1917, while America dey fight World War I, dem dey tell Black people say make dem fight for democracy, but dem still dey lynch and discriminate Black people for US. Harrison start Liberty League and one newspaper wey he call The Voice: A Newspaper for the New Negro. This one be alternative to NAACP.

The League fight for full equality, anti-lynching law, Black people political and economic rights, labor unions, support for socialist and anti-imperialist fight, and armed self-defense. The Voice paper reach 10,000 copies per issue but stop after 5 months, because Harrison no gree take advert from people wey dey sell things like hair straightener or skin bleach. And the paper no manage money well.

== Later Political Work ==
1918 Harrison work small with American Federation of Labor (AFL). He help lead Negro-American Liberty Congress with William Monroe Trotter. The Congress submit paper give US Congress say make dem pass anti-lynching law. Harrison talk say this war na excuse wey imperialists dey use to cover dem own bad plan.

The army and people for power like Du Bois and Joel Spingarn work to scatter the Liberty Congress. But Harrison him work be the start of things like the March on Washington later.

1919, Harrison edit New Negro magazine wey focus on Black people and other people of color worldwide. He write plenty about international issues — how imperialism dey do, how people for India, China, Africa, Caribbean dey fight. Harrison like Gandhi non-violent fight, but he believe say Black people for America get right to defend demself.

== Garvey Movement and After ==
1920 Harrison become editor for Negro World — Garvey own newspaper. E make the paper serious for Black pride, politics, and literature. But he begin criticize Garvey for over-talk, money matter, and wanting to create empire. Harrison say Black people fight dey America, no be Africa.

Later, Harrison break from Garvey, but still write for Negro World small before 1922. After that, he look for new political way.

=== Final Years and Death ===
1920s, Harrison still dey give public talk, write and organize. He talk for radio, write book reviews, and talk about Ku Klux Klan and Tulsa massacre. He join groups like: Virgin Island Congressional Council , Democratic Party Farmer-Labor Party, Single tax movement, Urban League, Communist Party

1924, Harrison start International Colored Unity League (ICUL). He want Black people unite, get self-reliance, economic power, and build Negro state for US (no be Africa like Garvey talk).

1927, he edit ICUL paper Voice of the Negro. Before he die, he tell people say he get appendicitis and go do surgery — but he die for operating table at 44 years old.

== Harrison’s Legacy ==
Harrison no depend on rich white people or small group of educated Black people. He reach the Black masses direct — through newspaper, street talk, and lectures. After he die, people forget him small, but now dem dey study him life again. Columbia University dey work to publish him papers and biography.

Legacy and Honors

One biographer wey dem dey call Jeffrey B. Perry write say, among all the Black leaders for Harrison time, Harrison na “the most class conscious of the race radicals and the most race conscious of the class radicals.” Perry talk say Harrison na key person wey link two major struggle wey Black people dey do — the labour/civil rights side (wey dem dey connect with people like A. Philip Randolph and later Martin Luther King Jr.) and the race/nationalist side (wey people dey connect with Marcus Garvey and later Malcolm X).

Winston James, wey be historian, talk say Harrison be “the most distinguished, if not the most well-known, Caribbean radical in the United States in the early twentieth century.”

As Harrison be intellectual, e be correct soapbox orator (person wey dey talk for street corner wey people dey gather listen), big lecturer for New York City Board of Education Trend of the Times series, strong writer, and dem say na first Black man wey dey do book reviews steady. Both Black and white writers, thinkers and activists praise am — people like Eugene O’Neill, James Weldon Johnson, Henry Miller, Hermie Huiswoud, William Pickens, Bertha Howe, Hodge Kirnon, and Oscar Benson.

Harrison help Black writers and artists like Charles Gilpin, Andy Razaf, J. A. Rogers, Eubie Blake, Walter Everette Hawkins, Claude McKay, Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje, Lucian B. Watkins, and Augusta Savage. He be one of the first Black people wey join freethought and birth control movement, he love books well-well (he be bibliophile), and he dey encourage people make dem go library.

He create Poetry for the People column for plenty publication, including New Negro magazine (1919), Negro World (1920), and the Voice of the Negro (1927).

You fit find small sample of him work and poetry for A Hubert Harrison Reader (2001). All him papers dey for Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library. He books include The Negro and the Nation (1917) and When Africa Awakes. Columbia University Press dey work on two-part biography — first volume The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918 come out November 2008.

2005, Columbia University collect Harrison papers; 2020, dem put am for their Digital Library Collections website.

References (as e be)

Jervis Anderson, A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973), 79, and Joel. A. Rogers, &quot;Hubert Harrison: Intellectual Giant and Free-Lance Educator (1883–1927)&quot;, in World's Great Men of Color, ed. John Henrik Clarke, 2 vols (1947; New York: reprint, Collier Books, 1972), 2:432–42, esp. 432–33.

John G. Jackson. Hubert Henry Harrison: The Black Socrates. www.atheists.org.

A Hubert Harrison Reader, ed. with an introduction by Jeffrey B. Perry (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001), 1-2.

Winston James, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-century America Archived 2014-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, New York: Verso, 1998, p. 123.

Jeffrey B. Perry, Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918, New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, p. 41.

Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;A Negro on Lynching,&quot; New York Times, June 28, 1903, p. 8.

Hubert H. Harrison, The Negro and the nation. New York, Cosmo-advocate publishing co.

Hubert Harrison, &quot;Hubert Harrison - Freedom from Religion Foundation&quot;.

Hubert Harrison to the editor, NYS, December 8, 1910, p. 8, and December 19, 1910, p. 8; and Charles William Anderson to Booker T. Washington, September 10, 1911, and October 30, 1911, in Louis R. Harlan and Raymond W. Smock (eds). The Booker T. Washington Papers, 13 vols (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972-1984), 11: pp. 300-301 and 351.

Perry, Jeffrey (2009). Hubert Harrison the voice of Harlem radicalism, 1883-1918. New York: Columbia University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0231139113&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

Heideman, Paul (29 June 2019). &quot;The Most Important Black Radical You've Never Heard Of&quot;. Jacobin.

Hubert Harrison, &quot;The Negro and Socialism: 1--The Negro Problem Stated,&quot; New York Call, November 28, 1911, p. 6, repr. in A Hubert Harrison Reader, 52-55, quotes p. 54.

&quot;Hubert Harrison, Wobbly, Socialist, &quot;Black Socrates&quot;&quot;. 21 April 2023.

Perry, Jeffrey (2009). Hubert Harrison the voice of Harlem radicalism, 1883-1918. p. 120.

Hubert Harrison, &quot;Race First Versus Class First&quot;, Negro World, March 27, 1920, repr. in A Hubert Harrison Reader, 107–09, quote p. 109.

De Barra, Caoimhín (2018). The Coming of the Celts, AD 1860: Celtic Nationalism in Ireland and Wales. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780268103378&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Introductory&quot;, August 15, 1920, in When Africa Awakes, pp. 5–8, quote p. 5.

Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;The Descent of Dr. Du Bois,&quot; August 15, 1920, in When Africa Awakes, pp. 66–70, esp. p. 68.

Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Announcement&quot;, New Negro, III (August 1919), 3.

Rare Book and Manuscript Library at www.columbia.edu

&quot;Rare Book and Manuscript Library Acquires Papers of Hubert Harrison, Father of Harlem Radicalism&quot;.

&quot;Hubert H. Harrison Papers, 1893-1927: Finding Aid&quot;.

&quot;www.jeffreybperry.net&quot;.

A Hubert Harrison Reader, p. 2.

James, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia, p. 134.

Hubert Harrison Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.

Jeffrey B. Perry, &quot;Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918&quot;, Vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, November, 2008).

&quot;The Harlem Digital Archive: A Television, Education, and Library Project&quot;. Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning (CCNMTL).

&quot;Hubert H. Harrison papers&quot;. Digital Library Collections, Columbia University.

A Hubert Harrison Reader, Hubert Henry Harrison, Book - Barnes &amp; Noble.

&quot;A Negro on Chicken Stealing&quot;, NYT archive.

&quot;The Black Man's Burden (A Reply to Rudyard Kipling)&quot;.

The Negro and the Nation, archive.org.

&quot;On A Certain Condescension in White Publishers&quot;, in Henry Louis Gates (Jr.) and Gene Andrew Jarret (eds), The New Negro: Readings on Race, Representation, and African American Culture, 1892–1938, Princeton University Press, 2007, pp. 373-4.

Marcus Garvey – Hubert Henry Harrison – Great People of Color.

AAH Examiner article.

Socialism and democracy.

&quot;Hubert Harrison&quot;, BlackPast.</text>
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      <text bytes="30583" sha1="thzj27nofhts1ro48kcl8zq2runzp75" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen , one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) ,  the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside , dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; , dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.

== Race Radicalism and the New Negro Movement ==
1914–15 after Harrison comot from Socialist Party, he begin work with free-thinkers, people wey no dey follow church matter, and he join the Modern School Movement (wey one Spanish man, Francisco Ferrer, wey dem kill, start). He also start him own group wey dem dey call Radical Forum.

Harrison talk about many things — like birth control, evolution, books, people wey no believe God, and how race dey play role for World War I. The way he dey talk for outside (street corner lectures) help create the style wey Harlem people later follow. People like A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Moore, and later Malcolm X follow the path wey Harrison clear.

For 1915–16, after newspaper man James Weldon Johnson praise Harrison street lectures, Harrison decide say e go focus on Black people for Harlem. He begin write review about Black theatre, especially the Lafayette Players for Harlem. He show how Black theatre help Black people express demself and see say skin color matter for dem life.

As labor movement and Socialists dey put white people matter first, Harrison bring the idea of “race first”. He start the New Negro Movement, wey be radical mass movement wey want equality, justice, opportunity and economic power for Black people. That movement later help give foundation for Garvey movement, and even inspire Alain Locke him The New Negro book wey come 8 years after.

== Liberty League and The Voice ==
1917, while America dey fight World War I, dem dey tell Black people say make dem fight for democracy, but dem still dey lynch and discriminate Black people for US. Harrison start Liberty League and one newspaper wey he call The Voice: A Newspaper for the New Negro. This one be alternative to NAACP.

The League fight for full equality, anti-lynching law, Black people political and economic rights, labor unions, support for socialist and anti-imperialist fight, and armed self-defense. The Voice paper reach 10,000 copies per issue but stop after 5 months, because Harrison no gree take advert from people wey dey sell things like hair straightener or skin bleach. And the paper no manage money well.

== Later Political Work ==
1918 Harrison work small with American Federation of Labor (AFL). He help lead Negro-American Liberty Congress with William Monroe Trotter. The Congress submit paper give US Congress say make dem pass anti-lynching law. Harrison talk say this war na excuse wey imperialists dey use to cover dem own bad plan.

The army and people for power like Du Bois and Joel Spingarn work to scatter the Liberty Congress. But Harrison him work be the start of things like the March on Washington later.

1919, Harrison edit New Negro magazine wey focus on Black people and other people of color worldwide. He write plenty about international issues — how imperialism dey do, how people for India, China, Africa, Caribbean dey fight. Harrison like Gandhi non-violent fight, but he believe say Black people for America get right to defend demself.

== Garvey Movement and After ==
1920 Harrison become editor for Negro World — Garvey own newspaper. E make the paper serious for Black pride, politics, and literature. But he begin criticize Garvey for over-talk, money matter, and wanting to create empire. Harrison say Black people fight dey America, no be Africa.

Later, Harrison break from Garvey, but still write for Negro World small before 1922. After that, he look for new political way.

=== Final Years and Death ===
1920s, Harrison still dey give public talk, write and organize. He talk for radio, write book reviews, and talk about Ku Klux Klan and Tulsa massacre. He join groups like: Virgin Island Congressional Council , Democratic Party Farmer-Labor Party, Single tax movement, Urban League, Communist Party

1924, Harrison start International Colored Unity League (ICUL). He want Black people unite, get self-reliance, economic power, and build Negro state for US (no be Africa like Garvey talk).

1927, he edit ICUL paper Voice of the Negro. Before he die, he tell people say he get appendicitis and go do surgery — but he die for operating table at 44 years old.

== Harrison’s Legacy ==
Harrison no depend on rich white people or small group of educated Black people. He reach the Black masses direct — through newspaper, street talk, and lectures. After he die, people forget him small, but now dem dey study him life again. Columbia University dey work to publish him papers and biography.

== Legacy and Honors ==
One biographer wey dem dey call Jeffrey B. Perry write say, among all the Black leaders for Harrison time, Harrison na “the most class conscious of the race radicals and the most race conscious of the class radicals.” Perry talk say Harrison na key person wey link two major struggle wey Black people dey do — the labour/civil rights side (wey dem dey connect with people like A. Philip Randolph and later Martin Luther King Jr.) and the race/nationalist side (wey people dey connect with Marcus Garvey and later Malcolm X).

Winston James, wey be historian, talk say Harrison be “the most distinguished, if not the most well-known, Caribbean radical in the United States in the early twentieth century.”

As Harrison be intellectual, e be correct soapbox orator (person wey dey talk for street corner wey people dey gather listen), big lecturer for New York City Board of Education Trend of the Times series, strong writer, and dem say na first Black man wey dey do book reviews steady. Both Black and white writers, thinkers and activists praise am — people like Eugene O’Neill, James Weldon Johnson, Henry Miller, Hermie Huiswoud, William Pickens, Bertha Howe, Hodge Kirnon, and Oscar Benson.

Harrison help Black writers and artists like Charles Gilpin, Andy Razaf, J. A. Rogers, Eubie Blake, Walter Everette Hawkins, Claude McKay, Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje, Lucian B. Watkins, and Augusta Savage. He be one of the first Black people wey join freethought and birth control movement, he love books well-well (he be bibliophile), and he dey encourage people make dem go library.

He create Poetry for the People column for plenty publication, including New Negro magazine (1919), Negro World (1920), and the Voice of the Negro (1927).

You fit find small sample of him work and poetry for A Hubert Harrison Reader (2001). All him papers dey for Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library. He books include The Negro and the Nation (1917) and When Africa Awakes. Columbia University Press dey work on two-part biography — first volume The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918 come out November 2008.

2005, Columbia University collect Harrison papers; 2020, dem put am for their Digital Library Collections website.

== References (as e be) ==
Jervis Anderson, A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973), 79, and Joel. A. Rogers, &quot;Hubert Harrison: Intellectual Giant and Free-Lance Educator (1883–1927)&quot;, in World's Great Men of Color, ed. John Henrik Clarke, 2 vols (1947; New York: reprint, Collier Books, 1972), 2:432–42, esp. 432–33.

John G. Jackson. Hubert Henry Harrison: The Black Socrates. www.atheists.org.

A Hubert Harrison Reader, ed. with an introduction by Jeffrey B. Perry (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001), 1-2.

Winston James, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-century America Archived 2014-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, New York: Verso, 1998, p. 123.

Jeffrey B. Perry, Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918, New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, p. 41.

Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;A Negro on Lynching,&quot; New York Times, June 28, 1903, p. 8.

Hubert H. Harrison, The Negro and the nation. New York, Cosmo-advocate publishing co.

Hubert Harrison, &quot;Hubert Harrison - Freedom from Religion Foundation&quot;.

Hubert Harrison to the editor, NYS, December 8, 1910, p. 8, and December 19, 1910, p. 8; and Charles William Anderson to Booker T. Washington, September 10, 1911, and October 30, 1911, in Louis R. Harlan and Raymond W. Smock (eds). The Booker T. Washington Papers, 13 vols (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972-1984), 11: pp. 300-301 and 351.

Perry, Jeffrey (2009). Hubert Harrison the voice of Harlem radicalism, 1883-1918. New York: Columbia University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0231139113&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

Heideman, Paul (29 June 2019). &quot;The Most Important Black Radical You've Never Heard Of&quot;. Jacobin.

Hubert Harrison, &quot;The Negro and Socialism: 1--The Negro Problem Stated,&quot; New York Call, November 28, 1911, p. 6, repr. in A Hubert Harrison Reader, 52-55, quotes p. 54.

&quot;Hubert Harrison, Wobbly, Socialist, &quot;Black Socrates&quot;&quot;. 21 April 2023.

Perry, Jeffrey (2009). Hubert Harrison the voice of Harlem radicalism, 1883-1918. p. 120.

Hubert Harrison, &quot;Race First Versus Class First&quot;, Negro World, March 27, 1920, repr. in A Hubert Harrison Reader, 107–09, quote p. 109.

De Barra, Caoimhín (2018). The Coming of the Celts, AD 1860: Celtic Nationalism in Ireland and Wales. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780268103378&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Introductory&quot;, August 15, 1920, in When Africa Awakes, pp. 5–8, quote p. 5.

Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;The Descent of Dr. Du Bois,&quot; August 15, 1920, in When Africa Awakes, pp. 66–70, esp. p. 68.

Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Announcement&quot;, New Negro, III (August 1919), 3.

Rare Book and Manuscript Library at www.columbia.edu

&quot;Rare Book and Manuscript Library Acquires Papers of Hubert Harrison, Father of Harlem Radicalism&quot;.

&quot;Hubert H. Harrison Papers, 1893-1927: Finding Aid&quot;.

&quot;www.jeffreybperry.net&quot;.

A Hubert Harrison Reader, p. 2.

James, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia, p. 134.

Hubert Harrison Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.

Jeffrey B. Perry, &quot;Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918&quot;, Vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, November, 2008).

&quot;The Harlem Digital Archive: A Television, Education, and Library Project&quot;. Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning (CCNMTL).

&quot;Hubert H. Harrison papers&quot;. Digital Library Collections, Columbia University.

A Hubert Harrison Reader, Hubert Henry Harrison, Book - Barnes &amp; Noble.

&quot;A Negro on Chicken Stealing&quot;, NYT archive.

&quot;The Black Man's Burden (A Reply to Rudyard Kipling)&quot;.

The Negro and the Nation, archive.org.

&quot;On A Certain Condescension in White Publishers&quot;, in Henry Louis Gates (Jr.) and Gene Andrew Jarret (eds), The New Negro: Readings on Race, Representation, and African American Culture, 1892–1938, Princeton University Press, 2007, pp. 373-4.

Marcus Garvey – Hubert Henry Harrison – Great People of Color.

AAH Examiner article.

Socialism and democracy.

&quot;Hubert Harrison&quot;, BlackPast.</text>
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      <text bytes="30701" sha1="gcx9ydicsmf451ii3q85r4tkoo2gcql" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen , one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) ,  the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside , dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; , dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.

== Race Radicalism and the New Negro Movement ==
1914–15 after Harrison comot from Socialist Party, he begin work with free-thinkers, people wey no dey follow church matter, and he join the Modern School Movement (wey one Spanish man, Francisco Ferrer, wey dem kill, start). He also start him own group wey dem dey call Radical Forum.

Harrison talk about many things — like birth control, evolution, books, people wey no believe God, and how race dey play role for World War I. The way he dey talk for outside (street corner lectures) help create the style wey Harlem people later follow. People like A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Moore, and later Malcolm X follow the path wey Harrison clear.

For 1915–16, after newspaper man James Weldon Johnson praise Harrison street lectures, Harrison decide say e go focus on Black people for Harlem. He begin write review about Black theatre, especially the Lafayette Players for Harlem. He show how Black theatre help Black people express demself and see say skin color matter for dem life.

As labor movement and Socialists dey put white people matter first, Harrison bring the idea of “race first”. He start the New Negro Movement, wey be radical mass movement wey want equality, justice, opportunity and economic power for Black people. That movement later help give foundation for Garvey movement, and even inspire Alain Locke him The New Negro book wey come 8 years after.

== Liberty League and The Voice ==
1917, while America dey fight World War I, dem dey tell Black people say make dem fight for democracy, but dem still dey lynch and discriminate Black people for US. Harrison start Liberty League and one newspaper wey he call The Voice: A Newspaper for the New Negro. This one be alternative to NAACP.

The League fight for full equality, anti-lynching law, Black people political and economic rights, labor unions, support for socialist and anti-imperialist fight, and armed self-defense. The Voice paper reach 10,000 copies per issue but stop after 5 months, because Harrison no gree take advert from people wey dey sell things like hair straightener or skin bleach. And the paper no manage money well.

== Later Political Work ==
1918 Harrison work small with American Federation of Labor (AFL). He help lead Negro-American Liberty Congress with William Monroe Trotter. The Congress submit paper give US Congress say make dem pass anti-lynching law. Harrison talk say this war na excuse wey imperialists dey use to cover dem own bad plan.

The army and people for power like Du Bois and Joel Spingarn work to scatter the Liberty Congress. But Harrison him work be the start of things like the March on Washington later.

1919, Harrison edit New Negro magazine wey focus on Black people and other people of color worldwide. He write plenty about international issues — how imperialism dey do, how people for India, China, Africa, Caribbean dey fight. Harrison like Gandhi non-violent fight, but he believe say Black people for America get right to defend demself.

== Garvey Movement and After ==
1920 Harrison become editor for Negro World — Garvey own newspaper. E make the paper serious for Black pride, politics, and literature. But he begin criticize Garvey for over-talk, money matter, and wanting to create empire. Harrison say Black people fight dey America, no be Africa.

Later, Harrison break from Garvey, but still write for Negro World small before 1922. After that, he look for new political way.

=== Final Years and Death ===
1920s, Harrison still dey give public talk, write and organize. He talk for radio, write book reviews, and talk about Ku Klux Klan and Tulsa massacre. He join groups like: Virgin Island Congressional Council , Democratic Party Farmer-Labor Party, Single tax movement, Urban League, Communist Party

1924, Harrison start International Colored Unity League (ICUL). He want Black people unite, get self-reliance, economic power, and build Negro state for US (no be Africa like Garvey talk).

1927, he edit ICUL paper Voice of the Negro. Before he die, he tell people say he get appendicitis and go do surgery — but he die for operating table at 44 years old.

== Harrison’s Legacy ==
Harrison no depend on rich white people or small group of educated Black people. He reach the Black masses direct — through newspaper, street talk, and lectures. After he die, people forget him small, but now dem dey study him life again. Columbia University dey work to publish him papers and biography.

== Legacy and Honors ==
One biographer wey dem dey call Jeffrey B. Perry write say, among all the Black leaders for Harrison time, Harrison na “the most class conscious of the race radicals and the most race conscious of the class radicals.” Perry talk say Harrison na key person wey link two major struggle wey Black people dey do — the labour/civil rights side (wey dem dey connect with people like A. Philip Randolph and later Martin Luther King Jr.) and the race/nationalist side (wey people dey connect with Marcus Garvey and later Malcolm X).

Winston James, wey be historian, talk say Harrison be “the most distinguished, if not the most well-known, Caribbean radical in the United States in the early twentieth century.”

As Harrison be intellectual, e be correct soapbox orator (person wey dey talk for street corner wey people dey gather listen), big lecturer for New York City Board of Education Trend of the Times series, strong writer, and dem say na first Black man wey dey do book reviews steady. Both Black and white writers, thinkers and activists praise am — people like Eugene O’Neill, James Weldon Johnson, Henry Miller, Hermie Huiswoud, William Pickens, Bertha Howe, Hodge Kirnon, and Oscar Benson.

Harrison help Black writers and artists like Charles Gilpin, Andy Razaf, J. A. Rogers, Eubie Blake, Walter Everette Hawkins, Claude McKay, Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje, Lucian B. Watkins, and Augusta Savage. He be one of the first Black people wey join freethought and birth control movement, he love books well-well (he be bibliophile), and he dey encourage people make dem go library.

He create Poetry for the People column for plenty publication, including New Negro magazine (1919), Negro World (1920), and the Voice of the Negro (1927).

You fit find small sample of him work and poetry for A Hubert Harrison Reader (2001). All him papers dey for Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library. He books include The Negro and the Nation (1917) and When Africa Awakes. Columbia University Press dey work on two-part biography — first volume The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918 come out November 2008.

2005, Columbia University collect Harrison papers; 2020, dem put am for their Digital Library Collections website.

== References (as e be) ==
1. Jervis Anderson, A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973), 79, and Joel. A. Rogers, &quot;Hubert Harrison: Intellectual Giant and Free-Lance Educator (1883–1927)&quot;, in World's Great Men of Color, ed. John Henrik Clarke, 2 vols (1947; New York: reprint, Collier Books, 1972), 2:432–42, esp. 432–33.

2. John G. Jackson. Hubert Henry Harrison: The Black Socrates. www.atheists.org.[[:en:Template:Cite_book|&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;code&gt;|work=&lt;/code&gt;]] ignored (help)

3. A Hubert Harrison Reader, ed. with an introduction by Jeffrey B. Perry (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001), 1-2.

4. Winston James, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-century America Archived 2014-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, New York: Verso, 1998, p. 123.

Jeffrey B. Perry, Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918, New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, p. 41.

Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;A Negro on Lynching,&quot; New York Times, June 28, 1903, p. 8.

Hubert H. Harrison, The Negro and the nation. New York, Cosmo-advocate publishing co.

Hubert Harrison, &quot;Hubert Harrison - Freedom from Religion Foundation&quot;.

Hubert Harrison to the editor, NYS, December 8, 1910, p. 8, and December 19, 1910, p. 8; and Charles William Anderson to Booker T. Washington, September 10, 1911, and October 30, 1911, in Louis R. Harlan and Raymond W. Smock (eds). The Booker T. Washington Papers, 13 vols (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972-1984), 11: pp. 300-301 and 351.

Perry, Jeffrey (2009). Hubert Harrison the voice of Harlem radicalism, 1883-1918. New York: Columbia University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0231139113&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

Heideman, Paul (29 June 2019). &quot;The Most Important Black Radical You've Never Heard Of&quot;. Jacobin.

Hubert Harrison, &quot;The Negro and Socialism: 1--The Negro Problem Stated,&quot; New York Call, November 28, 1911, p. 6, repr. in A Hubert Harrison Reader, 52-55, quotes p. 54.

&quot;Hubert Harrison, Wobbly, Socialist, &quot;Black Socrates&quot;&quot;. 21 April 2023.

Perry, Jeffrey (2009). Hubert Harrison the voice of Harlem radicalism, 1883-1918. p. 120.

Hubert Harrison, &quot;Race First Versus Class First&quot;, Negro World, March 27, 1920, repr. in A Hubert Harrison Reader, 107–09, quote p. 109.

De Barra, Caoimhín (2018). The Coming of the Celts, AD 1860: Celtic Nationalism in Ireland and Wales. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780268103378&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Introductory&quot;, August 15, 1920, in When Africa Awakes, pp. 5–8, quote p. 5.

Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;The Descent of Dr. Du Bois,&quot; August 15, 1920, in When Africa Awakes, pp. 66–70, esp. p. 68.

Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Announcement&quot;, New Negro, III (August 1919), 3.

Rare Book and Manuscript Library at www.columbia.edu

&quot;Rare Book and Manuscript Library Acquires Papers of Hubert Harrison, Father of Harlem Radicalism&quot;.

&quot;Hubert H. Harrison Papers, 1893-1927: Finding Aid&quot;.

&quot;www.jeffreybperry.net&quot;.

A Hubert Harrison Reader, p. 2.

James, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia, p. 134.

Hubert Harrison Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.

Jeffrey B. Perry, &quot;Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918&quot;, Vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, November, 2008).

&quot;The Harlem Digital Archive: A Television, Education, and Library Project&quot;. Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning (CCNMTL).

&quot;Hubert H. Harrison papers&quot;. Digital Library Collections, Columbia University.

A Hubert Harrison Reader, Hubert Henry Harrison, Book - Barnes &amp; Noble.

&quot;A Negro on Chicken Stealing&quot;, NYT archive.

&quot;The Black Man's Burden (A Reply to Rudyard Kipling)&quot;.

The Negro and the Nation, archive.org.

&quot;On A Certain Condescension in White Publishers&quot;, in Henry Louis Gates (Jr.) and Gene Andrew Jarret (eds), The New Negro: Readings on Race, Representation, and African American Culture, 1892–1938, Princeton University Press, 2007, pp. 373-4.

Marcus Garvey – Hubert Henry Harrison – Great People of Color.

AAH Examiner article.

Socialism and democracy.

&quot;Hubert Harrison&quot;, BlackPast.</text>
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      <text bytes="30574" sha1="9cw0fceaeazekcyz9yehqdr5h3jx83o" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen , one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) ,  the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside , dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; , dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.

== Race Radicalism and the New Negro Movement ==
1914–15 after Harrison comot from Socialist Party, he begin work with free-thinkers, people wey no dey follow church matter, and he join the Modern School Movement (wey one Spanish man, Francisco Ferrer, wey dem kill, start). He also start him own group wey dem dey call Radical Forum.

Harrison talk about many things — like birth control, evolution, books, people wey no believe God, and how race dey play role for World War I. The way he dey talk for outside (street corner lectures) help create the style wey Harlem people later follow. People like A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Moore, and later Malcolm X follow the path wey Harrison clear.

For 1915–16, after newspaper man James Weldon Johnson praise Harrison street lectures, Harrison decide say e go focus on Black people for Harlem. He begin write review about Black theatre, especially the Lafayette Players for Harlem. He show how Black theatre help Black people express demself and see say skin color matter for dem life.

As labor movement and Socialists dey put white people matter first, Harrison bring the idea of “race first”. He start the New Negro Movement, wey be radical mass movement wey want equality, justice, opportunity and economic power for Black people. That movement later help give foundation for Garvey movement, and even inspire Alain Locke him The New Negro book wey come 8 years after.

== Liberty League and The Voice ==
1917, while America dey fight World War I, dem dey tell Black people say make dem fight for democracy, but dem still dey lynch and discriminate Black people for US. Harrison start Liberty League and one newspaper wey he call The Voice: A Newspaper for the New Negro. This one be alternative to NAACP.

The League fight for full equality, anti-lynching law, Black people political and economic rights, labor unions, support for socialist and anti-imperialist fight, and armed self-defense. The Voice paper reach 10,000 copies per issue but stop after 5 months, because Harrison no gree take advert from people wey dey sell things like hair straightener or skin bleach. And the paper no manage money well.

== Later Political Work ==
1918 Harrison work small with American Federation of Labor (AFL). He help lead Negro-American Liberty Congress with William Monroe Trotter. The Congress submit paper give US Congress say make dem pass anti-lynching law. Harrison talk say this war na excuse wey imperialists dey use to cover dem own bad plan.

The army and people for power like Du Bois and Joel Spingarn work to scatter the Liberty Congress. But Harrison him work be the start of things like the March on Washington later.

1919, Harrison edit New Negro magazine wey focus on Black people and other people of color worldwide. He write plenty about international issues — how imperialism dey do, how people for India, China, Africa, Caribbean dey fight. Harrison like Gandhi non-violent fight, but he believe say Black people for America get right to defend demself.

== Garvey Movement and After ==
1920 Harrison become editor for Negro World — Garvey own newspaper. E make the paper serious for Black pride, politics, and literature. But he begin criticize Garvey for over-talk, money matter, and wanting to create empire. Harrison say Black people fight dey America, no be Africa.

Later, Harrison break from Garvey, but still write for Negro World small before 1922. After that, he look for new political way.

=== Final Years and Death ===
1920s, Harrison still dey give public talk, write and organize. He talk for radio, write book reviews, and talk about Ku Klux Klan and Tulsa massacre. He join groups like: Virgin Island Congressional Council , Democratic Party Farmer-Labor Party, Single tax movement, Urban League, Communist Party

1924, Harrison start International Colored Unity League (ICUL). He want Black people unite, get self-reliance, economic power, and build Negro state for US (no be Africa like Garvey talk).

1927, he edit ICUL paper Voice of the Negro. Before he die, he tell people say he get appendicitis and go do surgery — but he die for operating table at 44 years old.

== Harrison’s Legacy ==
Harrison no depend on rich white people or small group of educated Black people. He reach the Black masses direct — through newspaper, street talk, and lectures. After he die, people forget him small, but now dem dey study him life again. Columbia University dey work to publish him papers and biography.

== Legacy and Honors ==
One biographer wey dem dey call Jeffrey B. Perry write say, among all the Black leaders for Harrison time, Harrison na “the most class conscious of the race radicals and the most race conscious of the class radicals.” Perry talk say Harrison na key person wey link two major struggle wey Black people dey do — the labour/civil rights side (wey dem dey connect with people like A. Philip Randolph and later Martin Luther King Jr.) and the race/nationalist side (wey people dey connect with Marcus Garvey and later Malcolm X).

Winston James, wey be historian, talk say Harrison be “the most distinguished, if not the most well-known, Caribbean radical in the United States in the early twentieth century.”

As Harrison be intellectual, e be correct soapbox orator (person wey dey talk for street corner wey people dey gather listen), big lecturer for New York City Board of Education Trend of the Times series, strong writer, and dem say na first Black man wey dey do book reviews steady. Both Black and white writers, thinkers and activists praise am — people like Eugene O’Neill, James Weldon Johnson, Henry Miller, Hermie Huiswoud, William Pickens, Bertha Howe, Hodge Kirnon, and Oscar Benson.

Harrison help Black writers and artists like Charles Gilpin, Andy Razaf, J. A. Rogers, Eubie Blake, Walter Everette Hawkins, Claude McKay, Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje, Lucian B. Watkins, and Augusta Savage. He be one of the first Black people wey join freethought and birth control movement, he love books well-well (he be bibliophile), and he dey encourage people make dem go library.

He create Poetry for the People column for plenty publication, including New Negro magazine (1919), Negro World (1920), and the Voice of the Negro (1927).

You fit find small sample of him work and poetry for A Hubert Harrison Reader (2001). All him papers dey for Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library. He books include The Negro and the Nation (1917) and When Africa Awakes. Columbia University Press dey work on two-part biography — first volume The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918 come out November 2008.

2005, Columbia University collect Harrison papers; 2020, dem put am for their Digital Library Collections website.

== References (as e be) ==

# Jervis Anderson, ''A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait'' (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973), 79, and Joel. A. Rogers, &quot;Hubert Harrison: Intellectual Giant and Free-Lance Educator (1883–1927)&quot;, in ''World's Great Men of Color'', ed. John Henrik Clarke, 2 vols (1947; New York: reprint, Collier Books, 1972), 2:432–42, esp. 432–33.
#  &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;code&gt;|work=&lt;/code&gt; ignored (help)
# ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', ed. with an introduction by Jeffrey B. Perry (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001), 1-2. This work (pp. 1–30) is used for general background on Harrison's life.
# Winston James, ''Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-century America'' Archived 2014-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, New York: Verso, 1998, p. 123.
# Jeffrey B. Perry, ''Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918,'' New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, p. 41.
# Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;A Negro on Lynching,&quot; ''New York Times'', June 28, 1903, p. 
# Hubert Harrison to the editor, NYS, December 8, 1910, p. 8, and December 19, 1910, p. 8; and Charles William Anderson to Booker T. Washington, September 10, 1911, and October 30, 1911, in Louis R. Harlan and Raymond W. Smock (eds). ''The Booker T. Washington Papers'', 13 vols (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972-1984), 11: pp. 300 Archived 2009-01-07 at the Wayback Machine-301 Archived 2005-01-16 at the Wayback Machine and 351. Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine 
# Hubert Harrison, &quot;The Negro and Socialism: 1--The Negro Problem Stated,&quot; ''New York Call'', November 28, 1911, p. 6, repr. in ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', 52-55, quotes p. 54.
# Hubert Harrison, &quot;Race First Versus Class First&quot;, ''Negro World'', March 27, 1920, repr. in ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', 107–09, quote p. 109.
#  Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Introductory&quot;, August 15, 1920, in Hubert H. Harrison, ''When Africa Awakes: The &quot;Inside Story&quot; of the Stirrings and Strivings of the New Negro in the Western World'' (New York: The Porro Press, 513 Lenox Avenue, 1920), pp. 5–8, quote p. 5.
# Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;The Descent of Dr. Du Bois,&quot; August 15, 1920, in Hubert H. Harrison, ''When Africa Awakes: The &quot;Inside Story&quot; of the Stirrings and Strivings of the New Negro in the Western World'' (New York: The Porro Press, 513 Lenox Avenue, 1920), pp. 66–70, esp. p. 68.
# Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Announcement&quot;, ''New Negro'', III (August 1919), 3.
# Rare Book and Manuscript Library Archived 2007-12-16 at the Wayback Machine at www.columbia.edu
#  ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', p. 2.
# James, ''Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia'' Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, 1998, p. 134.
# Hubert Harrison Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University
# Jeffrey B. Perry, Jeffrey B. Perry, &quot;Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918&quot; Archived 2008-12-22 at the Wayback Machine, Vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, November, 2008).
#  A Hubert Harrison Reader, Hubert Henry Harrison, Book - Barnes &amp; Noble at search.barnesandnoble.com
# A Negro on Chicken Stealing, ''NYT'' archive
# The Black Man's Burden (A Reply to Rudyard Kipling) Archived 2007-08-13 at the Wayback Machine at www.expo98.msu.edu
# he Negro and the Nation, archive.org
# &quot;On A Certain Condescension in White Publishers&quot; Archived 2014-06-28 at the Wayback Machine, in Henry Louis Gates (Jr.) and Gene Andrew Jarret (eds), ''The New Negro: Readings on Race, Representation, and African American Culture, 1892–1938'', Princeton University Press, 2007, pp. 373-4.
# Marcus Garvey – Hubert Henry Harrison – Great People of Color Archived 2007-11-29 at the Wayback Machine at www.marcusgarvey.com
# ''AAH Examiner'' article Archived 2007-11-06 at the Wayback Machine at www.secularhumanism.org
# Socialism and democracy Archived 2007-10-17 at the Wayback Machine at www.sdonline.org
# &quot;Hubert Harrison&quot; Archived 2013-08-14 at the Wayback Machine, BlackPast.</text>
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      <text bytes="30618" sha1="mxy9s2kn8u8a7i2u5l62r9bntg9odcu" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen , one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) ,  the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside , dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; , dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.

== Race Radicalism and the New Negro Movement ==
1914–15 after Harrison comot from Socialist Party, he begin work with free-thinkers, people wey no dey follow church matter, and he join the Modern School Movement (wey one Spanish man, Francisco Ferrer, wey dem kill, start). He also start him own group wey dem dey call Radical Forum.

Harrison talk about many things — like birth control, evolution, books, people wey no believe God, and how race dey play role for World War I. The way he dey talk for outside (street corner lectures) help create the style wey Harlem people later follow. People like A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Moore, and later Malcolm X follow the path wey Harrison clear.

For 1915–16, after newspaper man James Weldon Johnson praise Harrison street lectures, Harrison decide say e go focus on Black people for Harlem. He begin write review about Black theatre, especially the Lafayette Players for Harlem. He show how Black theatre help Black people express demself and see say skin color matter for dem life.

As labor movement and Socialists dey put white people matter first, Harrison bring the idea of “race first”. He start the New Negro Movement, wey be radical mass movement wey want equality, justice, opportunity and economic power for Black people. That movement later help give foundation for Garvey movement, and even inspire Alain Locke him The New Negro book wey come 8 years after.

== Liberty League and The Voice ==
1917, while America dey fight World War I, dem dey tell Black people say make dem fight for democracy, but dem still dey lynch and discriminate Black people for US. Harrison start Liberty League and one newspaper wey he call The Voice: A Newspaper for the New Negro. This one be alternative to NAACP.

The League fight for full equality, anti-lynching law, Black people political and economic rights, labor unions, support for socialist and anti-imperialist fight, and armed self-defense. The Voice paper reach 10,000 copies per issue but stop after 5 months, because Harrison no gree take advert from people wey dey sell things like hair straightener or skin bleach. And the paper no manage money well.

== Later Political Work ==
1918 Harrison work small with American Federation of Labor (AFL). He help lead Negro-American Liberty Congress with William Monroe Trotter. The Congress submit paper give US Congress say make dem pass anti-lynching law. Harrison talk say this war na excuse wey imperialists dey use to cover dem own bad plan.

The army and people for power like Du Bois and Joel Spingarn work to scatter the Liberty Congress. But Harrison him work be the start of things like the March on Washington later.

1919, Harrison edit New Negro magazine wey focus on Black people and other people of color worldwide. He write plenty about international issues — how imperialism dey do, how people for India, China, Africa, Caribbean dey fight. Harrison like Gandhi non-violent fight, but he believe say Black people for America get right to defend demself.

== Garvey Movement and After ==
1920 Harrison become editor for Negro World — Garvey own newspaper. E make the paper serious for Black pride, politics, and literature. But he begin criticize Garvey for over-talk, money matter, and wanting to create empire. Harrison say Black people fight dey America, no be Africa.

Later, Harrison break from Garvey, but still write for Negro World small before 1922. After that, he look for new political way.

=== Final Years and Death ===
1920s, Harrison still dey give public talk, write and organize. He talk for radio, write book reviews, and talk about Ku Klux Klan and Tulsa massacre. He join groups like: Virgin Island Congressional Council , Democratic Party Farmer-Labor Party, Single tax movement, Urban League, Communist Party

1924, Harrison start International Colored Unity League (ICUL). He want Black people unite, get self-reliance, economic power, and build Negro state for US (no be Africa like Garvey talk).

1927, he edit ICUL paper Voice of the Negro. Before he die, he tell people say he get appendicitis and go do surgery — but he die for operating table at 44 years old.

== Harrison’s Legacy ==
Harrison no depend on rich white people or small group of educated Black people. He reach the Black masses direct — through newspaper, street talk, and lectures. After he die, people forget him small, but now dem dey study him life again. Columbia University dey work to publish him papers and biography.

== Legacy and Honors ==
One biographer wey dem dey call Jeffrey B. Perry write say, among all the Black leaders for Harrison time, Harrison na “the most class conscious of the race radicals and the most race conscious of the class radicals.” Perry talk say Harrison na key person wey link two major struggle wey Black people dey do — the labour/civil rights side (wey dem dey connect with people like A. Philip Randolph and later Martin Luther King Jr.) and the race/nationalist side (wey people dey connect with Marcus Garvey and later Malcolm X).

Winston James, wey be historian, talk say Harrison be “the most distinguished, if not the most well-known, Caribbean radical in the United States in the early twentieth century.”

As Harrison be intellectual, e be correct soapbox orator (person wey dey talk for street corner wey people dey gather listen), big lecturer for New York City Board of Education Trend of the Times series, strong writer, and dem say na first Black man wey dey do book reviews steady. Both Black and white writers, thinkers and activists praise am — people like Eugene O’Neill, James Weldon Johnson, Henry Miller, Hermie Huiswoud, William Pickens, Bertha Howe, Hodge Kirnon, and Oscar Benson.

Harrison help Black writers and artists like Charles Gilpin, Andy Razaf, J. A. Rogers, Eubie Blake, Walter Everette Hawkins, Claude McKay, Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje, Lucian B. Watkins, and Augusta Savage. He be one of the first Black people wey join freethought and birth control movement, he love books well-well (he be bibliophile), and he dey encourage people make dem go library.

He create Poetry for the People column for plenty publication, including New Negro magazine (1919), Negro World (1920), and the Voice of the Negro (1927).

You fit find small sample of him work and poetry for A Hubert Harrison Reader (2001). All him papers dey for Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library. He books include The Negro and the Nation (1917) and When Africa Awakes. Columbia University Press dey work on two-part biography — first volume The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918 come out November 2008.

2005, Columbia University collect Harrison papers; 2020, dem put am for their Digital Library Collections website.

== References (as e be) ==

# Jervis Anderson, ''A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait'' (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973), 79, and Joel. A. Rogers, &quot;Hubert Harrison: Intellectual Giant and Free-Lance Educator (1883–1927)&quot;, in ''World's Great Men of Color'', ed. John Henrik Clarke, 2 vols (1947; New York: reprint, Collier Books, 1972), 2:432–42, esp. 432–33.
#  &lt;code&gt;[[:en:Template:Cite_book|&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;code&gt;|work=&lt;/code&gt; ignored (help)
# ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', ed. with an introduction by Jeffrey B. Perry (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001), 1-2. This work (pp. 1–30) is used for general background on Harrison's life.
# Winston James, ''Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-century America'' Archived 2014-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, New York: Verso, 1998, p. 123.
# Jeffrey B. Perry, ''Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918,'' New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, p. 41.
# Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;A Negro on Lynching,&quot; ''New York Times'', June 28, 1903, p. 
# Hubert Harrison to the editor, NYS, December 8, 1910, p. 8, and December 19, 1910, p. 8; and Charles William Anderson to Booker T. Washington, September 10, 1911, and October 30, 1911, in Louis R. Harlan and Raymond W. Smock (eds). ''The Booker T. Washington Papers'', 13 vols (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972-1984), 11: pp. 300 Archived 2009-01-07 at the Wayback Machine-301 Archived 2005-01-16 at the Wayback Machine and 351. Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine 
# Hubert Harrison, &quot;The Negro and Socialism: 1--The Negro Problem Stated,&quot; ''New York Call'', November 28, 1911, p. 6, repr. in ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', 52-55, quotes p. 54.
# Hubert Harrison, &quot;Race First Versus Class First&quot;, ''Negro World'', March 27, 1920, repr. in ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', 107–09, quote p. 109.
#  Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Introductory&quot;, August 15, 1920, in Hubert H. Harrison, ''When Africa Awakes: The &quot;Inside Story&quot; of the Stirrings and Strivings of the New Negro in the Western World'' (New York: The Porro Press, 513 Lenox Avenue, 1920), pp. 5–8, quote p. 5.
# Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;The Descent of Dr. Du Bois,&quot; August 15, 1920, in Hubert H. Harrison, ''When Africa Awakes: The &quot;Inside Story&quot; of the Stirrings and Strivings of the New Negro in the Western World'' (New York: The Porro Press, 513 Lenox Avenue, 1920), pp. 66–70, esp. p. 68.
# Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Announcement&quot;, ''New Negro'', III (August 1919), 3.
# Rare Book and Manuscript Library Archived 2007-12-16 at the Wayback Machine at www.columbia.edu
#  ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', p. 2.
# James, ''Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia'' Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, 1998, p. 134.
# Hubert Harrison Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University
# Jeffrey B. Perry, Jeffrey B. Perry, &quot;Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918&quot; Archived 2008-12-22 at the Wayback Machine, Vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, November, 2008).
#  A Hubert Harrison Reader, Hubert Henry Harrison, Book - Barnes &amp; Noble at search.barnesandnoble.com
# A Negro on Chicken Stealing, ''NYT'' archive
# The Black Man's Burden (A Reply to Rudyard Kipling) Archived 2007-08-13 at the Wayback Machine at www.expo98.msu.edu
# he Negro and the Nation, archive.org
# &quot;On A Certain Condescension in White Publishers&quot; Archived 2014-06-28 at the Wayback Machine, in Henry Louis Gates (Jr.) and Gene Andrew Jarret (eds), ''The New Negro: Readings on Race, Representation, and African American Culture, 1892–1938'', Princeton University Press, 2007, pp. 373-4.
# Marcus Garvey – Hubert Henry Harrison – Great People of Color Archived 2007-11-29 at the Wayback Machine at www.marcusgarvey.com
# ''AAH Examiner'' article Archived 2007-11-06 at the Wayback Machine at www.secularhumanism.org
# Socialism and democracy Archived 2007-10-17 at the Wayback Machine at www.sdonline.org
# &quot;Hubert Harrison&quot; Archived 2013-08-14 at the Wayback Machine, BlackPast.</text>
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      <text bytes="30757" sha1="pm7puweyaddh7yvapjloutc39xcbohl" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen , one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) ,  the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside , dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; , dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.

== Race Radicalism and the New Negro Movement ==
1914–15 after Harrison comot from Socialist Party, he begin work with free-thinkers, people wey no dey follow church matter, and he join the Modern School Movement (wey one Spanish man, Francisco Ferrer, wey dem kill, start). He also start him own group wey dem dey call Radical Forum.

Harrison talk about many things — like birth control, evolution, books, people wey no believe God, and how race dey play role for World War I. The way he dey talk for outside (street corner lectures) help create the style wey Harlem people later follow. People like A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Moore, and later Malcolm X follow the path wey Harrison clear.

For 1915–16, after newspaper man James Weldon Johnson praise Harrison street lectures, Harrison decide say e go focus on Black people for Harlem. He begin write review about Black theatre, especially the Lafayette Players for Harlem. He show how Black theatre help Black people express demself and see say skin color matter for dem life.

As labor movement and Socialists dey put white people matter first, Harrison bring the idea of “race first”. He start the New Negro Movement, wey be radical mass movement wey want equality, justice, opportunity and economic power for Black people. That movement later help give foundation for Garvey movement, and even inspire Alain Locke him The New Negro book wey come 8 years after.

== Liberty League and The Voice ==
1917, while America dey fight World War I, dem dey tell Black people say make dem fight for democracy, but dem still dey lynch and discriminate Black people for US. Harrison start Liberty League and one newspaper wey he call The Voice: A Newspaper for the New Negro. This one be alternative to NAACP.

The League fight for full equality, anti-lynching law, Black people political and economic rights, labor unions, support for socialist and anti-imperialist fight, and armed self-defense. The Voice paper reach 10,000 copies per issue but stop after 5 months, because Harrison no gree take advert from people wey dey sell things like hair straightener or skin bleach. And the paper no manage money well.

== Later Political Work ==
1918 Harrison work small with American Federation of Labor (AFL). He help lead Negro-American Liberty Congress with William Monroe Trotter. The Congress submit paper give US Congress say make dem pass anti-lynching law. Harrison talk say this war na excuse wey imperialists dey use to cover dem own bad plan.

The army and people for power like Du Bois and Joel Spingarn work to scatter the Liberty Congress. But Harrison him work be the start of things like the March on Washington later.

1919, Harrison edit New Negro magazine wey focus on Black people and other people of color worldwide. He write plenty about international issues — how imperialism dey do, how people for India, China, Africa, Caribbean dey fight. Harrison like Gandhi non-violent fight, but he believe say Black people for America get right to defend demself.

== Garvey Movement and After ==
1920 Harrison become editor for Negro World — Garvey own newspaper. E make the paper serious for Black pride, politics, and literature. But he begin criticize Garvey for over-talk, money matter, and wanting to create empire. Harrison say Black people fight dey America, no be Africa.

Later, Harrison break from Garvey, but still write for Negro World small before 1922. After that, he look for new political way.

=== Final Years and Death ===
1920s, Harrison still dey give public talk, write and organize. He talk for radio, write book reviews, and talk about Ku Klux Klan and Tulsa massacre. He join groups like: Virgin Island Congressional Council , Democratic Party Farmer-Labor Party, Single tax movement, Urban League, Communist Party

1924, Harrison start International Colored Unity League (ICUL). He want Black people unite, get self-reliance, economic power, and build Negro state for US (no be Africa like Garvey talk).

1927, he edit ICUL paper Voice of the Negro. Before he die, he tell people say he get appendicitis and go do surgery — but he die for operating table at 44 years old.

== Harrison’s Legacy ==
Harrison no depend on rich white people or small group of educated Black people. He reach the Black masses direct — through newspaper, street talk, and lectures. After he die, people forget him small, but now dem dey study him life again. Columbia University dey work to publish him papers and biography.

== Legacy and Honors ==
One biographer wey dem dey call Jeffrey B. Perry write say, among all the Black leaders for Harrison time, Harrison na “the most class conscious of the race radicals and the most race conscious of the class radicals.” Perry talk say Harrison na key person wey link two major struggle wey Black people dey do — the labour/civil rights side (wey dem dey connect with people like A. Philip Randolph and later Martin Luther King Jr.) and the race/nationalist side (wey people dey connect with Marcus Garvey and later Malcolm X).

Winston James, wey be historian, talk say Harrison be “the most distinguished, if not the most well-known, Caribbean radical in the United States in the early twentieth century.”

As Harrison be intellectual, e be correct soapbox orator (person wey dey talk for street corner wey people dey gather listen), big lecturer for New York City Board of Education Trend of the Times series, strong writer, and dem say na first Black man wey dey do book reviews steady. Both Black and white writers, thinkers and activists praise am — people like Eugene O’Neill, James Weldon Johnson, Henry Miller, Hermie Huiswoud, William Pickens, Bertha Howe, Hodge Kirnon, and Oscar Benson.

Harrison help Black writers and artists like Charles Gilpin, Andy Razaf, J. A. Rogers, Eubie Blake, Walter Everette Hawkins, Claude McKay, Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje, Lucian B. Watkins, and Augusta Savage. He be one of the first Black people wey join freethought and birth control movement, he love books well-well (he be bibliophile), and he dey encourage people make dem go library.

He create Poetry for the People column for plenty publication, including New Negro magazine (1919), Negro World (1920), and the Voice of the Negro (1927).

You fit find small sample of him work and poetry for A Hubert Harrison Reader (2001). All him papers dey for Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library. He books include The Negro and the Nation (1917) and When Africa Awakes. Columbia University Press dey work on two-part biography — first volume The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918 come out November 2008.

2005, Columbia University collect Harrison papers; 2020, dem put am for their Digital Library Collections website.

== References (as e be) ==

# Jervis Anderson, ''A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait'' (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973), 79, and Joel. A. Rogers, &quot;Hubert Harrison: Intellectual Giant and Free-Lance Educator (1883–1927)&quot;, in ''World's Great Men of Color'', ed. John Henrik Clarke, 2 vols (1947; New York: reprint, Collier Books, 1972), 2:432–42, esp. 432–33.
#  &lt;code&gt;[[:en:Template:Cite_book|&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;code&gt;|work=&lt;/code&gt; ignored (help)
# ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', ed. with an introduction by Jeffrey B. Perry (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001), 1-2. This work (pp. 1–30) is used for general background on Harrison's life.
# Winston James, [https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=iSAjTDHiC4MC&amp;dq=The+Horror+of+the+East+St.+Louis+Massacre.&amp;pg=PA123&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ''Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-century America'' Archived 2014-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, New York: Verso, 1998, p. 123.]
# Jeffrey B. Perry, ''Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918,'' New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, p. 41.
# Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;A Negro on Lynching,&quot; ''New York Times'', June 28, 1903, p. 
# Hubert Harrison to the editor, NYS, December 8, 1910, p. 8, and December 19, 1910, p. 8; and Charles William Anderson to Booker T. Washington, September 10, 1911, and October 30, 1911, in Louis R. Harlan and Raymond W. Smock (eds). ''The Booker T. Washington Papers'', 13 vols (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972-1984), 11: pp. 300 Archived 2009-01-07 at the Wayback Machine-301 Archived 2005-01-16 at the Wayback Machine and 351. Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine 
# Hubert Harrison, &quot;The Negro and Socialism: 1--The Negro Problem Stated,&quot; ''New York Call'', November 28, 1911, p. 6, repr. in ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', 52-55, quotes p. 54.
# Hubert Harrison, &quot;Race First Versus Class First&quot;, ''Negro World'', March 27, 1920, repr. in ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', 107–09, quote p. 109.
#  Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Introductory&quot;, August 15, 1920, in Hubert H. Harrison, ''When Africa Awakes: The &quot;Inside Story&quot; of the Stirrings and Strivings of the New Negro in the Western World'' (New York: The Porro Press, 513 Lenox Avenue, 1920), pp. 5–8, quote p. 5.
# Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;The Descent of Dr. Du Bois,&quot; August 15, 1920, in Hubert H. Harrison, ''When Africa Awakes: The &quot;Inside Story&quot; of the Stirrings and Strivings of the New Negro in the Western World'' (New York: The Porro Press, 513 Lenox Avenue, 1920), pp. 66–70, esp. p. 68.
# Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Announcement&quot;, ''New Negro'', III (August 1919), 3.
# Rare Book and Manuscript Library Archived 2007-12-16 at the Wayback Machine at www.columbia.edu
#  ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', p. 2.
# James, ''Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia'' Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, 1998, p. 134.
# Hubert Harrison Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University
# Jeffrey B. Perry, Jeffrey B. Perry, &quot;Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918&quot; Archived 2008-12-22 at the Wayback Machine, Vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, November, 2008).
#  A Hubert Harrison Reader, Hubert Henry Harrison, Book - Barnes &amp; Noble at search.barnesandnoble.com
# A Negro on Chicken Stealing, ''NYT'' archive
# The Black Man's Burden (A Reply to Rudyard Kipling) Archived 2007-08-13 at the Wayback Machine at www.expo98.msu.edu
# he Negro and the Nation, archive.org
# &quot;On A Certain Condescension in White Publishers&quot; Archived 2014-06-28 at the Wayback Machine, in Henry Louis Gates (Jr.) and Gene Andrew Jarret (eds), ''The New Negro: Readings on Race, Representation, and African American Culture, 1892–1938'', Princeton University Press, 2007, pp. 373-4.
# Marcus Garvey – Hubert Henry Harrison – Great People of Color Archived 2007-11-29 at the Wayback Machine at www.marcusgarvey.com
# ''AAH Examiner'' article Archived 2007-11-06 at the Wayback Machine at www.secularhumanism.org
# Socialism and democracy Archived 2007-10-17 at the Wayback Machine at www.sdonline.org
# &quot;Hubert Harrison&quot; Archived 2013-08-14 at the Wayback Machine, BlackPast.</text>
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      <text bytes="30784" sha1="pih1onlb44gl4ibnfm9jj9pn2ox84r8" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen , one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) ,  the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside , dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; , dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.

== Race Radicalism and the New Negro Movement ==
1914–15 after Harrison comot from Socialist Party, he begin work with free-thinkers, people wey no dey follow church matter, and he join the Modern School Movement (wey one Spanish man, Francisco Ferrer, wey dem kill, start). He also start him own group wey dem dey call Radical Forum.

Harrison talk about many things — like birth control, evolution, books, people wey no believe God, and how race dey play role for World War I. The way he dey talk for outside (street corner lectures) help create the style wey Harlem people later follow. People like A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Moore, and later Malcolm X follow the path wey Harrison clear.

For 1915–16, after newspaper man James Weldon Johnson praise Harrison street lectures, Harrison decide say e go focus on Black people for Harlem. He begin write review about Black theatre, especially the Lafayette Players for Harlem. He show how Black theatre help Black people express demself and see say skin color matter for dem life.

As labor movement and Socialists dey put white people matter first, Harrison bring the idea of “race first”. He start the New Negro Movement, wey be radical mass movement wey want equality, justice, opportunity and economic power for Black people. That movement later help give foundation for Garvey movement, and even inspire Alain Locke him The New Negro book wey come 8 years after.

== Liberty League and The Voice ==
1917, while America dey fight World War I, dem dey tell Black people say make dem fight for democracy, but dem still dey lynch and discriminate Black people for US. Harrison start Liberty League and one newspaper wey he call The Voice: A Newspaper for the New Negro. This one be alternative to NAACP.

The League fight for full equality, anti-lynching law, Black people political and economic rights, labor unions, support for socialist and anti-imperialist fight, and armed self-defense. The Voice paper reach 10,000 copies per issue but stop after 5 months, because Harrison no gree take advert from people wey dey sell things like hair straightener or skin bleach. And the paper no manage money well.

== Later Political Work ==
1918 Harrison work small with American Federation of Labor (AFL). He help lead Negro-American Liberty Congress with William Monroe Trotter. The Congress submit paper give US Congress say make dem pass anti-lynching law. Harrison talk say this war na excuse wey imperialists dey use to cover dem own bad plan.

The army and people for power like Du Bois and Joel Spingarn work to scatter the Liberty Congress. But Harrison him work be the start of things like the March on Washington later.

1919, Harrison edit New Negro magazine wey focus on Black people and other people of color worldwide. He write plenty about international issues — how imperialism dey do, how people for India, China, Africa, Caribbean dey fight. Harrison like Gandhi non-violent fight, but he believe say Black people for America get right to defend demself.

== Garvey Movement and After ==
1920 Harrison become editor for Negro World — Garvey own newspaper. E make the paper serious for Black pride, politics, and literature. But he begin criticize Garvey for over-talk, money matter, and wanting to create empire. Harrison say Black people fight dey America, no be Africa.

Later, Harrison break from Garvey, but still write for Negro World small before 1922. After that, he look for new political way.

=== Final Years and Death ===
1920s, Harrison still dey give public talk, write and organize. He talk for radio, write book reviews, and talk about Ku Klux Klan and Tulsa massacre. He join groups like: Virgin Island Congressional Council , Democratic Party Farmer-Labor Party, Single tax movement, Urban League, Communist Party

1924, Harrison start International Colored Unity League (ICUL). He want Black people unite, get self-reliance, economic power, and build Negro state for US (no be Africa like Garvey talk).

1927, he edit ICUL paper Voice of the Negro. Before he die, he tell people say he get appendicitis and go do surgery — but he die for operating table at 44 years old.

== Harrison’s Legacy ==
Harrison no depend on rich white people or small group of educated Black people. He reach the Black masses direct — through newspaper, street talk, and lectures. After he die, people forget him small, but now dem dey study him life again. Columbia University dey work to publish him papers and biography.

== Legacy and Honors ==
One biographer wey dem dey call Jeffrey B. Perry write say, among all the Black leaders for Harrison time, Harrison na “the most class conscious of the race radicals and the most race conscious of the class radicals.” Perry talk say Harrison na key person wey link two major struggle wey Black people dey do — the labour/civil rights side (wey dem dey connect with people like A. Philip Randolph and later Martin Luther King Jr.) and the race/nationalist side (wey people dey connect with Marcus Garvey and later Malcolm X).

Winston James, wey be historian, talk say Harrison be “the most distinguished, if not the most well-known, Caribbean radical in the United States in the early twentieth century.”

As Harrison be intellectual, e be correct soapbox orator (person wey dey talk for street corner wey people dey gather listen), big lecturer for New York City Board of Education Trend of the Times series, strong writer, and dem say na first Black man wey dey do book reviews steady. Both Black and white writers, thinkers and activists praise am — people like Eugene O’Neill, James Weldon Johnson, Henry Miller, Hermie Huiswoud, William Pickens, Bertha Howe, Hodge Kirnon, and Oscar Benson.

Harrison help Black writers and artists like Charles Gilpin, Andy Razaf, J. A. Rogers, Eubie Blake, Walter Everette Hawkins, Claude McKay, Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje, Lucian B. Watkins, and Augusta Savage. He be one of the first Black people wey join freethought and birth control movement, he love books well-well (he be bibliophile), and he dey encourage people make dem go library.

He create Poetry for the People column for plenty publication, including New Negro magazine (1919), Negro World (1920), and the Voice of the Negro (1927).

You fit find small sample of him work and poetry for A Hubert Harrison Reader (2001). All him papers dey for Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library. He books include The Negro and the Nation (1917) and When Africa Awakes. Columbia University Press dey work on two-part biography — first volume The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918 come out November 2008.

2005, Columbia University collect Harrison papers; 2020, dem put am for their Digital Library Collections website.

== References (as e be) ==

# Jervis Anderson, ''A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait'' (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973), 79, and Joel. A. Rogers, &quot;Hubert Harrison: Intellectual Giant and Free-Lance Educator (1883–1927)&quot;, in ''World's Great Men of Color'', ed. John Henrik Clarke, 2 vols (1947; New York: reprint, Collier Books, 1972), 2:432–42, esp. 432–33.
#  &lt;code&gt;[[:en:Template:Cite_book|&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;code&gt;|work=&lt;/code&gt; ignored (help)
# ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', ed. with an introduction by Jeffrey B. Perry (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001), 1-2. This work (pp. 1–30) is used for general background on Harrison's life.
# Winston James, [https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=iSAjTDHiC4MC&amp;dq=The+Horror+of+the+East+St.+Louis+Massacre.&amp;pg=PA123&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ''Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-century America'' Archived 2014-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, New York: Verso, 1998, p. 123.]
# Jeffrey B. Perry, ''Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918,'' New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, p. 41.
# Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;A Negro on Lynching,&quot; ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|New York Times]]'', June 28, 1903, p. 
# Hubert Harrison to the editor, NYS, December 8, 1910, p. 8, and December 19, 1910, p. 8; and Charles William Anderson to Booker T. Washington, September 10, 1911, and October 30, 1911, in Louis R. Harlan and Raymond W. Smock (eds). ''The Booker T. Washington Papers'', 13 vols (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972-1984), 11: pp. 300 Archived 2009-01-07 at the Wayback Machine-301 Archived 2005-01-16 at the Wayback Machine and 351. Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine 
# Hubert Harrison, &quot;The Negro and Socialism: 1--The Negro Problem Stated,&quot; ''New York Call'', November 28, 1911, p. 6, repr. in ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', 52-55, quotes p. 54.
# Hubert Harrison, &quot;Race First Versus Class First&quot;, ''Negro World'', March 27, 1920, repr. in ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', 107–09, quote p. 109.
#  Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Introductory&quot;, August 15, 1920, in Hubert H. Harrison, ''When Africa Awakes: The &quot;Inside Story&quot; of the Stirrings and Strivings of the New Negro in the Western World'' (New York: The Porro Press, 513 Lenox Avenue, 1920), pp. 5–8, quote p. 5.
# Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;The Descent of Dr. Du Bois,&quot; August 15, 1920, in Hubert H. Harrison, ''When Africa Awakes: The &quot;Inside Story&quot; of the Stirrings and Strivings of the New Negro in the Western World'' (New York: The Porro Press, 513 Lenox Avenue, 1920), pp. 66–70, esp. p. 68.
# Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Announcement&quot;, ''New Negro'', III (August 1919), 3.
# Rare Book and Manuscript Library Archived 2007-12-16 at the Wayback Machine at www.columbia.edu
#  ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', p. 2.
# James, ''Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia'' Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, 1998, p. 134.
# Hubert Harrison Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University
# Jeffrey B. Perry, Jeffrey B. Perry, &quot;Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918&quot; Archived 2008-12-22 at the Wayback Machine, Vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, November, 2008).
#  A Hubert Harrison Reader, Hubert Henry Harrison, Book - Barnes &amp; Noble at search.barnesandnoble.com
# A Negro on Chicken Stealing, ''NYT'' archive
# The Black Man's Burden (A Reply to Rudyard Kipling) Archived 2007-08-13 at the Wayback Machine at www.expo98.msu.edu
# he Negro and the Nation, archive.org
# &quot;On A Certain Condescension in White Publishers&quot; Archived 2014-06-28 at the Wayback Machine, in Henry Louis Gates (Jr.) and Gene Andrew Jarret (eds), ''The New Negro: Readings on Race, Representation, and African American Culture, 1892–1938'', Princeton University Press, 2007, pp. 373-4.
# Marcus Garvey – Hubert Henry Harrison – Great People of Color Archived 2007-11-29 at the Wayback Machine at www.marcusgarvey.com
# ''AAH Examiner'' article Archived 2007-11-06 at the Wayback Machine at www.secularhumanism.org
# Socialism and democracy Archived 2007-10-17 at the Wayback Machine at www.sdonline.org
# &quot;Hubert Harrison&quot; Archived 2013-08-14 at the Wayback Machine, BlackPast.</text>
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      <text bytes="30823" sha1="fo54lyr56w0rror8t4gjvlnypxsks6t" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen , one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) ,  the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside , dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; , dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.

== Race Radicalism and the New Negro Movement ==
1914–15 after Harrison comot from Socialist Party, he begin work with free-thinkers, people wey no dey follow church matter, and he join the Modern School Movement (wey one Spanish man, Francisco Ferrer, wey dem kill, start). He also start him own group wey dem dey call Radical Forum.

Harrison talk about many things — like birth control, evolution, books, people wey no believe God, and how race dey play role for World War I. The way he dey talk for outside (street corner lectures) help create the style wey Harlem people later follow. People like A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Moore, and later Malcolm X follow the path wey Harrison clear.

For 1915–16, after newspaper man James Weldon Johnson praise Harrison street lectures, Harrison decide say e go focus on Black people for Harlem. He begin write review about Black theatre, especially the Lafayette Players for Harlem. He show how Black theatre help Black people express demself and see say skin color matter for dem life.

As labor movement and Socialists dey put white people matter first, Harrison bring the idea of “race first”. He start the New Negro Movement, wey be radical mass movement wey want equality, justice, opportunity and economic power for Black people. That movement later help give foundation for Garvey movement, and even inspire Alain Locke him The New Negro book wey come 8 years after.

== Liberty League and The Voice ==
1917, while America dey fight World War I, dem dey tell Black people say make dem fight for democracy, but dem still dey lynch and discriminate Black people for US. Harrison start Liberty League and one newspaper wey he call The Voice: A Newspaper for the New Negro. This one be alternative to NAACP.

The League fight for full equality, anti-lynching law, Black people political and economic rights, labor unions, support for socialist and anti-imperialist fight, and armed self-defense. The Voice paper reach 10,000 copies per issue but stop after 5 months, because Harrison no gree take advert from people wey dey sell things like hair straightener or skin bleach. And the paper no manage money well.

== Later Political Work ==
1918 Harrison work small with American Federation of Labor (AFL). He help lead Negro-American Liberty Congress with William Monroe Trotter. The Congress submit paper give US Congress say make dem pass anti-lynching law. Harrison talk say this war na excuse wey imperialists dey use to cover dem own bad plan.

The army and people for power like Du Bois and Joel Spingarn work to scatter the Liberty Congress. But Harrison him work be the start of things like the March on Washington later.

1919, Harrison edit New Negro magazine wey focus on Black people and other people of color worldwide. He write plenty about international issues — how imperialism dey do, how people for India, China, Africa, Caribbean dey fight. Harrison like Gandhi non-violent fight, but he believe say Black people for America get right to defend demself.

== Garvey Movement and After ==
1920 Harrison become editor for Negro World — Garvey own newspaper. E make the paper serious for Black pride, politics, and literature. But he begin criticize Garvey for over-talk, money matter, and wanting to create empire. Harrison say Black people fight dey America, no be Africa.

Later, Harrison break from Garvey, but still write for Negro World small before 1922. After that, he look for new political way.

=== Final Years and Death ===
1920s, Harrison still dey give public talk, write and organize. He talk for radio, write book reviews, and talk about Ku Klux Klan and Tulsa massacre. He join groups like: Virgin Island Congressional Council , Democratic Party Farmer-Labor Party, Single tax movement, Urban League, Communist Party

1924, Harrison start International Colored Unity League (ICUL). He want Black people unite, get self-reliance, economic power, and build Negro state for US (no be Africa like Garvey talk).

1927, he edit ICUL paper Voice of the Negro. Before he die, he tell people say he get appendicitis and go do surgery — but he die for operating table at 44 years old.

== Harrison’s Legacy ==
Harrison no depend on rich white people or small group of educated Black people. He reach the Black masses direct — through newspaper, street talk, and lectures. After he die, people forget him small, but now dem dey study him life again. Columbia University dey work to publish him papers and biography.

== Legacy and Honors ==
One biographer wey dem dey call Jeffrey B. Perry write say, among all the Black leaders for Harrison time, Harrison na “the most class conscious of the race radicals and the most race conscious of the class radicals.” Perry talk say Harrison na key person wey link two major struggle wey Black people dey do — the labour/civil rights side (wey dem dey connect with people like A. Philip Randolph and later Martin Luther King Jr.) and the race/nationalist side (wey people dey connect with Marcus Garvey and later Malcolm X).

Winston James, wey be historian, talk say Harrison be “the most distinguished, if not the most well-known, Caribbean radical in the United States in the early twentieth century.”

As Harrison be intellectual, e be correct soapbox orator (person wey dey talk for street corner wey people dey gather listen), big lecturer for New York City Board of Education Trend of the Times series, strong writer, and dem say na first Black man wey dey do book reviews steady. Both Black and white writers, thinkers and activists praise am — people like Eugene O’Neill, James Weldon Johnson, Henry Miller, Hermie Huiswoud, William Pickens, Bertha Howe, Hodge Kirnon, and Oscar Benson.

Harrison help Black writers and artists like Charles Gilpin, Andy Razaf, J. A. Rogers, Eubie Blake, Walter Everette Hawkins, Claude McKay, Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje, Lucian B. Watkins, and Augusta Savage. He be one of the first Black people wey join freethought and birth control movement, he love books well-well (he be bibliophile), and he dey encourage people make dem go library.

He create Poetry for the People column for plenty publication, including New Negro magazine (1919), Negro World (1920), and the Voice of the Negro (1927).

You fit find small sample of him work and poetry for A Hubert Harrison Reader (2001). All him papers dey for Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library. He books include The Negro and the Nation (1917) and When Africa Awakes. Columbia University Press dey work on two-part biography — first volume The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918 come out November 2008.

2005, Columbia University collect Harrison papers; 2020, dem put am for their Digital Library Collections website.

== References (as e be) ==

# Jervis Anderson, ''A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait'' (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973), 79, and Joel. A. Rogers, &quot;Hubert Harrison: Intellectual Giant and Free-Lance Educator (1883–1927)&quot;, in ''World's Great Men of Color'', ed. John Henrik Clarke, 2 vols (1947; New York: reprint, Collier Books, 1972), 2:432–42, esp. 432–33.
#  &lt;code&gt;[[:en:Template:Cite_book|&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;code&gt;|work=&lt;/code&gt; ignored (help)
# ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', ed. with an introduction by Jeffrey B. Perry (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001), 1-2. This work (pp. 1–30) is used for general background on Harrison's life.
# Winston James, [https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=iSAjTDHiC4MC&amp;dq=The+Horror+of+the+East+St.+Louis+Massacre.&amp;pg=PA123&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ''Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-century America'' Archived 2014-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, New York: Verso, 1998, p. 123.]
# Jeffrey B. Perry, ''Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918,'' New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, p. 41.
# Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;A Negro on Lynching,&quot; ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|New York Times]]'', June 28, 1903, p. 
# Hubert Harrison to the editor, NYS, December 8, 1910, p. 8, and December 19, 1910, p. 8; and Charles William Anderson to Booker T. Washington, September 10, 1911, and October 30, 1911, in Louis R. Harlan and Raymond W. Smock (eds). ''The Booker T. Washington Papers'', 13 vols (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972-1984), 11: pp. 300 Archived 2009-01-07 at the Wayback Machine-301 Archived 2005-01-16 at the Wayback Machine and 351. Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine 
# Hubert Harrison, &quot;[[wikisource:Socialism_and_the_Negro|The Negro and Socialism]]: 1--The Negro Problem Stated,&quot; ''New York Call'', November 28, 1911, p. 6, repr. in ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', 52-55, quotes p. 54.
# Hubert Harrison, &quot;Race First Versus Class First&quot;, ''Negro World'', March 27, 1920, repr. in ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', 107–09, quote p. 109.
#  Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Introductory&quot;, August 15, 1920, in Hubert H. Harrison, ''When Africa Awakes: The &quot;Inside Story&quot; of the Stirrings and Strivings of the New Negro in the Western World'' (New York: The Porro Press, 513 Lenox Avenue, 1920), pp. 5–8, quote p. 5.
# Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;The Descent of Dr. Du Bois,&quot; August 15, 1920, in Hubert H. Harrison, ''When Africa Awakes: The &quot;Inside Story&quot; of the Stirrings and Strivings of the New Negro in the Western World'' (New York: The Porro Press, 513 Lenox Avenue, 1920), pp. 66–70, esp. p. 68.
# Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Announcement&quot;, ''New Negro'', III (August 1919), 3.
# Rare Book and Manuscript Library Archived 2007-12-16 at the Wayback Machine at www.columbia.edu
#  ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', p. 2.
# James, ''Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia'' Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, 1998, p. 134.
# Hubert Harrison Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University
# Jeffrey B. Perry, Jeffrey B. Perry, &quot;Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918&quot; Archived 2008-12-22 at the Wayback Machine, Vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, November, 2008).
#  A Hubert Harrison Reader, Hubert Henry Harrison, Book - Barnes &amp; Noble at search.barnesandnoble.com
# A Negro on Chicken Stealing, ''NYT'' archive
# The Black Man's Burden (A Reply to Rudyard Kipling) Archived 2007-08-13 at the Wayback Machine at www.expo98.msu.edu
# he Negro and the Nation, archive.org
# &quot;On A Certain Condescension in White Publishers&quot; Archived 2014-06-28 at the Wayback Machine, in Henry Louis Gates (Jr.) and Gene Andrew Jarret (eds), ''The New Negro: Readings on Race, Representation, and African American Culture, 1892–1938'', Princeton University Press, 2007, pp. 373-4.
# Marcus Garvey – Hubert Henry Harrison – Great People of Color Archived 2007-11-29 at the Wayback Machine at www.marcusgarvey.com
# ''AAH Examiner'' article Archived 2007-11-06 at the Wayback Machine at www.secularhumanism.org
# Socialism and democracy Archived 2007-10-17 at the Wayback Machine at www.sdonline.org
# &quot;Hubert Harrison&quot; Archived 2013-08-14 at the Wayback Machine, BlackPast.</text>
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      <text bytes="31599" sha1="q4o8qouk3s5r2g98jq7b22knmet9oyn" xml:space="preserve">== Hubert Harrison ==
[[Hubert Harrison]] na big man wey live for early [[:en:1900s|1900s]]. Dem born am for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=April+27&amp;cvid=bb0e439b4fbf4137b34e0e4f3e9cfb4c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc1NjBqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS April 27], [[:en:1883_(TV_series)|1883]], for [[:en:Saint_Croix|St. Croix]] (wey be Danish West Indies before, now na [[:en:United_States_Virgin_Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]).  He come die for [https://www.google.com/search?q=New+York+City&amp;sca_esv=52d80f397289fb06&amp;sxsrf=AE3TifOOxj-0MEkt9YaIDW191DyaNarNgw%3A1750517395760&amp;source=hp&amp;ei=k8ZWaLHBLJSihbIPgOa8mAU&amp;iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaFbUo04cRVTg0zVYLiEOwFh7YBhQxPQ5&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjx1q684YKOAxUUUUEAHQAzD1MQ4dUDCBc&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=New+York+City&amp;gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig1OZXcgWW9yayBDaXR5MggQLhiABBixAzIFEC4YgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAuGIAEMgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAUj6hwFQAFjff3AFeACQAQCYAekCoAGLJqoBBjItMTYuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCF6ACzijCAgoQIxiABBgnGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICDhAAGIAEGLEDGIMBGIoFwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQPCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAuGIAEGMcBGK8BmAMAkgcINS4wLjE1LjOgB-7hAbIHBjItMTUuM7gHjyjCBwgyLTQuMTguMcgHoQI&amp;sclient=gws-wiz New York City] on [[:en:December_17|December 17]], 1927, when he be 44 years old. He marry Irene Louise Horton and dem born five pikin together. Hubert na writer, teacher, speaker, critic, and political activist wey sabi both race and class wahala well-well. Na Harlem, New York, e base. One big activist wey dem dey call [https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-Philip-Randolph A. Philip Randolph] call am &quot;the papa of Harlem radicalism.&quot; Historian [[:en:Joel_Augustus_Rogers|Joel Augustus Rogers]] talk say Harrison na &quot;[https://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/29/on-the-peculiarities-of-the-ne the biggest Black brain] for im time. &quot; Another person, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=John+G.+Jackson&amp;cvid=8b19cc59f1124b1ba88d2ad2e958a975&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEDSAQgxMTcyajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS John G. Jackson], call am &quot;[https://www.historynet.com/hubert-harrison-harlems-black-socrates/#:~:text=Fondly%20known%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20Black%20Socrates%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20ran,pushed%20an%20agenda%20of%20black%20education%20and%20empowerment. The Black Socrates].&quot; Harrison come from St. Croix go [https://www.bing.com/search?q=america%20&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;ghc=1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=america%20&amp;sc=17-8&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=6D7EB67F871E4E0E9E81943EF5D7795E America] when he be 17 years. For 1912 to 1914, he become the top Black organizer for the Socialist Party of America. In 1917, na him start Liberty League and a newspaper wey dem call The Voice. That newspaper na the first race-conscious paper for the &quot;[[:en:New_Negro|New Negro]]&quot; movement. From him [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Liberty%20League&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;lq=0&amp;pq=liberty%20league&amp;sc=12-14&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=B92CC2D3BE524514B1657EBEF1608092 Liberty League], many people wey lead the [[:en:Marcus_Garvey|Marcus Garvey]] movement come out. 

Harrison sabi think well. E dey push for people to get sense about class, make [[:en:Black_people|Black people]] proud of who dem be, and make dem no fear to question religion or society. He no believe in [[:en:God|God]] (he be agnostic and humanist), and e believe in progress and free thinking. He call himself &quot;radical internationalist&quot; and help shape plenty [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Caribbean+political+movements&amp;cvid=cdc44653729949d89a4dbdf9eccfc3ce&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzcwNmowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Caribbean political movements]. He influence plenty New Negro leaders like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=A.+Philip+Randolph%2C&amp;form=ANNTH1&amp;refig=38E384BDD571405F8FB275B207370A24&amp;pc=NMTS A. Philip Randolph,] Chandler Owen, Marcus Garvey, and many more.

== Early Life ==
[[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] mama na [https://www.geni.com/people/Ceclia-Harrison/6000000177234820871 Cecilia Elizabeth Haines], woman wey dey hustle for her daily bread. Dem born am for one farm estate for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Croix.&amp;cvid=354ecde9976a4e30977321b66f7af4ba&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg4NzEyajBqOagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Croix.]Him papa, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/adolphus-harrison-42b133b4 Adolphus Harrison], na person wey dem born as slave. One old story talk say im papa get big land, but the man wey write [[Hubert Kairuki Memorial University|Hubert]] book say dat one no true say the papa na labourer till him die and no get land. As pikin, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=27788935868f4c60b42c02f6e5efa9fb&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0ODUzajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no get money, but e learn African culture and how him people for [https://www.gotostcroix.com/ St. Croix] dey fight for better life. Him schoolmate be [[:en:D._Hamilton_Jackson|D. Hamilton Jackson,]] wey later be big labour leader for [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Virgin+Islands.&amp;cvid=68f90510acfb47b0ab3c08f06892ce4d&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgzMjI1ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Virgin Islands.]Later for him life, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=9c96db5425f54e638c40d25eb8af8f63&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQg0NDU4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] work with many people wey come from [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=James+Canegata&amp;cvid=c913e90197234353bdfac802219370bd&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU2NTdqMGo0qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS James Canegata], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jackson-anselmo-a6a2a4296 Anselmo Jackson], [[:en:Rothschild_Francis|Rothschild Francis]], [[:en:Elizabeth_Hendrickson|Elizabeth Hendrikson]], [[:en:Casper_Holstein|Casper Holstein]], and [[:en:Frank_Crosswaith|Frank Crosswaith.]]He fight strong for [[:en:Virgin_Islands|Virgin Islands]] matter, especially after America buy the islands in 1917 and begin do anyhow with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Navy+rule.&amp;cvid=52fd8b1b71d84d6e9527eca442999def&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgyODE4ajBqNKgCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Navy rule.] 

== Marriage and Family ==
For 1909[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=%2C+Harrison&amp;cvid=cd2c1c1c7d2f4b8ca2de5f7e9f38914c&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQLhhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQg2NDQxajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS , Harrison] marry one woman wey dem dey call [https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Horton/4720094 Irene Louise Horton.]The two of dem born four girls and one boy.

=== Career ===
When [https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3095&amp;isMissingChapter=true Harrison] first stay [https://www.bing.com/search?q=New+York&amp;cvid=b4903c2726724488afc0b8a5a59928f7&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxNDE1ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS New York] for him first ten years, e begin write letters give editor of [https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times.]The letters talk about things like how dem dey kill Black people (lynching), [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+Darwin&amp;cvid=2cab962b84af4f7fa0b2a4f6b7ac635f&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQc5NTNqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles Darwin] him Evolution theory, and book matter (literary criticism) . E also begin dey give lectures about people like poet [[:en:Paul_Laurence_Dunbar|Paul Laurence Dunbar]] and the Reconstruction period after [[Slavery in Africa|slavery.]] As e dey do civic work, [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1276299545/?playlistId=nm0000148&amp;ref_=nm_ov_ov_vi Harrison] join groups like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=St.+Benedict’s+Lyceum&amp;cvid=ed579f213f614287a75781f94c5b8682&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBBzg2NmowajSoAgCwAgA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS St. Benedict’s Lyceum] (wey Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, journalist J[https://www.bing.com/search?q=journalist+John+Edward+Bruce&amp;cvid=5e1e8ae73a6d4654843864b1efdc0507&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTM3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS ohn Edward Bruce,] and activist Samuel Duncan also dey inside); [https://www.modernghana.com/news/387095/st-john039s-school-marks-60th-anniversary.html St. Mark’s Lyceum (wey George Young, John Dotha Jones, and Charles Burroughs dey inside);] White Rose Home (wey Frances Reynolds Keyser dey help), and the [https://www.schemecolor.com/ymca-brand.php Colored YMCA.]That time too, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=fe0ed11052714e50a790bb8827a33829&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMzg4ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] start to follow the freethought movement ,dem people dey believe say instead of following church things wey no get head, make we use science, evidence and reason solve matter. He comot from Christianity and become person wey no dey believe say God dey (agnostic atheist) ,just like [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/huxley_thomas_henry.shtml Thomas Huxley], wey e look up to. From that time till he die, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=6a22a691d737467b925c76fd19e05b57&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMTgyajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey ever like religion or belief in God. He talk say Bible na slave master book. He talk say Black Christians need make dem check dem head. He say he no go worship any [https://whitelilychapel.org/white-lily “lily white God]” or “[https://www.bing.com/search?q=Jim+Crow+Jesus&amp;cvid=72d61e0a25e842ac9d83bd23a1e09c27&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEIMTE3M2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Jim Crow Jesus.]”. [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no like the slogan “Take the world but give me Jesus” the say e dey make racism and discrimination look okay. [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Harrison&amp;cvid=87f425e2a3a441cc8acde948e4120e89&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMDg0ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] even talk say he go prefer go hell, because for hell, na Black people (Satan and demons) dey; but for heaven, na only white people (God, Jesus, angels) dey. Anytime he dey talk against the Bible and God for him speech, plenty religious people go vex, some even fight am. Onetime, one crazy religious man carry crowbar attack am [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] collect the crowbar and chase the guy. But na [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] police arrest instead of the attacker. Later, court say [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A Harrison] no do anything wrong, na self-defense e do, and dem warn the police say e arrest the wrong person.For that talk[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCruKOlQdeAU0svDj0Bz54-A , Harrison] dey argue for birth control and dey lash churches for how dem dey spread racism, superstition, ignorance, and poverty.

== Harrison and Religion ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&amp;q=Harrison&amp;cvid=8224cb68ac974f42b57e47913fda00f0&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxODg5ajBqMagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] no dey joke when e dey talk say make Church and government no mix at all.He dey support say make government tax churches and make dem teach evolution for school.E even talk say white people (Caucasians) resemble apes pass Black people because of their straight hair and fair skin. One of him popular talk be:

&quot;Show me people wey too dey carry [[:en:Religion|religion]] for head, I go show you people wey go dey happy under chain and whip, people wey go dey okay to chop sorrow bread and drink suffer water.&quot; For 1914, for him book The Negro Conservative, Harrison write say:

&quot;E suppose make Black people for [[American International University West Africa|America]] join free-thought movement pass anybody, because na dem Christianity don do pass for this country.&quot;

== Work and Early Politics ==

=== 1907, Harrison get job for US Post Office. ===
He support the protest style of people like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=W.E.B.+Du+Bois&amp;cvid=1ea59f6f79dd49e49b63664a4212c997&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAuGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMTQ5ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS W.E.B. Du Bois] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=William+Monroe+Trotter&amp;cvid=f5b1de7fb01f421c89ea1ffbe5251421&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxMDM1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS William Monroe Trotter] early. After one case wey dem call the [[:en:Brownsville_affair|Brownsville Affair]], Harrison no gree for Presidents [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%2C&amp;cvid=2e22353c94c74810a62a183d477c9430&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQg1MDU3ajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft], and e begin lash the Republican Party too. Harrison no like Booker T. Washington own style at all. He say Washington own political way dey too follow-follow (subservient). For 1910, Harrison write two letters wey e send go New York Sun, wey e challenge wetin Washington talk. As e do that, [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Washington&amp;cvid=1aa3e4e66d91455cbe139d25bc0439ee&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAuGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTI1ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Washington] own people (wey dem dey call Tuskegee Machine) plan am and [https://www.bing.com/search?qs=OS&amp;pq=hHarrison&amp;sk=CSYN1OS1&amp;sc=16-9&amp;q=harrison&amp;cvid=84ebd5ffc5b84279bbdc0947563ea8c9&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIAhAAGEAyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQLhhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEC4YQDIGCAQQLhhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEC4YQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQkxMjA0MGowajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] lose him Post Office work. The people wey join the plan be [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Charles+W.+Anderson&amp;cvid=840c01c45ba043969c011e746d1f3e1b&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDE0MjJqMGo0qAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Charles W. Anderson] (big Black Republican), Emmett Scott (Washington assistant), and Edward M. Morgan (New York Postmaster).

== Harrison and Socialism ==
Harrison first support one economic idea wey dem dey call [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism], but later he realize say [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Georgism&amp;cvid=95e23072ffab4b8fba675449ae3af433&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDsyBggAEEUYOzIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBBFGDzSAQgyMjc2ajBqNKgCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Georgism] and [https://www.bing.com/search?q=socialism&amp;cvid=aca367f1625044f2b6015e322807bf91&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhA0gEIMjQ3N2owajmoAgiwAgE&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS socialism] no be the same. After dem sack am from Post Office for 1911, he join [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist Party]] full-time. Harrison be the top Black [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] for America that time.

He dey talk plenty against capitalism, e support [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] candidate Eugene V. Debs for 1912, and e start Colored Socialist Club, wey be the first time Socialist Party try to reach Black people.

Harrison write for New York Call and International [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialist]] Review about The Negro and Socialism. He talk say racism na strategy capitalists dey use, to make workers fear and fight themselves instead of fighting them (the capitalists). Harrison say [[:en:List_of_socialist_parties|Socialists]] suppose fight for Black people like dem dey do for women and foreigners.

He talk say:

&quot;If democracy go be real, e mean say revolution go happen , one wey go shake people self to even think am.&quot;

== Harrison and IWW ==
[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] move go the left side of Socialism. He like [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW) ,  the radical, equal-rights union. He talk with [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] big men like Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for the big Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. He support [https://www.bing.com/search?q=Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&amp;cvid=1d7aa8773553409e906144f152d0b5c1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQDIGCAcQABhAMgYICBAAGEDSAQgxNTgxajBqOagCCLACAQ&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS IWW] their direct action style and even sabotage when e need.

But Socialist Party still dey do racism for inside , dem get separate branches for South and dem no like Asian immigrants. Plus, the Party people for New York wey dey power no gree make [https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] talk again.

[https://www.bing.com/search?q=harrison&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJMTkwMDhqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS Harrison] come vex, write them say make dem &quot;go chase themselves&quot; , dem suspend am 3 months. Before the suspension end, he comot from the Party for 1918.

After that, Harrison focus more on Single-Tax movement for the 1920s.

== Race Radicalism and the New Negro Movement ==
1914–15 after Harrison comot from Socialist Party, he begin work with free-thinkers, people wey no dey follow church matter, and he join the Modern School Movement (wey one Spanish man, Francisco Ferrer, wey dem kill, start). He also start him own group wey dem dey call Radical Forum.

Harrison talk about many things — like birth control, evolution, books, people wey no believe God, and how race dey play role for World War I. The way he dey talk for outside (street corner lectures) help create the style wey Harlem people later follow. People like A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Richard B. Moore, and later Malcolm X follow the path wey Harrison clear.

For 1915–16, after newspaper man James Weldon Johnson praise Harrison street lectures, Harrison decide say e go focus on Black people for Harlem. He begin write review about Black theatre, especially the Lafayette Players for Harlem. He show how Black theatre help Black people express demself and see say skin color matter for dem life.

As labor movement and Socialists dey put white people matter first, Harrison bring the idea of “race first”. He start the New Negro Movement, wey be radical mass movement wey want equality, justice, opportunity and economic power for Black people. That movement later help give foundation for Garvey movement, and even inspire Alain Locke him The New Negro book wey come 8 years after.

== Liberty League and The Voice ==
1917, while America dey fight World War I, dem dey tell Black people say make dem fight for democracy, but dem still dey lynch and discriminate Black people for US. Harrison start Liberty League and one newspaper wey he call The Voice: A Newspaper for the New Negro. This one be alternative to NAACP.

The League fight for full equality, anti-lynching law, Black people political and economic rights, labor unions, support for socialist and anti-imperialist fight, and armed self-defense. The Voice paper reach 10,000 copies per issue but stop after 5 months, because Harrison no gree take advert from people wey dey sell things like hair straightener or skin bleach. And the paper no manage money well.

== Later Political Work ==
1918 Harrison work small with American Federation of Labor (AFL). He help lead Negro-American Liberty Congress with William Monroe Trotter. The Congress submit paper give US Congress say make dem pass anti-lynching law. Harrison talk say this war na excuse wey imperialists dey use to cover dem own bad plan.

The army and people for power like Du Bois and Joel Spingarn work to scatter the Liberty Congress. But Harrison him work be the start of things like the March on Washington later.

1919, Harrison edit New Negro magazine wey focus on Black people and other people of color worldwide. He write plenty about international issues — how imperialism dey do, how people for India, China, Africa, Caribbean dey fight. Harrison like Gandhi non-violent fight, but he believe say Black people for America get right to defend demself.

== Garvey Movement and After ==
1920 Harrison become editor for Negro World — Garvey own newspaper. E make the paper serious for Black pride, politics, and literature. But he begin criticize Garvey for over-talk, money matter, and wanting to create empire. Harrison say Black people fight dey America, no be Africa.

Later, Harrison break from Garvey, but still write for Negro World small before 1922. After that, he look for new political way.

=== Final Years and Death ===
1920s, Harrison still dey give public talk, write and organize. He talk for radio, write book reviews, and talk about Ku Klux Klan and Tulsa massacre. He join groups like: Virgin Island Congressional Council , Democratic Party Farmer-Labor Party, Single tax movement, Urban League, Communist Party

1924, Harrison start International Colored Unity League (ICUL). He want Black people unite, get self-reliance, economic power, and build Negro state for US (no be Africa like Garvey talk).

1927, he edit ICUL paper Voice of the Negro. Before he die, he tell people say he get appendicitis and go do surgery — but he die for operating table at 44 years old.

== Harrison’s Legacy ==
Harrison no depend on rich white people or small group of educated Black people. He reach the Black masses direct — through newspaper, street talk, and lectures. After he die, people forget him small, but now dem dey study him life again. Columbia University dey work to publish him papers and biography.

== Legacy and Honors ==
One biographer wey dem dey call Jeffrey B. Perry write say, among all the Black leaders for Harrison time, Harrison na “the most class conscious of the race radicals and the most race conscious of the class radicals.” Perry talk say Harrison na key person wey link two major struggle wey Black people dey do — the labour/civil rights side (wey dem dey connect with people like A. Philip Randolph and later Martin Luther King Jr.) and the race/nationalist side (wey people dey connect with Marcus Garvey and later Malcolm X).

Winston James, wey be historian, talk say Harrison be “the most distinguished, if not the most well-known, Caribbean radical in the United States in the early twentieth century.”

As Harrison be intellectual, e be correct soapbox orator (person wey dey talk for street corner wey people dey gather listen), big lecturer for New York City Board of Education Trend of the Times series, strong writer, and dem say na first Black man wey dey do book reviews steady. Both Black and white writers, thinkers and activists praise am — people like Eugene O’Neill, James Weldon Johnson, Henry Miller, Hermie Huiswoud, William Pickens, Bertha Howe, Hodge Kirnon, and Oscar Benson.

Harrison help Black writers and artists like Charles Gilpin, Andy Razaf, J. A. Rogers, Eubie Blake, Walter Everette Hawkins, Claude McKay, Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje, Lucian B. Watkins, and Augusta Savage. He be one of the first Black people wey join freethought and birth control movement, he love books well-well (he be bibliophile), and he dey encourage people make dem go library.

He create Poetry for the People column for plenty publication, including New Negro magazine (1919), Negro World (1920), and the Voice of the Negro (1927).

You fit find small sample of him work and poetry for A Hubert Harrison Reader (2001). All him papers dey for Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library. He books include The Negro and the Nation (1917) and When Africa Awakes. Columbia University Press dey work on two-part biography — first volume The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918 come out November 2008.

2005, Columbia University collect Harrison papers; 2020, dem put am for their Digital Library Collections website.

== References (as e be) ==

# Jervis Anderson, ''A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait'' (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973), 79, and Joel. A. Rogers, &quot;Hubert Harrison: Intellectual Giant and Free-Lance Educator (1883–1927)&quot;, in ''World's Great Men of Color'', ed. John Henrik Clarke, 2 vols (1947; New York: reprint, Collier Books, 1972), 2:432–42, esp. 432–33.
#  &lt;code&gt;[[:en:Template:Cite_book|&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;code&gt;|work=&lt;/code&gt; ignored (help)
# ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', ed. with an introduction by Jeffrey B. Perry (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001), 1-2. This work (pp. 1–30) is used for general background on Harrison's life.
# Winston James, [https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=iSAjTDHiC4MC&amp;dq=The+Horror+of+the+East+St.+Louis+Massacre.&amp;pg=PA123&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ''Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-century America'' Archived 2014-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, New York: Verso, 1998, p. 123.]
# Jeffrey B. Perry, ''Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918,'' New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, p. 41.
# Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;A Negro on Lynching,&quot; ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|New York Times]]'', June 28, 1903, p. 
# Hubert Harrison to the editor, NYS, December 8, 1910, p. 8, and December 19, 1910, p. 8; and Charles William Anderson to Booker T. Washington, September 10, 1911, and October 30, 1911, in Louis R. Harlan and Raymond W. Smock (eds). ''The Booker T. Washington Papers'', 13 vols (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972-1984), 11: pp. 300 Archived 2009-01-07 at the Wayback Machine-301 Archived 2005-01-16 at the Wayback Machine and 351. Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine 
# Hubert Harrison, &quot;[[wikisource:Socialism_and_the_Negro|The Negro and Socialism]]: 1--The Negro Problem Stated,&quot; ''New York Call'', November 28, 1911, p. 6, repr. in ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', 52-55, quotes p. 54.
# Hubert Harrison, &quot;Race First Versus Class First&quot;, ''Negro World'', March 27, 1920, repr. in ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', 107–09, quote p. 109.
#  Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Introductory&quot;, August 15, 1920, in Hubert H. Harrison, ''When Africa Awakes: The [https://www.bing.com/search?q=%22inside+story%22+of+the+stirrings+and+strivings+of+the+new+negro+in+the+western+world+(new+york%3A+the+porro+press%2C+513+lenox+avenue%2C+1920)%2C+pp.+5%E2%80%938%2C+quote+p.+5.&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJNDcxNDRqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS &quot;Inside Story&quot; of the Stirrings and Strivings of the New Negro in the Western World]'' [https://www.bing.com/search?q=%22inside+story%22+of+the+stirrings+and+strivings+of+the+new+negro+in+the+western+world+(new+york%3A+the+porro+press%2C+513+lenox+avenue%2C+1920)%2C+pp.+5%E2%80%938%2C+quote+p.+5.&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgcIABBFGMIDMgcIABBFGMIDMgcIARBFGMIDMgcIAhBFGMIDMgcIAxBFGMIDMgcIBBBFGMIDMgcIBRBFGMIDMgcIBhBFGMIDMgcIBxBFGMID0gEJNDcxNDRqMGo5qAIIsAIB&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=NMTS (New York: The Porro Press, 513 Lenox Avenue, 1920), pp. 5–8, quote p. 5.]
# Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;The Descent of Dr. Du Bois,&quot; August 15, 1920, in Hubert H. Harrison, ''When Africa Awakes: The &quot;Inside Story&quot; of the Stirrings and Strivings of the New Negro in the Western World'' (New York: The Porro Press, 513 Lenox Avenue, 1920), pp. 66–70, esp. p. 68.
# Hubert H. Harrison, &quot;Announcement&quot;, ''New Negro'', III (August 1919), 3.
# Rare Book and Manuscript Library Archived 2007-12-16 at the Wayback Machine at www.columbia.edu
#  ''A Hubert Harrison Reader'', p. 2.
# James, ''Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia'' Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, 1998, p. 134.
# Hubert Harrison Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University
# Jeffrey B. Perry, Jeffrey B. Perry, &quot;Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918&quot; Archived 2008-12-22 at the Wayback Machine, Vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, November, 2008).
#  A Hubert Harrison Reader, Hubert Henry Harrison, Book - Barnes &amp; Noble at search.barnesandnoble.com
# A Negro on Chicken Stealing, ''NYT'' archive
# The Black Man's Burden (A Reply to Rudyard Kipling) Archived 2007-08-13 at the Wayback Machine at www.expo98.msu.edu
# he Negro and the Nation, archive.org
# &quot;On A Certain Condescension in White Publishers&quot; Archived 2014-06-28 at the Wayback Machine, in Henry Louis Gates (Jr.) and Gene Andrew Jarret (eds), ''The New Negro: Readings on Race, Representation, and African American Culture, 1892–1938'', Princeton University Press, 2007, pp. 373-4.
# Marcus Garvey – Hubert Henry Harrison – Great People of Color Archived 2007-11-29 at the Wayback Machine at www.marcusgarvey.com
# ''AAH Examiner'' article Archived 2007-11-06 at the Wayback Machine at www.secularhumanism.org
# Socialism and democracy Archived 2007-10-17 at the Wayback Machine at www.sdonline.org
# &quot;Hubert Harrison&quot; Archived 2013-08-14 at the Wayback Machine, BlackPast.</text>
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    <title>History of Sierra Leone</title>
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      <text bytes="71641" sha1="2c2dsuemnikk11ik5cft0qlfe7wda2q" xml:space="preserve">'''Sierra Leone''' first become inhabited by indigenous African peoples at least 2,500 years ago. De Limba be de first tribe known to inhabit Sierra Leone. De dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de region from oda West African cultures, den e become a refuge for peoples escaping violence. Sierra Leone was named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra, who map de region insyd 1462. De Freetown estuary provided a good natural harbour for ships to shelter den replenish drinking water, den gain more international attention as coastal den trans-Atlantic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade.

Insyd de mid-16th century, de Mane people invaded, subjugated nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples, den militarised Sierra Leone. De Mane soon blended plus de local populations den de various chiefdoms den kingdoms remain insyd a continual state of conflict, plus many captives sold to European slave-traders. De Atlantic slave trade had a significant impact on Sierra Leone, as dis trade flourished insyd de 17th den 18th centuries, den later as a centre of anti-slavery efforts when de trade be abolished insyd 1807. British abolitionists had organised a colony for Black Loyalists at Freetown, den dis become de capital of British West Africa. A naval squadron was base there to intercept slave ships, den de colony quickly grew as Liberated Africans be released, join by Afro-Caribbean den African soldiers who had fought for Britain insyd de American Revolutionary War. De descendants of de black settlers be collectively referred to as de Creoles or Krios.

During de colonial era, de British den Creoles increased demma control over de surrounding area, securing peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted, suppressing slave-trading den inter-chiefdom war. Insyd 1895, Britain draw borders for Sierra Leone which they declare to be demma protectorate, leading to armed resistance den de Hut Tax War of 1898. Thereafter, there demma dissent den reforms as de Creoles sought political rights, trade unions form against colonial employers, den peasants sought greater justice from demma chiefs.

Sierra Leone has played a significant part insyd modern African political liberty den nationalism. Insyd de 1950s, a new constitution united de Crown Colony den Protectorate, which had previously been governed separately. Sierra Leone gain independence from de United Kingdom on 27 April 1961 den became a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Ethnic den linguistic divisions remain an obstacle to national unity, plus de Mende, Temne den Creoles as rival power blocs. Roughly half of de years since independence have been marked by autocratic governments or civil war.

== Early history ==
Archaeological finds show dat Sierra Leone has been inhabited continuously for at least 2,500 years, populate by successive movements of peoples from oda parts of Africa. De use of iron be introduced to Sierra Leone by de 9th century, den by de end of de 10th century agriculture was being practiced by coastal tribes.

Sierra Leone ein dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de land from oda African cultures den from de spread of Islam. Dis make e a refuge for people escaping subjugation by de Sahelian kingdoms, violence den jihads.

European contacts plus Sierra Leone be among de first insyd West Africa. Insyd 1462, Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra mapped de hills surrounding what be now Freetown Harbour, naming de oddly shaped formation ''Serra Lyoa'' (Lioness Mountain).

At dis time de country be inhabited by numerous politically independent native groups. Several different languages be spoken, but there was similarity of religion. Insyd de coastal rainforest belt there be Bulom-speakers between de Sherbro den Freetown estuaries, Loko-speakers north of de Freetown estuary to de Little Scarcies River, Temne-speakers find at de mouth of de Scarcies River, den Limba-speakers farther up de Scarcies. Insyd de hilly savannah north of all of these lands be de Susu den Fula tribes. De Susu trade regularly plus de coastal peoples along river valley routes, bringing salt, clothes woven by de Fula, iron work, den gold.

== European contact (15th century) ==
Portuguese ships begin visiting Sierra Leone regularly insyd de late 15th century, den for a while they maintained a fort on de north shore of de Freetown estuary. Dis estuary be one of de largest natural deep-water harbours insyd de world, den one of de few good harbours on West Africa ein surf-battered &quot;Windward Shore&quot; (Liberia to Senegal). E soon become a favourite destination of European mariners, to shelter den replenish drinking water. Some of de Portuguese sailors stay permanently, trading den intermarrying plus de local people.

==== '''Slavery''' ====
Slavery, den insyd particular de Atlantic slave trade, had a great effect on de region—socially, economically den politically—from de late 15th to de mid-19th centuries.

There had been lucrative trans-Saharan trade of slaves insyd West Africa from de 6th century. At ein peak (c. 1350) de Mali Empire surrounded de region of modern-day Sierra Leone den Liberia, though de slave trade may not have significantly penetrated de coastal rainforest. De peoples who migrate into Sierra Leone from dis time will have had greater contact plus de indigenous slave trade, either practicing it or escaping it.

When Europeans first arrive at Sierra Leone, slavery among de African peoples of de area be believe to be rare. According to historian Walter Rodney, de Portuguese mariners keep detailed reports, den so e be likely if slavery had been an important local institution dat de reports will have described it. There be mention of a very particular kind of slavery insyd de region, which was:&lt;blockquote&gt;a person insyd trouble insyd one kingdom can go to anoda den place himself under de protection of ein king, whereupon he become a &quot;slave&quot; of dat king, obliged to provide free labour den liable for sale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Rodney, such a person will likely have retain some rights den had some opportunity to rise insyd status as time passed.

De European colonization of de Americas soon lead to labor demands from nascent colonies; dis lead Europeans to seek a supply of slaves to transport to de Americas. Initially, European slavers launch raids on coastal villages to abduct Africans den sell them into slavery. However, they soon establish economic alliances plus local leaders, as many chiefs were willing to sell undesirable members of demma tribe to Europeans. Oda African chiefs launch raids on rival tribes insyd order to sell captives of such raids into slavery.

Dis early slaving essentially be an export business. De use of slaves as labourers by de local Africans appears to have developed only later. E may first have occurred under coastal chiefs insyd de late 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;De slave owners originally be white den foreigners, but de late eighteenth century see de emergence of powerful slave-trading chiefs, be said to own large numbers of 'domestic slaves'.&lt;/blockquote&gt;For example, insyd de late 18th century, William Cleveland, a Scottish leader insyd Africa had a large &quot;slave town&quot; on de mainland opposite de Banana Islands, whose inhabitants &quot;be employed insyd cultivating extensive rice fields, describe as being some of the largest insyd Africa at de time&quot;. De existence of an indigenous slave town be recorded by an English traveler insyd 1823. Known insyd de Fula language as a ''rounde'', e be connected plus de Sulima Susu ein capital city, Falaba. Ein inhabitants work at farming.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Rodney dey postulate two means by which slaving for export can have caused a local practice of using slaves for labour to develop:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# Not all war captives offer for sale will have been bought by de Portuguese, so demma captors had to find something else to do plus them. Rodney believe dat executing them be rare den that they will have been used for local labour.
# There be a time lag between de time a slave be captured den de time he or she be sold. Thus there will often have been a pool of slaves awaiting sale, who will have been put to work.&lt;/blockquote&gt;There be possible additional reasons for de adoption of slavery by de locals to meet demma labour requirements:

# De Europeans provided an example for imitation.
# Once slaving insyd any form be accepted, e may smash a moral barrier to exploitation den make ein adoption insyd oda forms seem a relatively minor matter.
# Export slaving entailed de construction of a coercive apparatus which could have been subsequently turned to other ends, such as policing a captive labour force.
# De sale of local produce (e.g., palm kernels) to Europeans opened a new sphere of economic activity. Insyd particular, e dey create an increased demand for agricultural labour. Slavery be a way of mobilising an agricultural work force.
Dis local African slavery be much less harsh den brutal than de slavery practiced by Europeans on, for example, de plantations of the United States, de West Indies, den Brazil. De local slavery has been described by anthropologist M. McCulloch:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Slaves be housed close to de fresh tracts of land they clear for demma masters. They be considered part of de household of demma owner, den enjoyed limited rights. E no be customary to sell them except for a serious offense, such as adultery plus de wife of a freeman. Small plots of land be given to them for demma own use, den they might retain de proceeds of crops they grow on these plots; by dis means e be possible for a slave to become de owner of anoda slave. Sometimes a slave marry insyd de household of ein master den rose to a position of trust; there be an instance of a slave taking charge of a chiefdom during de minority of de heir. Descendants of slaves often be practically indistinguishable from freemen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Slaves sometimes be sent on errands outside de kingdoms of demma masters den return voluntarily. Speaking specifically of de era around 1700, historian Christopher Fyfe relates dat, &quot;Slaves not taken insyd war usually be criminals. Insyd coastal areas, at least, e be rare for anyone to be sold without being charged plus a crime.&quot;

Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section be still present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describes a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section still be present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describe a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;A freeman heavily insyd debt, den facing de threat of de punishment of being sold, will approach a wealthier man or chief plus a plea to pay off ein debts 'while I sit on your lap'. Or he can give a son or some oda dependent of ein 'to be for you', de wealthy man or chief. Dis insyd effect mean dat de person so pawn be automatically reduce to a position of dependence, den if he be never redeemed, he or ein children eventually become part of de master ein extended family. By dis time, de children practically be indistinguishable from de real children of de master, since they grow up regarding one anoda as brothers.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Some observers consider de term &quot;slave&quot; to be more misleading than informative when describing de local practice. Abraham say dat insyd most cases, &quot;subject, servant, client, serf, pawn, dependent, or retainer&quot; will be more accurate. Domestic slavery be abolished insyd Sierra Leone insyd 1928. McCulloch reports dat at dat time, amongst Sierra Leone ein largest present-day ethnolinguistic group, de Mende, who then had about 560,000 people, about 15 per cent of de population (i.e., 84,000 people) be domestic slaves. He sana say dat &quot;singularly little change followed de 1928 decree; a fair number of slaves return to demma original homes, but de great majority remain insyd de villages insyd which demma former masters had placed them or demma parents.&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Export slavery remain a major business insyd Sierra Leone from de late 15th century to de mid-19th century. According to Fyfe, &quot;e be estimated insyd 1789 dat 74,000 slaves be exported annually from West Africa, about 38,000 by British firms.&quot; Insyd 1788, a proslavery European name Matthews estimated de annual total export from between de Nunez River (110 km north of Sierra Leone) den de Sherbro as 3,000. Participation insyd de Atlantic slave trade gradually be outlawed by various Western nations, beginning plus de United States den Britain insyd 1808.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Mane invasions (16th century) ==
Further information: Mane people

De Mane invasions of de mid-16th century had a profound impact on Sierra Leone. De Mane (sana call Mani) be members of de Mande language group. A warrior people, well-armed den well-organized, they live east den somewhat north of present-day Sierra Leone. Sometime insyd de early 16th century they begin moving south. According to some Mane who dey speak to a Portuguese writer (Dornelas) in de late 16th century, demma travels dey begin as a result of de expulsion of demma chief from de imperial city of Mandimansa, demma homeland.

There be conflicting accounts among historians of how these invasions happened. Some historians place demma first arrival at de coast east of Sierra Leone, at least as far as de River Cess den likely pppie. They advanced northwest along de coast toward Sierra Leone, conquering as they go. Odas contend dat they arrive on de coast near Sherbro Island. They incorporate large numbers of de people they conquered into demma army, plus de result dat de rank den file consist mostly of coastal peoples, while de Mane be ein commanding group.

By 1545, de Mane dey reach Cape Mount. Dema conquest of Sierra Leone occupy de ensuing 15 to 20 years, den result insyd de subjugation of all or nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples—who be known collectively as de Sapes—as far north as de Scarcies. De present demographics of Sierra Leone largely be a reflection of these two decades. De degree to which de Mane supplanted de original inhabitants vary from place to place. De Temne partly withstood de Mane onslaught, den keep demma language, but become ruled by a line of Mane kings. De present-day Loko den Mende be de result of a more complete submersion of de original culture: demma languages be similar, den both essentially Mande. Dis likely be due to conquest by de Mane invaders.

=== '''Aftermath''' ===
De Mane invasions militarised Sierra Leone. De Sapes had been un-warlike, but after de invasions, right until de late 19th century, bows, shields, den knives of de Mane type dey become ubiquitous insyd Sierra Leone, as had de Mane battle technique of using squadrons of archers fighting insyd formation, carrying de large-style shields. Villages become fortified. De usual method of erecting two or three concentric palisades, each 4–7 metres (12–20 ft) high, create a formidable obstacle to attackers—especially since, as some of de English observe insyd de 19th century, de thigh-thick logs planted insyd de earth to make de palisades often take root at de bottom den grow foliage at de top, so dat de defenders occupy a living wall of wood. A British officer who dey observe one of these fortifications around de time of de 1898 Hut Tax war ended ein description of it thus:&lt;blockquote&gt;No one who dey no see these fences can realize de immense strength of them. De outer fence at Hahu I measure insyd several places, den found e to be from 2 to 3 feet thick, den most of de logs, or rather trees, of which e be formed, had taken root den be throwing out leaves den shoots.&lt;/blockquote&gt;He sana say dat English artillery can not penetrate all three fences. At dat time, at least among de Mende, &quot;a typical settlement dey consist of walled towns den open villages or towns surrounding it.&quot;

After de invasions, de Mane sub-chiefs among whom e country dey divide begin fighting among themselves. Dis pattern of activity become permanent: even after de Mane dey blend plus de indigenous population—a process which be completed insyd de early 17th century—de various kingdoms insyd Sierra Leone remain insyd a fairly continual state of flux den conflict. Rodney believe dat a desire to take prisoners to sell as slaves to de Europeans be a major motivation to dis fighting, den may even have been a driving force behind de original Mane invasions. Historian Kenneth Little dey conclude dat de principal objective insyd de local wars, at least among de Mende, be plunder, not de acquisition of territory. Abraham cautions dat slave trading should not be exaggerated as a cause: de Africans have demma own reasons to fight, plus territorial den political ambitions present. Motivations likely change over time during de 350-year period.

De wars themselves no be exceptionally deadly. Set-piece battles be rare, den de fortified towns so strong dat demma capture seldom be attempted. Often de fighting dey consist of small ambushes.

Insyd these years, de political system be such dat each large village along plus ein satellite villages den settlements will be headed by a chief. De chief will have a private army of warriors. Sometimes several chiefs will group themselves into a confederacy, acknowledging one of themselves as king (or high chief). Each pay de king fealty. If one be attacked, de king will come to ein aid, den de king can adjudicate local disputes.

Despite demma many political divisions, de people of de country be united by cultural similarity. One component of dis be de Poro, an organisation common to many different kingdoms den ethnolinguistic groups. De Mende claim to be ein originators, den there be nothing to contradict dis. Possibly they import it. De Temne claim to dey import it from de Sherbro or Bulom. De Dutch geographer Olfert Dapper know of it insyd de 17th century. E often be described as a &quot;secret society&quot;, dis partly be true: ein rites be closed to non-members, den what happens insyd de &quot;Poro bush&quot; never be disclosed. However, ein membership be very broad: among de Mende, almost all men, den some women, be initiates. Insyd recent years e no dey (as far as is known) have a central organisation: autonomous chapters exist for each chiefdom or village. However, it is said dat insyd pre-Protectorate days there be a &quot;Grand Poro&quot; plus cross-chiefdom powers of making war den peace. E widely be agreed dat e has a restraining influence on de powers of de chiefs. Headed by a fearsome principal spirit, de ''Gbeni'', e plays a major role insyd de rite of passage of males from puberty to manhood. E imparts some education. Insyd some areas, e have supervisory powers over trade, den de banking system, which use iron bars as a medium of exchange. E no only be de important society insyd Sierra Leone: de ''Sande'' be a female-only analogue of it; there sana be de ''Humoi'' which regulates sex, den de ''Njayei'' den de ''Wunde''. De ''Kpa'' be a healing-arts collegium.

Besides de political impact, there be economic effects as well: trade plus de interior be interrupted, den thousands be sold as slaves to de Europeans. Insyd industry, a flourishing tradition insyd fine ivory carving be ended; however, improved ironworking techniques be introduced.&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== 1600–1787 ==
By de 17th century, Portuguese colonialism insyd West Africa begin to wane, den insyd Sierra Leone oda European colonial powers such as de English den Dutch begin to supplant demma influence insyd de region. Insyd 1628, a group of English merchants had established a factory insyd de vicinity of Sherbro Island, about 50 km (30 mi) south-east from present-day Freetown. Insyd addition to ivory den slaves, de merchants at de factory sana trade insyd camwood, a type of hard timber. De Portuguese missionary Baltasar Barreira minister insyd Sierra Leone until 1610. Jesuits, den later insyd de century, Capuchins, continue de mission. By 1700 it had closed, although priests occasionally visited.

Insyd 1663, de Royal African Company (RAC) be granted a royal charter from Charles II of England den soon established a factory on Sherbro Island den Tasso Island. During de Second Anglo-Dutch War, both factories be sacked by a Dutch Navy force insyd 1664. De factory be rebuilt, though e be sacked again by de French Navy during de War of de Spanish Succession insyd 1704 den pirates insyd 1719 den 1720. After de Dutch raid on de RAC factory at Tasso Island, e be relocated to de nearby Bunce Island, which be more defensible.

De Europeans make payments, called ''Cole'', for rent, tribute, den trading rights, to de king of an area. At this time de local military advantage still be on de side of de Africans, den there be a 1714 report of a king seizing RAC goods insyd retaliation for a breach of protocol. Local Afro-Portuguese merchants often act as middlemen, de Europeans advancing them goods to trade to de local people, most often for ivory. Insyd 1728, an overly aggressive RAC governor dey unite de Africans den Afro-Portuguese insyd hostility to him; they burn down de Bunce Island fort den e no be rebuilt until about 1750. During de time dat de Royal African Company be operating, de firm of Grant, Sargent [Wikidata] den Oswald provisioned de trading stations. When de RAC abandoned Bunce Island, Sargent den ein partners purchase ein factory insyd 1748, repair it, den dey use it to trade insyd timber. They expand to Batts, Bobs, Tasso, den Tumbu Islands den along de banks of de river, eventually becoming involve insyd de slave trade. De French sack it again insyd 1779, during de American Revolutionary War.

During de 17th century de Temne ethnolinguistic group be expanding. Around 1600, a Mani still dey rule de Loko kingdom (de area north of Port Loko Creek) den anoda rule de upper part of de south shore of de Freetown estuary. De north shore of de estuary be under a Ballom king, den de area just east of Freetown on de peninsula be held by a non-Mani plus a European name, Dom Phillip de Leon (who may have been a subordinate to ein Mani neighbour). By de mid-17th century dis situation dey change: Temne, not Bullom dey speak on de south shore, den ships stopping for water den firewood had to pay customs to de Temne king of Bureh who live at Bagos town on de point between de Rokel River den Port Loko Creek. (De king may  consider himself a Mani—to dis day, Temne chiefs have Mani-derived titles—but ein people be Temne. De Bureh king insyd place insyd 1690 be called Bai Tura, ''Bai'' being a Mani form.) De Temne thus dey expand insyd a wedge toward de sea at Freetown, den now dey separate de Bulom to de north from de Mani den oda Mande-speakers to de south den east.

Insyd dis period there be several reports of women occupying high positions. De king of de south shore use to leave one of ein wives to rule when he be absent, den insyd de Sherbro there be female chiefs. Insyd de early 18th century, a Bulom dey name Seniora Maria make ein own town near Cape Sierra Leone.

During de 17th century, Muslim Fula from de Upper Niger den Senegal rivers move into an area called Fouta Djallon (or Futa Jalon) insyd de mountainous region north of present-day Sierra Leone. They be to have an important impact on de peoples of Sierra Leone because they increase trade den sana produced secondary population movements insyd Sierra Leone. Though de Muslim Fula first cohabited peaceably plus de peoples already at Fouta Djallon, around 1725 they embark on a war of domination, forcing de migration of many Susu, Yalunka, den non-Muslim Fula.

Susu—some already convert to Islam—come south insyd Sierra Leone, insyd turn displacing Limba from north-west Sierra Leone den driving them insyd north-central Sierra Leone where they continue to live. Some Susu move as far south as de Temne town of Port Loko, only 60 km (37 mi) upriver from de Atlantic. Eventually a Muslim Susu family dey call Senko supplanted de town ein Temne rulers. Oda Susu dey move westward from Fouta Djallon, eventually dominating de Baga, Bulom, den Temne north of de Scarcies River.

De Yalunka insyd Fouta Djallon first accept Islam, then reject it den be driven out. They go into north-central Sierra Leone den founded demma capital at Falaba insyd de mountains near de source of de Rokel. E still not an important town, about 20 km (12 mi) south of de Guinea border. Oda Yalunka go somewhat farther south den settled amongst de Koranko, Kissi, den Limba.

Besides these groups, who be more-or-less unwilling emigrants, a considerable variety of Muslim adventurers go forth from Fouta Djallon. A Fula called Fula Mansa (''mansa'' meaning ''king'') become ruler of de Yoni country 100 km (62 mi) east of present-day Freetown. Some of ein Temne subjects fled south to de Banta country between de middle reaches of de Bagu den Jong rivers, where they become known as de Mabanta Temne.

Insyd 1652, de first slaves from Sierra Leone be transported to North America; they be sold to white plantation owners insyd de Sea Islands off de coast of de American South. During de 18th century, numerous slaves from Bunce Island be transported to de Southern Colonies, due insyd part to de business relationship between American slave trader Henry Laurens den de London-based firm of Grant, Sargent, Oswald &amp; Company, which oversaw a thriving slave trade from Bunce Island insyd Sierra Leone to North America.

De transatlantic slave trade continued to transport millions of enslaved Africans, wey include those from Sierra Leone, across de Atlantic during de 17th, 18th den 19th centuries; ultimately, roughly 12.5 million slaves where e dey bring to de Americas dis way. However, de rise of abolitionist movements insyd de Western world insyd de late 18th den early 19th centuries dey lead to various European den American governments passing legislation to abolish de slave trade. De slave trade insyd Sierra Leone undergo a marked decline during de 19th century, though domestic slavery will persist until de 20th century.

== De Province of Freedom (1787–1789) ==
Main article: Granville Town, Province of Freedom

==== '''Conception of''' '''de Province of Freedom (1787)''' ====
Insyd 1787, a plan be established to settle some of London ein &quot;Black Poor&quot; insyd Sierra Leone insyd what was called the &quot;Province of Freedom&quot;. This was organised by the Committee for de Relief of de Black Poor, found by British abolitionist Granville Sharp, which preferred it as a solution to continuing to financially support them insyd London. Many of de Black Poor be African Americans, who had been given demma freedom after seeking refuge with the British Army during the American Revolution, but also included other West Indian, African and Asian inhabitants of London.

De Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme be proposed by entomologist Henry Smeathman den draw interest from humanitarians like Granville Sharp saw it as a means of showing de pro-slavery lobby dat black people can contribute towards de running of de new colony of Sierra Leone. Government officials soon become involved insyd de scheme as well, although demma interest be spurred by de possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere. William Pitt de Younger, prime minister den leader of de Tory party, dey have an active interest insyd de Scheme, because he see it as a means to repatriate de Black Poor to Africa, since &quot;e be necessary they should be sent somewhere, den be no longer suffer to infest de streets of London&quot;.

==== '''Establishment, destruction''' '''den re-establishment (1789)''' ====
De area be first settled by 400 formerly enslaved Black Britons, who dey arrive off de coast of Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787, dey accompany by some English tradesmen. They established de Province of Freedom or Granville Town on land purchase from local Koya Temne subchief King Tom den regent Naimbanna II, a purchase which de Europeans understand to cede de land to de new settlers &quot;for ever&quot;. De established arrangement between Europeans den de Koya Temne do not include provisions for permanent settlement, den some historians question how well de Koya leaders understand de agreement. Half of de settlers insyd de new colony die insyd de first year. Several black settlers dey start working for local slave traders. De settlers dat dey remain forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliate, attacking de settlement, which be reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, den six white women. Black settlers be captured by unscrupulous traders den sold as slaves, den de remaining colonists be forced to arm themselves for demma own protection. King Tom ein successor King Jemmy dey attack den burn de colony insyd 1789.

Alexander Falconbridge be sent to Sierra Leone insyd 1791 to collect de remaining Black Poor settlers, den they re-establish Granville Town (later renamed Cline Town) near Fourah Bay. Although these 1787 settlers do not establish Freetown, which be founded insyd 1792, de bicentennial of Freetown be celebrated insyd 1987.

After establishing Granville Town, disease den hostility from de indigenous people eliminated de first group of colonists den destroyed demma settlement. A second Granville Town established by 64 remaining black den white 'Old settlers' under de leadership of St. George Bay Company leader, Alexander Falconbridge den de St. George Bay Company. Dis settlement be different from de Freetown settlement den colony founded insyd 1792 by Lt. John Clarkson den de Nova Scotian Settlers under de auspices of de Sierra Leone Company.

== Freetown Colony (1792–1808) ==
'''Conception of tde Freetown settlement (1791)'''

De basis for de Freetown Colony begin insyd 1791 plus Thomas Peters, an African American who had served insyd de Black Pioneers den settle insyd Nova Scotia as part of de Black Loyalist migration. Peters travel to England insyd 1791 to report grievances of de Black Loyalists who had been given poor land den faced discrimination. Peters meet plus British abolitionists den de directors of de Sierra Leone Company. He learn of de company ein plan for a new settlement at Sierra Leone. De directors be eager to allow de Nova Scotians to build a settlement there; de London-based den newly create Company had decided to create a new colony but before Peters ein arrival have no colonists. Lieutenant John Clarkson be sent to Nova Scotia to register immigrants to take to Sierra Leone for de purpose of starting a new settlement. Clarkson worked plus Peters to recruit 1,196 former American slaves from free African communities around Nova Scotia such as Birchtown. Most dey escape Virginia den South Carolina plantations. Some had been born insyd Africa before being enslaved den taken to America.

==== '''Settlement by Nova Scotians (1792)''' ====
De settlers dey sail insyd 15 ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia den arrived insyd St. George Bay between 26 February den 9 March 1792. Sixty-four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, den even Lieutenant Clarkson be ill during de voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson den some of de Nova Scotian 'captains' &quot;despatched on shore to clear or make roadway for demma landing&quot;. De Nova Scotians be to build Freetown on de former site of de first Granville Town which have become a &quot;jungle&quot; since ein destruction insyd 1789. (Though they built Freetown on Granville Town ein former site, demma settlement be no a rebirth of Granville Town, which had been re-established at Fourah Bay in 1791 by de remaining Old Settlers.) Clarkson told de men to clear de land until they reach a large cotton tree. After this difficult work had been done den de land cleared, all de settlers, men den women, disembarked den marched towards de thick forest den to de cotton tree, den demma preachers (all African Americans) begin singing:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Awake den Sing Of Moses den de Lamb
Wake! every heart den every tongue'

To praise de Saviour ein name

De day of Jubilee be come;

Return ye ransomed sinners home&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 11 March 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, dey pray den preach a sermon under de large Cotton Tree, den Reverend David George dey preach de first recorded Baptist service insyd Africa. De land be dedicated den christened 'Free Town' according to de instructions of de Sierra Leone Company Directors. Dis be de first thanksgiving service insyd de newly christened Free Town den be de beginning of de political entity of Sierra Leone. Later, John Clarkson will be sworn insyd as de first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts be erected before de rainy season. De Sierra Leone Company surveyors den de settlers built Freetown on de American grid pattern, plus parallel streets den wide roads, plus de largest being Water Street.

On 24 August 1792, de Black Poor or Old Settlers of de second Granville Town be incorporated into de new Sierra Leone Colony but remain at Granville Town. E survive being pillaged by de French insyd 1794, den be rebuilt by de Nova Scotian settlers. By 1798, Freetown had 300–400 houses plus architecture resembling dat of de American South, plus 3- to 4-foot stone foundations den wooden superstructures. Eventually dis style of housing (brought by de Nova Scotians) will be de model for de 'bod oses' of demma Creole descendants.

=== '''Settlement by Jamaican Maroons (1800)''' ===
Insyd 1800, de Nova Scotians rebel den e be de arrival of over 500 Jamaican Maroons which dey cause de rebellion to be suppressed. Thirty-four Nova Scotians be banished den sent to either to Sherbro Island or a penal colony at Gore. Some of these eventually be allowed back insyd Freetown. Following demma capture of de rebels, de Maroons be granted de land of de Nova Scotian rebels. Eventually de Jamaican Maroons insyd Sierra Leone have demma own district at de newly named Maroon Town.

De Maroons be a free community of blacks from Cudjoe ein Town (Trelawny Town) who have been resettled insyd Nova Scotia after surrendering to de British government dey follow de Second Maroon War of 1795–6. They have petitioned de British government for settlement elsewhere due to de climate insyd Nova Scotia.

==== '''Abolition and slaves-insyd-transit (1807 - 1830s)''' ====
Britain outlawed de slave trade throughout ein empire on 29 March 1807 plus de Slave Trade Act 1807, though de practice continue insyd de British Empire until e finally be abolished insyd de 1830s. De Royal Navy ein West Africa Squadron operating from Freetown take active measures to intercept den seize ships participating insyd de illegal Atlantic slave trade. De slaves dat dey hold on these vessels be released into Freetown den initially be called 'Captured negroes', 'Recaptives' or 'Liberated Africans'.

==== '''Formation of''' '''de Sierra Leone Creole ethnicity (1870 onwards)''' ====
De Sierra Leone Creole people (Krio: ''Krio people'') be descendants of de Black Poor, freed African Americans (Nova Scotian Black Loyalists), Afro-Caribbeans (Jamaican Maroons), den Liberated Africans who settled insyd de Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 den about 1885. De colony be established by de British, support by abolitionists, under de Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. De settlers called demma new settlement Freetown.

== Colonial era (1808–1961) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Colony den Protectorate

==== '''Establishment of''' '''de British Crown Colony (1808)''' ====
Insyd 1808, e British Crown Colony of Sierra Leone be founded, plus Freetown serving as de capital of British West Africa. De city ein population expanded rapidly plus freed slaves, who dey establish suburbs on de Freetown Peninsula. They be joined by West Indian den African soldiers who dey settle insyd Sierra Leone after fighting for Britain insyd de Napoleonic Wars.

'''Intervention''' '''den acquisition of de hinterland (1800s–1895)'''

Insyd de early 1800s, Sierra Leone be a small colony extending a few kilometres (a few miles) up de peninsula from Freetown. De bulk of de territory dat makes up present-day Sierra Leone still be de sovereign territory of indigenous peoples such as de Mende den Temne, den be little affected by de tiny population of de Colony. Over de course of de 19th century, dat gradually changed: de British den Creoles insyd de Freetown area dey increase demma involvement insyd—den demma control over—de surrounding territory by engaging insyd trade, which be promoted den dey increase through treaty-making den military expeditions.

Insyd demma treaties plus de native chiefs, de British largely be concerned plus securing local peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted. Typically, de British government dey agree to pay a chief a stipend insyd return for a commitment from him to keep de peace plus ein neighbours; oda specific commitments extract from a chief might include keeping roads open, allowing de British to collect customs duties, den submitting disputes plus ein neighbours to British adjudication. Insyd de decades following Britain ein prohibition of de slave trade insyd 1807, de treaties sometimes sana require chiefs to desist from slave-trading. Suppression of slave-trading den suppression of inter-chiefdom war dey go hand-in-hand because de trade thrived on de wars (and caused them). Thus, to de commercial reasons for pacification can be added anti-slavery ones.

When friendly persuasion fail to secure demma interests, de British no be more than (to borrow Carl von Clausewitz's phrase) &quot;continuing diplomacy by oda means&quot;. At least by de mid-1820s, de army den navy be going out from de Colony to attack chiefs whose behaviour do not conform to British dictates. Insyd 1826, Governor Turner led troops to de Bum–Kittam area, capture two stockaded towns, burn odas, den declare a blockade on de coast as far as Cape Mount. Dis partly be an anti-slaving exercise den partly to punish de chief for refusing territory to de British. Later dat year, acting-Governor Macaulay send out an expedition which go up de Jong river den dey burn Commenda, a town belonging to a related chief. Insyd 1829, de colonial authorities founded de Sierra Leone Police Corps. Insyd 1890, dis force be divided into de Civilian Police den de Frontier Police.

De British develope a modus operandi wey characterised demma interventions throughout de century: army or frontier police, plus naval support if possible, will bombard a town den then usually torch it after de defenders dey fly or been defeated. Where possible, local enemies of de party being attacked be invited by de British to accompany them as allies.

Further information: British den Creole intervention insyd de Sierra Leone hinterland insyd de 19th century

Insyd de 1880s, Britain ein intervention insyd de hinterland dey receive added impetus because of de &quot;Scramble for Africa&quot;: an intense competition between de European powers for territory insyd Africa. Insyd dis case, de rival be France. To forestall French incursion into what they had come to consider as demma own sphere, de British government renewed efforts to finalise a boundary agreement with France and on 1 January 1890 instructed Governor Hay insyd Sierra Leone to get from chiefs insyd de boundary area friendship treaties containing a clause forbidding them to treat plus anoda European power without British consent.

Consequently, insyd 1890 den 1891 Hay den two travelling commissioners, Garrett den Alldridge, dey go on extensive tours of what be now Sierra Leone wey obtain treaties from chiefs. Most of these no be, however, treaties of cession; they be insyd de form of cooperative agreements between two sovereign powers.

Insyd January 1895, a boundary agreement be signed insyd Paris, roughly fixing de line between French Guinea den Sierra Leone. De exact line be to be determined by surveyors. As Christopher Fyfe notes, &quot;De delimitation be made almost entirely insyd geographical terms—rivers, watersheds, parallels—not political. Samu chiefdom, for instance, be divided; de people on de frontier had to opt for farms on one side or villages on de oda.&quot;

More generally, de arbitrary lumping-together of disparate native peoples insyd geographical units decided by de colonial powers has been an ongoing source of trouble throughout Africa. These geographical units now dety attempt to function as nations but no be naturally nations, being composed insyd many cases of peoples who be traditional enemies. Insyd Sierra Leone, for example, de Mende, Temne den Creoles remain as rival power blocs between whom lines of fission easily emerge.

'''Establishment of''' '''de British Protectorate den further land acquisition (1895)'''

Insyd August 1895, an Order-in-Council dey issue insyd Britain authorising de Colony to make laws for de territory around it, extending out to de agreed-upon boundary (which corresponds closely to dat of present-day Sierra Leone). On 31 August 1896, a Proclamation dey issue insyd de Colony, wey dey declare dat territory to be a British Protectorate. De Colony remained a distinct political entity; de Protectorate dey govern from it.

Most of de chiefs whose territories de Protectorate subsumed do not enter into it voluntarily. Many sign treaties of friendship plus Britain, but these be often dey express as being between sovereign powers, plus there be no subordination to de British. Only a handful of chiefs dey sign treaties of cession, den insyd some cases e be unknown if de chiefs dey understand de implications of de treaty. Insyd more remote areas, no treaties had been signed at all. De creation of de Sierra Leone Protectorate be more insyd de nature of a unilateral acquisition of territory by de British.

Almost every chieftaincy insyd Sierra Leone dey respond to de British arrogation of power plus armed resistance. De Protectorate Ordinances (passed insyd de Colony insyd 1896 den 1897) abolish de title of King den replace it plus &quot;Paramount Chief&quot;. Chiefs den kings dey formerly been selected by de leading members of dema own communities; now all chiefs, even paramount ones, can be deposed or installed at de will of de Governor, den most of de judicial powers of de chiefs be removed den given to courts presided-over by British &quot;District Commissioners&quot;. De Governor decree dat a house tax of 5''s'' to 10''s'' be to be levied annually on every dwelling insyd de Protectorate. To de chiefs, these reductions insyd de power den prestige be unbearable.

During these conflicts, British officers dey use de practice of cutting de hands of people to account for bullets spent, similar to what dey occur under de regime Leopold II of Belgium insyd de Congo Free State. British doctor, John Lancelot Todd, who dey travel to West Africa on an LSTM expedition together plus Joseph Everett Dutton, write down de testimonies of British officers who dey involve insyd putting down rebellions insyd British Sierra Leone den dey practice cutting de hands of de people they shot. De exact number of living victims who dey end up mutilated be unknown.

==== '''Hut Tax War of 1898''' ====
Insyd 1898, two rebellions dey break out against British colonial rule insyd Sierra Leone insyd response to de introduction of a new hut tax by Governor Frederic Cardew. On 1 January 1898, Cardew introduce de hut tax as a way to pay for de colonial administration ein financial expenditures. However, de tax prove to be beyond de financial means of many insyd de colony, provoking discontent. Insyd February 1898, an attempt by colonial officials to arrest Temne chief Bai Bureh lead to him den rebels under ein command to revolt against British rule. Bureh ein forces dey launch attacks on British officials den Creole traders.

Despite de ongoing rebellion, Bureh dispatched two peace overtures to de British insyd April den June of dat year, aid by de mediation of Limba chief Almamy Suluku. Cardew dey reject both offers, as Bureh would not agree to surrender unconditionally. Bureh ein forces conducted a disciplined den skillfully execute guerrilla campaign which cause de British considerable difficulty. Hostilities begin insyd February; Bureh ein harassing tactics confounded de British at first but by May they gain ground. De rainy season interrupted hostilities until October, when British colonial forces resume de slow process of capturing rebel stockades. When most of these defences dey eliminate, Bureh be captured or surrendered (accounts differ) insyd November.

De second revolt insyd de southeast be a mass uprising, planned somehow to commence everywhere on 27 den 28 April, insyd which almost all &quot;outsiders&quot;—whether European or Creole—be seized den summarily executed. Although more fearsome than Bai Bureh ein rising, na e be amorphous, dey lack a definite strategy, den  be suppressed insyd most areas insyd two months. Some Mende rebels insyd de centre of de country no be beaten until November, however; den Mende king Nyagua ein son Maghi, insyd alliance plus some Kissi rebels, continued de revolt insyd de extreme east of de Protectorate until August 1899. De principal of de uprisings, Bureh, Nyagua den Kpana Lewis, be exiled to de Gold Coast on 30 July 1899. Nine months after de rebellion, de colonial government convicted den executed ninety-six rebels which had been found guilty of murder by hanging. Insyd 1905, Bureh be allowed by de British to return to Sierra Leone, where he continue reassume ein chieftaincy at de settlement of Kasseh.

=== Creole dissent insyd de high colonial period (1898–1956) ===
Insyd de early 19th century Freetown serve as de residence of de British governor who sana rule deGold Coast (now Ghana) den de Gambia settlements. Sierra Leone sana serve as de educational centre of British West Africa. Fourah Bay College, establish insyd 1827, rapidly become a magnet for English-speaking Africans on de west coast. For more than a century, e be de only European-style university insyd western Sub-Saharan Africa.

After de Hut Tax War there be no more large-scale military resistance to colonialism. Resistance den dissent dey continue, but take oda forms. Vocal political dissent come mainly from de Creoles, who be a sizeable middle den upper class of business-people den European-educated professionals such as doctors den lawyers. Insyd de mid-19th century they had enjoyed a period of considerable political influence, but in the late 19th century the government become much less open to them.

They continue to press for political rights, however, den dey operate a variety of newspapers which governors dey consider troublesome den demagogic. Insyd 1924, a new constitution be put insyd place, introducing elected representation (3 out of 22 members) for de first time, plus de first elections held on 28 October. Prominent among de Creoles demanding change be de bourgeois nationalist H.C. Bankole-Bright, General Secretary of de Sierra Leone Branch of de National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA), den de socialist I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson, founder of de West African Youth League (WAYL).

African resistance no be limited to political discussion. Sierra Leone develope an active trade union movement whose strikes often be accompanied by sympathetic rioting among de general population.

Besides de colonial employers, popular hostility be targeted against de tribal chiefs who de British dey transform into functionaries insyd de colonial system of indirect rule. Demma role be to provide policing, collect taxes, den obtain corvée labour (forced labour exacted from those unable to pay taxes) for de colonial government; insyd return, de government maintain them insyd a privileged position over de oda Africans. Chiefs not willing to play this role be replaced by more compliant ones. According to Kilson, de attitude of de Africans toward demma chiefs become ambivalent: frequently they respect de office but resented de exactions made by de individual occupying it. From de chiefs ein point of view, de dilemma of an honourable ruler dey face plus British ultimatums cannot have been easy.

Throughout de 20th century, there be numerous riots directed against tribal chiefs. These culminated insyd de Freetown riot of 1955, which be suppressed by a combined force of police den Royal Sierra Leone Regiment troops. After those riots, reforms be introduced: de forced-labour system be completely abolished den reductions be made insyd de powers of de chiefs.

Sierra Leone remain divided into a Colony den a Protectorate, plus separate den different political systems constitutionally defined for each. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate insyd 1947, when proposals be introduced to provide for a single political system. Most of de proposals come from de Protectorate. De Krio, led by Isaac Wallace-Johnson, oppose de proposals, de main effect of which will have been to diminish demma political power. E be due to de astute politics of Sir Milton Margai dat de educated Protectorate elite dey win over to join forces plus de paramount chiefs insyd de face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai use de same skills to win-over opposition leaders den moderate Krio elements for de achievement of independence.

Insyd November 1951, Margai dey overseew de drafting of a new constitution, which unite de separate Colonial den Protectorate legislatures den provide a framework for decolonization. Insyd 1953, Sierra Leone be granted local ministerial powers, den Margai be elected Chief Minister of Sierra Leone. De new constitution ensure Sierra Leone a parliamentary system insyd de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1957, Sierra Leone hold ein first parliamentary election. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), which be then de most-popular political party insyd de colony of Sierra Leone, win de most seats insyd Parliament. Margai sana be re-elected as Chief Minister by an overwhelming majority.

==== '''Sierra Leone insyd World War II''' ====
Main article: Sierra Leone insyd World War II

Throughout de war, Freetown serve as a critical convoy station for Allied ships.

== 1960 Independence Conference ==
On 20 April 1960, Sir Milton Margai dey lead de Sierra Leonean delegation insyd de negotiations for independence at de constitutional conferences hold plus Queen Elizabeth II den British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod, at Lancaster House insyd London. All twenty-four members of de Sierra Leonean delegation be prominent den well-respected politicians wey include Sir Milton ein younger brother lawyer Sir Albert Margai, trade unionist Siaka Stevens, SLPP-strongman Lamina Sankoh, Creole activist Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Paramount chief Ella Koblo Gulama, educationist Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, Dr John Karefa-Smart, Professor Kande Bureh, lawyer Sir Banja Tejan-Sie, former Freetown Mayor Eustace Henry Taylor Cummings, educationist Amadu Wurie, den Creole diplomat Hector Reginald Sylvanus Boltman.

On de conclusion of talks insyd London, Britain dey agree to grant Sierra Leone Independence on 27 April 1961. Stevens be de only delegate who refuse to sign Sierra Leone ein Declaration of Independence, on de grounds dat there had been a secret defence-pact between Sierra Leone den Britain; anoda point of contention by Stevens be de Sierra Leonean government ein position dat there will be no elections hold before independence which will effectively shut Stevens out of Sierra Leone ein political process. Upon demma return to Freetown on 4 May 1960, Stevens be promptly expelled from de People ein National Party (PNP).

== Opposition to de SLPP government ==
Insyd 1961, Siaka Stevens, a trade unionist den outspoken critic of de SLPP government, take advantage of de dissatisfaction plus de ruling SLPP among some prominent politicians from de Northern part of Sierra Leone. He form an alliance plus Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, Christian Alusine-Kamara Taylor, Mohamed.O.Bash-Taqi, Ibrahim Bash-Taqi, S.A.T. Koroma den C.A. Fofana, den form a new political party called de All People ein Congress (APC) insyd opposition of de SLPP government, wey use de northern part of Sierra Leone as demma political base.

== Early independence (1961–1968) ==
Main article: History of Sierra Leone (1961–78)

==== '''Sir Milton Margai administration (1961–1964)''' ====
On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai dey lead Sierra Leone to Independence from Britain den become de country ein first prime minister. Sierra Leone retain a parliamentary system of government den be a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1962, Sierra Leone hold ein first general election as an independent nation. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP) win plurality of seats insyd parliament den Sir Milton Margai be re-elected as prime minister. De years just after independence be prosperous, plus money from mineral resources being used for development den de founding of Njala University.

Margai be very popular among Sierra Leoneans during ein time insyd power. An important aspect of ein character ein self-effacement; he neither be corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of ein power or status. Ein government be based on de rule of law den de notion of separation of powers, plus multiparty political institutions den fairly viable representative structures. Margai use ein conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials plus a clear eye to satisfy various ethnic groups. Margai employ a brokerage style of politics by sharing political power between political groups den de paramount chiefs insyd de provinces.

==== '''Sir Albert Margai administration (1964–1967)''' ====
Upon Sir Milton Margai ein death insyd 1964, ein half-brother, Sir Albert Margai, be appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert ein leadership be briefly challenged by Sierra Leone ein Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who dey question Sir Albert ein succession to de SLPP leadership position. Kareefa-Smart received little support insyd Parliament insyd ein attempt to have Margai stripe of de SLPP leadership. Soon after Margai was sworn insyd as prime minister, he immediately dismiss several senior government officials who dey serve under ein elder brother ein government, as he view them as traitors den a threat to ein administration.

Unlike ein late brother, Sir Milton, Sir Albert Margai prove unpopular den dey resort to increasingly authoritarian actions insyd response to protests, wey include de enactment of several laws against de opposition All People ein Congress (APC) den an unsuccessful attempt to establish a one-party state. Unlike ein late brother, Sir Albert be opposed to de colonial legacy of allowing de country ein paramount chiefs executive powers, den he be seen as a threat to de existence of de ruling houses across de country—almost all of whom be strong supporters den key allies of de previous administration. Insyd 1967, riots break out insyd Freetown against Sir Albert ein policies. Insyd response, Margai declared a state of emergency across de country. He be accused of corruption den of a policy of affirmative action insyd favour of ein own Mende ethnic group

Sir Albert dey have de opportunity to perpetuate einself insyd power, but he elect not to do so even when de opportunities present themselves. He have de police den de army on ein side den nothing can have prevented him from achieving ein ambition to hold on to power, but he choose not to den called for free den fair elections.

==== '''Three military coups (1967–1968)''' ====
De APC narrowly dey win a small majority of seats insyd Parliament over de SLPP insyd a closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general election, den APC leader Siaka Stevens be sworn insyd as prime minister on 21 March 1967 insyd Freetown. Insyd hours of taking office, Stevens be ousted insyd a bloodless military coup dey lead by de commander of de army, Brigadier General David Lansana, a close ally of Sir Albert Margai who dey appoint Lansana to de position insyd 1964. Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest insyd Freetown den insisted de determination of office of de prime minister should await de election of de tribal representatives to de house. On 23 March, a group of senior military officers insyd de Sierra Leone Army lead by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith overrode dis action by seizing control of de government, arresting Lansana, den suspending de constitution. De group constituted einself as de National Reformation Council (NRC) plus Juxon-Smith as ein chairman den Governor-General. On 18 April 1968, a group of senior military officers who called themselves de Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM) lead by Brigadier General John Amadu Bangura overthraw de NRC junta. De ACRM juntas just arrest many senior NRC members. De democratic constitution be restored, den power be handed back to Stevens, who assume de office of prime minister.

== Stevens government den one-party state (1968–1985) ==
Stevens dey assume power insyd 1968 plus a great deal of hope den ambition. Much trust be placed upon him as he championed multi-party politics. Stevens dey campaign on a platform of bringing de tribes together under socialist principles. During ein first decade or so insyd power, Stevens dey renegotiate some of what he call &quot;useless prefinanced schemes&quot; contracted by ein predecessors, Albert Margai of de SLPP den Juxon-Smith of de NRC, which be said to have left de country insyd an economically deprive state. Stevens dey reorganize de country ein refinery, de government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, den a cement factory. He cancel Juxon-Smith ein construction of a church den mosque on de grounds of Victoria Park. Stevens begin efforts dat will later bridge de distance between de provinces den de city. Roads den hospitals be constructed insyd de provinces, den paramount chiefs den provincial peoples become a prominent force insyd Freetown.

Under pressure of several coup attempts—real den perceived—Stevens ein rule grow more den more authoritarian, den ein relationship plus some of ein ardent supporters deteriorated. He remove de SLPP from competitive politics insyd general elections, some believe, through de use of violence den intimidation. To maintain de support of de military, Stevens retain de popular John Amadu Bangura as de head of de Sierra Leone Armed Forces.

After de return to civilian rule, by-elections be held (beginning insyd autumn 1968) den an all-APC cabinet be appointed. Calm no be completely restored. Insyd November 1968, unrest insyd de provinces lead Stevens to declare a state of emergency.

Many senior officers insyd de Sierra Leone military be greatly disappointed plus Stevens ein policies, but none can openly confront Stevens. Brigadier General Bangura, who dey reinstated Stevens as prime minister, be widely considered de only person who can put de brakes on Stevens. De army be devoted to Bangura den it was believed, insyd sam quarters, dat dis make him potentially dangerous to Stevens. Insyd January 1970, Bangura be arrested den charge plus conspiracy den plotting to commit a coup against de Stevens government. After a trial dat last a few months, Bangura be convicted den sententenced to death. He be hanged on 29 March 1970 insyd Freetown. Stevens dey name a junior officer, Joseph Saidu Momoh, as de head of de Sierra Leone Military. Major General Momoh be a close ally den very loyal to Stevens.

On 23 March 1971, soldiers loyal to de executed Brigadier John Amadu Bangura hold a mutiny insyd Freetown den oda parts of de country insyd opposition of de Stevens government. Several soldiers be arrested for demma involvement insyd de mutiny, wey include Corporal Foday Sankoh who be convicted of treason den jailed for seven years at de Pademba Road Prison. At Stevens ein request to Guinean President Sekou Toure, a close ally, Guinean soldiers be stationed insyd Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1973 to help protect de government.

Insyd April 1971, a new republican constitution be adopted under which Stevens become president. Insyd de 1972 by-elections, de opposition SLPP complain of intimidation den procedural obstruction by de APC den militia. These problems become so severe dat de SLPP boycotted de 1973 general election; as a result de APC win 84 of de 85 elected seats.

Insyd de early 1970s, Siaka Stevens dey form ein own personal force known as de State Security Division (SSD), insyd order to protect him den to maintain ein hold on power. Many of de SSD officers be from de provinces, den be very loyal to Stevens. De SSD be very powerful den operate independently under Stevens ein direct command. De SSD officers guide Stevens den be deployed across Sierra Leone to put down any rebellion or demonstration against de Stevens government.

An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens fail insyd 1974. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army den government officials dey include Brigadier David Lansana, former cabinet minister Dr. Mohamed Sorie Forna, former cabinet minister den journalist Ibrahim Bash-Taqi den Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara be executed after they be convicted for attempting a coup. Insyd March 1976, Stevens be re-elected president, without opposition.

Insyd 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against de government disrupt Sierra Leone politics. However, de demonstrationbe quickly put down by de army den SSD officers. A general election be called later dat year insyd which corruption be again endemic. De APC win 74 seats den de SLPP win 15 seats.

Insyd May 1978, de Sierra Leone Parliament, dominated by close allies of President Steven ein APC administration, approved a new constitution, which make de country a one-party state. On 12 July 1978, official figures release by de government showed 97 per cent of Sierra Leoneans vote insyd favour of de one-party state. De SLPP, oda opposition parties den civil right groups say de referendum votes be massively rigged, den dat voters be intimidated by security forces loyal to Stevens. De 1978 constitution referendum make de APC the only legal political party; all oda political parties be banned, wey include de main opposition (de SLPP). Dis move lead to anoda major demonstration against de government insyd many parts of de country, which be put down by de army den de SSD officers.

De first elections under de new one-party constitution take place on 1 May 1982. Elections insyd about two-thirds of de constituencies be contested. Because of irregularities, de government cancel elections insyd 13 constituencies. By-elections take place on 4 June 1982. De new cabinet appoint by Stevens after de election include several prominent members of de disbanded SLPP who have defect to de APC, wey include de new Finance Minister Salia Jusu-Sheriff, a former leader of de SLPP. Jusu-Sheriff ein accession to de cabinet be viewed by many as a step toward making de APC a true national party.

Stevens, who have been head-of-state of Sierra Leone for 18 years, retired from dat position insyd November 1985 at de end of ein term, although he continue ein role as chairman of de ruling APC party. Many insyd de country dey expect Stevens to name ein vice president den loyal ally, Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, as ein successor. However, at de APC convention insyd August 1985, de APC name Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh as Stevens ein choice to succeed him as president. Momoh be very loyal to Stevens who dey appoint him to head of de military fifteen years earlier; Momoh den Stevens be both members of de minority Limba ethnic group. Momoh dey retire from de military den be elected president without opposition on 1 October 1985. A formal inauguration dey hold insyd January 1986, den new parliamentary elections be held insyd May 1986.

Siaka Stevens be generally criticised for dictatorial methods den government corruption, but he reduce de ethnic polarization insyd government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into ein all-dominant APC government. Anoda legacy of Stevens be dat for eighteen years while he be insyd power, he keep de country safe from civil war den armed rebellion.

Despite ein dictatorial governing style, Stevens regularly dey interact plus de people of Sierra Leone by making surprise visits. Stevens sana regularly make surprise visits to de poor merchants, where he be often seen buying ein own food at a local market plus ein security team keeping demma distance. Stevens often stand den wave to de Sierra Leonean people from an open car when travelling plus ein convoy.

== Momoh government and RUF rebellion (1985–1991) ==
President Momoh ein strong links plus de army den ein verbal attacks on corruption earn him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. Plus de lack of new faces insyd ein cabinet, however, criticisms soon arose dat Momoh be simply perpetuating de rule of Stevens. Momoh differ einself by integrating de powerful den independent State Security Force (SSD) into de Sierra Leone Police force.

De first years under de Momoh administration be characterised by corruption, which Momoh dey defuse by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise ein war against corruption, President Momoh announce a &quot;Code of Conduct for Political Leaders den Public Servants&quot;. After an alleged attempt to overthrow Momoh insyd March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials be arrested, wey include Vice-president Francis Minah, who be removed from office, convicted for plotting de coup, den executed by hanging plus five odas insyd 1989.

Insyd October 1990, due to mounting domestic den international pressure for reforms, President Momoh create a commission to review de 1978 one-party constitution. Base on de commission ein recommendations, a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system, guaranteeing fundamental human rights den de rule of law, den strengthening democratic structures, be approved by a 60% majority of de APC Parliament, ratify by referendum insyd September 1991 den become effective on 1 October. There be great suspicion dat President Momoh be not serious about ein promise of political reform, as APC rule continue to be increasingly marked by abuses of power.

Several senior government officials insyd Momoh ein administration resign to oppose de APC in upcoming elections. Salia Jusu Sheriff, Abass Bundu, J.B. Dauda den Sama Banya resuscitated de previously disbanded SLPP, while Thaimu Bangura, Edward Kargbo den Desmond Luke formed demma own respective political parties to challenge de ruling APC. However, de vast majority of government officials including Victor Bockarie Foh, Edward Turay, Hassan Gbassay Kanu den Osman Foday Yansaneh remain loyal to Momoh den de APC.

Meanwhile, an increasing burden be placed on de country by de rebellion insyd de eastern part of Sierra Leone.

== Civil war (1991–2002) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Civil War

De brutal civil wardysneighbouring Liberia play an undeniable role insyd de outbreak of fighting insyd Sierra Leone. Charles Taylor—leader of de National Patriotic Front of Liberia—reportedly help form de Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under de command of former Sierra Leonean army corporal Foday Sankoh, a critic of both de Stevens den Momoh administrations. Sankoh had been an ally of Brigadier General Bangura den be among those who mutinied following Bangura ein execution. Sankoh be British-trained den had undergone guerrilla training insyd Libya. Taylor ein aim was for de RUF to attack de bases of Nigerian-dominated peacekeeping troops insyd Sierra Leone who were opposed to ein rebel movement insyd Liberia. Sankoh ein RUF rebels dey enter de country insyd March 1991, den within a month controlled much of Eastern Sierra Leone, wey include de diamond-mining area insyd Kono District. De government of Sierra Leone, overwhelm by a crumbling economy den corruption, be unable to mount significant resistance.

At dis time, de Momoh government be crumbling. Several senior government officials dey resign to form opposition parties, while there be suspicions dat President Momoh no be serious about political reform. Abuses of power dey continue den de APC be alleged to have been hoarding arms den planning a violent campaign against de opposition parties ahead of multi-party general elections scheduled for late 1992. De state have been unable to play civil servants, leading to de looting of government property den a population of aimless youth when schools be closed.

==== '''NPRC Junta (1992–1996)''' ====
On 29 April 1992, twenty-five-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser lead a group of young Sierra Leone Army officers—wey include Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Seargent Solomon Musa, Lieutenant Tom Nyuma, Captain Komba Mondeh, Captain Julius Maada Bio den Captain Komba Kambo—from demma barracks insyd Kailahun District den launch a military coup insyd Freetown, which send President Momoh into exile insyd Guinea. De young soldiers established de National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) plus Strasser as ein chairman den Head of State of de country. Captain Solomon Musa, a close friend of Strasser den one of de leaders of de coup, become de deputy leader of de NPRC Junta. De coup be largely popular because e promise to bring peace, but de NPRC Junta immediately suspended de constitution, ban all political parties, limited freedom of speech den freedom of de press den enact a rule-by-decree policy, insyd which soldiers be granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial. De NPRC establish a Supreme Council, consisting of de highest-ranking soldiers insyd de Junta government.

On de same day de NPRC Junta take power, one of de coup leaders, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, be assassinated—reportedly by Major Sim Turay, de head of Sierra Leone Military Intelligence, den a close ally of de deposed president. A heavily armed military manhunt took place across Sierra Leone to find Turay den odas suspected to have participated insyd de assassination, forcing Turay to flee to Guinea.

De NPRC Junta fight de RUF rebels, recapture most of de RUF-held territories, den push de rebels back to de border plus Liberia. De NPRC Junta maintain relations plus de Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) den strengthen support for Sierra Leone–based ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) troops fighting insyd Liberia.

Insyd December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against de NPRC administration of Strasser be foiled; e dey aim at freeing from detention Colonel Yahya Kanu, Lt-Colonel Kahota M.S. Dumbuya den former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara. Seargent Mohamed Lamin Bangura den some junior army officers be identified as being behind de coup. Seventeen soldiers be executed, wey include Bangura, Kanu den Dumbuya. Several prominent members of de Momoh government who have been insyd detention at de Pa Demba Road prison, wey include former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara sana be executed.

On 5 July 1994, deputy NPRC leader Solomon Musa be arrested den sent into exile insyd Guinea. Musa be accused by Strasser, on de advice of high-ranking NPRC soldiers, dat he have become too powerful den be a threat to Strasser. Musa, who be a close ally den childhood friend of Strasser, deny de allegation den claim ein accusers be de threat. Strasser replace Musa as deputy NPRC chairman plus Captain Julius Maada Bio, den immediately promote him to brigadier.</text>
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      <text bytes="72223" sha1="5rfi95uoozjjoj86uxtvyiy1lspwb4f" xml:space="preserve">'''Sierra Leone''' first become inhabited by indigenous African peoples at least 2,500 years ago. De Limba be de first tribe known to inhabit Sierra Leone. De dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de region from oda West African cultures, den e become a refuge for peoples escaping violence. Sierra Leone was named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra, who map de region insyd 1462. De Freetown estuary provided a good natural harbour for ships to shelter den replenish drinking water, den gain more international attention as coastal den trans-Atlantic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade.

Insyd de mid-16th century, de Mane people invaded, subjugated nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples, den militarised Sierra Leone. De Mane soon blended plus de local populations den de various chiefdoms den kingdoms remain insyd a continual state of conflict, plus many captives sold to European slave-traders. De Atlantic slave trade had a significant impact on Sierra Leone, as dis trade flourished insyd de 17th den 18th centuries, den later as a centre of anti-slavery efforts when de trade be abolished insyd 1807. British abolitionists had organised a colony for Black Loyalists at Freetown, den dis become de capital of British West Africa. A naval squadron was base there to intercept slave ships, den de colony quickly grew as Liberated Africans be released, join by Afro-Caribbean den African soldiers who had fought for Britain insyd de American Revolutionary War. De descendants of de black settlers be collectively referred to as de Creoles or Krios.

During de colonial era, de British den Creoles increased demma control over de surrounding area, securing peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted, suppressing slave-trading den inter-chiefdom war. Insyd 1895, Britain draw borders for Sierra Leone which they declare to be demma protectorate, leading to armed resistance den de Hut Tax War of 1898. Thereafter, there demma dissent den reforms as de Creoles sought political rights, trade unions form against colonial employers, den peasants sought greater justice from demma chiefs.

Sierra Leone has played a significant part insyd modern African political liberty den nationalism. Insyd de 1950s, a new constitution united de Crown Colony den Protectorate, which had previously been governed separately. Sierra Leone gain independence from de United Kingdom on 27 April 1961 den became a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Ethnic den linguistic divisions remain an obstacle to national unity, plus de Mende, Temne den Creoles as rival power blocs. Roughly half of de years since independence have been marked by autocratic governments or civil war.

== Early history ==
Archaeological finds show dat Sierra Leone has been inhabited continuously for at least 2,500 years, populate by successive movements of peoples from oda parts of Africa. De use of iron be introduced to Sierra Leone by de 9th century, den by de end of de 10th century agriculture was being practiced by coastal tribes.

Sierra Leone ein dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de land from oda African cultures den from de spread of Islam. Dis make e a refuge for people escaping subjugation by de Sahelian kingdoms, violence den jihads.

European contacts plus Sierra Leone be among de first insyd West Africa. Insyd 1462, Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra mapped de hills surrounding what be now Freetown Harbour, naming de oddly shaped formation ''Serra Lyoa'' (Lioness Mountain).

At dis time de country be inhabited by numerous politically independent native groups. Several different languages be spoken, but there was similarity of religion. Insyd de coastal rainforest belt there be Bulom-speakers between de Sherbro den Freetown estuaries, Loko-speakers north of de Freetown estuary to de Little Scarcies River, Temne-speakers find at de mouth of de Scarcies River, den Limba-speakers farther up de Scarcies. Insyd de hilly savannah north of all of these lands be de Susu den Fula tribes. De Susu trade regularly plus de coastal peoples along river valley routes, bringing salt, clothes woven by de Fula, iron work, den gold.

== European contact (15th century) ==
Portuguese ships begin visiting Sierra Leone regularly insyd de late 15th century, den for a while they maintained a fort on de north shore of de Freetown estuary. Dis estuary be one of de largest natural deep-water harbours insyd de world, den one of de few good harbours on West Africa ein surf-battered &quot;Windward Shore&quot; (Liberia to Senegal). E soon become a favourite destination of European mariners, to shelter den replenish drinking water. Some of de Portuguese sailors stay permanently, trading den intermarrying plus de local people.

==== '''Slavery''' ====
Slavery, den insyd particular de Atlantic slave trade, had a great effect on de region—socially, economically den politically—from de late 15th to de mid-19th centuries.

There had been lucrative trans-Saharan trade of slaves insyd West Africa from de 6th century. At ein peak (c. 1350) de Mali Empire surrounded de region of modern-day Sierra Leone den Liberia, though de slave trade may not have significantly penetrated de coastal rainforest. De peoples who migrate into Sierra Leone from dis time will have had greater contact plus de indigenous slave trade, either practicing it or escaping it.

When Europeans first arrive at Sierra Leone, slavery among de African peoples of de area be believe to be rare. According to historian Walter Rodney, de Portuguese mariners keep detailed reports, den so e be likely if slavery had been an important local institution dat de reports will have described it. There be mention of a very particular kind of slavery insyd de region, which was:&lt;blockquote&gt;a person insyd trouble insyd one kingdom can go to anoda den place himself under de protection of ein king, whereupon he become a &quot;slave&quot; of dat king, obliged to provide free labour den liable for sale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Rodney, such a person will likely have retain some rights den had some opportunity to rise insyd status as time passed.

De European colonization of de Americas soon lead to labor demands from nascent colonies; dis lead Europeans to seek a supply of slaves to transport to de Americas. Initially, European slavers launch raids on coastal villages to abduct Africans den sell them into slavery. However, they soon establish economic alliances plus local leaders, as many chiefs were willing to sell undesirable members of demma tribe to Europeans. Oda African chiefs launch raids on rival tribes insyd order to sell captives of such raids into slavery.

Dis early slaving essentially be an export business. De use of slaves as labourers by de local Africans appears to have developed only later. E may first have occurred under coastal chiefs insyd de late 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;De slave owners originally be white den foreigners, but de late eighteenth century see de emergence of powerful slave-trading chiefs, be said to own large numbers of 'domestic slaves'.&lt;/blockquote&gt;For example, insyd de late 18th century, William Cleveland, a Scottish leader insyd Africa had a large &quot;slave town&quot; on de mainland opposite de Banana Islands, whose inhabitants &quot;be employed insyd cultivating extensive rice fields, describe as being some of the largest insyd Africa at de time&quot;. De existence of an indigenous slave town be recorded by an English traveler insyd 1823. Known insyd de Fula language as a ''rounde'', e be connected plus de Sulima Susu ein capital city, Falaba. Ein inhabitants work at farming.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Rodney dey postulate two means by which slaving for export can have caused a local practice of using slaves for labour to develop:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# Not all war captives offer for sale will have been bought by de Portuguese, so demma captors had to find something else to do plus them. Rodney believe dat executing them be rare den that they will have been used for local labour.
# There be a time lag between de time a slave be captured den de time he or she be sold. Thus there will often have been a pool of slaves awaiting sale, who will have been put to work.&lt;/blockquote&gt;There be possible additional reasons for de adoption of slavery by de locals to meet demma labour requirements:

# De Europeans provided an example for imitation.
# Once slaving insyd any form be accepted, e may smash a moral barrier to exploitation den make ein adoption insyd oda forms seem a relatively minor matter.
# Export slaving entailed de construction of a coercive apparatus which could have been subsequently turned to other ends, such as policing a captive labour force.
# De sale of local produce (e.g., palm kernels) to Europeans opened a new sphere of economic activity. Insyd particular, e dey create an increased demand for agricultural labour. Slavery be a way of mobilising an agricultural work force.
Dis local African slavery be much less harsh den brutal than de slavery practiced by Europeans on, for example, de plantations of the United States, de West Indies, den Brazil. De local slavery has been described by anthropologist M. McCulloch:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Slaves be housed close to de fresh tracts of land they clear for demma masters. They be considered part of de household of demma owner, den enjoyed limited rights. E no be customary to sell them except for a serious offense, such as adultery plus de wife of a freeman. Small plots of land be given to them for demma own use, den they might retain de proceeds of crops they grow on these plots; by dis means e be possible for a slave to become de owner of anoda slave. Sometimes a slave marry insyd de household of ein master den rose to a position of trust; there be an instance of a slave taking charge of a chiefdom during de minority of de heir. Descendants of slaves often be practically indistinguishable from freemen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Slaves sometimes be sent on errands outside de kingdoms of demma masters den return voluntarily. Speaking specifically of de era around 1700, historian Christopher Fyfe relates dat, &quot;Slaves not taken insyd war usually be criminals. Insyd coastal areas, at least, e be rare for anyone to be sold without being charged plus a crime.&quot;

Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section be still present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describes a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section still be present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describe a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;A freeman heavily insyd debt, den facing de threat of de punishment of being sold, will approach a wealthier man or chief plus a plea to pay off ein debts 'while I sit on your lap'. Or he can give a son or some oda dependent of ein 'to be for you', de wealthy man or chief. Dis insyd effect mean dat de person so pawn be automatically reduce to a position of dependence, den if he be never redeemed, he or ein children eventually become part of de master ein extended family. By dis time, de children practically be indistinguishable from de real children of de master, since they grow up regarding one anoda as brothers.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Some observers consider de term &quot;slave&quot; to be more misleading than informative when describing de local practice. Abraham say dat insyd most cases, &quot;subject, servant, client, serf, pawn, dependent, or retainer&quot; will be more accurate. Domestic slavery be abolished insyd Sierra Leone insyd 1928. McCulloch reports dat at dat time, amongst Sierra Leone ein largest present-day ethnolinguistic group, de Mende, who then had about 560,000 people, about 15 per cent of de population (i.e., 84,000 people) be domestic slaves. He sana say dat &quot;singularly little change followed de 1928 decree; a fair number of slaves return to demma original homes, but de great majority remain insyd de villages insyd which demma former masters had placed them or demma parents.&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Export slavery remain a major business insyd Sierra Leone from de late 15th century to de mid-19th century. According to Fyfe, &quot;e be estimated insyd 1789 dat 74,000 slaves be exported annually from West Africa, about 38,000 by British firms.&quot; Insyd 1788, a proslavery European name Matthews estimated de annual total export from between de Nunez River (110 km north of Sierra Leone) den de Sherbro as 3,000. Participation insyd de Atlantic slave trade gradually be outlawed by various Western nations, beginning plus de United States den Britain insyd 1808.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Mane invasions (16th century) ==
Further information: Mane people

De Mane invasions of de mid-16th century had a profound impact on Sierra Leone. De Mane (sana call Mani) be members of de Mande language group. A warrior people, well-armed den well-organized, they live east den somewhat north of present-day Sierra Leone. Sometime insyd de early 16th century they begin moving south. According to some Mane who dey speak to a Portuguese writer (Dornelas) in de late 16th century, demma travels dey begin as a result of de expulsion of demma chief from de imperial city of Mandimansa, demma homeland.

There be conflicting accounts among historians of how these invasions happened. Some historians place demma first arrival at de coast east of Sierra Leone, at least as far as de River Cess den likely pppie. They advanced northwest along de coast toward Sierra Leone, conquering as they go. Odas contend dat they arrive on de coast near Sherbro Island. They incorporate large numbers of de people they conquered into demma army, plus de result dat de rank den file consist mostly of coastal peoples, while de Mane be ein commanding group.

By 1545, de Mane dey reach Cape Mount. Dema conquest of Sierra Leone occupy de ensuing 15 to 20 years, den result insyd de subjugation of all or nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples—who be known collectively as de Sapes—as far north as de Scarcies. De present demographics of Sierra Leone largely be a reflection of these two decades. De degree to which de Mane supplanted de original inhabitants vary from place to place. De Temne partly withstood de Mane onslaught, den keep demma language, but become ruled by a line of Mane kings. De present-day Loko den Mende be de result of a more complete submersion of de original culture: demma languages be similar, den both essentially Mande. Dis likely be due to conquest by de Mane invaders.

=== '''Aftermath''' ===
De Mane invasions militarised Sierra Leone. De Sapes had been un-warlike, but after de invasions, right until de late 19th century, bows, shields, den knives of de Mane type dey become ubiquitous insyd Sierra Leone, as had de Mane battle technique of using squadrons of archers fighting insyd formation, carrying de large-style shields. Villages become fortified. De usual method of erecting two or three concentric palisades, each 4–7 metres (12–20 ft) high, create a formidable obstacle to attackers—especially since, as some of de English observe insyd de 19th century, de thigh-thick logs planted insyd de earth to make de palisades often take root at de bottom den grow foliage at de top, so dat de defenders occupy a living wall of wood. A British officer who dey observe one of these fortifications around de time of de 1898 Hut Tax war ended ein description of it thus:&lt;blockquote&gt;No one who dey no see these fences can realize de immense strength of them. De outer fence at Hahu I measure insyd several places, den found e to be from 2 to 3 feet thick, den most of de logs, or rather trees, of which e be formed, had taken root den be throwing out leaves den shoots.&lt;/blockquote&gt;He sana say dat English artillery can not penetrate all three fences. At dat time, at least among de Mende, &quot;a typical settlement dey consist of walled towns den open villages or towns surrounding it.&quot;

After de invasions, de Mane sub-chiefs among whom e country dey divide begin fighting among themselves. Dis pattern of activity become permanent: even after de Mane dey blend plus de indigenous population—a process which be completed insyd de early 17th century—de various kingdoms insyd Sierra Leone remain insyd a fairly continual state of flux den conflict. Rodney believe dat a desire to take prisoners to sell as slaves to de Europeans be a major motivation to dis fighting, den may even have been a driving force behind de original Mane invasions. Historian Kenneth Little dey conclude dat de principal objective insyd de local wars, at least among de Mende, be plunder, not de acquisition of territory. Abraham cautions dat slave trading should not be exaggerated as a cause: de Africans have demma own reasons to fight, plus territorial den political ambitions present. Motivations likely change over time during de 350-year period.

De wars themselves no be exceptionally deadly. Set-piece battles be rare, den de fortified towns so strong dat demma capture seldom be attempted. Often de fighting dey consist of small ambushes.

Insyd these years, de political system be such dat each large village along plus ein satellite villages den settlements will be headed by a chief. De chief will have a private army of warriors. Sometimes several chiefs will group themselves into a confederacy, acknowledging one of themselves as king (or high chief). Each pay de king fealty. If one be attacked, de king will come to ein aid, den de king can adjudicate local disputes.

Despite demma many political divisions, de people of de country be united by cultural similarity. One component of dis be de Poro, an organisation common to many different kingdoms den ethnolinguistic groups. De Mende claim to be ein originators, den there be nothing to contradict dis. Possibly they import it. De Temne claim to dey import it from de Sherbro or Bulom. De Dutch geographer Olfert Dapper know of it insyd de 17th century. E often be described as a &quot;secret society&quot;, dis partly be true: ein rites be closed to non-members, den what happens insyd de &quot;Poro bush&quot; never be disclosed. However, ein membership be very broad: among de Mende, almost all men, den some women, be initiates. Insyd recent years e no dey (as far as is known) have a central organisation: autonomous chapters exist for each chiefdom or village. However, it is said dat insyd pre-Protectorate days there be a &quot;Grand Poro&quot; plus cross-chiefdom powers of making war den peace. E widely be agreed dat e has a restraining influence on de powers of de chiefs. Headed by a fearsome principal spirit, de ''Gbeni'', e plays a major role insyd de rite of passage of males from puberty to manhood. E imparts some education. Insyd some areas, e have supervisory powers over trade, den de banking system, which use iron bars as a medium of exchange. E no only be de important society insyd Sierra Leone: de ''Sande'' be a female-only analogue of it; there sana be de ''Humoi'' which regulates sex, den de ''Njayei'' den de ''Wunde''. De ''Kpa'' be a healing-arts collegium.

Besides de political impact, there be economic effects as well: trade plus de interior be interrupted, den thousands be sold as slaves to de Europeans. Insyd industry, a flourishing tradition insyd fine ivory carving be ended; however, improved ironworking techniques be introduced.&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== 1600–1787 ==
By de 17th century, Portuguese colonialism insyd West Africa begin to wane, den insyd Sierra Leone oda European colonial powers such as de English den Dutch begin to supplant demma influence insyd de region. Insyd 1628, a group of English merchants had established a factory insyd de vicinity of Sherbro Island, about 50 km (30 mi) south-east from present-day Freetown. Insyd addition to ivory den slaves, de merchants at de factory sana trade insyd camwood, a type of hard timber. De Portuguese missionary Baltasar Barreira minister insyd Sierra Leone until 1610. Jesuits, den later insyd de century, Capuchins, continue de mission. By 1700 it had closed, although priests occasionally visited.

Insyd 1663, de Royal African Company (RAC) be granted a royal charter from Charles II of England den soon established a factory on Sherbro Island den Tasso Island. During de Second Anglo-Dutch War, both factories be sacked by a Dutch Navy force insyd 1664. De factory be rebuilt, though e be sacked again by de French Navy during de War of de Spanish Succession insyd 1704 den pirates insyd 1719 den 1720. After de Dutch raid on de RAC factory at Tasso Island, e be relocated to de nearby Bunce Island, which be more defensible.

De Europeans make payments, called ''Cole'', for rent, tribute, den trading rights, to de king of an area. At this time de local military advantage still be on de side of de Africans, den there be a 1714 report of a king seizing RAC goods insyd retaliation for a breach of protocol. Local Afro-Portuguese merchants often act as middlemen, de Europeans advancing them goods to trade to de local people, most often for ivory. Insyd 1728, an overly aggressive RAC governor dey unite de Africans den Afro-Portuguese insyd hostility to him; they burn down de Bunce Island fort den e no be rebuilt until about 1750. During de time dat de Royal African Company be operating, de firm of Grant, Sargent [Wikidata] den Oswald provisioned de trading stations. When de RAC abandoned Bunce Island, Sargent den ein partners purchase ein factory insyd 1748, repair it, den dey use it to trade insyd timber. They expand to Batts, Bobs, Tasso, den Tumbu Islands den along de banks of de river, eventually becoming involve insyd de slave trade. De French sack it again insyd 1779, during de American Revolutionary War.

During de 17th century de Temne ethnolinguistic group be expanding. Around 1600, a Mani still dey rule de Loko kingdom (de area north of Port Loko Creek) den anoda rule de upper part of de south shore of de Freetown estuary. De north shore of de estuary be under a Ballom king, den de area just east of Freetown on de peninsula be held by a non-Mani plus a European name, Dom Phillip de Leon (who may have been a subordinate to ein Mani neighbour). By de mid-17th century dis situation dey change: Temne, not Bullom dey speak on de south shore, den ships stopping for water den firewood had to pay customs to de Temne king of Bureh who live at Bagos town on de point between de Rokel River den Port Loko Creek. (De king may  consider himself a Mani—to dis day, Temne chiefs have Mani-derived titles—but ein people be Temne. De Bureh king insyd place insyd 1690 be called Bai Tura, ''Bai'' being a Mani form.) De Temne thus dey expand insyd a wedge toward de sea at Freetown, den now dey separate de Bulom to de north from de Mani den oda Mande-speakers to de south den east.

Insyd dis period there be several reports of women occupying high positions. De king of de south shore use to leave one of ein wives to rule when he be absent, den insyd de Sherbro there be female chiefs. Insyd de early 18th century, a Bulom dey name Seniora Maria make ein own town near Cape Sierra Leone.

During de 17th century, Muslim Fula from de Upper Niger den Senegal rivers move into an area called Fouta Djallon (or Futa Jalon) insyd de mountainous region north of present-day Sierra Leone. They be to have an important impact on de peoples of Sierra Leone because they increase trade den sana produced secondary population movements insyd Sierra Leone. Though de Muslim Fula first cohabited peaceably plus de peoples already at Fouta Djallon, around 1725 they embark on a war of domination, forcing de migration of many Susu, Yalunka, den non-Muslim Fula.

Susu—some already convert to Islam—come south insyd Sierra Leone, insyd turn displacing Limba from north-west Sierra Leone den driving them insyd north-central Sierra Leone where they continue to live. Some Susu move as far south as de Temne town of Port Loko, only 60 km (37 mi) upriver from de Atlantic. Eventually a Muslim Susu family dey call Senko supplanted de town ein Temne rulers. Oda Susu dey move westward from Fouta Djallon, eventually dominating de Baga, Bulom, den Temne north of de Scarcies River.

De Yalunka insyd Fouta Djallon first accept Islam, then reject it den be driven out. They go into north-central Sierra Leone den founded demma capital at Falaba insyd de mountains near de source of de Rokel. E still not an important town, about 20 km (12 mi) south of de Guinea border. Oda Yalunka go somewhat farther south den settled amongst de Koranko, Kissi, den Limba.

Besides these groups, who be more-or-less unwilling emigrants, a considerable variety of Muslim adventurers go forth from Fouta Djallon. A Fula called Fula Mansa (''mansa'' meaning ''king'') become ruler of de Yoni country 100 km (62 mi) east of present-day Freetown. Some of ein Temne subjects fled south to de Banta country between de middle reaches of de Bagu den Jong rivers, where they become known as de Mabanta Temne.

Insyd 1652, de first slaves from Sierra Leone be transported to North America; they be sold to white plantation owners insyd de Sea Islands off de coast of de American South. During de 18th century, numerous slaves from Bunce Island be transported to de Southern Colonies, due insyd part to de business relationship between American slave trader Henry Laurens den de London-based firm of Grant, Sargent, Oswald &amp; Company, which oversaw a thriving slave trade from Bunce Island insyd Sierra Leone to North America.

De transatlantic slave trade continued to transport millions of enslaved Africans, wey include those from Sierra Leone, across de Atlantic during de 17th, 18th den 19th centuries; ultimately, roughly 12.5 million slaves where e dey bring to de Americas dis way. However, de rise of abolitionist movements insyd de Western world insyd de late 18th den early 19th centuries dey lead to various European den American governments passing legislation to abolish de slave trade. De slave trade insyd Sierra Leone undergo a marked decline during de 19th century, though domestic slavery will persist until de 20th century.

== De Province of Freedom (1787–1789) ==
Main article: Granville Town, Province of Freedom

==== '''Conception of''' '''de Province of Freedom (1787)''' ====
Insyd 1787, a plan be established to settle some of London ein &quot;Black Poor&quot; insyd Sierra Leone insyd what was called the &quot;Province of Freedom&quot;. This was organised by the Committee for de Relief of de Black Poor, found by British abolitionist Granville Sharp, which preferred it as a solution to continuing to financially support them insyd London. Many of de Black Poor be African Americans, who had been given demma freedom after seeking refuge with the British Army during the American Revolution, but also included other West Indian, African and Asian inhabitants of London.

De Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme be proposed by entomologist Henry Smeathman den draw interest from humanitarians like Granville Sharp saw it as a means of showing de pro-slavery lobby dat black people can contribute towards de running of de new colony of Sierra Leone. Government officials soon become involved insyd de scheme as well, although demma interest be spurred by de possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere. William Pitt de Younger, prime minister den leader of de Tory party, dey have an active interest insyd de Scheme, because he see it as a means to repatriate de Black Poor to Africa, since &quot;e be necessary they should be sent somewhere, den be no longer suffer to infest de streets of London&quot;.

==== '''Establishment, destruction''' '''den re-establishment (1789)''' ====
De area be first settled by 400 formerly enslaved Black Britons, who dey arrive off de coast of Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787, dey accompany by some English tradesmen. They established de Province of Freedom or Granville Town on land purchase from local Koya Temne subchief King Tom den regent Naimbanna II, a purchase which de Europeans understand to cede de land to de new settlers &quot;for ever&quot;. De established arrangement between Europeans den de Koya Temne do not include provisions for permanent settlement, den some historians question how well de Koya leaders understand de agreement. Half of de settlers insyd de new colony die insyd de first year. Several black settlers dey start working for local slave traders. De settlers dat dey remain forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliate, attacking de settlement, which be reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, den six white women. Black settlers be captured by unscrupulous traders den sold as slaves, den de remaining colonists be forced to arm themselves for demma own protection. King Tom ein successor King Jemmy dey attack den burn de colony insyd 1789.

Alexander Falconbridge be sent to Sierra Leone insyd 1791 to collect de remaining Black Poor settlers, den they re-establish Granville Town (later renamed Cline Town) near Fourah Bay. Although these 1787 settlers do not establish Freetown, which be founded insyd 1792, de bicentennial of Freetown be celebrated insyd 1987.

After establishing Granville Town, disease den hostility from de indigenous people eliminated de first group of colonists den destroyed demma settlement. A second Granville Town established by 64 remaining black den white 'Old settlers' under de leadership of St. George Bay Company leader, Alexander Falconbridge den de St. George Bay Company. Dis settlement be different from de Freetown settlement den colony founded insyd 1792 by Lt. John Clarkson den de Nova Scotian Settlers under de auspices of de Sierra Leone Company.

== Freetown Colony (1792–1808) ==
'''Conception of tde Freetown settlement (1791)'''

De basis for de Freetown Colony begin insyd 1791 plus Thomas Peters, an African American who had served insyd de Black Pioneers den settle insyd Nova Scotia as part of de Black Loyalist migration. Peters travel to England insyd 1791 to report grievances of de Black Loyalists who had been given poor land den faced discrimination. Peters meet plus British abolitionists den de directors of de Sierra Leone Company. He learn of de company ein plan for a new settlement at Sierra Leone. De directors be eager to allow de Nova Scotians to build a settlement there; de London-based den newly create Company had decided to create a new colony but before Peters ein arrival have no colonists. Lieutenant John Clarkson be sent to Nova Scotia to register immigrants to take to Sierra Leone for de purpose of starting a new settlement. Clarkson worked plus Peters to recruit 1,196 former American slaves from free African communities around Nova Scotia such as Birchtown. Most dey escape Virginia den South Carolina plantations. Some had been born insyd Africa before being enslaved den taken to America.

==== '''Settlement by Nova Scotians (1792)''' ====
De settlers dey sail insyd 15 ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia den arrived insyd St. George Bay between 26 February den 9 March 1792. Sixty-four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, den even Lieutenant Clarkson be ill during de voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson den some of de Nova Scotian 'captains' &quot;despatched on shore to clear or make roadway for demma landing&quot;. De Nova Scotians be to build Freetown on de former site of de first Granville Town which have become a &quot;jungle&quot; since ein destruction insyd 1789. (Though they built Freetown on Granville Town ein former site, demma settlement be no a rebirth of Granville Town, which had been re-established at Fourah Bay in 1791 by de remaining Old Settlers.) Clarkson told de men to clear de land until they reach a large cotton tree. After this difficult work had been done den de land cleared, all de settlers, men den women, disembarked den marched towards de thick forest den to de cotton tree, den demma preachers (all African Americans) begin singing:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Awake den Sing Of Moses den de Lamb
Wake! every heart den every tongue'

To praise de Saviour ein name

De day of Jubilee be come;

Return ye ransomed sinners home&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 11 March 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, dey pray den preach a sermon under de large Cotton Tree, den Reverend David George dey preach de first recorded Baptist service insyd Africa. De land be dedicated den christened 'Free Town' according to de instructions of de Sierra Leone Company Directors. Dis be de first thanksgiving service insyd de newly christened Free Town den be de beginning of de political entity of Sierra Leone. Later, John Clarkson will be sworn insyd as de first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts be erected before de rainy season. De Sierra Leone Company surveyors den de settlers built Freetown on de American grid pattern, plus parallel streets den wide roads, plus de largest being Water Street.

On 24 August 1792, de Black Poor or Old Settlers of de second Granville Town be incorporated into de new Sierra Leone Colony but remain at Granville Town. E survive being pillaged by de French insyd 1794, den be rebuilt by de Nova Scotian settlers. By 1798, Freetown had 300–400 houses plus architecture resembling dat of de American South, plus 3- to 4-foot stone foundations den wooden superstructures. Eventually dis style of housing (brought by de Nova Scotians) will be de model for de 'bod oses' of demma Creole descendants.

=== '''Settlement by Jamaican Maroons (1800)''' ===
Insyd 1800, de Nova Scotians rebel den e be de arrival of over 500 Jamaican Maroons which dey cause de rebellion to be suppressed. Thirty-four Nova Scotians be banished den sent to either to Sherbro Island or a penal colony at Gore. Some of these eventually be allowed back insyd Freetown. Following demma capture of de rebels, de Maroons be granted de land of de Nova Scotian rebels. Eventually de Jamaican Maroons insyd Sierra Leone have demma own district at de newly named Maroon Town.

De Maroons be a free community of blacks from Cudjoe ein Town (Trelawny Town) who have been resettled insyd Nova Scotia after surrendering to de British government dey follow de Second Maroon War of 1795–6. They have petitioned de British government for settlement elsewhere due to de climate insyd Nova Scotia.

==== '''Abolition and slaves-insyd-transit (1807 - 1830s)''' ====
Britain outlawed de slave trade throughout ein empire on 29 March 1807 plus de Slave Trade Act 1807, though de practice continue insyd de British Empire until e finally be abolished insyd de 1830s. De Royal Navy ein West Africa Squadron operating from Freetown take active measures to intercept den seize ships participating insyd de illegal Atlantic slave trade. De slaves dat dey hold on these vessels be released into Freetown den initially be called 'Captured negroes', 'Recaptives' or 'Liberated Africans'.

==== '''Formation of''' '''de Sierra Leone Creole ethnicity (1870 onwards)''' ====
De Sierra Leone Creole people (Krio: ''Krio people'') be descendants of de Black Poor, freed African Americans (Nova Scotian Black Loyalists), Afro-Caribbeans (Jamaican Maroons), den Liberated Africans who settled insyd de Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 den about 1885. De colony be established by de British, support by abolitionists, under de Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. De settlers called demma new settlement Freetown.

== Colonial era (1808–1961) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Colony den Protectorate

==== '''Establishment of''' '''de British Crown Colony (1808)''' ====
Insyd 1808, e British Crown Colony of Sierra Leone be founded, plus Freetown serving as de capital of British West Africa. De city ein population expanded rapidly plus freed slaves, who dey establish suburbs on de Freetown Peninsula. They be joined by West Indian den African soldiers who dey settle insyd Sierra Leone after fighting for Britain insyd de Napoleonic Wars.

'''Intervention''' '''den acquisition of de hinterland (1800s–1895)'''

Insyd de early 1800s, Sierra Leone be a small colony extending a few kilometres (a few miles) up de peninsula from Freetown. De bulk of de territory dat makes up present-day Sierra Leone still be de sovereign territory of indigenous peoples such as de Mende den Temne, den be little affected by de tiny population of de Colony. Over de course of de 19th century, dat gradually changed: de British den Creoles insyd de Freetown area dey increase demma involvement insyd—den demma control over—de surrounding territory by engaging insyd trade, which be promoted den dey increase through treaty-making den military expeditions.

Insyd demma treaties plus de native chiefs, de British largely be concerned plus securing local peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted. Typically, de British government dey agree to pay a chief a stipend insyd return for a commitment from him to keep de peace plus ein neighbours; oda specific commitments extract from a chief might include keeping roads open, allowing de British to collect customs duties, den submitting disputes plus ein neighbours to British adjudication. Insyd de decades following Britain ein prohibition of de slave trade insyd 1807, de treaties sometimes sana require chiefs to desist from slave-trading. Suppression of slave-trading den suppression of inter-chiefdom war dey go hand-in-hand because de trade thrived on de wars (and caused them). Thus, to de commercial reasons for pacification can be added anti-slavery ones.

When friendly persuasion fail to secure demma interests, de British no be more than (to borrow Carl von Clausewitz's phrase) &quot;continuing diplomacy by oda means&quot;. At least by de mid-1820s, de army den navy be going out from de Colony to attack chiefs whose behaviour do not conform to British dictates. Insyd 1826, Governor Turner led troops to de Bum–Kittam area, capture two stockaded towns, burn odas, den declare a blockade on de coast as far as Cape Mount. Dis partly be an anti-slaving exercise den partly to punish de chief for refusing territory to de British. Later dat year, acting-Governor Macaulay send out an expedition which go up de Jong river den dey burn Commenda, a town belonging to a related chief. Insyd 1829, de colonial authorities founded de Sierra Leone Police Corps. Insyd 1890, dis force be divided into de Civilian Police den de Frontier Police.

De British develope a modus operandi wey characterised demma interventions throughout de century: army or frontier police, plus naval support if possible, will bombard a town den then usually torch it after de defenders dey fly or been defeated. Where possible, local enemies of de party being attacked be invited by de British to accompany them as allies.

Further information: British den Creole intervention insyd de Sierra Leone hinterland insyd de 19th century

Insyd de 1880s, Britain ein intervention insyd de hinterland dey receive added impetus because of de &quot;Scramble for Africa&quot;: an intense competition between de European powers for territory insyd Africa. Insyd dis case, de rival be France. To forestall French incursion into what they had come to consider as demma own sphere, de British government renewed efforts to finalise a boundary agreement with France and on 1 January 1890 instructed Governor Hay insyd Sierra Leone to get from chiefs insyd de boundary area friendship treaties containing a clause forbidding them to treat plus anoda European power without British consent.

Consequently, insyd 1890 den 1891 Hay den two travelling commissioners, Garrett den Alldridge, dey go on extensive tours of what be now Sierra Leone wey obtain treaties from chiefs. Most of these no be, however, treaties of cession; they be insyd de form of cooperative agreements between two sovereign powers.

Insyd January 1895, a boundary agreement be signed insyd Paris, roughly fixing de line between French Guinea den Sierra Leone. De exact line be to be determined by surveyors. As Christopher Fyfe notes, &quot;De delimitation be made almost entirely insyd geographical terms—rivers, watersheds, parallels—not political. Samu chiefdom, for instance, be divided; de people on de frontier had to opt for farms on one side or villages on de oda.&quot;

More generally, de arbitrary lumping-together of disparate native peoples insyd geographical units decided by de colonial powers has been an ongoing source of trouble throughout Africa. These geographical units now dety attempt to function as nations but no be naturally nations, being composed insyd many cases of peoples who be traditional enemies. Insyd Sierra Leone, for example, de Mende, Temne den Creoles remain as rival power blocs between whom lines of fission easily emerge.

'''Establishment of''' '''de British Protectorate den further land acquisition (1895)'''

Insyd August 1895, an Order-in-Council dey issue insyd Britain authorising de Colony to make laws for de territory around it, extending out to de agreed-upon boundary (which corresponds closely to dat of present-day Sierra Leone). On 31 August 1896, a Proclamation dey issue insyd de Colony, wey dey declare dat territory to be a British Protectorate. De Colony remained a distinct political entity; de Protectorate dey govern from it.

Most of de chiefs whose territories de Protectorate subsumed do not enter into it voluntarily. Many sign treaties of friendship plus Britain, but these be often dey express as being between sovereign powers, plus there be no subordination to de British. Only a handful of chiefs dey sign treaties of cession, den insyd some cases e be unknown if de chiefs dey understand de implications of de treaty. Insyd more remote areas, no treaties had been signed at all. De creation of de Sierra Leone Protectorate be more insyd de nature of a unilateral acquisition of territory by de British.

Almost every chieftaincy insyd Sierra Leone dey respond to de British arrogation of power plus armed resistance. De Protectorate Ordinances (passed insyd de Colony insyd 1896 den 1897) abolish de title of King den replace it plus &quot;Paramount Chief&quot;. Chiefs den kings dey formerly been selected by de leading members of dema own communities; now all chiefs, even paramount ones, can be deposed or installed at de will of de Governor, den most of de judicial powers of de chiefs be removed den given to courts presided-over by British &quot;District Commissioners&quot;. De Governor decree dat a house tax of 5''s'' to 10''s'' be to be levied annually on every dwelling insyd de Protectorate. To de chiefs, these reductions insyd de power den prestige be unbearable.

During these conflicts, British officers dey use de practice of cutting de hands of people to account for bullets spent, similar to what dey occur under de regime Leopold II of Belgium insyd de Congo Free State. British doctor, John Lancelot Todd, who dey travel to West Africa on an LSTM expedition together plus Joseph Everett Dutton, write down de testimonies of British officers who dey involve insyd putting down rebellions insyd British Sierra Leone den dey practice cutting de hands of de people they shot. De exact number of living victims who dey end up mutilated be unknown.

==== '''Hut Tax War of 1898''' ====
Insyd 1898, two rebellions dey break out against British colonial rule insyd Sierra Leone insyd response to de introduction of a new hut tax by Governor Frederic Cardew. On 1 January 1898, Cardew introduce de hut tax as a way to pay for de colonial administration ein financial expenditures. However, de tax prove to be beyond de financial means of many insyd de colony, provoking discontent. Insyd February 1898, an attempt by colonial officials to arrest Temne chief Bai Bureh lead to him den rebels under ein command to revolt against British rule. Bureh ein forces dey launch attacks on British officials den Creole traders.

Despite de ongoing rebellion, Bureh dispatched two peace overtures to de British insyd April den June of dat year, aid by de mediation of Limba chief Almamy Suluku. Cardew dey reject both offers, as Bureh would not agree to surrender unconditionally. Bureh ein forces conducted a disciplined den skillfully execute guerrilla campaign which cause de British considerable difficulty. Hostilities begin insyd February; Bureh ein harassing tactics confounded de British at first but by May they gain ground. De rainy season interrupted hostilities until October, when British colonial forces resume de slow process of capturing rebel stockades. When most of these defences dey eliminate, Bureh be captured or surrendered (accounts differ) insyd November.

De second revolt insyd de southeast be a mass uprising, planned somehow to commence everywhere on 27 den 28 April, insyd which almost all &quot;outsiders&quot;—whether European or Creole—be seized den summarily executed. Although more fearsome than Bai Bureh ein rising, na e be amorphous, dey lack a definite strategy, den  be suppressed insyd most areas insyd two months. Some Mende rebels insyd de centre of de country no be beaten until November, however; den Mende king Nyagua ein son Maghi, insyd alliance plus some Kissi rebels, continued de revolt insyd de extreme east of de Protectorate until August 1899. De principal of de uprisings, Bureh, Nyagua den Kpana Lewis, be exiled to de Gold Coast on 30 July 1899. Nine months after de rebellion, de colonial government convicted den executed ninety-six rebels which had been found guilty of murder by hanging. Insyd 1905, Bureh be allowed by de British to return to Sierra Leone, where he continue reassume ein chieftaincy at de settlement of Kasseh.

=== Creole dissent insyd de high colonial period (1898–1956) ===
Insyd de early 19th century Freetown serve as de residence of de British governor who sana rule deGold Coast (now Ghana) den de Gambia settlements. Sierra Leone sana serve as de educational centre of British West Africa. Fourah Bay College, establish insyd 1827, rapidly become a magnet for English-speaking Africans on de west coast. For more than a century, e be de only European-style university insyd western Sub-Saharan Africa.

After de Hut Tax War there be no more large-scale military resistance to colonialism. Resistance den dissent dey continue, but take oda forms. Vocal political dissent come mainly from de Creoles, who be a sizeable middle den upper class of business-people den European-educated professionals such as doctors den lawyers. Insyd de mid-19th century they had enjoyed a period of considerable political influence, but in the late 19th century the government become much less open to them.

They continue to press for political rights, however, den dey operate a variety of newspapers which governors dey consider troublesome den demagogic. Insyd 1924, a new constitution be put insyd place, introducing elected representation (3 out of 22 members) for de first time, plus de first elections held on 28 October. Prominent among de Creoles demanding change be de bourgeois nationalist H.C. Bankole-Bright, General Secretary of de Sierra Leone Branch of de National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA), den de socialist I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson, founder of de West African Youth League (WAYL).

African resistance no be limited to political discussion. Sierra Leone develope an active trade union movement whose strikes often be accompanied by sympathetic rioting among de general population.

Besides de colonial employers, popular hostility be targeted against de tribal chiefs who de British dey transform into functionaries insyd de colonial system of indirect rule. Demma role be to provide policing, collect taxes, den obtain corvée labour (forced labour exacted from those unable to pay taxes) for de colonial government; insyd return, de government maintain them insyd a privileged position over de oda Africans. Chiefs not willing to play this role be replaced by more compliant ones. According to Kilson, de attitude of de Africans toward demma chiefs become ambivalent: frequently they respect de office but resented de exactions made by de individual occupying it. From de chiefs ein point of view, de dilemma of an honourable ruler dey face plus British ultimatums cannot have been easy.

Throughout de 20th century, there be numerous riots directed against tribal chiefs. These culminated insyd de Freetown riot of 1955, which be suppressed by a combined force of police den Royal Sierra Leone Regiment troops. After those riots, reforms be introduced: de forced-labour system be completely abolished den reductions be made insyd de powers of de chiefs.

Sierra Leone remain divided into a Colony den a Protectorate, plus separate den different political systems constitutionally defined for each. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate insyd 1947, when proposals be introduced to provide for a single political system. Most of de proposals come from de Protectorate. De Krio, led by Isaac Wallace-Johnson, oppose de proposals, de main effect of which will have been to diminish demma political power. E be due to de astute politics of Sir Milton Margai dat de educated Protectorate elite dey win over to join forces plus de paramount chiefs insyd de face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai use de same skills to win-over opposition leaders den moderate Krio elements for de achievement of independence.

Insyd November 1951, Margai dey overseew de drafting of a new constitution, which unite de separate Colonial den Protectorate legislatures den provide a framework for decolonization. Insyd 1953, Sierra Leone be granted local ministerial powers, den Margai be elected Chief Minister of Sierra Leone. De new constitution ensure Sierra Leone a parliamentary system insyd de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1957, Sierra Leone hold ein first parliamentary election. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), which be then de most-popular political party insyd de colony of Sierra Leone, win de most seats insyd Parliament. Margai sana be re-elected as Chief Minister by an overwhelming majority.

==== '''Sierra Leone insyd World War II''' ====
Main article: Sierra Leone insyd World War II

Throughout de war, Freetown serve as a critical convoy station for Allied ships.

== 1960 Independence Conference ==
On 20 April 1960, Sir Milton Margai dey lead de Sierra Leonean delegation insyd de negotiations for independence at de constitutional conferences hold plus Queen Elizabeth II den British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod, at Lancaster House insyd London. All twenty-four members of de Sierra Leonean delegation be prominent den well-respected politicians wey include Sir Milton ein younger brother lawyer Sir Albert Margai, trade unionist Siaka Stevens, SLPP-strongman Lamina Sankoh, Creole activist Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Paramount chief Ella Koblo Gulama, educationist Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, Dr John Karefa-Smart, Professor Kande Bureh, lawyer Sir Banja Tejan-Sie, former Freetown Mayor Eustace Henry Taylor Cummings, educationist Amadu Wurie, den Creole diplomat Hector Reginald Sylvanus Boltman.

On de conclusion of talks insyd London, Britain dey agree to grant Sierra Leone Independence on 27 April 1961. Stevens be de only delegate who refuse to sign Sierra Leone ein Declaration of Independence, on de grounds dat there had been a secret defence-pact between Sierra Leone den Britain; anoda point of contention by Stevens be de Sierra Leonean government ein position dat there will be no elections hold before independence which will effectively shut Stevens out of Sierra Leone ein political process. Upon demma return to Freetown on 4 May 1960, Stevens be promptly expelled from de People ein National Party (PNP).

== Opposition to de SLPP government ==
Insyd 1961, Siaka Stevens, a trade unionist den outspoken critic of de SLPP government, take advantage of de dissatisfaction plus de ruling SLPP among some prominent politicians from de Northern part of Sierra Leone. He form an alliance plus Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, Christian Alusine-Kamara Taylor, Mohamed.O.Bash-Taqi, Ibrahim Bash-Taqi, S.A.T. Koroma den C.A. Fofana, den form a new political party called de All People ein Congress (APC) insyd opposition of de SLPP government, wey use de northern part of Sierra Leone as demma political base.

== Early independence (1961–1968) ==
Main article: History of Sierra Leone (1961–78)

==== '''Sir Milton Margai administration (1961–1964)''' ====
On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai dey lead Sierra Leone to Independence from Britain den become de country ein first prime minister. Sierra Leone retain a parliamentary system of government den be a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1962, Sierra Leone hold ein first general election as an independent nation. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP) win plurality of seats insyd parliament den Sir Milton Margai be re-elected as prime minister. De years just after independence be prosperous, plus money from mineral resources being used for development den de founding of Njala University.

Margai be very popular among Sierra Leoneans during ein time insyd power. An important aspect of ein character ein self-effacement; he neither be corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of ein power or status. Ein government be based on de rule of law den de notion of separation of powers, plus multiparty political institutions den fairly viable representative structures. Margai use ein conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials plus a clear eye to satisfy various ethnic groups. Margai employ a brokerage style of politics by sharing political power between political groups den de paramount chiefs insyd de provinces.

==== '''Sir Albert Margai administration (1964–1967)''' ====
Upon Sir Milton Margai ein death insyd 1964, ein half-brother, Sir Albert Margai, be appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert ein leadership be briefly challenged by Sierra Leone ein Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who dey question Sir Albert ein succession to de SLPP leadership position. Kareefa-Smart received little support insyd Parliament insyd ein attempt to have Margai stripe of de SLPP leadership. Soon after Margai was sworn insyd as prime minister, he immediately dismiss several senior government officials who dey serve under ein elder brother ein government, as he view them as traitors den a threat to ein administration.

Unlike ein late brother, Sir Milton, Sir Albert Margai prove unpopular den dey resort to increasingly authoritarian actions insyd response to protests, wey include de enactment of several laws against de opposition All People ein Congress (APC) den an unsuccessful attempt to establish a one-party state. Unlike ein late brother, Sir Albert be opposed to de colonial legacy of allowing de country ein paramount chiefs executive powers, den he be seen as a threat to de existence of de ruling houses across de country—almost all of whom be strong supporters den key allies of de previous administration. Insyd 1967, riots break out insyd Freetown against Sir Albert ein policies. Insyd response, Margai declared a state of emergency across de country. He be accused of corruption den of a policy of affirmative action insyd favour of ein own Mende ethnic group

Sir Albert dey have de opportunity to perpetuate einself insyd power, but he elect not to do so even when de opportunities present themselves. He have de police den de army on ein side den nothing can have prevented him from achieving ein ambition to hold on to power, but he choose not to den called for free den fair elections.

==== '''Three military coups (1967–1968)''' ====
De APC narrowly dey win a small majority of seats insyd Parliament over de SLPP insyd a closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general election, den APC leader Siaka Stevens be sworn insyd as prime minister on 21 March 1967 insyd Freetown. Insyd hours of taking office, Stevens be ousted insyd a bloodless military coup dey lead by de commander of de army, Brigadier General David Lansana, a close ally of Sir Albert Margai who dey appoint Lansana to de position insyd 1964. Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest insyd Freetown den insisted de determination of office of de prime minister should await de election of de tribal representatives to de house. On 23 March, a group of senior military officers insyd de Sierra Leone Army lead by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith overrode dis action by seizing control of de government, arresting Lansana, den suspending de constitution. De group constituted einself as de National Reformation Council (NRC) plus Juxon-Smith as ein chairman den Governor-General. On 18 April 1968, a group of senior military officers who called themselves de Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM) lead by Brigadier General John Amadu Bangura overthraw de NRC junta. De ACRM juntas just arrest many senior NRC members. De democratic constitution be restored, den power be handed back to Stevens, who assume de office of prime minister.

== Stevens government den one-party state (1968–1985) ==
Stevens dey assume power insyd 1968 plus a great deal of hope den ambition. Much trust be placed upon him as he championed multi-party politics. Stevens dey campaign on a platform of bringing de tribes together under socialist principles. During ein first decade or so insyd power, Stevens dey renegotiate some of what he call &quot;useless prefinanced schemes&quot; contracted by ein predecessors, Albert Margai of de SLPP den Juxon-Smith of de NRC, which be said to have left de country insyd an economically deprive state. Stevens dey reorganize de country ein refinery, de government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, den a cement factory. He cancel Juxon-Smith ein construction of a church den mosque on de grounds of Victoria Park. Stevens begin efforts dat will later bridge de distance between de provinces den de city. Roads den hospitals be constructed insyd de provinces, den paramount chiefs den provincial peoples become a prominent force insyd Freetown.

Under pressure of several coup attempts—real den perceived—Stevens ein rule grow more den more authoritarian, den ein relationship plus some of ein ardent supporters deteriorated. He remove de SLPP from competitive politics insyd general elections, some believe, through de use of violence den intimidation. To maintain de support of de military, Stevens retain de popular John Amadu Bangura as de head of de Sierra Leone Armed Forces.

After de return to civilian rule, by-elections be held (beginning insyd autumn 1968) den an all-APC cabinet be appointed. Calm no be completely restored. Insyd November 1968, unrest insyd de provinces lead Stevens to declare a state of emergency.

Many senior officers insyd de Sierra Leone military be greatly disappointed plus Stevens ein policies, but none can openly confront Stevens. Brigadier General Bangura, who dey reinstated Stevens as prime minister, be widely considered de only person who can put de brakes on Stevens. De army be devoted to Bangura den it was believed, insyd sam quarters, dat dis make him potentially dangerous to Stevens. Insyd January 1970, Bangura be arrested den charge plus conspiracy den plotting to commit a coup against de Stevens government. After a trial dat last a few months, Bangura be convicted den sententenced to death. He be hanged on 29 March 1970 insyd Freetown. Stevens dey name a junior officer, Joseph Saidu Momoh, as de head of de Sierra Leone Military. Major General Momoh be a close ally den very loyal to Stevens.

On 23 March 1971, soldiers loyal to de executed Brigadier John Amadu Bangura hold a mutiny insyd Freetown den oda parts of de country insyd opposition of de Stevens government. Several soldiers be arrested for demma involvement insyd de mutiny, wey include Corporal Foday Sankoh who be convicted of treason den jailed for seven years at de Pademba Road Prison. At Stevens ein request to Guinean President Sekou Toure, a close ally, Guinean soldiers be stationed insyd Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1973 to help protect de government.

Insyd April 1971, a new republican constitution be adopted under which Stevens become president. Insyd de 1972 by-elections, de opposition SLPP complain of intimidation den procedural obstruction by de APC den militia. These problems become so severe dat de SLPP boycotted de 1973 general election; as a result de APC win 84 of de 85 elected seats.

Insyd de early 1970s, Siaka Stevens dey form ein own personal force known as de State Security Division (SSD), insyd order to protect him den to maintain ein hold on power. Many of de SSD officers be from de provinces, den be very loyal to Stevens. De SSD be very powerful den operate independently under Stevens ein direct command. De SSD officers guide Stevens den be deployed across Sierra Leone to put down any rebellion or demonstration against de Stevens government.

An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens fail insyd 1974. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army den government officials dey include Brigadier David Lansana, former cabinet minister Dr. Mohamed Sorie Forna, former cabinet minister den journalist Ibrahim Bash-Taqi den Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara be executed after they be convicted for attempting a coup. Insyd March 1976, Stevens be re-elected president, without opposition.

Insyd 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against de government disrupt Sierra Leone politics. However, de demonstrationbe quickly put down by de army den SSD officers. A general election be called later dat year insyd which corruption be again endemic. De APC win 74 seats den de SLPP win 15 seats.

Insyd May 1978, de Sierra Leone Parliament, dominated by close allies of President Steven ein APC administration, approved a new constitution, which make de country a one-party state. On 12 July 1978, official figures release by de government showed 97 per cent of Sierra Leoneans vote insyd favour of de one-party state. De SLPP, oda opposition parties den civil right groups say de referendum votes be massively rigged, den dat voters be intimidated by security forces loyal to Stevens. De 1978 constitution referendum make de APC the only legal political party; all oda political parties be banned, wey include de main opposition (de SLPP). Dis move lead to anoda major demonstration against de government insyd many parts of de country, which be put down by de army den de SSD officers.

De first elections under de new one-party constitution take place on 1 May 1982. Elections insyd about two-thirds of de constituencies be contested. Because of irregularities, de government cancel elections insyd 13 constituencies. By-elections take place on 4 June 1982. De new cabinet appoint by Stevens after de election include several prominent members of de disbanded SLPP who have defect to de APC, wey include de new Finance Minister Salia Jusu-Sheriff, a former leader of de SLPP. Jusu-Sheriff ein accession to de cabinet be viewed by many as a step toward making de APC a true national party.

Stevens, who have been head-of-state of Sierra Leone for 18 years, retired from dat position insyd November 1985 at de end of ein term, although he continue ein role as chairman of de ruling APC party. Many insyd de country dey expect Stevens to name ein vice president den loyal ally, Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, as ein successor. However, at de APC convention insyd August 1985, de APC name Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh as Stevens ein choice to succeed him as president. Momoh be very loyal to Stevens who dey appoint him to head of de military fifteen years earlier; Momoh den Stevens be both members of de minority Limba ethnic group. Momoh dey retire from de military den be elected president without opposition on 1 October 1985. A formal inauguration dey hold insyd January 1986, den new parliamentary elections be held insyd May 1986.

Siaka Stevens be generally criticised for dictatorial methods den government corruption, but he reduce de ethnic polarization insyd government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into ein all-dominant APC government. Anoda legacy of Stevens be dat for eighteen years while he be insyd power, he keep de country safe from civil war den armed rebellion.

Despite ein dictatorial governing style, Stevens regularly dey interact plus de people of Sierra Leone by making surprise visits. Stevens sana regularly make surprise visits to de poor merchants, where he be often seen buying ein own food at a local market plus ein security team keeping demma distance. Stevens often stand den wave to de Sierra Leonean people from an open car when travelling plus ein convoy.

== Momoh government and RUF rebellion (1985–1991) ==
President Momoh ein strong links plus de army den ein verbal attacks on corruption earn him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. Plus de lack of new faces insyd ein cabinet, however, criticisms soon arose dat Momoh be simply perpetuating de rule of Stevens. Momoh differ einself by integrating de powerful den independent State Security Force (SSD) into de Sierra Leone Police force.

De first years under de Momoh administration be characterised by corruption, which Momoh dey defuse by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise ein war against corruption, President Momoh announce a &quot;Code of Conduct for Political Leaders den Public Servants&quot;. After an alleged attempt to overthrow Momoh insyd March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials be arrested, wey include Vice-president Francis Minah, who be removed from office, convicted for plotting de coup, den executed by hanging plus five odas insyd 1989.

Insyd October 1990, due to mounting domestic den international pressure for reforms, President Momoh create a commission to review de 1978 one-party constitution. Base on de commission ein recommendations, a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system, guaranteeing fundamental human rights den de rule of law, den strengthening democratic structures, be approved by a 60% majority of de APC Parliament, ratify by referendum insyd September 1991 den become effective on 1 October. There be great suspicion dat President Momoh be not serious about ein promise of political reform, as APC rule continue to be increasingly marked by abuses of power.

Several senior government officials insyd Momoh ein administration resign to oppose de APC in upcoming elections. Salia Jusu Sheriff, Abass Bundu, J.B. Dauda den Sama Banya resuscitated de previously disbanded SLPP, while Thaimu Bangura, Edward Kargbo den Desmond Luke formed demma own respective political parties to challenge de ruling APC. However, de vast majority of government officials including Victor Bockarie Foh, Edward Turay, Hassan Gbassay Kanu den Osman Foday Yansaneh remain loyal to Momoh den de APC.

Meanwhile, an increasing burden be placed on de country by de rebellion insyd de eastern part of Sierra Leone.

== Civil war (1991–2002) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Civil War

De brutal civil wardysneighbouring Liberia play an undeniable role insyd de outbreak of fighting insyd Sierra Leone. Charles Taylor—leader of de National Patriotic Front of Liberia—reportedly help form de Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under de command of former Sierra Leonean army corporal Foday Sankoh, a critic of both de Stevens den Momoh administrations. Sankoh had been an ally of Brigadier General Bangura den be among those who mutinied following Bangura ein execution. Sankoh be British-trained den had undergone guerrilla training insyd Libya. Taylor ein aim was for de RUF to attack de bases of Nigerian-dominated peacekeeping troops insyd Sierra Leone who were opposed to ein rebel movement insyd Liberia. Sankoh ein RUF rebels dey enter de country insyd March 1991, den within a month controlled much of Eastern Sierra Leone, wey include de diamond-mining area insyd Kono District. De government of Sierra Leone, overwhelm by a crumbling economy den corruption, be unable to mount significant resistance.

At dis time, de Momoh government be crumbling. Several senior government officials dey resign to form opposition parties, while there be suspicions dat President Momoh no be serious about political reform. Abuses of power dey continue den de APC be alleged to have been hoarding arms den planning a violent campaign against de opposition parties ahead of multi-party general elections scheduled for late 1992. De state have been unable to play civil servants, leading to de looting of government property den a population of aimless youth when schools be closed.

==== '''NPRC Junta (1992–1996)''' ====
On 29 April 1992, twenty-five-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser lead a group of young Sierra Leone Army officers—wey include Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Seargent Solomon Musa, Lieutenant Tom Nyuma, Captain Komba Mondeh, Captain Julius Maada Bio den Captain Komba Kambo—from demma barracks insyd Kailahun District den launch a military coup insyd Freetown, which send President Momoh into exile insyd Guinea. De young soldiers established de National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) plus Strasser as ein chairman den Head of State of de country. Captain Solomon Musa, a close friend of Strasser den one of de leaders of de coup, become de deputy leader of de NPRC Junta. De coup be largely popular because e promise to bring peace, but de NPRC Junta immediately suspended de constitution, ban all political parties, limited freedom of speech den freedom of de press den enact a rule-by-decree policy, insyd which soldiers be granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial. De NPRC establish a Supreme Council, consisting of de highest-ranking soldiers insyd de Junta government.

On de same day de NPRC Junta take power, one of de coup leaders, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, be assassinated—reportedly by Major Sim Turay, de head of Sierra Leone Military Intelligence, den a close ally of de deposed president. A heavily armed military manhunt took place across Sierra Leone to find Turay den odas suspected to have participated insyd de assassination, forcing Turay to flee to Guinea.

De NPRC Junta fight de RUF rebels, recapture most of de RUF-held territories, den push de rebels back to de border plus Liberia. De NPRC Junta maintain relations plus de Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) den strengthen support for Sierra Leone–based ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) troops fighting insyd Liberia.

Insyd December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against de NPRC administration of Strasser be foiled; e dey aim at freeing from detention Colonel Yahya Kanu, Lt-Colonel Kahota M.S. Dumbuya den former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara. Seargent Mohamed Lamin Bangura den some junior army officers be identified as being behind de coup. Seventeen soldiers be executed, wey include Bangura, Kanu den Dumbuya. Several prominent members of de Momoh government who have been insyd detention at de Pa Demba Road prison, wey include former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara sana be executed.

On 5 July 1994, deputy NPRC leader Solomon Musa be arrested den sent into exile insyd Guinea. Musa be accused by Strasser, on de advice of high-ranking NPRC soldiers, dat he have become too powerful den be a threat to Strasser. Musa, who be a close ally den childhood friend of Strasser, deny de allegation den claim ein accusers be de threat. Strasser replace Musa as deputy NPRC chairman plus Captain Julius Maada Bio, den immediately promote him to brigadier.

Due to internal divisions between soldiers loyal to Musa den those who support Strasser ein decision to oust him, de NPRC ein campaign against de RUF become ineffectual. More den more of de country fall to RUF fighters, den by 1994 de RUF hold much of de diamond-rich Eastern Province den be at de edge of Freetown. Insyd response, de NPRC hire several hundred mercenaries from de private firm Executive Outcomes. Within a month, they have driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone ein borders den cleared de RUF from de Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone.</text>
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      <text bytes="72672" sha1="8svhf2o19uvpxq13d0ssvmt4ny35r27" xml:space="preserve">'''Sierra Leone''' first become inhabited by indigenous African peoples at least 2,500 years ago. De Limba be de first tribe known to inhabit Sierra Leone. De dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de region from oda West African cultures, den e become a refuge for peoples escaping violence. Sierra Leone was named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra, who map de region insyd 1462. De Freetown estuary provided a good natural harbour for ships to shelter den replenish drinking water, den gain more international attention as coastal den trans-Atlantic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade.

Insyd de mid-16th century, de Mane people invaded, subjugated nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples, den militarised Sierra Leone. De Mane soon blended plus de local populations den de various chiefdoms den kingdoms remain insyd a continual state of conflict, plus many captives sold to European slave-traders. De Atlantic slave trade had a significant impact on Sierra Leone, as dis trade flourished insyd de 17th den 18th centuries, den later as a centre of anti-slavery efforts when de trade be abolished insyd 1807. British abolitionists had organised a colony for Black Loyalists at Freetown, den dis become de capital of British West Africa. A naval squadron was base there to intercept slave ships, den de colony quickly grew as Liberated Africans be released, join by Afro-Caribbean den African soldiers who had fought for Britain insyd de American Revolutionary War. De descendants of de black settlers be collectively referred to as de Creoles or Krios.

During de colonial era, de British den Creoles increased demma control over de surrounding area, securing peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted, suppressing slave-trading den inter-chiefdom war. Insyd 1895, Britain draw borders for Sierra Leone which they declare to be demma protectorate, leading to armed resistance den de Hut Tax War of 1898. Thereafter, there demma dissent den reforms as de Creoles sought political rights, trade unions form against colonial employers, den peasants sought greater justice from demma chiefs.

Sierra Leone has played a significant part insyd modern African political liberty den nationalism. Insyd de 1950s, a new constitution united de Crown Colony den Protectorate, which had previously been governed separately. Sierra Leone gain independence from de United Kingdom on 27 April 1961 den became a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Ethnic den linguistic divisions remain an obstacle to national unity, plus de Mende, Temne den Creoles as rival power blocs. Roughly half of de years since independence have been marked by autocratic governments or civil war.

== Early history ==
Archaeological finds show dat Sierra Leone has been inhabited continuously for at least 2,500 years, populate by successive movements of peoples from oda parts of Africa. De use of iron be introduced to Sierra Leone by de 9th century, den by de end of de 10th century agriculture was being practiced by coastal tribes.

Sierra Leone ein dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de land from oda African cultures den from de spread of Islam. Dis make e a refuge for people escaping subjugation by de Sahelian kingdoms, violence den jihads.

European contacts plus Sierra Leone be among de first insyd West Africa. Insyd 1462, Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra mapped de hills surrounding what be now Freetown Harbour, naming de oddly shaped formation ''Serra Lyoa'' (Lioness Mountain).

At dis time de country be inhabited by numerous politically independent native groups. Several different languages be spoken, but there was similarity of religion. Insyd de coastal rainforest belt there be Bulom-speakers between de Sherbro den Freetown estuaries, Loko-speakers north of de Freetown estuary to de Little Scarcies River, Temne-speakers find at de mouth of de Scarcies River, den Limba-speakers farther up de Scarcies. Insyd de hilly savannah north of all of these lands be de Susu den Fula tribes. De Susu trade regularly plus de coastal peoples along river valley routes, bringing salt, clothes woven by de Fula, iron work, den gold.

== European contact (15th century) ==
Portuguese ships begin visiting Sierra Leone regularly insyd de late 15th century, den for a while they maintained a fort on de north shore of de Freetown estuary. Dis estuary be one of de largest natural deep-water harbours insyd de world, den one of de few good harbours on West Africa ein surf-battered &quot;Windward Shore&quot; (Liberia to Senegal). E soon become a favourite destination of European mariners, to shelter den replenish drinking water. Some of de Portuguese sailors stay permanently, trading den intermarrying plus de local people.

==== '''Slavery''' ====
Slavery, den insyd particular de Atlantic slave trade, had a great effect on de region—socially, economically den politically—from de late 15th to de mid-19th centuries.

There had been lucrative trans-Saharan trade of slaves insyd West Africa from de 6th century. At ein peak (c. 1350) de Mali Empire surrounded de region of modern-day Sierra Leone den Liberia, though de slave trade may not have significantly penetrated de coastal rainforest. De peoples who migrate into Sierra Leone from dis time will have had greater contact plus de indigenous slave trade, either practicing it or escaping it.

When Europeans first arrive at Sierra Leone, slavery among de African peoples of de area be believe to be rare. According to historian Walter Rodney, de Portuguese mariners keep detailed reports, den so e be likely if slavery had been an important local institution dat de reports will have described it. There be mention of a very particular kind of slavery insyd de region, which was:&lt;blockquote&gt;a person insyd trouble insyd one kingdom can go to anoda den place himself under de protection of ein king, whereupon he become a &quot;slave&quot; of dat king, obliged to provide free labour den liable for sale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Rodney, such a person will likely have retain some rights den had some opportunity to rise insyd status as time passed.

De European colonization of de Americas soon lead to labor demands from nascent colonies; dis lead Europeans to seek a supply of slaves to transport to de Americas. Initially, European slavers launch raids on coastal villages to abduct Africans den sell them into slavery. However, they soon establish economic alliances plus local leaders, as many chiefs were willing to sell undesirable members of demma tribe to Europeans. Oda African chiefs launch raids on rival tribes insyd order to sell captives of such raids into slavery.

Dis early slaving essentially be an export business. De use of slaves as labourers by de local Africans appears to have developed only later. E may first have occurred under coastal chiefs insyd de late 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;De slave owners originally be white den foreigners, but de late eighteenth century see de emergence of powerful slave-trading chiefs, be said to own large numbers of 'domestic slaves'.&lt;/blockquote&gt;For example, insyd de late 18th century, William Cleveland, a Scottish leader insyd Africa had a large &quot;slave town&quot; on de mainland opposite de Banana Islands, whose inhabitants &quot;be employed insyd cultivating extensive rice fields, describe as being some of the largest insyd Africa at de time&quot;. De existence of an indigenous slave town be recorded by an English traveler insyd 1823. Known insyd de Fula language as a ''rounde'', e be connected plus de Sulima Susu ein capital city, Falaba. Ein inhabitants work at farming.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Rodney dey postulate two means by which slaving for export can have caused a local practice of using slaves for labour to develop:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# Not all war captives offer for sale will have been bought by de Portuguese, so demma captors had to find something else to do plus them. Rodney believe dat executing them be rare den that they will have been used for local labour.
# There be a time lag between de time a slave be captured den de time he or she be sold. Thus there will often have been a pool of slaves awaiting sale, who will have been put to work.&lt;/blockquote&gt;There be possible additional reasons for de adoption of slavery by de locals to meet demma labour requirements:

# De Europeans provided an example for imitation.
# Once slaving insyd any form be accepted, e may smash a moral barrier to exploitation den make ein adoption insyd oda forms seem a relatively minor matter.
# Export slaving entailed de construction of a coercive apparatus which could have been subsequently turned to other ends, such as policing a captive labour force.
# De sale of local produce (e.g., palm kernels) to Europeans opened a new sphere of economic activity. Insyd particular, e dey create an increased demand for agricultural labour. Slavery be a way of mobilising an agricultural work force.
Dis local African slavery be much less harsh den brutal than de slavery practiced by Europeans on, for example, de plantations of the United States, de West Indies, den Brazil. De local slavery has been described by anthropologist M. McCulloch:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Slaves be housed close to de fresh tracts of land they clear for demma masters. They be considered part of de household of demma owner, den enjoyed limited rights. E no be customary to sell them except for a serious offense, such as adultery plus de wife of a freeman. Small plots of land be given to them for demma own use, den they might retain de proceeds of crops they grow on these plots; by dis means e be possible for a slave to become de owner of anoda slave. Sometimes a slave marry insyd de household of ein master den rose to a position of trust; there be an instance of a slave taking charge of a chiefdom during de minority of de heir. Descendants of slaves often be practically indistinguishable from freemen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Slaves sometimes be sent on errands outside de kingdoms of demma masters den return voluntarily. Speaking specifically of de era around 1700, historian Christopher Fyfe relates dat, &quot;Slaves not taken insyd war usually be criminals. Insyd coastal areas, at least, e be rare for anyone to be sold without being charged plus a crime.&quot;

Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section be still present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describes a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section still be present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describe a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;A freeman heavily insyd debt, den facing de threat of de punishment of being sold, will approach a wealthier man or chief plus a plea to pay off ein debts 'while I sit on your lap'. Or he can give a son or some oda dependent of ein 'to be for you', de wealthy man or chief. Dis insyd effect mean dat de person so pawn be automatically reduce to a position of dependence, den if he be never redeemed, he or ein children eventually become part of de master ein extended family. By dis time, de children practically be indistinguishable from de real children of de master, since they grow up regarding one anoda as brothers.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Some observers consider de term &quot;slave&quot; to be more misleading than informative when describing de local practice. Abraham say dat insyd most cases, &quot;subject, servant, client, serf, pawn, dependent, or retainer&quot; will be more accurate. Domestic slavery be abolished insyd Sierra Leone insyd 1928. McCulloch reports dat at dat time, amongst Sierra Leone ein largest present-day ethnolinguistic group, de Mende, who then had about 560,000 people, about 15 per cent of de population (i.e., 84,000 people) be domestic slaves. He sana say dat &quot;singularly little change followed de 1928 decree; a fair number of slaves return to demma original homes, but de great majority remain insyd de villages insyd which demma former masters had placed them or demma parents.&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Export slavery remain a major business insyd Sierra Leone from de late 15th century to de mid-19th century. According to Fyfe, &quot;e be estimated insyd 1789 dat 74,000 slaves be exported annually from West Africa, about 38,000 by British firms.&quot; Insyd 1788, a proslavery European name Matthews estimated de annual total export from between de Nunez River (110 km north of Sierra Leone) den de Sherbro as 3,000. Participation insyd de Atlantic slave trade gradually be outlawed by various Western nations, beginning plus de United States den Britain insyd 1808.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Mane invasions (16th century) ==
Further information: Mane people

De Mane invasions of de mid-16th century had a profound impact on Sierra Leone. De Mane (sana call Mani) be members of de Mande language group. A warrior people, well-armed den well-organized, they live east den somewhat north of present-day Sierra Leone. Sometime insyd de early 16th century they begin moving south. According to some Mane who dey speak to a Portuguese writer (Dornelas) in de late 16th century, demma travels dey begin as a result of de expulsion of demma chief from de imperial city of Mandimansa, demma homeland.

There be conflicting accounts among historians of how these invasions happened. Some historians place demma first arrival at de coast east of Sierra Leone, at least as far as de River Cess den likely pppie. They advanced northwest along de coast toward Sierra Leone, conquering as they go. Odas contend dat they arrive on de coast near Sherbro Island. They incorporate large numbers of de people they conquered into demma army, plus de result dat de rank den file consist mostly of coastal peoples, while de Mane be ein commanding group.

By 1545, de Mane dey reach Cape Mount. Dema conquest of Sierra Leone occupy de ensuing 15 to 20 years, den result insyd de subjugation of all or nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples—who be known collectively as de Sapes—as far north as de Scarcies. De present demographics of Sierra Leone largely be a reflection of these two decades. De degree to which de Mane supplanted de original inhabitants vary from place to place. De Temne partly withstood de Mane onslaught, den keep demma language, but become ruled by a line of Mane kings. De present-day Loko den Mende be de result of a more complete submersion of de original culture: demma languages be similar, den both essentially Mande. Dis likely be due to conquest by de Mane invaders.

=== '''Aftermath''' ===
De Mane invasions militarised Sierra Leone. De Sapes had been un-warlike, but after de invasions, right until de late 19th century, bows, shields, den knives of de Mane type dey become ubiquitous insyd Sierra Leone, as had de Mane battle technique of using squadrons of archers fighting insyd formation, carrying de large-style shields. Villages become fortified. De usual method of erecting two or three concentric palisades, each 4–7 metres (12–20 ft) high, create a formidable obstacle to attackers—especially since, as some of de English observe insyd de 19th century, de thigh-thick logs planted insyd de earth to make de palisades often take root at de bottom den grow foliage at de top, so dat de defenders occupy a living wall of wood. A British officer who dey observe one of these fortifications around de time of de 1898 Hut Tax war ended ein description of it thus:&lt;blockquote&gt;No one who dey no see these fences can realize de immense strength of them. De outer fence at Hahu I measure insyd several places, den found e to be from 2 to 3 feet thick, den most of de logs, or rather trees, of which e be formed, had taken root den be throwing out leaves den shoots.&lt;/blockquote&gt;He sana say dat English artillery can not penetrate all three fences. At dat time, at least among de Mende, &quot;a typical settlement dey consist of walled towns den open villages or towns surrounding it.&quot;

After de invasions, de Mane sub-chiefs among whom e country dey divide begin fighting among themselves. Dis pattern of activity become permanent: even after de Mane dey blend plus de indigenous population—a process which be completed insyd de early 17th century—de various kingdoms insyd Sierra Leone remain insyd a fairly continual state of flux den conflict. Rodney believe dat a desire to take prisoners to sell as slaves to de Europeans be a major motivation to dis fighting, den may even have been a driving force behind de original Mane invasions. Historian Kenneth Little dey conclude dat de principal objective insyd de local wars, at least among de Mende, be plunder, not de acquisition of territory. Abraham cautions dat slave trading should not be exaggerated as a cause: de Africans have demma own reasons to fight, plus territorial den political ambitions present. Motivations likely change over time during de 350-year period.

De wars themselves no be exceptionally deadly. Set-piece battles be rare, den de fortified towns so strong dat demma capture seldom be attempted. Often de fighting dey consist of small ambushes.

Insyd these years, de political system be such dat each large village along plus ein satellite villages den settlements will be headed by a chief. De chief will have a private army of warriors. Sometimes several chiefs will group themselves into a confederacy, acknowledging one of themselves as king (or high chief). Each pay de king fealty. If one be attacked, de king will come to ein aid, den de king can adjudicate local disputes.

Despite demma many political divisions, de people of de country be united by cultural similarity. One component of dis be de Poro, an organisation common to many different kingdoms den ethnolinguistic groups. De Mende claim to be ein originators, den there be nothing to contradict dis. Possibly they import it. De Temne claim to dey import it from de Sherbro or Bulom. De Dutch geographer Olfert Dapper know of it insyd de 17th century. E often be described as a &quot;secret society&quot;, dis partly be true: ein rites be closed to non-members, den what happens insyd de &quot;Poro bush&quot; never be disclosed. However, ein membership be very broad: among de Mende, almost all men, den some women, be initiates. Insyd recent years e no dey (as far as is known) have a central organisation: autonomous chapters exist for each chiefdom or village. However, it is said dat insyd pre-Protectorate days there be a &quot;Grand Poro&quot; plus cross-chiefdom powers of making war den peace. E widely be agreed dat e has a restraining influence on de powers of de chiefs. Headed by a fearsome principal spirit, de ''Gbeni'', e plays a major role insyd de rite of passage of males from puberty to manhood. E imparts some education. Insyd some areas, e have supervisory powers over trade, den de banking system, which use iron bars as a medium of exchange. E no only be de important society insyd Sierra Leone: de ''Sande'' be a female-only analogue of it; there sana be de ''Humoi'' which regulates sex, den de ''Njayei'' den de ''Wunde''. De ''Kpa'' be a healing-arts collegium.

Besides de political impact, there be economic effects as well: trade plus de interior be interrupted, den thousands be sold as slaves to de Europeans. Insyd industry, a flourishing tradition insyd fine ivory carving be ended; however, improved ironworking techniques be introduced.&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== 1600–1787 ==
By de 17th century, Portuguese colonialism insyd West Africa begin to wane, den insyd Sierra Leone oda European colonial powers such as de English den Dutch begin to supplant demma influence insyd de region. Insyd 1628, a group of English merchants had established a factory insyd de vicinity of Sherbro Island, about 50 km (30 mi) south-east from present-day Freetown. Insyd addition to ivory den slaves, de merchants at de factory sana trade insyd camwood, a type of hard timber. De Portuguese missionary Baltasar Barreira minister insyd Sierra Leone until 1610. Jesuits, den later insyd de century, Capuchins, continue de mission. By 1700 it had closed, although priests occasionally visited.

Insyd 1663, de Royal African Company (RAC) be granted a royal charter from Charles II of England den soon established a factory on Sherbro Island den Tasso Island. During de Second Anglo-Dutch War, both factories be sacked by a Dutch Navy force insyd 1664. De factory be rebuilt, though e be sacked again by de French Navy during de War of de Spanish Succession insyd 1704 den pirates insyd 1719 den 1720. After de Dutch raid on de RAC factory at Tasso Island, e be relocated to de nearby Bunce Island, which be more defensible.

De Europeans make payments, called ''Cole'', for rent, tribute, den trading rights, to de king of an area. At this time de local military advantage still be on de side of de Africans, den there be a 1714 report of a king seizing RAC goods insyd retaliation for a breach of protocol. Local Afro-Portuguese merchants often act as middlemen, de Europeans advancing them goods to trade to de local people, most often for ivory. Insyd 1728, an overly aggressive RAC governor dey unite de Africans den Afro-Portuguese insyd hostility to him; they burn down de Bunce Island fort den e no be rebuilt until about 1750. During de time dat de Royal African Company be operating, de firm of Grant, Sargent [Wikidata] den Oswald provisioned de trading stations. When de RAC abandoned Bunce Island, Sargent den ein partners purchase ein factory insyd 1748, repair it, den dey use it to trade insyd timber. They expand to Batts, Bobs, Tasso, den Tumbu Islands den along de banks of de river, eventually becoming involve insyd de slave trade. De French sack it again insyd 1779, during de American Revolutionary War.

During de 17th century de Temne ethnolinguistic group be expanding. Around 1600, a Mani still dey rule de Loko kingdom (de area north of Port Loko Creek) den anoda rule de upper part of de south shore of de Freetown estuary. De north shore of de estuary be under a Ballom king, den de area just east of Freetown on de peninsula be held by a non-Mani plus a European name, Dom Phillip de Leon (who may have been a subordinate to ein Mani neighbour). By de mid-17th century dis situation dey change: Temne, not Bullom dey speak on de south shore, den ships stopping for water den firewood had to pay customs to de Temne king of Bureh who live at Bagos town on de point between de Rokel River den Port Loko Creek. (De king may  consider himself a Mani—to dis day, Temne chiefs have Mani-derived titles—but ein people be Temne. De Bureh king insyd place insyd 1690 be called Bai Tura, ''Bai'' being a Mani form.) De Temne thus dey expand insyd a wedge toward de sea at Freetown, den now dey separate de Bulom to de north from de Mani den oda Mande-speakers to de south den east.

Insyd dis period there be several reports of women occupying high positions. De king of de south shore use to leave one of ein wives to rule when he be absent, den insyd de Sherbro there be female chiefs. Insyd de early 18th century, a Bulom dey name Seniora Maria make ein own town near Cape Sierra Leone.

During de 17th century, Muslim Fula from de Upper Niger den Senegal rivers move into an area called Fouta Djallon (or Futa Jalon) insyd de mountainous region north of present-day Sierra Leone. They be to have an important impact on de peoples of Sierra Leone because they increase trade den sana produced secondary population movements insyd Sierra Leone. Though de Muslim Fula first cohabited peaceably plus de peoples already at Fouta Djallon, around 1725 they embark on a war of domination, forcing de migration of many Susu, Yalunka, den non-Muslim Fula.

Susu—some already convert to Islam—come south insyd Sierra Leone, insyd turn displacing Limba from north-west Sierra Leone den driving them insyd north-central Sierra Leone where they continue to live. Some Susu move as far south as de Temne town of Port Loko, only 60 km (37 mi) upriver from de Atlantic. Eventually a Muslim Susu family dey call Senko supplanted de town ein Temne rulers. Oda Susu dey move westward from Fouta Djallon, eventually dominating de Baga, Bulom, den Temne north of de Scarcies River.

De Yalunka insyd Fouta Djallon first accept Islam, then reject it den be driven out. They go into north-central Sierra Leone den founded demma capital at Falaba insyd de mountains near de source of de Rokel. E still not an important town, about 20 km (12 mi) south of de Guinea border. Oda Yalunka go somewhat farther south den settled amongst de Koranko, Kissi, den Limba.

Besides these groups, who be more-or-less unwilling emigrants, a considerable variety of Muslim adventurers go forth from Fouta Djallon. A Fula called Fula Mansa (''mansa'' meaning ''king'') become ruler of de Yoni country 100 km (62 mi) east of present-day Freetown. Some of ein Temne subjects fled south to de Banta country between de middle reaches of de Bagu den Jong rivers, where they become known as de Mabanta Temne.

Insyd 1652, de first slaves from Sierra Leone be transported to North America; they be sold to white plantation owners insyd de Sea Islands off de coast of de American South. During de 18th century, numerous slaves from Bunce Island be transported to de Southern Colonies, due insyd part to de business relationship between American slave trader Henry Laurens den de London-based firm of Grant, Sargent, Oswald &amp; Company, which oversaw a thriving slave trade from Bunce Island insyd Sierra Leone to North America.

De transatlantic slave trade continued to transport millions of enslaved Africans, wey include those from Sierra Leone, across de Atlantic during de 17th, 18th den 19th centuries; ultimately, roughly 12.5 million slaves where e dey bring to de Americas dis way. However, de rise of abolitionist movements insyd de Western world insyd de late 18th den early 19th centuries dey lead to various European den American governments passing legislation to abolish de slave trade. De slave trade insyd Sierra Leone undergo a marked decline during de 19th century, though domestic slavery will persist until de 20th century.

== De Province of Freedom (1787–1789) ==
Main article: Granville Town, Province of Freedom

==== '''Conception of''' '''de Province of Freedom (1787)''' ====
Insyd 1787, a plan be established to settle some of London ein &quot;Black Poor&quot; insyd Sierra Leone insyd what was called the &quot;Province of Freedom&quot;. This was organised by the Committee for de Relief of de Black Poor, found by British abolitionist Granville Sharp, which preferred it as a solution to continuing to financially support them insyd London. Many of de Black Poor be African Americans, who had been given demma freedom after seeking refuge with the British Army during the American Revolution, but also included other West Indian, African and Asian inhabitants of London.

De Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme be proposed by entomologist Henry Smeathman den draw interest from humanitarians like Granville Sharp saw it as a means of showing de pro-slavery lobby dat black people can contribute towards de running of de new colony of Sierra Leone. Government officials soon become involved insyd de scheme as well, although demma interest be spurred by de possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere. William Pitt de Younger, prime minister den leader of de Tory party, dey have an active interest insyd de Scheme, because he see it as a means to repatriate de Black Poor to Africa, since &quot;e be necessary they should be sent somewhere, den be no longer suffer to infest de streets of London&quot;.

==== '''Establishment, destruction''' '''den re-establishment (1789)''' ====
De area be first settled by 400 formerly enslaved Black Britons, who dey arrive off de coast of Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787, dey accompany by some English tradesmen. They established de Province of Freedom or Granville Town on land purchase from local Koya Temne subchief King Tom den regent Naimbanna II, a purchase which de Europeans understand to cede de land to de new settlers &quot;for ever&quot;. De established arrangement between Europeans den de Koya Temne do not include provisions for permanent settlement, den some historians question how well de Koya leaders understand de agreement. Half of de settlers insyd de new colony die insyd de first year. Several black settlers dey start working for local slave traders. De settlers dat dey remain forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliate, attacking de settlement, which be reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, den six white women. Black settlers be captured by unscrupulous traders den sold as slaves, den de remaining colonists be forced to arm themselves for demma own protection. King Tom ein successor King Jemmy dey attack den burn de colony insyd 1789.

Alexander Falconbridge be sent to Sierra Leone insyd 1791 to collect de remaining Black Poor settlers, den they re-establish Granville Town (later renamed Cline Town) near Fourah Bay. Although these 1787 settlers do not establish Freetown, which be founded insyd 1792, de bicentennial of Freetown be celebrated insyd 1987.

After establishing Granville Town, disease den hostility from de indigenous people eliminated de first group of colonists den destroyed demma settlement. A second Granville Town established by 64 remaining black den white 'Old settlers' under de leadership of St. George Bay Company leader, Alexander Falconbridge den de St. George Bay Company. Dis settlement be different from de Freetown settlement den colony founded insyd 1792 by Lt. John Clarkson den de Nova Scotian Settlers under de auspices of de Sierra Leone Company.

== Freetown Colony (1792–1808) ==
'''Conception of tde Freetown settlement (1791)'''

De basis for de Freetown Colony begin insyd 1791 plus Thomas Peters, an African American who had served insyd de Black Pioneers den settle insyd Nova Scotia as part of de Black Loyalist migration. Peters travel to England insyd 1791 to report grievances of de Black Loyalists who had been given poor land den faced discrimination. Peters meet plus British abolitionists den de directors of de Sierra Leone Company. He learn of de company ein plan for a new settlement at Sierra Leone. De directors be eager to allow de Nova Scotians to build a settlement there; de London-based den newly create Company had decided to create a new colony but before Peters ein arrival have no colonists. Lieutenant John Clarkson be sent to Nova Scotia to register immigrants to take to Sierra Leone for de purpose of starting a new settlement. Clarkson worked plus Peters to recruit 1,196 former American slaves from free African communities around Nova Scotia such as Birchtown. Most dey escape Virginia den South Carolina plantations. Some had been born insyd Africa before being enslaved den taken to America.

==== '''Settlement by Nova Scotians (1792)''' ====
De settlers dey sail insyd 15 ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia den arrived insyd St. George Bay between 26 February den 9 March 1792. Sixty-four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, den even Lieutenant Clarkson be ill during de voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson den some of de Nova Scotian 'captains' &quot;despatched on shore to clear or make roadway for demma landing&quot;. De Nova Scotians be to build Freetown on de former site of de first Granville Town which have become a &quot;jungle&quot; since ein destruction insyd 1789. (Though they built Freetown on Granville Town ein former site, demma settlement be no a rebirth of Granville Town, which had been re-established at Fourah Bay in 1791 by de remaining Old Settlers.) Clarkson told de men to clear de land until they reach a large cotton tree. After this difficult work had been done den de land cleared, all de settlers, men den women, disembarked den marched towards de thick forest den to de cotton tree, den demma preachers (all African Americans) begin singing:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Awake den Sing Of Moses den de Lamb
Wake! every heart den every tongue'

To praise de Saviour ein name

De day of Jubilee be come;

Return ye ransomed sinners home&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 11 March 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, dey pray den preach a sermon under de large Cotton Tree, den Reverend David George dey preach de first recorded Baptist service insyd Africa. De land be dedicated den christened 'Free Town' according to de instructions of de Sierra Leone Company Directors. Dis be de first thanksgiving service insyd de newly christened Free Town den be de beginning of de political entity of Sierra Leone. Later, John Clarkson will be sworn insyd as de first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts be erected before de rainy season. De Sierra Leone Company surveyors den de settlers built Freetown on de American grid pattern, plus parallel streets den wide roads, plus de largest being Water Street.

On 24 August 1792, de Black Poor or Old Settlers of de second Granville Town be incorporated into de new Sierra Leone Colony but remain at Granville Town. E survive being pillaged by de French insyd 1794, den be rebuilt by de Nova Scotian settlers. By 1798, Freetown had 300–400 houses plus architecture resembling dat of de American South, plus 3- to 4-foot stone foundations den wooden superstructures. Eventually dis style of housing (brought by de Nova Scotians) will be de model for de 'bod oses' of demma Creole descendants.

=== '''Settlement by Jamaican Maroons (1800)''' ===
Insyd 1800, de Nova Scotians rebel den e be de arrival of over 500 Jamaican Maroons which dey cause de rebellion to be suppressed. Thirty-four Nova Scotians be banished den sent to either to Sherbro Island or a penal colony at Gore. Some of these eventually be allowed back insyd Freetown. Following demma capture of de rebels, de Maroons be granted de land of de Nova Scotian rebels. Eventually de Jamaican Maroons insyd Sierra Leone have demma own district at de newly named Maroon Town.

De Maroons be a free community of blacks from Cudjoe ein Town (Trelawny Town) who have been resettled insyd Nova Scotia after surrendering to de British government dey follow de Second Maroon War of 1795–6. They have petitioned de British government for settlement elsewhere due to de climate insyd Nova Scotia.

==== '''Abolition and slaves-insyd-transit (1807 - 1830s)''' ====
Britain outlawed de slave trade throughout ein empire on 29 March 1807 plus de Slave Trade Act 1807, though de practice continue insyd de British Empire until e finally be abolished insyd de 1830s. De Royal Navy ein West Africa Squadron operating from Freetown take active measures to intercept den seize ships participating insyd de illegal Atlantic slave trade. De slaves dat dey hold on these vessels be released into Freetown den initially be called 'Captured negroes', 'Recaptives' or 'Liberated Africans'.

==== '''Formation of''' '''de Sierra Leone Creole ethnicity (1870 onwards)''' ====
De Sierra Leone Creole people (Krio: ''Krio people'') be descendants of de Black Poor, freed African Americans (Nova Scotian Black Loyalists), Afro-Caribbeans (Jamaican Maroons), den Liberated Africans who settled insyd de Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 den about 1885. De colony be established by de British, support by abolitionists, under de Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. De settlers called demma new settlement Freetown.

== Colonial era (1808–1961) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Colony den Protectorate

==== '''Establishment of''' '''de British Crown Colony (1808)''' ====
Insyd 1808, e British Crown Colony of Sierra Leone be founded, plus Freetown serving as de capital of British West Africa. De city ein population expanded rapidly plus freed slaves, who dey establish suburbs on de Freetown Peninsula. They be joined by West Indian den African soldiers who dey settle insyd Sierra Leone after fighting for Britain insyd de Napoleonic Wars.

'''Intervention''' '''den acquisition of de hinterland (1800s–1895)'''

Insyd de early 1800s, Sierra Leone be a small colony extending a few kilometres (a few miles) up de peninsula from Freetown. De bulk of de territory dat makes up present-day Sierra Leone still be de sovereign territory of indigenous peoples such as de Mende den Temne, den be little affected by de tiny population of de Colony. Over de course of de 19th century, dat gradually changed: de British den Creoles insyd de Freetown area dey increase demma involvement insyd—den demma control over—de surrounding territory by engaging insyd trade, which be promoted den dey increase through treaty-making den military expeditions.

Insyd demma treaties plus de native chiefs, de British largely be concerned plus securing local peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted. Typically, de British government dey agree to pay a chief a stipend insyd return for a commitment from him to keep de peace plus ein neighbours; oda specific commitments extract from a chief might include keeping roads open, allowing de British to collect customs duties, den submitting disputes plus ein neighbours to British adjudication. Insyd de decades following Britain ein prohibition of de slave trade insyd 1807, de treaties sometimes sana require chiefs to desist from slave-trading. Suppression of slave-trading den suppression of inter-chiefdom war dey go hand-in-hand because de trade thrived on de wars (and caused them). Thus, to de commercial reasons for pacification can be added anti-slavery ones.

When friendly persuasion fail to secure demma interests, de British no be more than (to borrow Carl von Clausewitz's phrase) &quot;continuing diplomacy by oda means&quot;. At least by de mid-1820s, de army den navy be going out from de Colony to attack chiefs whose behaviour do not conform to British dictates. Insyd 1826, Governor Turner led troops to de Bum–Kittam area, capture two stockaded towns, burn odas, den declare a blockade on de coast as far as Cape Mount. Dis partly be an anti-slaving exercise den partly to punish de chief for refusing territory to de British. Later dat year, acting-Governor Macaulay send out an expedition which go up de Jong river den dey burn Commenda, a town belonging to a related chief. Insyd 1829, de colonial authorities founded de Sierra Leone Police Corps. Insyd 1890, dis force be divided into de Civilian Police den de Frontier Police.

De British develope a modus operandi wey characterised demma interventions throughout de century: army or frontier police, plus naval support if possible, will bombard a town den then usually torch it after de defenders dey fly or been defeated. Where possible, local enemies of de party being attacked be invited by de British to accompany them as allies.

Further information: British den Creole intervention insyd de Sierra Leone hinterland insyd de 19th century

Insyd de 1880s, Britain ein intervention insyd de hinterland dey receive added impetus because of de &quot;Scramble for Africa&quot;: an intense competition between de European powers for territory insyd Africa. Insyd dis case, de rival be France. To forestall French incursion into what they had come to consider as demma own sphere, de British government renewed efforts to finalise a boundary agreement with France and on 1 January 1890 instructed Governor Hay insyd Sierra Leone to get from chiefs insyd de boundary area friendship treaties containing a clause forbidding them to treat plus anoda European power without British consent.

Consequently, insyd 1890 den 1891 Hay den two travelling commissioners, Garrett den Alldridge, dey go on extensive tours of what be now Sierra Leone wey obtain treaties from chiefs. Most of these no be, however, treaties of cession; they be insyd de form of cooperative agreements between two sovereign powers.

Insyd January 1895, a boundary agreement be signed insyd Paris, roughly fixing de line between French Guinea den Sierra Leone. De exact line be to be determined by surveyors. As Christopher Fyfe notes, &quot;De delimitation be made almost entirely insyd geographical terms—rivers, watersheds, parallels—not political. Samu chiefdom, for instance, be divided; de people on de frontier had to opt for farms on one side or villages on de oda.&quot;

More generally, de arbitrary lumping-together of disparate native peoples insyd geographical units decided by de colonial powers has been an ongoing source of trouble throughout Africa. These geographical units now dety attempt to function as nations but no be naturally nations, being composed insyd many cases of peoples who be traditional enemies. Insyd Sierra Leone, for example, de Mende, Temne den Creoles remain as rival power blocs between whom lines of fission easily emerge.

'''Establishment of''' '''de British Protectorate den further land acquisition (1895)'''

Insyd August 1895, an Order-in-Council dey issue insyd Britain authorising de Colony to make laws for de territory around it, extending out to de agreed-upon boundary (which corresponds closely to dat of present-day Sierra Leone). On 31 August 1896, a Proclamation dey issue insyd de Colony, wey dey declare dat territory to be a British Protectorate. De Colony remained a distinct political entity; de Protectorate dey govern from it.

Most of de chiefs whose territories de Protectorate subsumed do not enter into it voluntarily. Many sign treaties of friendship plus Britain, but these be often dey express as being between sovereign powers, plus there be no subordination to de British. Only a handful of chiefs dey sign treaties of cession, den insyd some cases e be unknown if de chiefs dey understand de implications of de treaty. Insyd more remote areas, no treaties had been signed at all. De creation of de Sierra Leone Protectorate be more insyd de nature of a unilateral acquisition of territory by de British.

Almost every chieftaincy insyd Sierra Leone dey respond to de British arrogation of power plus armed resistance. De Protectorate Ordinances (passed insyd de Colony insyd 1896 den 1897) abolish de title of King den replace it plus &quot;Paramount Chief&quot;. Chiefs den kings dey formerly been selected by de leading members of dema own communities; now all chiefs, even paramount ones, can be deposed or installed at de will of de Governor, den most of de judicial powers of de chiefs be removed den given to courts presided-over by British &quot;District Commissioners&quot;. De Governor decree dat a house tax of 5''s'' to 10''s'' be to be levied annually on every dwelling insyd de Protectorate. To de chiefs, these reductions insyd de power den prestige be unbearable.

During these conflicts, British officers dey use de practice of cutting de hands of people to account for bullets spent, similar to what dey occur under de regime Leopold II of Belgium insyd de Congo Free State. British doctor, John Lancelot Todd, who dey travel to West Africa on an LSTM expedition together plus Joseph Everett Dutton, write down de testimonies of British officers who dey involve insyd putting down rebellions insyd British Sierra Leone den dey practice cutting de hands of de people they shot. De exact number of living victims who dey end up mutilated be unknown.

==== '''Hut Tax War of 1898''' ====
Insyd 1898, two rebellions dey break out against British colonial rule insyd Sierra Leone insyd response to de introduction of a new hut tax by Governor Frederic Cardew. On 1 January 1898, Cardew introduce de hut tax as a way to pay for de colonial administration ein financial expenditures. However, de tax prove to be beyond de financial means of many insyd de colony, provoking discontent. Insyd February 1898, an attempt by colonial officials to arrest Temne chief Bai Bureh lead to him den rebels under ein command to revolt against British rule. Bureh ein forces dey launch attacks on British officials den Creole traders.

Despite de ongoing rebellion, Bureh dispatched two peace overtures to de British insyd April den June of dat year, aid by de mediation of Limba chief Almamy Suluku. Cardew dey reject both offers, as Bureh would not agree to surrender unconditionally. Bureh ein forces conducted a disciplined den skillfully execute guerrilla campaign which cause de British considerable difficulty. Hostilities begin insyd February; Bureh ein harassing tactics confounded de British at first but by May they gain ground. De rainy season interrupted hostilities until October, when British colonial forces resume de slow process of capturing rebel stockades. When most of these defences dey eliminate, Bureh be captured or surrendered (accounts differ) insyd November.

De second revolt insyd de southeast be a mass uprising, planned somehow to commence everywhere on 27 den 28 April, insyd which almost all &quot;outsiders&quot;—whether European or Creole—be seized den summarily executed. Although more fearsome than Bai Bureh ein rising, na e be amorphous, dey lack a definite strategy, den  be suppressed insyd most areas insyd two months. Some Mende rebels insyd de centre of de country no be beaten until November, however; den Mende king Nyagua ein son Maghi, insyd alliance plus some Kissi rebels, continued de revolt insyd de extreme east of de Protectorate until August 1899. De principal of de uprisings, Bureh, Nyagua den Kpana Lewis, be exiled to de Gold Coast on 30 July 1899. Nine months after de rebellion, de colonial government convicted den executed ninety-six rebels which had been found guilty of murder by hanging. Insyd 1905, Bureh be allowed by de British to return to Sierra Leone, where he continue reassume ein chieftaincy at de settlement of Kasseh.

=== Creole dissent insyd de high colonial period (1898–1956) ===
Insyd de early 19th century Freetown serve as de residence of de British governor who sana rule deGold Coast (now Ghana) den de Gambia settlements. Sierra Leone sana serve as de educational centre of British West Africa. Fourah Bay College, establish insyd 1827, rapidly become a magnet for English-speaking Africans on de west coast. For more than a century, e be de only European-style university insyd western Sub-Saharan Africa.

After de Hut Tax War there be no more large-scale military resistance to colonialism. Resistance den dissent dey continue, but take oda forms. Vocal political dissent come mainly from de Creoles, who be a sizeable middle den upper class of business-people den European-educated professionals such as doctors den lawyers. Insyd de mid-19th century they had enjoyed a period of considerable political influence, but in the late 19th century the government become much less open to them.

They continue to press for political rights, however, den dey operate a variety of newspapers which governors dey consider troublesome den demagogic. Insyd 1924, a new constitution be put insyd place, introducing elected representation (3 out of 22 members) for de first time, plus de first elections held on 28 October. Prominent among de Creoles demanding change be de bourgeois nationalist H.C. Bankole-Bright, General Secretary of de Sierra Leone Branch of de National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA), den de socialist I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson, founder of de West African Youth League (WAYL).

African resistance no be limited to political discussion. Sierra Leone develope an active trade union movement whose strikes often be accompanied by sympathetic rioting among de general population.

Besides de colonial employers, popular hostility be targeted against de tribal chiefs who de British dey transform into functionaries insyd de colonial system of indirect rule. Demma role be to provide policing, collect taxes, den obtain corvée labour (forced labour exacted from those unable to pay taxes) for de colonial government; insyd return, de government maintain them insyd a privileged position over de oda Africans. Chiefs not willing to play this role be replaced by more compliant ones. According to Kilson, de attitude of de Africans toward demma chiefs become ambivalent: frequently they respect de office but resented de exactions made by de individual occupying it. From de chiefs ein point of view, de dilemma of an honourable ruler dey face plus British ultimatums cannot have been easy.

Throughout de 20th century, there be numerous riots directed against tribal chiefs. These culminated insyd de Freetown riot of 1955, which be suppressed by a combined force of police den Royal Sierra Leone Regiment troops. After those riots, reforms be introduced: de forced-labour system be completely abolished den reductions be made insyd de powers of de chiefs.

Sierra Leone remain divided into a Colony den a Protectorate, plus separate den different political systems constitutionally defined for each. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate insyd 1947, when proposals be introduced to provide for a single political system. Most of de proposals come from de Protectorate. De Krio, led by Isaac Wallace-Johnson, oppose de proposals, de main effect of which will have been to diminish demma political power. E be due to de astute politics of Sir Milton Margai dat de educated Protectorate elite dey win over to join forces plus de paramount chiefs insyd de face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai use de same skills to win-over opposition leaders den moderate Krio elements for de achievement of independence.

Insyd November 1951, Margai dey overseew de drafting of a new constitution, which unite de separate Colonial den Protectorate legislatures den provide a framework for decolonization. Insyd 1953, Sierra Leone be granted local ministerial powers, den Margai be elected Chief Minister of Sierra Leone. De new constitution ensure Sierra Leone a parliamentary system insyd de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1957, Sierra Leone hold ein first parliamentary election. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), which be then de most-popular political party insyd de colony of Sierra Leone, win de most seats insyd Parliament. Margai sana be re-elected as Chief Minister by an overwhelming majority.

==== '''Sierra Leone insyd World War II''' ====
Main article: Sierra Leone insyd World War II

Throughout de war, Freetown serve as a critical convoy station for Allied ships.

== 1960 Independence Conference ==
On 20 April 1960, Sir Milton Margai dey lead de Sierra Leonean delegation insyd de negotiations for independence at de constitutional conferences hold plus Queen Elizabeth II den British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod, at Lancaster House insyd London. All twenty-four members of de Sierra Leonean delegation be prominent den well-respected politicians wey include Sir Milton ein younger brother lawyer Sir Albert Margai, trade unionist Siaka Stevens, SLPP-strongman Lamina Sankoh, Creole activist Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Paramount chief Ella Koblo Gulama, educationist Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, Dr John Karefa-Smart, Professor Kande Bureh, lawyer Sir Banja Tejan-Sie, former Freetown Mayor Eustace Henry Taylor Cummings, educationist Amadu Wurie, den Creole diplomat Hector Reginald Sylvanus Boltman.

On de conclusion of talks insyd London, Britain dey agree to grant Sierra Leone Independence on 27 April 1961. Stevens be de only delegate who refuse to sign Sierra Leone ein Declaration of Independence, on de grounds dat there had been a secret defence-pact between Sierra Leone den Britain; anoda point of contention by Stevens be de Sierra Leonean government ein position dat there will be no elections hold before independence which will effectively shut Stevens out of Sierra Leone ein political process. Upon demma return to Freetown on 4 May 1960, Stevens be promptly expelled from de People ein National Party (PNP).

== Opposition to de SLPP government ==
Insyd 1961, Siaka Stevens, a trade unionist den outspoken critic of de SLPP government, take advantage of de dissatisfaction plus de ruling SLPP among some prominent politicians from de Northern part of Sierra Leone. He form an alliance plus Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, Christian Alusine-Kamara Taylor, Mohamed.O.Bash-Taqi, Ibrahim Bash-Taqi, S.A.T. Koroma den C.A. Fofana, den form a new political party called de All People ein Congress (APC) insyd opposition of de SLPP government, wey use de northern part of Sierra Leone as demma political base.

== Early independence (1961–1968) ==
Main article: History of Sierra Leone (1961–78)

==== '''Sir Milton Margai administration (1961–1964)''' ====
On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai dey lead Sierra Leone to Independence from Britain den become de country ein first prime minister. Sierra Leone retain a parliamentary system of government den be a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1962, Sierra Leone hold ein first general election as an independent nation. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP) win plurality of seats insyd parliament den Sir Milton Margai be re-elected as prime minister. De years just after independence be prosperous, plus money from mineral resources being used for development den de founding of Njala University.

Margai be very popular among Sierra Leoneans during ein time insyd power. An important aspect of ein character ein self-effacement; he neither be corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of ein power or status. Ein government be based on de rule of law den de notion of separation of powers, plus multiparty political institutions den fairly viable representative structures. Margai use ein conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials plus a clear eye to satisfy various ethnic groups. Margai employ a brokerage style of politics by sharing political power between political groups den de paramount chiefs insyd de provinces.

==== '''Sir Albert Margai administration (1964–1967)''' ====
Upon Sir Milton Margai ein death insyd 1964, ein half-brother, Sir Albert Margai, be appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert ein leadership be briefly challenged by Sierra Leone ein Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who dey question Sir Albert ein succession to de SLPP leadership position. Kareefa-Smart received little support insyd Parliament insyd ein attempt to have Margai stripe of de SLPP leadership. Soon after Margai was sworn insyd as prime minister, he immediately dismiss several senior government officials who dey serve under ein elder brother ein government, as he view them as traitors den a threat to ein administration.

Unlike ein late brother, Sir Milton, Sir Albert Margai prove unpopular den dey resort to increasingly authoritarian actions insyd response to protests, wey include de enactment of several laws against de opposition All People ein Congress (APC) den an unsuccessful attempt to establish a one-party state. Unlike ein late brother, Sir Albert be opposed to de colonial legacy of allowing de country ein paramount chiefs executive powers, den he be seen as a threat to de existence of de ruling houses across de country—almost all of whom be strong supporters den key allies of de previous administration. Insyd 1967, riots break out insyd Freetown against Sir Albert ein policies. Insyd response, Margai declared a state of emergency across de country. He be accused of corruption den of a policy of affirmative action insyd favour of ein own Mende ethnic group

Sir Albert dey have de opportunity to perpetuate einself insyd power, but he elect not to do so even when de opportunities present themselves. He have de police den de army on ein side den nothing can have prevented him from achieving ein ambition to hold on to power, but he choose not to den called for free den fair elections.

==== '''Three military coups (1967–1968)''' ====
De APC narrowly dey win a small majority of seats insyd Parliament over de SLPP insyd a closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general election, den APC leader Siaka Stevens be sworn insyd as prime minister on 21 March 1967 insyd Freetown. Insyd hours of taking office, Stevens be ousted insyd a bloodless military coup dey lead by de commander of de army, Brigadier General David Lansana, a close ally of Sir Albert Margai who dey appoint Lansana to de position insyd 1964. Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest insyd Freetown den insisted de determination of office of de prime minister should await de election of de tribal representatives to de house. On 23 March, a group of senior military officers insyd de Sierra Leone Army lead by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith overrode dis action by seizing control of de government, arresting Lansana, den suspending de constitution. De group constituted einself as de National Reformation Council (NRC) plus Juxon-Smith as ein chairman den Governor-General. On 18 April 1968, a group of senior military officers who called themselves de Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM) lead by Brigadier General John Amadu Bangura overthraw de NRC junta. De ACRM juntas just arrest many senior NRC members. De democratic constitution be restored, den power be handed back to Stevens, who assume de office of prime minister.

== Stevens government den one-party state (1968–1985) ==
Stevens dey assume power insyd 1968 plus a great deal of hope den ambition. Much trust be placed upon him as he championed multi-party politics. Stevens dey campaign on a platform of bringing de tribes together under socialist principles. During ein first decade or so insyd power, Stevens dey renegotiate some of what he call &quot;useless prefinanced schemes&quot; contracted by ein predecessors, Albert Margai of de SLPP den Juxon-Smith of de NRC, which be said to have left de country insyd an economically deprive state. Stevens dey reorganize de country ein refinery, de government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, den a cement factory. He cancel Juxon-Smith ein construction of a church den mosque on de grounds of Victoria Park. Stevens begin efforts dat will later bridge de distance between de provinces den de city. Roads den hospitals be constructed insyd de provinces, den paramount chiefs den provincial peoples become a prominent force insyd Freetown.

Under pressure of several coup attempts—real den perceived—Stevens ein rule grow more den more authoritarian, den ein relationship plus some of ein ardent supporters deteriorated. He remove de SLPP from competitive politics insyd general elections, some believe, through de use of violence den intimidation. To maintain de support of de military, Stevens retain de popular John Amadu Bangura as de head of de Sierra Leone Armed Forces.

After de return to civilian rule, by-elections be held (beginning insyd autumn 1968) den an all-APC cabinet be appointed. Calm no be completely restored. Insyd November 1968, unrest insyd de provinces lead Stevens to declare a state of emergency.

Many senior officers insyd de Sierra Leone military be greatly disappointed plus Stevens ein policies, but none can openly confront Stevens. Brigadier General Bangura, who dey reinstated Stevens as prime minister, be widely considered de only person who can put de brakes on Stevens. De army be devoted to Bangura den it was believed, insyd sam quarters, dat dis make him potentially dangerous to Stevens. Insyd January 1970, Bangura be arrested den charge plus conspiracy den plotting to commit a coup against de Stevens government. After a trial dat last a few months, Bangura be convicted den sententenced to death. He be hanged on 29 March 1970 insyd Freetown. Stevens dey name a junior officer, Joseph Saidu Momoh, as de head of de Sierra Leone Military. Major General Momoh be a close ally den very loyal to Stevens.

On 23 March 1971, soldiers loyal to de executed Brigadier John Amadu Bangura hold a mutiny insyd Freetown den oda parts of de country insyd opposition of de Stevens government. Several soldiers be arrested for demma involvement insyd de mutiny, wey include Corporal Foday Sankoh who be convicted of treason den jailed for seven years at de Pademba Road Prison. At Stevens ein request to Guinean President Sekou Toure, a close ally, Guinean soldiers be stationed insyd Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1973 to help protect de government.

Insyd April 1971, a new republican constitution be adopted under which Stevens become president. Insyd de 1972 by-elections, de opposition SLPP complain of intimidation den procedural obstruction by de APC den militia. These problems become so severe dat de SLPP boycotted de 1973 general election; as a result de APC win 84 of de 85 elected seats.

Insyd de early 1970s, Siaka Stevens dey form ein own personal force known as de State Security Division (SSD), insyd order to protect him den to maintain ein hold on power. Many of de SSD officers be from de provinces, den be very loyal to Stevens. De SSD be very powerful den operate independently under Stevens ein direct command. De SSD officers guide Stevens den be deployed across Sierra Leone to put down any rebellion or demonstration against de Stevens government.

An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens fail insyd 1974. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army den government officials dey include Brigadier David Lansana, former cabinet minister Dr. Mohamed Sorie Forna, former cabinet minister den journalist Ibrahim Bash-Taqi den Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara be executed after they be convicted for attempting a coup. Insyd March 1976, Stevens be re-elected president, without opposition.

Insyd 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against de government disrupt Sierra Leone politics. However, de demonstrationbe quickly put down by de army den SSD officers. A general election be called later dat year insyd which corruption be again endemic. De APC win 74 seats den de SLPP win 15 seats.

Insyd May 1978, de Sierra Leone Parliament, dominated by close allies of President Steven ein APC administration, approved a new constitution, which make de country a one-party state. On 12 July 1978, official figures release by de government showed 97 per cent of Sierra Leoneans vote insyd favour of de one-party state. De SLPP, oda opposition parties den civil right groups say de referendum votes be massively rigged, den dat voters be intimidated by security forces loyal to Stevens. De 1978 constitution referendum make de APC the only legal political party; all oda political parties be banned, wey include de main opposition (de SLPP). Dis move lead to anoda major demonstration against de government insyd many parts of de country, which be put down by de army den de SSD officers.

De first elections under de new one-party constitution take place on 1 May 1982. Elections insyd about two-thirds of de constituencies be contested. Because of irregularities, de government cancel elections insyd 13 constituencies. By-elections take place on 4 June 1982. De new cabinet appoint by Stevens after de election include several prominent members of de disbanded SLPP who have defect to de APC, wey include de new Finance Minister Salia Jusu-Sheriff, a former leader of de SLPP. Jusu-Sheriff ein accession to de cabinet be viewed by many as a step toward making de APC a true national party.

Stevens, who have been head-of-state of Sierra Leone for 18 years, retired from dat position insyd November 1985 at de end of ein term, although he continue ein role as chairman of de ruling APC party. Many insyd de country dey expect Stevens to name ein vice president den loyal ally, Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, as ein successor. However, at de APC convention insyd August 1985, de APC name Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh as Stevens ein choice to succeed him as president. Momoh be very loyal to Stevens who dey appoint him to head of de military fifteen years earlier; Momoh den Stevens be both members of de minority Limba ethnic group. Momoh dey retire from de military den be elected president without opposition on 1 October 1985. A formal inauguration dey hold insyd January 1986, den new parliamentary elections be held insyd May 1986.

Siaka Stevens be generally criticised for dictatorial methods den government corruption, but he reduce de ethnic polarization insyd government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into ein all-dominant APC government. Anoda legacy of Stevens be dat for eighteen years while he be insyd power, he keep de country safe from civil war den armed rebellion.

Despite ein dictatorial governing style, Stevens regularly dey interact plus de people of Sierra Leone by making surprise visits. Stevens sana regularly make surprise visits to de poor merchants, where he be often seen buying ein own food at a local market plus ein security team keeping demma distance. Stevens often stand den wave to de Sierra Leonean people from an open car when travelling plus ein convoy.

== Momoh government and RUF rebellion (1985–1991) ==
President Momoh ein strong links plus de army den ein verbal attacks on corruption earn him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. Plus de lack of new faces insyd ein cabinet, however, criticisms soon arose dat Momoh be simply perpetuating de rule of Stevens. Momoh differ einself by integrating de powerful den independent State Security Force (SSD) into de Sierra Leone Police force.

De first years under de Momoh administration be characterised by corruption, which Momoh dey defuse by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise ein war against corruption, President Momoh announce a &quot;Code of Conduct for Political Leaders den Public Servants&quot;. After an alleged attempt to overthrow Momoh insyd March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials be arrested, wey include Vice-president Francis Minah, who be removed from office, convicted for plotting de coup, den executed by hanging plus five odas insyd 1989.

Insyd October 1990, due to mounting domestic den international pressure for reforms, President Momoh create a commission to review de 1978 one-party constitution. Base on de commission ein recommendations, a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system, guaranteeing fundamental human rights den de rule of law, den strengthening democratic structures, be approved by a 60% majority of de APC Parliament, ratify by referendum insyd September 1991 den become effective on 1 October. There be great suspicion dat President Momoh be not serious about ein promise of political reform, as APC rule continue to be increasingly marked by abuses of power.

Several senior government officials insyd Momoh ein administration resign to oppose de APC in upcoming elections. Salia Jusu Sheriff, Abass Bundu, J.B. Dauda den Sama Banya resuscitated de previously disbanded SLPP, while Thaimu Bangura, Edward Kargbo den Desmond Luke formed demma own respective political parties to challenge de ruling APC. However, de vast majority of government officials including Victor Bockarie Foh, Edward Turay, Hassan Gbassay Kanu den Osman Foday Yansaneh remain loyal to Momoh den de APC.

Meanwhile, an increasing burden be placed on de country by de rebellion insyd de eastern part of Sierra Leone.

== Civil war (1991–2002) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Civil War

De brutal civil wardysneighbouring Liberia play an undeniable role insyd de outbreak of fighting insyd Sierra Leone. Charles Taylor—leader of de National Patriotic Front of Liberia—reportedly help form de Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under de command of former Sierra Leonean army corporal Foday Sankoh, a critic of both de Stevens den Momoh administrations. Sankoh had been an ally of Brigadier General Bangura den be among those who mutinied following Bangura ein execution. Sankoh be British-trained den had undergone guerrilla training insyd Libya. Taylor ein aim was for de RUF to attack de bases of Nigerian-dominated peacekeeping troops insyd Sierra Leone who were opposed to ein rebel movement insyd Liberia. Sankoh ein RUF rebels dey enter de country insyd March 1991, den within a month controlled much of Eastern Sierra Leone, wey include de diamond-mining area insyd Kono District. De government of Sierra Leone, overwhelm by a crumbling economy den corruption, be unable to mount significant resistance.

At dis time, de Momoh government be crumbling. Several senior government officials dey resign to form opposition parties, while there be suspicions dat President Momoh no be serious about political reform. Abuses of power dey continue den de APC be alleged to have been hoarding arms den planning a violent campaign against de opposition parties ahead of multi-party general elections scheduled for late 1992. De state have been unable to play civil servants, leading to de looting of government property den a population of aimless youth when schools be closed.

==== '''NPRC Junta (1992–1996)''' ====
On 29 April 1992, twenty-five-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser lead a group of young Sierra Leone Army officers—wey include Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Seargent Solomon Musa, Lieutenant Tom Nyuma, Captain Komba Mondeh, Captain Julius Maada Bio den Captain Komba Kambo—from demma barracks insyd Kailahun District den launch a military coup insyd Freetown, which send President Momoh into exile insyd Guinea. De young soldiers established de National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) plus Strasser as ein chairman den Head of State of de country. Captain Solomon Musa, a close friend of Strasser den one of de leaders of de coup, become de deputy leader of de NPRC Junta. De coup be largely popular because e promise to bring peace, but de NPRC Junta immediately suspended de constitution, ban all political parties, limited freedom of speech den freedom of de press den enact a rule-by-decree policy, insyd which soldiers be granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial. De NPRC establish a Supreme Council, consisting of de highest-ranking soldiers insyd de Junta government.

On de same day de NPRC Junta take power, one of de coup leaders, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, be assassinated—reportedly by Major Sim Turay, de head of Sierra Leone Military Intelligence, den a close ally of de deposed president. A heavily armed military manhunt took place across Sierra Leone to find Turay den odas suspected to have participated insyd de assassination, forcing Turay to flee to Guinea.

De NPRC Junta fight de RUF rebels, recapture most of de RUF-held territories, den push de rebels back to de border plus Liberia. De NPRC Junta maintain relations plus de Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) den strengthen support for Sierra Leone–based ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) troops fighting insyd Liberia.

Insyd December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against de NPRC administration of Strasser be foiled; e dey aim at freeing from detention Colonel Yahya Kanu, Lt-Colonel Kahota M.S. Dumbuya den former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara. Seargent Mohamed Lamin Bangura den some junior army officers be identified as being behind de coup. Seventeen soldiers be executed, wey include Bangura, Kanu den Dumbuya. Several prominent members of de Momoh government who have been insyd detention at de Pa Demba Road prison, wey include former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara sana be executed.

On 5 July 1994, deputy NPRC leader Solomon Musa be arrested den sent into exile insyd Guinea. Musa be accused by Strasser, on de advice of high-ranking NPRC soldiers, dat he have become too powerful den be a threat to Strasser. Musa, who be a close ally den childhood friend of Strasser, deny de allegation den claim ein accusers be de threat. Strasser replace Musa as deputy NPRC chairman plus Captain Julius Maada Bio, den immediately promote him to brigadier.

Due to internal divisions between soldiers loyal to Musa den those who support Strasser ein decision to oust him, de NPRC ein campaign against de RUF become ineffectual. More den more of de country fall to RUF fighters, den by 1994 de RUF hold much of de diamond-rich Eastern Province den be at de edge of Freetown. Insyd response, de NPRC hire several hundred mercenaries from de private firm Executive Outcomes. Within a month, they have driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone ein borders den cleared de RUF from de Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone.

On 16 January 1996, after about four years insyd power, Strasser be arrested by ein own bodyguards insyd a coup lead by Bio den dey back by many high-ranking soldiers of de NPRC junta. Strasser be immediately flown into exile insyd Conakry, Guinea. Bio stated insyd a public broadcast dat ein support for returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elect civilian government den ein commitment to ending de civil war be ein motivations for de coup.</text>
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      <text bytes="72761" sha1="7kcioc313ngxsbj8n9p2tu8op3sqb9z" xml:space="preserve">'''Sierra Leone''' first become inhabited by indigenous African peoples at least 2,500 years ago. De Limba be de first tribe known to inhabit Sierra Leone. De dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de region from oda West African cultures, den e become a refuge for peoples escaping violence. Sierra Leone was named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra, who map de region insyd 1462. De Freetown estuary provided a good natural harbour for ships to shelter den replenish drinking water, den gain more international attention as coastal den trans-Atlantic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade.

Insyd de mid-16th century, de Mane people invaded, subjugated nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples, den militarised Sierra Leone. De Mane soon blended plus de local populations den de various chiefdoms den kingdoms remain insyd a continual state of conflict, plus many captives sold to European slave-traders. De Atlantic slave trade had a significant impact on Sierra Leone, as dis trade flourished insyd de 17th den 18th centuries, den later as a centre of anti-slavery efforts when de trade be abolished insyd 1807. British abolitionists had organised a colony for Black Loyalists at Freetown, den dis become de capital of British West Africa. A naval squadron was base there to intercept slave ships, den de colony quickly grew as Liberated Africans be released, join by Afro-Caribbean den African soldiers who had fought for Britain insyd de American Revolutionary War. De descendants of de black settlers be collectively referred to as de Creoles or Krios.

During de colonial era, de British den Creoles increased demma control over de surrounding area, securing peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted, suppressing slave-trading den inter-chiefdom war. Insyd 1895, Britain draw borders for Sierra Leone which they declare to be demma protectorate, leading to armed resistance den de Hut Tax War of 1898. Thereafter, there demma dissent den reforms as de Creoles sought political rights, trade unions form against colonial employers, den peasants sought greater justice from demma chiefs.

Sierra Leone has played a significant part insyd modern African political liberty den nationalism. Insyd de 1950s, a new constitution united de Crown Colony den Protectorate, which had previously been governed separately. Sierra Leone gain independence from de United Kingdom on 27 April 1961 den became a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Ethnic den linguistic divisions remain an obstacle to national unity, plus de Mende, Temne den Creoles as rival power blocs. Roughly half of de years since independence have been marked by autocratic governments or civil war.

== Early history ==
Archaeological finds show dat Sierra Leone has been inhabited continuously for at least 2,500 years, populate by successive movements of peoples from oda parts of Africa. De use of iron be introduced to Sierra Leone by de 9th century, den by de end of de 10th century agriculture was being practiced by coastal tribes.

Sierra Leone ein dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de land from oda African cultures den from de spread of Islam. Dis make e a refuge for people escaping subjugation by de Sahelian kingdoms, violence den jihads.

European contacts plus Sierra Leone be among de first insyd West Africa. Insyd 1462, Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra mapped de hills surrounding what be now Freetown Harbour, naming de oddly shaped formation ''Serra Lyoa'' (Lioness Mountain).

At dis time de country be inhabited by numerous politically independent native groups. Several different languages be spoken, but there was similarity of religion. Insyd de coastal rainforest belt there be Bulom-speakers between de Sherbro den Freetown estuaries, Loko-speakers north of de Freetown estuary to de Little Scarcies River, Temne-speakers find at de mouth of de Scarcies River, den Limba-speakers farther up de Scarcies. Insyd de hilly savannah north of all of these lands be de Susu den Fula tribes. De Susu trade regularly plus de coastal peoples along river valley routes, bringing salt, clothes woven by de Fula, iron work, den gold.

== European contact (15th century) ==
Portuguese ships begin visiting Sierra Leone regularly insyd de late 15th century, den for a while they maintained a fort on de north shore of de Freetown estuary. Dis estuary be one of de largest natural deep-water harbours insyd de world, den one of de few good harbours on West Africa ein surf-battered &quot;Windward Shore&quot; (Liberia to Senegal). E soon become a favourite destination of European mariners, to shelter den replenish drinking water. Some of de Portuguese sailors stay permanently, trading den intermarrying plus de local people.

==== '''Slavery''' ====
Slavery, den insyd particular de Atlantic slave trade, had a great effect on de region—socially, economically den politically—from de late 15th to de mid-19th centuries.

There had been lucrative trans-Saharan trade of slaves insyd West Africa from de 6th century. At ein peak (c. 1350) de Mali Empire surrounded de region of modern-day Sierra Leone den Liberia, though de slave trade may not have significantly penetrated de coastal rainforest. De peoples who migrate into Sierra Leone from dis time will have had greater contact plus de indigenous slave trade, either practicing it or escaping it.

When Europeans first arrive at Sierra Leone, slavery among de African peoples of de area be believe to be rare. According to historian Walter Rodney, de Portuguese mariners keep detailed reports, den so e be likely if slavery had been an important local institution dat de reports will have described it. There be mention of a very particular kind of slavery insyd de region, which was:&lt;blockquote&gt;a person insyd trouble insyd one kingdom can go to anoda den place himself under de protection of ein king, whereupon he become a &quot;slave&quot; of dat king, obliged to provide free labour den liable for sale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Rodney, such a person will likely have retain some rights den had some opportunity to rise insyd status as time passed.

De European colonization of de Americas soon lead to labor demands from nascent colonies; dis lead Europeans to seek a supply of slaves to transport to de Americas. Initially, European slavers launch raids on coastal villages to abduct Africans den sell them into slavery. However, they soon establish economic alliances plus local leaders, as many chiefs were willing to sell undesirable members of demma tribe to Europeans. Oda African chiefs launch raids on rival tribes insyd order to sell captives of such raids into slavery.

Dis early slaving essentially be an export business. De use of slaves as labourers by de local Africans appears to have developed only later. E may first have occurred under coastal chiefs insyd de late 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;De slave owners originally be white den foreigners, but de late eighteenth century see de emergence of powerful slave-trading chiefs, be said to own large numbers of 'domestic slaves'.&lt;/blockquote&gt;For example, insyd de late 18th century, William Cleveland, a Scottish leader insyd Africa had a large &quot;slave town&quot; on de mainland opposite de Banana Islands, whose inhabitants &quot;be employed insyd cultivating extensive rice fields, describe as being some of the largest insyd Africa at de time&quot;. De existence of an indigenous slave town be recorded by an English traveler insyd 1823. Known insyd de Fula language as a ''rounde'', e be connected plus de Sulima Susu ein capital city, Falaba. Ein inhabitants work at farming.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Rodney dey postulate two means by which slaving for export can have caused a local practice of using slaves for labour to develop:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# Not all war captives offer for sale will have been bought by de Portuguese, so demma captors had to find something else to do plus them. Rodney believe dat executing them be rare den that they will have been used for local labour.
# There be a time lag between de time a slave be captured den de time he or she be sold. Thus there will often have been a pool of slaves awaiting sale, who will have been put to work.&lt;/blockquote&gt;There be possible additional reasons for de adoption of slavery by de locals to meet demma labour requirements:

# De Europeans provided an example for imitation.
# Once slaving insyd any form be accepted, e may smash a moral barrier to exploitation den make ein adoption insyd oda forms seem a relatively minor matter.
# Export slaving entailed de construction of a coercive apparatus which could have been subsequently turned to other ends, such as policing a captive labour force.
# De sale of local produce (e.g., palm kernels) to Europeans opened a new sphere of economic activity. Insyd particular, e dey create an increased demand for agricultural labour. Slavery be a way of mobilising an agricultural work force.
Dis local African slavery be much less harsh den brutal than de slavery practiced by Europeans on, for example, de plantations of the United States, de West Indies, den Brazil. De local slavery has been described by anthropologist M. McCulloch:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Slaves be housed close to de fresh tracts of land they clear for demma masters. They be considered part of de household of demma owner, den enjoyed limited rights. E no be customary to sell them except for a serious offense, such as adultery plus de wife of a freeman. Small plots of land be given to them for demma own use, den they might retain de proceeds of crops they grow on these plots; by dis means e be possible for a slave to become de owner of anoda slave. Sometimes a slave marry insyd de household of ein master den rose to a position of trust; there be an instance of a slave taking charge of a chiefdom during de minority of de heir. Descendants of slaves often be practically indistinguishable from freemen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Slaves sometimes be sent on errands outside de kingdoms of demma masters den return voluntarily. Speaking specifically of de era around 1700, historian Christopher Fyfe relates dat, &quot;Slaves not taken insyd war usually be criminals. Insyd coastal areas, at least, e be rare for anyone to be sold without being charged plus a crime.&quot;

Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section be still present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describes a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section still be present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describe a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;A freeman heavily insyd debt, den facing de threat of de punishment of being sold, will approach a wealthier man or chief plus a plea to pay off ein debts 'while I sit on your lap'. Or he can give a son or some oda dependent of ein 'to be for you', de wealthy man or chief. Dis insyd effect mean dat de person so pawn be automatically reduce to a position of dependence, den if he be never redeemed, he or ein children eventually become part of de master ein extended family. By dis time, de children practically be indistinguishable from de real children of de master, since they grow up regarding one anoda as brothers.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Some observers consider de term &quot;slave&quot; to be more misleading than informative when describing de local practice. Abraham say dat insyd most cases, &quot;subject, servant, client, serf, pawn, dependent, or retainer&quot; will be more accurate. Domestic slavery be abolished insyd Sierra Leone insyd 1928. McCulloch reports dat at dat time, amongst Sierra Leone ein largest present-day ethnolinguistic group, de Mende, who then had about 560,000 people, about 15 per cent of de population (i.e., 84,000 people) be domestic slaves. He sana say dat &quot;singularly little change followed de 1928 decree; a fair number of slaves return to demma original homes, but de great majority remain insyd de villages insyd which demma former masters had placed them or demma parents.&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Export slavery remain a major business insyd Sierra Leone from de late 15th century to de mid-19th century. According to Fyfe, &quot;e be estimated insyd 1789 dat 74,000 slaves be exported annually from West Africa, about 38,000 by British firms.&quot; Insyd 1788, a proslavery European name Matthews estimated de annual total export from between de Nunez River (110 km north of Sierra Leone) den de Sherbro as 3,000. Participation insyd de Atlantic slave trade gradually be outlawed by various Western nations, beginning plus de United States den Britain insyd 1808.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Mane invasions (16th century) ==
Further information: Mane people

De Mane invasions of de mid-16th century had a profound impact on Sierra Leone. De Mane (sana call Mani) be members of de Mande language group. A warrior people, well-armed den well-organized, they live east den somewhat north of present-day Sierra Leone. Sometime insyd de early 16th century they begin moving south. According to some Mane who dey speak to a Portuguese writer (Dornelas) in de late 16th century, demma travels dey begin as a result of de expulsion of demma chief from de imperial city of Mandimansa, demma homeland.

There be conflicting accounts among historians of how these invasions happened. Some historians place demma first arrival at de coast east of Sierra Leone, at least as far as de River Cess den likely pppie. They advanced northwest along de coast toward Sierra Leone, conquering as they go. Odas contend dat they arrive on de coast near Sherbro Island. They incorporate large numbers of de people they conquered into demma army, plus de result dat de rank den file consist mostly of coastal peoples, while de Mane be ein commanding group.

By 1545, de Mane dey reach Cape Mount. Dema conquest of Sierra Leone occupy de ensuing 15 to 20 years, den result insyd de subjugation of all or nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples—who be known collectively as de Sapes—as far north as de Scarcies. De present demographics of Sierra Leone largely be a reflection of these two decades. De degree to which de Mane supplanted de original inhabitants vary from place to place. De Temne partly withstood de Mane onslaught, den keep demma language, but become ruled by a line of Mane kings. De present-day Loko den Mende be de result of a more complete submersion of de original culture: demma languages be similar, den both essentially Mande. Dis likely be due to conquest by de Mane invaders.

=== '''Aftermath''' ===
De Mane invasions militarised Sierra Leone. De Sapes had been un-warlike, but after de invasions, right until de late 19th century, bows, shields, den knives of de Mane type dey become ubiquitous insyd Sierra Leone, as had de Mane battle technique of using squadrons of archers fighting insyd formation, carrying de large-style shields. Villages become fortified. De usual method of erecting two or three concentric palisades, each 4–7 metres (12–20 ft) high, create a formidable obstacle to attackers—especially since, as some of de English observe insyd de 19th century, de thigh-thick logs planted insyd de earth to make de palisades often take root at de bottom den grow foliage at de top, so dat de defenders occupy a living wall of wood. A British officer who dey observe one of these fortifications around de time of de 1898 Hut Tax war ended ein description of it thus:&lt;blockquote&gt;No one who dey no see these fences can realize de immense strength of them. De outer fence at Hahu I measure insyd several places, den found e to be from 2 to 3 feet thick, den most of de logs, or rather trees, of which e be formed, had taken root den be throwing out leaves den shoots.&lt;/blockquote&gt;He sana say dat English artillery can not penetrate all three fences. At dat time, at least among de Mende, &quot;a typical settlement dey consist of walled towns den open villages or towns surrounding it.&quot;

After de invasions, de Mane sub-chiefs among whom e country dey divide begin fighting among themselves. Dis pattern of activity become permanent: even after de Mane dey blend plus de indigenous population—a process which be completed insyd de early 17th century—de various kingdoms insyd Sierra Leone remain insyd a fairly continual state of flux den conflict. Rodney believe dat a desire to take prisoners to sell as slaves to de Europeans be a major motivation to dis fighting, den may even have been a driving force behind de original Mane invasions. Historian Kenneth Little dey conclude dat de principal objective insyd de local wars, at least among de Mende, be plunder, not de acquisition of territory. Abraham cautions dat slave trading should not be exaggerated as a cause: de Africans have demma own reasons to fight, plus territorial den political ambitions present. Motivations likely change over time during de 350-year period.

De wars themselves no be exceptionally deadly. Set-piece battles be rare, den de fortified towns so strong dat demma capture seldom be attempted. Often de fighting dey consist of small ambushes.

Insyd these years, de political system be such dat each large village along plus ein satellite villages den settlements will be headed by a chief. De chief will have a private army of warriors. Sometimes several chiefs will group themselves into a confederacy, acknowledging one of themselves as king (or high chief). Each pay de king fealty. If one be attacked, de king will come to ein aid, den de king can adjudicate local disputes.

Despite demma many political divisions, de people of de country be united by cultural similarity. One component of dis be de Poro, an organisation common to many different kingdoms den ethnolinguistic groups. De Mende claim to be ein originators, den there be nothing to contradict dis. Possibly they import it. De Temne claim to dey import it from de Sherbro or Bulom. De Dutch geographer Olfert Dapper know of it insyd de 17th century. E often be described as a &quot;secret society&quot;, dis partly be true: ein rites be closed to non-members, den what happens insyd de &quot;Poro bush&quot; never be disclosed. However, ein membership be very broad: among de Mende, almost all men, den some women, be initiates. Insyd recent years e no dey (as far as is known) have a central organisation: autonomous chapters exist for each chiefdom or village. However, it is said dat insyd pre-Protectorate days there be a &quot;Grand Poro&quot; plus cross-chiefdom powers of making war den peace. E widely be agreed dat e has a restraining influence on de powers of de chiefs. Headed by a fearsome principal spirit, de ''Gbeni'', e plays a major role insyd de rite of passage of males from puberty to manhood. E imparts some education. Insyd some areas, e have supervisory powers over trade, den de banking system, which use iron bars as a medium of exchange. E no only be de important society insyd Sierra Leone: de ''Sande'' be a female-only analogue of it; there sana be de ''Humoi'' which regulates sex, den de ''Njayei'' den de ''Wunde''. De ''Kpa'' be a healing-arts collegium.

Besides de political impact, there be economic effects as well: trade plus de interior be interrupted, den thousands be sold as slaves to de Europeans. Insyd industry, a flourishing tradition insyd fine ivory carving be ended; however, improved ironworking techniques be introduced.&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== 1600–1787 ==
By de 17th century, Portuguese colonialism insyd West Africa begin to wane, den insyd Sierra Leone oda European colonial powers such as de English den Dutch begin to supplant demma influence insyd de region. Insyd 1628, a group of English merchants had established a factory insyd de vicinity of Sherbro Island, about 50 km (30 mi) south-east from present-day Freetown. Insyd addition to ivory den slaves, de merchants at de factory sana trade insyd camwood, a type of hard timber. De Portuguese missionary Baltasar Barreira minister insyd Sierra Leone until 1610. Jesuits, den later insyd de century, Capuchins, continue de mission. By 1700 it had closed, although priests occasionally visited.

Insyd 1663, de Royal African Company (RAC) be granted a royal charter from Charles II of England den soon established a factory on Sherbro Island den Tasso Island. During de Second Anglo-Dutch War, both factories be sacked by a Dutch Navy force insyd 1664. De factory be rebuilt, though e be sacked again by de French Navy during de War of de Spanish Succession insyd 1704 den pirates insyd 1719 den 1720. After de Dutch raid on de RAC factory at Tasso Island, e be relocated to de nearby Bunce Island, which be more defensible.

De Europeans make payments, called ''Cole'', for rent, tribute, den trading rights, to de king of an area. At this time de local military advantage still be on de side of de Africans, den there be a 1714 report of a king seizing RAC goods insyd retaliation for a breach of protocol. Local Afro-Portuguese merchants often act as middlemen, de Europeans advancing them goods to trade to de local people, most often for ivory. Insyd 1728, an overly aggressive RAC governor dey unite de Africans den Afro-Portuguese insyd hostility to him; they burn down de Bunce Island fort den e no be rebuilt until about 1750. During de time dat de Royal African Company be operating, de firm of Grant, Sargent [Wikidata] den Oswald provisioned de trading stations. When de RAC abandoned Bunce Island, Sargent den ein partners purchase ein factory insyd 1748, repair it, den dey use it to trade insyd timber. They expand to Batts, Bobs, Tasso, den Tumbu Islands den along de banks of de river, eventually becoming involve insyd de slave trade. De French sack it again insyd 1779, during de American Revolutionary War.

During de 17th century de Temne ethnolinguistic group be expanding. Around 1600, a Mani still dey rule de Loko kingdom (de area north of Port Loko Creek) den anoda rule de upper part of de south shore of de Freetown estuary. De north shore of de estuary be under a Ballom king, den de area just east of Freetown on de peninsula be held by a non-Mani plus a European name, Dom Phillip de Leon (who may have been a subordinate to ein Mani neighbour). By de mid-17th century dis situation dey change: Temne, not Bullom dey speak on de south shore, den ships stopping for water den firewood had to pay customs to de Temne king of Bureh who live at Bagos town on de point between de Rokel River den Port Loko Creek. (De king may  consider himself a Mani—to dis day, Temne chiefs have Mani-derived titles—but ein people be Temne. De Bureh king insyd place insyd 1690 be called Bai Tura, ''Bai'' being a Mani form.) De Temne thus dey expand insyd a wedge toward de sea at Freetown, den now dey separate de Bulom to de north from de Mani den oda Mande-speakers to de south den east.

Insyd dis period there be several reports of women occupying high positions. De king of de south shore use to leave one of ein wives to rule when he be absent, den insyd de Sherbro there be female chiefs. Insyd de early 18th century, a Bulom dey name Seniora Maria make ein own town near Cape Sierra Leone.

During de 17th century, Muslim Fula from de Upper Niger den Senegal rivers move into an area called Fouta Djallon (or Futa Jalon) insyd de mountainous region north of present-day Sierra Leone. They be to have an important impact on de peoples of Sierra Leone because they increase trade den sana produced secondary population movements insyd Sierra Leone. Though de Muslim Fula first cohabited peaceably plus de peoples already at Fouta Djallon, around 1725 they embark on a war of domination, forcing de migration of many Susu, Yalunka, den non-Muslim Fula.

Susu—some already convert to Islam—come south insyd Sierra Leone, insyd turn displacing Limba from north-west Sierra Leone den driving them insyd north-central Sierra Leone where they continue to live. Some Susu move as far south as de Temne town of Port Loko, only 60 km (37 mi) upriver from de Atlantic. Eventually a Muslim Susu family dey call Senko supplanted de town ein Temne rulers. Oda Susu dey move westward from Fouta Djallon, eventually dominating de Baga, Bulom, den Temne north of de Scarcies River.

De Yalunka insyd Fouta Djallon first accept Islam, then reject it den be driven out. They go into north-central Sierra Leone den founded demma capital at Falaba insyd de mountains near de source of de Rokel. E still not an important town, about 20 km (12 mi) south of de Guinea border. Oda Yalunka go somewhat farther south den settled amongst de Koranko, Kissi, den Limba.

Besides these groups, who be more-or-less unwilling emigrants, a considerable variety of Muslim adventurers go forth from Fouta Djallon. A Fula called Fula Mansa (''mansa'' meaning ''king'') become ruler of de Yoni country 100 km (62 mi) east of present-day Freetown. Some of ein Temne subjects fled south to de Banta country between de middle reaches of de Bagu den Jong rivers, where they become known as de Mabanta Temne.

Insyd 1652, de first slaves from Sierra Leone be transported to North America; they be sold to white plantation owners insyd de Sea Islands off de coast of de American South. During de 18th century, numerous slaves from Bunce Island be transported to de Southern Colonies, due insyd part to de business relationship between American slave trader Henry Laurens den de London-based firm of Grant, Sargent, Oswald &amp; Company, which oversaw a thriving slave trade from Bunce Island insyd Sierra Leone to North America.

De transatlantic slave trade continued to transport millions of enslaved Africans, wey include those from Sierra Leone, across de Atlantic during de 17th, 18th den 19th centuries; ultimately, roughly 12.5 million slaves where e dey bring to de Americas dis way. However, de rise of abolitionist movements insyd de Western world insyd de late 18th den early 19th centuries dey lead to various European den American governments passing legislation to abolish de slave trade. De slave trade insyd Sierra Leone undergo a marked decline during de 19th century, though domestic slavery will persist until de 20th century.

== De Province of Freedom (1787–1789) ==
Main article: Granville Town, Province of Freedom

==== '''Conception of''' '''de Province of Freedom (1787)''' ====
Insyd 1787, a plan be established to settle some of London ein &quot;Black Poor&quot; insyd Sierra Leone insyd what was called the &quot;Province of Freedom&quot;. This was organised by the Committee for de Relief of de Black Poor, found by British abolitionist Granville Sharp, which preferred it as a solution to continuing to financially support them insyd London. Many of de Black Poor be African Americans, who had been given demma freedom after seeking refuge with the British Army during the American Revolution, but also included other West Indian, African and Asian inhabitants of London.

De Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme be proposed by entomologist Henry Smeathman den draw interest from humanitarians like Granville Sharp saw it as a means of showing de pro-slavery lobby dat black people can contribute towards de running of de new colony of Sierra Leone. Government officials soon become involved insyd de scheme as well, although demma interest be spurred by de possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere. William Pitt de Younger, prime minister den leader of de Tory party, dey have an active interest insyd de Scheme, because he see it as a means to repatriate de Black Poor to Africa, since &quot;e be necessary they should be sent somewhere, den be no longer suffer to infest de streets of London&quot;.

==== '''Establishment, destruction''' '''den re-establishment (1789)''' ====
De area be first settled by 400 formerly enslaved Black Britons, who dey arrive off de coast of Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787, dey accompany by some English tradesmen. They established de Province of Freedom or Granville Town on land purchase from local Koya Temne subchief King Tom den regent Naimbanna II, a purchase which de Europeans understand to cede de land to de new settlers &quot;for ever&quot;. De established arrangement between Europeans den de Koya Temne do not include provisions for permanent settlement, den some historians question how well de Koya leaders understand de agreement. Half of de settlers insyd de new colony die insyd de first year. Several black settlers dey start working for local slave traders. De settlers dat dey remain forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliate, attacking de settlement, which be reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, den six white women. Black settlers be captured by unscrupulous traders den sold as slaves, den de remaining colonists be forced to arm themselves for demma own protection. King Tom ein successor King Jemmy dey attack den burn de colony insyd 1789.

Alexander Falconbridge be sent to Sierra Leone insyd 1791 to collect de remaining Black Poor settlers, den they re-establish Granville Town (later renamed Cline Town) near Fourah Bay. Although these 1787 settlers do not establish Freetown, which be founded insyd 1792, de bicentennial of Freetown be celebrated insyd 1987.

After establishing Granville Town, disease den hostility from de indigenous people eliminated de first group of colonists den destroyed demma settlement. A second Granville Town established by 64 remaining black den white 'Old settlers' under de leadership of St. George Bay Company leader, Alexander Falconbridge den de St. George Bay Company. Dis settlement be different from de Freetown settlement den colony founded insyd 1792 by Lt. John Clarkson den de Nova Scotian Settlers under de auspices of de Sierra Leone Company.

== Freetown Colony (1792–1808) ==
'''Conception of tde Freetown settlement (1791)'''

De basis for de Freetown Colony begin insyd 1791 plus Thomas Peters, an African American who had served insyd de Black Pioneers den settle insyd Nova Scotia as part of de Black Loyalist migration. Peters travel to England insyd 1791 to report grievances of de Black Loyalists who had been given poor land den faced discrimination. Peters meet plus British abolitionists den de directors of de Sierra Leone Company. He learn of de company ein plan for a new settlement at Sierra Leone. De directors be eager to allow de Nova Scotians to build a settlement there; de London-based den newly create Company had decided to create a new colony but before Peters ein arrival have no colonists. Lieutenant John Clarkson be sent to Nova Scotia to register immigrants to take to Sierra Leone for de purpose of starting a new settlement. Clarkson worked plus Peters to recruit 1,196 former American slaves from free African communities around Nova Scotia such as Birchtown. Most dey escape Virginia den South Carolina plantations. Some had been born insyd Africa before being enslaved den taken to America.

==== '''Settlement by Nova Scotians (1792)''' ====
De settlers dey sail insyd 15 ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia den arrived insyd St. George Bay between 26 February den 9 March 1792. Sixty-four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, den even Lieutenant Clarkson be ill during de voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson den some of de Nova Scotian 'captains' &quot;despatched on shore to clear or make roadway for demma landing&quot;. De Nova Scotians be to build Freetown on de former site of de first Granville Town which have become a &quot;jungle&quot; since ein destruction insyd 1789. (Though they built Freetown on Granville Town ein former site, demma settlement be no a rebirth of Granville Town, which had been re-established at Fourah Bay in 1791 by de remaining Old Settlers.) Clarkson told de men to clear de land until they reach a large cotton tree. After this difficult work had been done den de land cleared, all de settlers, men den women, disembarked den marched towards de thick forest den to de cotton tree, den demma preachers (all African Americans) begin singing:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Awake den Sing Of Moses den de Lamb
Wake! every heart den every tongue'

To praise de Saviour ein name

De day of Jubilee be come;

Return ye ransomed sinners home&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 11 March 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, dey pray den preach a sermon under de large Cotton Tree, den Reverend David George dey preach de first recorded Baptist service insyd Africa. De land be dedicated den christened 'Free Town' according to de instructions of de Sierra Leone Company Directors. Dis be de first thanksgiving service insyd de newly christened Free Town den be de beginning of de political entity of Sierra Leone. Later, John Clarkson will be sworn insyd as de first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts be erected before de rainy season. De Sierra Leone Company surveyors den de settlers built Freetown on de American grid pattern, plus parallel streets den wide roads, plus de largest being Water Street.

On 24 August 1792, de Black Poor or Old Settlers of de second Granville Town be incorporated into de new Sierra Leone Colony but remain at Granville Town. E survive being pillaged by de French insyd 1794, den be rebuilt by de Nova Scotian settlers. By 1798, Freetown had 300–400 houses plus architecture resembling dat of de American South, plus 3- to 4-foot stone foundations den wooden superstructures. Eventually dis style of housing (brought by de Nova Scotians) will be de model for de 'bod oses' of demma Creole descendants.

=== '''Settlement by Jamaican Maroons (1800)''' ===
Insyd 1800, de Nova Scotians rebel den e be de arrival of over 500 Jamaican Maroons which dey cause de rebellion to be suppressed. Thirty-four Nova Scotians be banished den sent to either to Sherbro Island or a penal colony at Gore. Some of these eventually be allowed back insyd Freetown. Following demma capture of de rebels, de Maroons be granted de land of de Nova Scotian rebels. Eventually de Jamaican Maroons insyd Sierra Leone have demma own district at de newly named Maroon Town.

De Maroons be a free community of blacks from Cudjoe ein Town (Trelawny Town) who have been resettled insyd Nova Scotia after surrendering to de British government dey follow de Second Maroon War of 1795–6. They have petitioned de British government for settlement elsewhere due to de climate insyd Nova Scotia.

==== '''Abolition and slaves-insyd-transit (1807 - 1830s)''' ====
Britain outlawed de slave trade throughout ein empire on 29 March 1807 plus de Slave Trade Act 1807, though de practice continue insyd de British Empire until e finally be abolished insyd de 1830s. De Royal Navy ein West Africa Squadron operating from Freetown take active measures to intercept den seize ships participating insyd de illegal Atlantic slave trade. De slaves dat dey hold on these vessels be released into Freetown den initially be called 'Captured negroes', 'Recaptives' or 'Liberated Africans'.

==== '''Formation of''' '''de Sierra Leone Creole ethnicity (1870 onwards)''' ====
De Sierra Leone Creole people (Krio: ''Krio people'') be descendants of de Black Poor, freed African Americans (Nova Scotian Black Loyalists), Afro-Caribbeans (Jamaican Maroons), den Liberated Africans who settled insyd de Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 den about 1885. De colony be established by de British, support by abolitionists, under de Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. De settlers called demma new settlement Freetown.

== Colonial era (1808–1961) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Colony den Protectorate

==== '''Establishment of''' '''de British Crown Colony (1808)''' ====
Insyd 1808, e British Crown Colony of Sierra Leone be founded, plus Freetown serving as de capital of British West Africa. De city ein population expanded rapidly plus freed slaves, who dey establish suburbs on de Freetown Peninsula. They be joined by West Indian den African soldiers who dey settle insyd Sierra Leone after fighting for Britain insyd de Napoleonic Wars.

'''Intervention''' '''den acquisition of de hinterland (1800s–1895)'''

Insyd de early 1800s, Sierra Leone be a small colony extending a few kilometres (a few miles) up de peninsula from Freetown. De bulk of de territory dat makes up present-day Sierra Leone still be de sovereign territory of indigenous peoples such as de Mende den Temne, den be little affected by de tiny population of de Colony. Over de course of de 19th century, dat gradually changed: de British den Creoles insyd de Freetown area dey increase demma involvement insyd—den demma control over—de surrounding territory by engaging insyd trade, which be promoted den dey increase through treaty-making den military expeditions.

Insyd demma treaties plus de native chiefs, de British largely be concerned plus securing local peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted. Typically, de British government dey agree to pay a chief a stipend insyd return for a commitment from him to keep de peace plus ein neighbours; oda specific commitments extract from a chief might include keeping roads open, allowing de British to collect customs duties, den submitting disputes plus ein neighbours to British adjudication. Insyd de decades following Britain ein prohibition of de slave trade insyd 1807, de treaties sometimes sana require chiefs to desist from slave-trading. Suppression of slave-trading den suppression of inter-chiefdom war dey go hand-in-hand because de trade thrived on de wars (and caused them). Thus, to de commercial reasons for pacification can be added anti-slavery ones.

When friendly persuasion fail to secure demma interests, de British no be more than (to borrow Carl von Clausewitz's phrase) &quot;continuing diplomacy by oda means&quot;. At least by de mid-1820s, de army den navy be going out from de Colony to attack chiefs whose behaviour do not conform to British dictates. Insyd 1826, Governor Turner led troops to de Bum–Kittam area, capture two stockaded towns, burn odas, den declare a blockade on de coast as far as Cape Mount. Dis partly be an anti-slaving exercise den partly to punish de chief for refusing territory to de British. Later dat year, acting-Governor Macaulay send out an expedition which go up de Jong river den dey burn Commenda, a town belonging to a related chief. Insyd 1829, de colonial authorities founded de Sierra Leone Police Corps. Insyd 1890, dis force be divided into de Civilian Police den de Frontier Police.

De British develope a modus operandi wey characterised demma interventions throughout de century: army or frontier police, plus naval support if possible, will bombard a town den then usually torch it after de defenders dey fly or been defeated. Where possible, local enemies of de party being attacked be invited by de British to accompany them as allies.

Further information: British den Creole intervention insyd de Sierra Leone hinterland insyd de 19th century

Insyd de 1880s, Britain ein intervention insyd de hinterland dey receive added impetus because of de &quot;Scramble for Africa&quot;: an intense competition between de European powers for territory insyd Africa. Insyd dis case, de rival be France. To forestall French incursion into what they had come to consider as demma own sphere, de British government renewed efforts to finalise a boundary agreement with France and on 1 January 1890 instructed Governor Hay insyd Sierra Leone to get from chiefs insyd de boundary area friendship treaties containing a clause forbidding them to treat plus anoda European power without British consent.

Consequently, insyd 1890 den 1891 Hay den two travelling commissioners, Garrett den Alldridge, dey go on extensive tours of what be now Sierra Leone wey obtain treaties from chiefs. Most of these no be, however, treaties of cession; they be insyd de form of cooperative agreements between two sovereign powers.

Insyd January 1895, a boundary agreement be signed insyd Paris, roughly fixing de line between French Guinea den Sierra Leone. De exact line be to be determined by surveyors. As Christopher Fyfe notes, &quot;De delimitation be made almost entirely insyd geographical terms—rivers, watersheds, parallels—not political. Samu chiefdom, for instance, be divided; de people on de frontier had to opt for farms on one side or villages on de oda.&quot;

More generally, de arbitrary lumping-together of disparate native peoples insyd geographical units decided by de colonial powers has been an ongoing source of trouble throughout Africa. These geographical units now dety attempt to function as nations but no be naturally nations, being composed insyd many cases of peoples who be traditional enemies. Insyd Sierra Leone, for example, de Mende, Temne den Creoles remain as rival power blocs between whom lines of fission easily emerge.

'''Establishment of''' '''de British Protectorate den further land acquisition (1895)'''

Insyd August 1895, an Order-in-Council dey issue insyd Britain authorising de Colony to make laws for de territory around it, extending out to de agreed-upon boundary (which corresponds closely to dat of present-day Sierra Leone). On 31 August 1896, a Proclamation dey issue insyd de Colony, wey dey declare dat territory to be a British Protectorate. De Colony remained a distinct political entity; de Protectorate dey govern from it.

Most of de chiefs whose territories de Protectorate subsumed do not enter into it voluntarily. Many sign treaties of friendship plus Britain, but these be often dey express as being between sovereign powers, plus there be no subordination to de British. Only a handful of chiefs dey sign treaties of cession, den insyd some cases e be unknown if de chiefs dey understand de implications of de treaty. Insyd more remote areas, no treaties had been signed at all. De creation of de Sierra Leone Protectorate be more insyd de nature of a unilateral acquisition of territory by de British.

Almost every chieftaincy insyd Sierra Leone dey respond to de British arrogation of power plus armed resistance. De Protectorate Ordinances (passed insyd de Colony insyd 1896 den 1897) abolish de title of King den replace it plus &quot;Paramount Chief&quot;. Chiefs den kings dey formerly been selected by de leading members of dema own communities; now all chiefs, even paramount ones, can be deposed or installed at de will of de Governor, den most of de judicial powers of de chiefs be removed den given to courts presided-over by British &quot;District Commissioners&quot;. De Governor decree dat a house tax of 5''s'' to 10''s'' be to be levied annually on every dwelling insyd de Protectorate. To de chiefs, these reductions insyd de power den prestige be unbearable.

During these conflicts, British officers dey use de practice of cutting de hands of people to account for bullets spent, similar to what dey occur under de regime Leopold II of Belgium insyd de Congo Free State. British doctor, John Lancelot Todd, who dey travel to West Africa on an LSTM expedition together plus Joseph Everett Dutton, write down de testimonies of British officers who dey involve insyd putting down rebellions insyd British Sierra Leone den dey practice cutting de hands of de people they shot. De exact number of living victims who dey end up mutilated be unknown.

==== '''Hut Tax War of 1898''' ====
Insyd 1898, two rebellions dey break out against British colonial rule insyd Sierra Leone insyd response to de introduction of a new hut tax by Governor Frederic Cardew. On 1 January 1898, Cardew introduce de hut tax as a way to pay for de colonial administration ein financial expenditures. However, de tax prove to be beyond de financial means of many insyd de colony, provoking discontent. Insyd February 1898, an attempt by colonial officials to arrest Temne chief Bai Bureh lead to him den rebels under ein command to revolt against British rule. Bureh ein forces dey launch attacks on British officials den Creole traders.

Despite de ongoing rebellion, Bureh dispatched two peace overtures to de British insyd April den June of dat year, aid by de mediation of Limba chief Almamy Suluku. Cardew dey reject both offers, as Bureh would not agree to surrender unconditionally. Bureh ein forces conducted a disciplined den skillfully execute guerrilla campaign which cause de British considerable difficulty. Hostilities begin insyd February; Bureh ein harassing tactics confounded de British at first but by May they gain ground. De rainy season interrupted hostilities until October, when British colonial forces resume de slow process of capturing rebel stockades. When most of these defences dey eliminate, Bureh be captured or surrendered (accounts differ) insyd November.

De second revolt insyd de southeast be a mass uprising, planned somehow to commence everywhere on 27 den 28 April, insyd which almost all &quot;outsiders&quot;—whether European or Creole—be seized den summarily executed. Although more fearsome than Bai Bureh ein rising, na e be amorphous, dey lack a definite strategy, den  be suppressed insyd most areas insyd two months. Some Mende rebels insyd de centre of de country no be beaten until November, however; den Mende king Nyagua ein son Maghi, insyd alliance plus some Kissi rebels, continued de revolt insyd de extreme east of de Protectorate until August 1899. De principal of de uprisings, Bureh, Nyagua den Kpana Lewis, be exiled to de Gold Coast on 30 July 1899. Nine months after de rebellion, de colonial government convicted den executed ninety-six rebels which had been found guilty of murder by hanging. Insyd 1905, Bureh be allowed by de British to return to Sierra Leone, where he continue reassume ein chieftaincy at de settlement of Kasseh.

=== Creole dissent insyd de high colonial period (1898–1956) ===
Insyd de early 19th century Freetown serve as de residence of de British governor who sana rule deGold Coast (now Ghana) den de Gambia settlements. Sierra Leone sana serve as de educational centre of British West Africa. Fourah Bay College, establish insyd 1827, rapidly become a magnet for English-speaking Africans on de west coast. For more than a century, e be de only European-style university insyd western Sub-Saharan Africa.

After de Hut Tax War there be no more large-scale military resistance to colonialism. Resistance den dissent dey continue, but take oda forms. Vocal political dissent come mainly from de Creoles, who be a sizeable middle den upper class of business-people den European-educated professionals such as doctors den lawyers. Insyd de mid-19th century they had enjoyed a period of considerable political influence, but in the late 19th century the government become much less open to them.

They continue to press for political rights, however, den dey operate a variety of newspapers which governors dey consider troublesome den demagogic. Insyd 1924, a new constitution be put insyd place, introducing elected representation (3 out of 22 members) for de first time, plus de first elections held on 28 October. Prominent among de Creoles demanding change be de bourgeois nationalist H.C. Bankole-Bright, General Secretary of de Sierra Leone Branch of de National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA), den de socialist I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson, founder of de West African Youth League (WAYL).

African resistance no be limited to political discussion. Sierra Leone develope an active trade union movement whose strikes often be accompanied by sympathetic rioting among de general population.

Besides de colonial employers, popular hostility be targeted against de tribal chiefs who de British dey transform into functionaries insyd de colonial system of indirect rule. Demma role be to provide policing, collect taxes, den obtain corvée labour (forced labour exacted from those unable to pay taxes) for de colonial government; insyd return, de government maintain them insyd a privileged position over de oda Africans. Chiefs not willing to play this role be replaced by more compliant ones. According to Kilson, de attitude of de Africans toward demma chiefs become ambivalent: frequently they respect de office but resented de exactions made by de individual occupying it. From de chiefs ein point of view, de dilemma of an honourable ruler dey face plus British ultimatums cannot have been easy.

Throughout de 20th century, there be numerous riots directed against tribal chiefs. These culminated insyd de Freetown riot of 1955, which be suppressed by a combined force of police den Royal Sierra Leone Regiment troops. After those riots, reforms be introduced: de forced-labour system be completely abolished den reductions be made insyd de powers of de chiefs.

Sierra Leone remain divided into a Colony den a Protectorate, plus separate den different political systems constitutionally defined for each. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate insyd 1947, when proposals be introduced to provide for a single political system. Most of de proposals come from de Protectorate. De Krio, led by Isaac Wallace-Johnson, oppose de proposals, de main effect of which will have been to diminish demma political power. E be due to de astute politics of Sir Milton Margai dat de educated Protectorate elite dey win over to join forces plus de paramount chiefs insyd de face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai use de same skills to win-over opposition leaders den moderate Krio elements for de achievement of independence.

Insyd November 1951, Margai dey overseew de drafting of a new constitution, which unite de separate Colonial den Protectorate legislatures den provide a framework for decolonization. Insyd 1953, Sierra Leone be granted local ministerial powers, den Margai be elected Chief Minister of Sierra Leone. De new constitution ensure Sierra Leone a parliamentary system insyd de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1957, Sierra Leone hold ein first parliamentary election. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), which be then de most-popular political party insyd de colony of Sierra Leone, win de most seats insyd Parliament. Margai sana be re-elected as Chief Minister by an overwhelming majority.

==== '''Sierra Leone insyd World War II''' ====
Main article: Sierra Leone insyd World War II

Throughout de war, Freetown serve as a critical convoy station for Allied ships.

== 1960 Independence Conference ==
On 20 April 1960, Sir Milton Margai dey lead de Sierra Leonean delegation insyd de negotiations for independence at de constitutional conferences hold plus Queen Elizabeth II den British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod, at Lancaster House insyd London. All twenty-four members of de Sierra Leonean delegation be prominent den well-respected politicians wey include Sir Milton ein younger brother lawyer Sir Albert Margai, trade unionist Siaka Stevens, SLPP-strongman Lamina Sankoh, Creole activist Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Paramount chief Ella Koblo Gulama, educationist Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, Dr John Karefa-Smart, Professor Kande Bureh, lawyer Sir Banja Tejan-Sie, former Freetown Mayor Eustace Henry Taylor Cummings, educationist Amadu Wurie, den Creole diplomat Hector Reginald Sylvanus Boltman.

On de conclusion of talks insyd London, Britain dey agree to grant Sierra Leone Independence on 27 April 1961. Stevens be de only delegate who refuse to sign Sierra Leone ein Declaration of Independence, on de grounds dat there had been a secret defence-pact between Sierra Leone den Britain; anoda point of contention by Stevens be de Sierra Leonean government ein position dat there will be no elections hold before independence which will effectively shut Stevens out of Sierra Leone ein political process. Upon demma return to Freetown on 4 May 1960, Stevens be promptly expelled from de People ein National Party (PNP).

== Opposition to de SLPP government ==
Insyd 1961, Siaka Stevens, a trade unionist den outspoken critic of de SLPP government, take advantage of de dissatisfaction plus de ruling SLPP among some prominent politicians from de Northern part of Sierra Leone. He form an alliance plus Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, Christian Alusine-Kamara Taylor, Mohamed.O.Bash-Taqi, Ibrahim Bash-Taqi, S.A.T. Koroma den C.A. Fofana, den form a new political party called de All People ein Congress (APC) insyd opposition of de SLPP government, wey use de northern part of Sierra Leone as demma political base.

== Early independence (1961–1968) ==
Main article: History of Sierra Leone (1961–78)

==== '''Sir Milton Margai administration (1961–1964)''' ====
On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai dey lead Sierra Leone to Independence from Britain den become de country ein first prime minister. Sierra Leone retain a parliamentary system of government den be a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1962, Sierra Leone hold ein first general election as an independent nation. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP) win plurality of seats insyd parliament den Sir Milton Margai be re-elected as prime minister. De years just after independence be prosperous, plus money from mineral resources being used for development den de founding of Njala University.

Margai be very popular among Sierra Leoneans during ein time insyd power. An important aspect of ein character ein self-effacement; he neither be corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of ein power or status. Ein government be based on de rule of law den de notion of separation of powers, plus multiparty political institutions den fairly viable representative structures. Margai use ein conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials plus a clear eye to satisfy various ethnic groups. Margai employ a brokerage style of politics by sharing political power between political groups den de paramount chiefs insyd de provinces.

==== '''Sir Albert Margai administration (1964–1967)''' ====
Upon Sir Milton Margai ein death insyd 1964, ein half-brother, Sir Albert Margai, be appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert ein leadership be briefly challenged by Sierra Leone ein Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who dey question Sir Albert ein succession to de SLPP leadership position. Kareefa-Smart received little support insyd Parliament insyd ein attempt to have Margai stripe of de SLPP leadership. Soon after Margai was sworn insyd as prime minister, he immediately dismiss several senior government officials who dey serve under ein elder brother ein government, as he view them as traitors den a threat to ein administration.

Unlike ein late brother, Sir Milton, Sir Albert Margai prove unpopular den dey resort to increasingly authoritarian actions insyd response to protests, wey include de enactment of several laws against de opposition All People ein Congress (APC) den an unsuccessful attempt to establish a one-party state. Unlike ein late brother, Sir Albert be opposed to de colonial legacy of allowing de country ein paramount chiefs executive powers, den he be seen as a threat to de existence of de ruling houses across de country—almost all of whom be strong supporters den key allies of de previous administration. Insyd 1967, riots break out insyd Freetown against Sir Albert ein policies. Insyd response, Margai declared a state of emergency across de country. He be accused of corruption den of a policy of affirmative action insyd favour of ein own Mende ethnic group

Sir Albert dey have de opportunity to perpetuate einself insyd power, but he elect not to do so even when de opportunities present themselves. He have de police den de army on ein side den nothing can have prevented him from achieving ein ambition to hold on to power, but he choose not to den called for free den fair elections.

==== '''Three military coups (1967–1968)''' ====
De APC narrowly dey win a small majority of seats insyd Parliament over de SLPP insyd a closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general election, den APC leader Siaka Stevens be sworn insyd as prime minister on 21 March 1967 insyd Freetown. Insyd hours of taking office, Stevens be ousted insyd a bloodless military coup dey lead by de commander of de army, Brigadier General David Lansana, a close ally of Sir Albert Margai who dey appoint Lansana to de position insyd 1964. Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest insyd Freetown den insisted de determination of office of de prime minister should await de election of de tribal representatives to de house. On 23 March, a group of senior military officers insyd de Sierra Leone Army lead by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith overrode dis action by seizing control of de government, arresting Lansana, den suspending de constitution. De group constituted einself as de National Reformation Council (NRC) plus Juxon-Smith as ein chairman den Governor-General. On 18 April 1968, a group of senior military officers who called themselves de Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM) lead by Brigadier General John Amadu Bangura overthraw de NRC junta. De ACRM juntas just arrest many senior NRC members. De democratic constitution be restored, den power be handed back to Stevens, who assume de office of prime minister.

== Stevens government den one-party state (1968–1985) ==
Stevens dey assume power insyd 1968 plus a great deal of hope den ambition. Much trust be placed upon him as he championed multi-party politics. Stevens dey campaign on a platform of bringing de tribes together under socialist principles. During ein first decade or so insyd power, Stevens dey renegotiate some of what he call &quot;useless prefinanced schemes&quot; contracted by ein predecessors, Albert Margai of de SLPP den Juxon-Smith of de NRC, which be said to have left de country insyd an economically deprive state. Stevens dey reorganize de country ein refinery, de government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, den a cement factory. He cancel Juxon-Smith ein construction of a church den mosque on de grounds of Victoria Park. Stevens begin efforts dat will later bridge de distance between de provinces den de city. Roads den hospitals be constructed insyd de provinces, den paramount chiefs den provincial peoples become a prominent force insyd Freetown.

Under pressure of several coup attempts—real den perceived—Stevens ein rule grow more den more authoritarian, den ein relationship plus some of ein ardent supporters deteriorated. He remove de SLPP from competitive politics insyd general elections, some believe, through de use of violence den intimidation. To maintain de support of de military, Stevens retain de popular John Amadu Bangura as de head of de Sierra Leone Armed Forces.

After de return to civilian rule, by-elections be held (beginning insyd autumn 1968) den an all-APC cabinet be appointed. Calm no be completely restored. Insyd November 1968, unrest insyd de provinces lead Stevens to declare a state of emergency.

Many senior officers insyd de Sierra Leone military be greatly disappointed plus Stevens ein policies, but none can openly confront Stevens. Brigadier General Bangura, who dey reinstated Stevens as prime minister, be widely considered de only person who can put de brakes on Stevens. De army be devoted to Bangura den it was believed, insyd sam quarters, dat dis make him potentially dangerous to Stevens. Insyd January 1970, Bangura be arrested den charge plus conspiracy den plotting to commit a coup against de Stevens government. After a trial dat last a few months, Bangura be convicted den sententenced to death. He be hanged on 29 March 1970 insyd Freetown. Stevens dey name a junior officer, Joseph Saidu Momoh, as de head of de Sierra Leone Military. Major General Momoh be a close ally den very loyal to Stevens.

On 23 March 1971, soldiers loyal to de executed Brigadier John Amadu Bangura hold a mutiny insyd Freetown den oda parts of de country insyd opposition of de Stevens government. Several soldiers be arrested for demma involvement insyd de mutiny, wey include Corporal Foday Sankoh who be convicted of treason den jailed for seven years at de Pademba Road Prison. At Stevens ein request to Guinean President Sekou Toure, a close ally, Guinean soldiers be stationed insyd Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1973 to help protect de government.

Insyd April 1971, a new republican constitution be adopted under which Stevens become president. Insyd de 1972 by-elections, de opposition SLPP complain of intimidation den procedural obstruction by de APC den militia. These problems become so severe dat de SLPP boycotted de 1973 general election; as a result de APC win 84 of de 85 elected seats.

Insyd de early 1970s, Siaka Stevens dey form ein own personal force known as de State Security Division (SSD), insyd order to protect him den to maintain ein hold on power. Many of de SSD officers be from de provinces, den be very loyal to Stevens. De SSD be very powerful den operate independently under Stevens ein direct command. De SSD officers guide Stevens den be deployed across Sierra Leone to put down any rebellion or demonstration against de Stevens government.

An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens fail insyd 1974. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army den government officials dey include Brigadier David Lansana, former cabinet minister Dr. Mohamed Sorie Forna, former cabinet minister den journalist Ibrahim Bash-Taqi den Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara be executed after they be convicted for attempting a coup. Insyd March 1976, Stevens be re-elected president, without opposition.

Insyd 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against de government disrupt Sierra Leone politics. However, de demonstrationbe quickly put down by de army den SSD officers. A general election be called later dat year insyd which corruption be again endemic. De APC win 74 seats den de SLPP win 15 seats.

Insyd May 1978, de Sierra Leone Parliament, dominated by close allies of President Steven ein APC administration, approved a new constitution, which make de country a one-party state. On 12 July 1978, official figures release by de government showed 97 per cent of Sierra Leoneans vote insyd favour of de one-party state. De SLPP, oda opposition parties den civil right groups say de referendum votes be massively rigged, den dat voters be intimidated by security forces loyal to Stevens. De 1978 constitution referendum make de APC the only legal political party; all oda political parties be banned, wey include de main opposition (de SLPP). Dis move lead to anoda major demonstration against de government insyd many parts of de country, which be put down by de army den de SSD officers.

De first elections under de new one-party constitution take place on 1 May 1982. Elections insyd about two-thirds of de constituencies be contested. Because of irregularities, de government cancel elections insyd 13 constituencies. By-elections take place on 4 June 1982. De new cabinet appoint by Stevens after de election include several prominent members of de disbanded SLPP who have defect to de APC, wey include de new Finance Minister Salia Jusu-Sheriff, a former leader of de SLPP. Jusu-Sheriff ein accession to de cabinet be viewed by many as a step toward making de APC a true national party.

Stevens, who have been head-of-state of Sierra Leone for 18 years, retired from dat position insyd November 1985 at de end of ein term, although he continue ein role as chairman of de ruling APC party. Many insyd de country dey expect Stevens to name ein vice president den loyal ally, Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, as ein successor. However, at de APC convention insyd August 1985, de APC name Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh as Stevens ein choice to succeed him as president. Momoh be very loyal to Stevens who dey appoint him to head of de military fifteen years earlier; Momoh den Stevens be both members of de minority Limba ethnic group. Momoh dey retire from de military den be elected president without opposition on 1 October 1985. A formal inauguration dey hold insyd January 1986, den new parliamentary elections be held insyd May 1986.

Siaka Stevens be generally criticised for dictatorial methods den government corruption, but he reduce de ethnic polarization insyd government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into ein all-dominant APC government. Anoda legacy of Stevens be dat for eighteen years while he be insyd power, he keep de country safe from civil war den armed rebellion.

Despite ein dictatorial governing style, Stevens regularly dey interact plus de people of Sierra Leone by making surprise visits. Stevens sana regularly make surprise visits to de poor merchants, where he be often seen buying ein own food at a local market plus ein security team keeping demma distance. Stevens often stand den wave to de Sierra Leonean people from an open car when travelling plus ein convoy.

== Momoh government and RUF rebellion (1985–1991) ==
President Momoh ein strong links plus de army den ein verbal attacks on corruption earn him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. Plus de lack of new faces insyd ein cabinet, however, criticisms soon arose dat Momoh be simply perpetuating de rule of Stevens. Momoh differ einself by integrating de powerful den independent State Security Force (SSD) into de Sierra Leone Police force.

De first years under de Momoh administration be characterised by corruption, which Momoh dey defuse by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise ein war against corruption, President Momoh announce a &quot;Code of Conduct for Political Leaders den Public Servants&quot;. After an alleged attempt to overthrow Momoh insyd March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials be arrested, wey include Vice-president Francis Minah, who be removed from office, convicted for plotting de coup, den executed by hanging plus five odas insyd 1989.

Insyd October 1990, due to mounting domestic den international pressure for reforms, President Momoh create a commission to review de 1978 one-party constitution. Base on de commission ein recommendations, a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system, guaranteeing fundamental human rights den de rule of law, den strengthening democratic structures, be approved by a 60% majority of de APC Parliament, ratify by referendum insyd September 1991 den become effective on 1 October. There be great suspicion dat President Momoh be not serious about ein promise of political reform, as APC rule continue to be increasingly marked by abuses of power.

Several senior government officials insyd Momoh ein administration resign to oppose de APC in upcoming elections. Salia Jusu Sheriff, Abass Bundu, J.B. Dauda den Sama Banya resuscitated de previously disbanded SLPP, while Thaimu Bangura, Edward Kargbo den Desmond Luke formed demma own respective political parties to challenge de ruling APC. However, de vast majority of government officials including Victor Bockarie Foh, Edward Turay, Hassan Gbassay Kanu den Osman Foday Yansaneh remain loyal to Momoh den de APC.

Meanwhile, an increasing burden be placed on de country by de rebellion insyd de eastern part of Sierra Leone.

== Civil war (1991–2002) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Civil War

De brutal civil wardysneighbouring Liberia play an undeniable role insyd de outbreak of fighting insyd Sierra Leone. Charles Taylor—leader of de National Patriotic Front of Liberia—reportedly help form de Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under de command of former Sierra Leonean army corporal Foday Sankoh, a critic of both de Stevens den Momoh administrations. Sankoh had been an ally of Brigadier General Bangura den be among those who mutinied following Bangura ein execution. Sankoh be British-trained den had undergone guerrilla training insyd Libya. Taylor ein aim was for de RUF to attack de bases of Nigerian-dominated peacekeeping troops insyd Sierra Leone who were opposed to ein rebel movement insyd Liberia. Sankoh ein RUF rebels dey enter de country insyd March 1991, den within a month controlled much of Eastern Sierra Leone, wey include de diamond-mining area insyd Kono District. De government of Sierra Leone, overwhelm by a crumbling economy den corruption, be unable to mount significant resistance.

At dis time, de Momoh government be crumbling. Several senior government officials dey resign to form opposition parties, while there be suspicions dat President Momoh no be serious about political reform. Abuses of power dey continue den de APC be alleged to have been hoarding arms den planning a violent campaign against de opposition parties ahead of multi-party general elections scheduled for late 1992. De state have been unable to play civil servants, leading to de looting of government property den a population of aimless youth when schools be closed.

==== '''NPRC Junta (1992–1996)''' ====
On 29 April 1992, twenty-five-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser lead a group of young Sierra Leone Army officers—wey include Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Seargent Solomon Musa, Lieutenant Tom Nyuma, Captain Komba Mondeh, Captain Julius Maada Bio den Captain Komba Kambo—from demma barracks insyd Kailahun District den launch a military coup insyd Freetown, which send President Momoh into exile insyd Guinea. De young soldiers established de National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) plus Strasser as ein chairman den Head of State of de country. Captain Solomon Musa, a close friend of Strasser den one of de leaders of de coup, become de deputy leader of de NPRC Junta. De coup be largely popular because e promise to bring peace, but de NPRC Junta immediately suspended de constitution, ban all political parties, limited freedom of speech den freedom of de press den enact a rule-by-decree policy, insyd which soldiers be granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial. De NPRC establish a Supreme Council, consisting of de highest-ranking soldiers insyd de Junta government.

On de same day de NPRC Junta take power, one of de coup leaders, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, be assassinated—reportedly by Major Sim Turay, de head of Sierra Leone Military Intelligence, den a close ally of de deposed president. A heavily armed military manhunt took place across Sierra Leone to find Turay den odas suspected to have participated insyd de assassination, forcing Turay to flee to Guinea.

De NPRC Junta fight de RUF rebels, recapture most of de RUF-held territories, den push de rebels back to de border plus Liberia. De NPRC Junta maintain relations plus de Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) den strengthen support for Sierra Leone–based ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) troops fighting insyd Liberia.

Insyd December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against de NPRC administration of Strasser be foiled; e dey aim at freeing from detention Colonel Yahya Kanu, Lt-Colonel Kahota M.S. Dumbuya den former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara. Seargent Mohamed Lamin Bangura den some junior army officers be identified as being behind de coup. Seventeen soldiers be executed, wey include Bangura, Kanu den Dumbuya. Several prominent members of de Momoh government who have been insyd detention at de Pa Demba Road prison, wey include former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara sana be executed.

On 5 July 1994, deputy NPRC leader Solomon Musa be arrested den sent into exile insyd Guinea. Musa be accused by Strasser, on de advice of high-ranking NPRC soldiers, dat he have become too powerful den be a threat to Strasser. Musa, who be a close ally den childhood friend of Strasser, deny de allegation den claim ein accusers be de threat. Strasser replace Musa as deputy NPRC chairman plus Captain Julius Maada Bio, den immediately promote him to brigadier.

Due to internal divisions between soldiers loyal to Musa den those who support Strasser ein decision to oust him, de NPRC ein campaign against de RUF become ineffectual. More den more of de country fall to RUF fighters, den by 1994 de RUF hold much of de diamond-rich Eastern Province den be at de edge of Freetown. Insyd response, de NPRC hire several hundred mercenaries from de private firm Executive Outcomes. Within a month, they have driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone ein borders den cleared de RUF from de Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone.

On 16 January 1996, after about four years insyd power, Strasser be arrested by ein own bodyguards insyd a coup lead by Bio den dey back by many high-ranking soldiers of de NPRC junta. Strasser be immediately flown into exile insyd Conakry, Guinea. Bio stated insyd a public broadcast dat ein support for returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elect civilian government den ein commitment to ending de civil war be ein motivations for de coup.

==== '''Return to civilian rule''' '''den first Kabbah Presidency (1996–1997)''' ====</text>
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      <text bytes="73179" sha1="6ayg65tevmry6u0afk1alppussppgnd" xml:space="preserve">'''Sierra Leone''' first become inhabited by indigenous African peoples at least 2,500 years ago. De Limba be de first tribe known to inhabit Sierra Leone. De dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de region from oda West African cultures, den e become a refuge for peoples escaping violence. Sierra Leone was named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra, who map de region insyd 1462. De Freetown estuary provided a good natural harbour for ships to shelter den replenish drinking water, den gain more international attention as coastal den trans-Atlantic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade.

Insyd de mid-16th century, de Mane people invaded, subjugated nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples, den militarised Sierra Leone. De Mane soon blended plus de local populations den de various chiefdoms den kingdoms remain insyd a continual state of conflict, plus many captives sold to European slave-traders. De Atlantic slave trade had a significant impact on Sierra Leone, as dis trade flourished insyd de 17th den 18th centuries, den later as a centre of anti-slavery efforts when de trade be abolished insyd 1807. British abolitionists had organised a colony for Black Loyalists at Freetown, den dis become de capital of British West Africa. A naval squadron was base there to intercept slave ships, den de colony quickly grew as Liberated Africans be released, join by Afro-Caribbean den African soldiers who had fought for Britain insyd de American Revolutionary War. De descendants of de black settlers be collectively referred to as de Creoles or Krios.

During de colonial era, de British den Creoles increased demma control over de surrounding area, securing peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted, suppressing slave-trading den inter-chiefdom war. Insyd 1895, Britain draw borders for Sierra Leone which they declare to be demma protectorate, leading to armed resistance den de Hut Tax War of 1898. Thereafter, there demma dissent den reforms as de Creoles sought political rights, trade unions form against colonial employers, den peasants sought greater justice from demma chiefs.

Sierra Leone has played a significant part insyd modern African political liberty den nationalism. Insyd de 1950s, a new constitution united de Crown Colony den Protectorate, which had previously been governed separately. Sierra Leone gain independence from de United Kingdom on 27 April 1961 den became a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Ethnic den linguistic divisions remain an obstacle to national unity, plus de Mende, Temne den Creoles as rival power blocs. Roughly half of de years since independence have been marked by autocratic governments or civil war.

== Early history ==
Archaeological finds show dat Sierra Leone has been inhabited continuously for at least 2,500 years, populate by successive movements of peoples from oda parts of Africa. De use of iron be introduced to Sierra Leone by de 9th century, den by de end of de 10th century agriculture was being practiced by coastal tribes.

Sierra Leone ein dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de land from oda African cultures den from de spread of Islam. Dis make e a refuge for people escaping subjugation by de Sahelian kingdoms, violence den jihads.

European contacts plus Sierra Leone be among de first insyd West Africa. Insyd 1462, Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra mapped de hills surrounding what be now Freetown Harbour, naming de oddly shaped formation ''Serra Lyoa'' (Lioness Mountain).

At dis time de country be inhabited by numerous politically independent native groups. Several different languages be spoken, but there was similarity of religion. Insyd de coastal rainforest belt there be Bulom-speakers between de Sherbro den Freetown estuaries, Loko-speakers north of de Freetown estuary to de Little Scarcies River, Temne-speakers find at de mouth of de Scarcies River, den Limba-speakers farther up de Scarcies. Insyd de hilly savannah north of all of these lands be de Susu den Fula tribes. De Susu trade regularly plus de coastal peoples along river valley routes, bringing salt, clothes woven by de Fula, iron work, den gold.

== European contact (15th century) ==
Portuguese ships begin visiting Sierra Leone regularly insyd de late 15th century, den for a while they maintained a fort on de north shore of de Freetown estuary. Dis estuary be one of de largest natural deep-water harbours insyd de world, den one of de few good harbours on West Africa ein surf-battered &quot;Windward Shore&quot; (Liberia to Senegal). E soon become a favourite destination of European mariners, to shelter den replenish drinking water. Some of de Portuguese sailors stay permanently, trading den intermarrying plus de local people.

==== '''Slavery''' ====
Slavery, den insyd particular de Atlantic slave trade, had a great effect on de region—socially, economically den politically—from de late 15th to de mid-19th centuries.

There had been lucrative trans-Saharan trade of slaves insyd West Africa from de 6th century. At ein peak (c. 1350) de Mali Empire surrounded de region of modern-day Sierra Leone den Liberia, though de slave trade may not have significantly penetrated de coastal rainforest. De peoples who migrate into Sierra Leone from dis time will have had greater contact plus de indigenous slave trade, either practicing it or escaping it.

When Europeans first arrive at Sierra Leone, slavery among de African peoples of de area be believe to be rare. According to historian Walter Rodney, de Portuguese mariners keep detailed reports, den so e be likely if slavery had been an important local institution dat de reports will have described it. There be mention of a very particular kind of slavery insyd de region, which was:&lt;blockquote&gt;a person insyd trouble insyd one kingdom can go to anoda den place himself under de protection of ein king, whereupon he become a &quot;slave&quot; of dat king, obliged to provide free labour den liable for sale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Rodney, such a person will likely have retain some rights den had some opportunity to rise insyd status as time passed.

De European colonization of de Americas soon lead to labor demands from nascent colonies; dis lead Europeans to seek a supply of slaves to transport to de Americas. Initially, European slavers launch raids on coastal villages to abduct Africans den sell them into slavery. However, they soon establish economic alliances plus local leaders, as many chiefs were willing to sell undesirable members of demma tribe to Europeans. Oda African chiefs launch raids on rival tribes insyd order to sell captives of such raids into slavery.

Dis early slaving essentially be an export business. De use of slaves as labourers by de local Africans appears to have developed only later. E may first have occurred under coastal chiefs insyd de late 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;De slave owners originally be white den foreigners, but de late eighteenth century see de emergence of powerful slave-trading chiefs, be said to own large numbers of 'domestic slaves'.&lt;/blockquote&gt;For example, insyd de late 18th century, William Cleveland, a Scottish leader insyd Africa had a large &quot;slave town&quot; on de mainland opposite de Banana Islands, whose inhabitants &quot;be employed insyd cultivating extensive rice fields, describe as being some of the largest insyd Africa at de time&quot;. De existence of an indigenous slave town be recorded by an English traveler insyd 1823. Known insyd de Fula language as a ''rounde'', e be connected plus de Sulima Susu ein capital city, Falaba. Ein inhabitants work at farming.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Rodney dey postulate two means by which slaving for export can have caused a local practice of using slaves for labour to develop:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# Not all war captives offer for sale will have been bought by de Portuguese, so demma captors had to find something else to do plus them. Rodney believe dat executing them be rare den that they will have been used for local labour.
# There be a time lag between de time a slave be captured den de time he or she be sold. Thus there will often have been a pool of slaves awaiting sale, who will have been put to work.&lt;/blockquote&gt;There be possible additional reasons for de adoption of slavery by de locals to meet demma labour requirements:

# De Europeans provided an example for imitation.
# Once slaving insyd any form be accepted, e may smash a moral barrier to exploitation den make ein adoption insyd oda forms seem a relatively minor matter.
# Export slaving entailed de construction of a coercive apparatus which could have been subsequently turned to other ends, such as policing a captive labour force.
# De sale of local produce (e.g., palm kernels) to Europeans opened a new sphere of economic activity. Insyd particular, e dey create an increased demand for agricultural labour. Slavery be a way of mobilising an agricultural work force.
Dis local African slavery be much less harsh den brutal than de slavery practiced by Europeans on, for example, de plantations of the United States, de West Indies, den Brazil. De local slavery has been described by anthropologist M. McCulloch:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Slaves be housed close to de fresh tracts of land they clear for demma masters. They be considered part of de household of demma owner, den enjoyed limited rights. E no be customary to sell them except for a serious offense, such as adultery plus de wife of a freeman. Small plots of land be given to them for demma own use, den they might retain de proceeds of crops they grow on these plots; by dis means e be possible for a slave to become de owner of anoda slave. Sometimes a slave marry insyd de household of ein master den rose to a position of trust; there be an instance of a slave taking charge of a chiefdom during de minority of de heir. Descendants of slaves often be practically indistinguishable from freemen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Slaves sometimes be sent on errands outside de kingdoms of demma masters den return voluntarily. Speaking specifically of de era around 1700, historian Christopher Fyfe relates dat, &quot;Slaves not taken insyd war usually be criminals. Insyd coastal areas, at least, e be rare for anyone to be sold without being charged plus a crime.&quot;

Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section be still present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describes a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section still be present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describe a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;A freeman heavily insyd debt, den facing de threat of de punishment of being sold, will approach a wealthier man or chief plus a plea to pay off ein debts 'while I sit on your lap'. Or he can give a son or some oda dependent of ein 'to be for you', de wealthy man or chief. Dis insyd effect mean dat de person so pawn be automatically reduce to a position of dependence, den if he be never redeemed, he or ein children eventually become part of de master ein extended family. By dis time, de children practically be indistinguishable from de real children of de master, since they grow up regarding one anoda as brothers.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Some observers consider de term &quot;slave&quot; to be more misleading than informative when describing de local practice. Abraham say dat insyd most cases, &quot;subject, servant, client, serf, pawn, dependent, or retainer&quot; will be more accurate. Domestic slavery be abolished insyd Sierra Leone insyd 1928. McCulloch reports dat at dat time, amongst Sierra Leone ein largest present-day ethnolinguistic group, de Mende, who then had about 560,000 people, about 15 per cent of de population (i.e., 84,000 people) be domestic slaves. He sana say dat &quot;singularly little change followed de 1928 decree; a fair number of slaves return to demma original homes, but de great majority remain insyd de villages insyd which demma former masters had placed them or demma parents.&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Export slavery remain a major business insyd Sierra Leone from de late 15th century to de mid-19th century. According to Fyfe, &quot;e be estimated insyd 1789 dat 74,000 slaves be exported annually from West Africa, about 38,000 by British firms.&quot; Insyd 1788, a proslavery European name Matthews estimated de annual total export from between de Nunez River (110 km north of Sierra Leone) den de Sherbro as 3,000. Participation insyd de Atlantic slave trade gradually be outlawed by various Western nations, beginning plus de United States den Britain insyd 1808.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Mane invasions (16th century) ==
Further information: Mane people

De Mane invasions of de mid-16th century had a profound impact on Sierra Leone. De Mane (sana call Mani) be members of de Mande language group. A warrior people, well-armed den well-organized, they live east den somewhat north of present-day Sierra Leone. Sometime insyd de early 16th century they begin moving south. According to some Mane who dey speak to a Portuguese writer (Dornelas) in de late 16th century, demma travels dey begin as a result of de expulsion of demma chief from de imperial city of Mandimansa, demma homeland.

There be conflicting accounts among historians of how these invasions happened. Some historians place demma first arrival at de coast east of Sierra Leone, at least as far as de River Cess den likely pppie. They advanced northwest along de coast toward Sierra Leone, conquering as they go. Odas contend dat they arrive on de coast near Sherbro Island. They incorporate large numbers of de people they conquered into demma army, plus de result dat de rank den file consist mostly of coastal peoples, while de Mane be ein commanding group.

By 1545, de Mane dey reach Cape Mount. Dema conquest of Sierra Leone occupy de ensuing 15 to 20 years, den result insyd de subjugation of all or nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples—who be known collectively as de Sapes—as far north as de Scarcies. De present demographics of Sierra Leone largely be a reflection of these two decades. De degree to which de Mane supplanted de original inhabitants vary from place to place. De Temne partly withstood de Mane onslaught, den keep demma language, but become ruled by a line of Mane kings. De present-day Loko den Mende be de result of a more complete submersion of de original culture: demma languages be similar, den both essentially Mande. Dis likely be due to conquest by de Mane invaders.

=== '''Aftermath''' ===
De Mane invasions militarised Sierra Leone. De Sapes had been un-warlike, but after de invasions, right until de late 19th century, bows, shields, den knives of de Mane type dey become ubiquitous insyd Sierra Leone, as had de Mane battle technique of using squadrons of archers fighting insyd formation, carrying de large-style shields. Villages become fortified. De usual method of erecting two or three concentric palisades, each 4–7 metres (12–20 ft) high, create a formidable obstacle to attackers—especially since, as some of de English observe insyd de 19th century, de thigh-thick logs planted insyd de earth to make de palisades often take root at de bottom den grow foliage at de top, so dat de defenders occupy a living wall of wood. A British officer who dey observe one of these fortifications around de time of de 1898 Hut Tax war ended ein description of it thus:&lt;blockquote&gt;No one who dey no see these fences can realize de immense strength of them. De outer fence at Hahu I measure insyd several places, den found e to be from 2 to 3 feet thick, den most of de logs, or rather trees, of which e be formed, had taken root den be throwing out leaves den shoots.&lt;/blockquote&gt;He sana say dat English artillery can not penetrate all three fences. At dat time, at least among de Mende, &quot;a typical settlement dey consist of walled towns den open villages or towns surrounding it.&quot;

After de invasions, de Mane sub-chiefs among whom e country dey divide begin fighting among themselves. Dis pattern of activity become permanent: even after de Mane dey blend plus de indigenous population—a process which be completed insyd de early 17th century—de various kingdoms insyd Sierra Leone remain insyd a fairly continual state of flux den conflict. Rodney believe dat a desire to take prisoners to sell as slaves to de Europeans be a major motivation to dis fighting, den may even have been a driving force behind de original Mane invasions. Historian Kenneth Little dey conclude dat de principal objective insyd de local wars, at least among de Mende, be plunder, not de acquisition of territory. Abraham cautions dat slave trading should not be exaggerated as a cause: de Africans have demma own reasons to fight, plus territorial den political ambitions present. Motivations likely change over time during de 350-year period.

De wars themselves no be exceptionally deadly. Set-piece battles be rare, den de fortified towns so strong dat demma capture seldom be attempted. Often de fighting dey consist of small ambushes.

Insyd these years, de political system be such dat each large village along plus ein satellite villages den settlements will be headed by a chief. De chief will have a private army of warriors. Sometimes several chiefs will group themselves into a confederacy, acknowledging one of themselves as king (or high chief). Each pay de king fealty. If one be attacked, de king will come to ein aid, den de king can adjudicate local disputes.

Despite demma many political divisions, de people of de country be united by cultural similarity. One component of dis be de Poro, an organisation common to many different kingdoms den ethnolinguistic groups. De Mende claim to be ein originators, den there be nothing to contradict dis. Possibly they import it. De Temne claim to dey import it from de Sherbro or Bulom. De Dutch geographer Olfert Dapper know of it insyd de 17th century. E often be described as a &quot;secret society&quot;, dis partly be true: ein rites be closed to non-members, den what happens insyd de &quot;Poro bush&quot; never be disclosed. However, ein membership be very broad: among de Mende, almost all men, den some women, be initiates. Insyd recent years e no dey (as far as is known) have a central organisation: autonomous chapters exist for each chiefdom or village. However, it is said dat insyd pre-Protectorate days there be a &quot;Grand Poro&quot; plus cross-chiefdom powers of making war den peace. E widely be agreed dat e has a restraining influence on de powers of de chiefs. Headed by a fearsome principal spirit, de ''Gbeni'', e plays a major role insyd de rite of passage of males from puberty to manhood. E imparts some education. Insyd some areas, e have supervisory powers over trade, den de banking system, which use iron bars as a medium of exchange. E no only be de important society insyd Sierra Leone: de ''Sande'' be a female-only analogue of it; there sana be de ''Humoi'' which regulates sex, den de ''Njayei'' den de ''Wunde''. De ''Kpa'' be a healing-arts collegium.

Besides de political impact, there be economic effects as well: trade plus de interior be interrupted, den thousands be sold as slaves to de Europeans. Insyd industry, a flourishing tradition insyd fine ivory carving be ended; however, improved ironworking techniques be introduced.&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== 1600–1787 ==
By de 17th century, Portuguese colonialism insyd West Africa begin to wane, den insyd Sierra Leone oda European colonial powers such as de English den Dutch begin to supplant demma influence insyd de region. Insyd 1628, a group of English merchants had established a factory insyd de vicinity of Sherbro Island, about 50 km (30 mi) south-east from present-day Freetown. Insyd addition to ivory den slaves, de merchants at de factory sana trade insyd camwood, a type of hard timber. De Portuguese missionary Baltasar Barreira minister insyd Sierra Leone until 1610. Jesuits, den later insyd de century, Capuchins, continue de mission. By 1700 it had closed, although priests occasionally visited.

Insyd 1663, de Royal African Company (RAC) be granted a royal charter from Charles II of England den soon established a factory on Sherbro Island den Tasso Island. During de Second Anglo-Dutch War, both factories be sacked by a Dutch Navy force insyd 1664. De factory be rebuilt, though e be sacked again by de French Navy during de War of de Spanish Succession insyd 1704 den pirates insyd 1719 den 1720. After de Dutch raid on de RAC factory at Tasso Island, e be relocated to de nearby Bunce Island, which be more defensible.

De Europeans make payments, called ''Cole'', for rent, tribute, den trading rights, to de king of an area. At this time de local military advantage still be on de side of de Africans, den there be a 1714 report of a king seizing RAC goods insyd retaliation for a breach of protocol. Local Afro-Portuguese merchants often act as middlemen, de Europeans advancing them goods to trade to de local people, most often for ivory. Insyd 1728, an overly aggressive RAC governor dey unite de Africans den Afro-Portuguese insyd hostility to him; they burn down de Bunce Island fort den e no be rebuilt until about 1750. During de time dat de Royal African Company be operating, de firm of Grant, Sargent [Wikidata] den Oswald provisioned de trading stations. When de RAC abandoned Bunce Island, Sargent den ein partners purchase ein factory insyd 1748, repair it, den dey use it to trade insyd timber. They expand to Batts, Bobs, Tasso, den Tumbu Islands den along de banks of de river, eventually becoming involve insyd de slave trade. De French sack it again insyd 1779, during de American Revolutionary War.

During de 17th century de Temne ethnolinguistic group be expanding. Around 1600, a Mani still dey rule de Loko kingdom (de area north of Port Loko Creek) den anoda rule de upper part of de south shore of de Freetown estuary. De north shore of de estuary be under a Ballom king, den de area just east of Freetown on de peninsula be held by a non-Mani plus a European name, Dom Phillip de Leon (who may have been a subordinate to ein Mani neighbour). By de mid-17th century dis situation dey change: Temne, not Bullom dey speak on de south shore, den ships stopping for water den firewood had to pay customs to de Temne king of Bureh who live at Bagos town on de point between de Rokel River den Port Loko Creek. (De king may  consider himself a Mani—to dis day, Temne chiefs have Mani-derived titles—but ein people be Temne. De Bureh king insyd place insyd 1690 be called Bai Tura, ''Bai'' being a Mani form.) De Temne thus dey expand insyd a wedge toward de sea at Freetown, den now dey separate de Bulom to de north from de Mani den oda Mande-speakers to de south den east.

Insyd dis period there be several reports of women occupying high positions. De king of de south shore use to leave one of ein wives to rule when he be absent, den insyd de Sherbro there be female chiefs. Insyd de early 18th century, a Bulom dey name Seniora Maria make ein own town near Cape Sierra Leone.

During de 17th century, Muslim Fula from de Upper Niger den Senegal rivers move into an area called Fouta Djallon (or Futa Jalon) insyd de mountainous region north of present-day Sierra Leone. They be to have an important impact on de peoples of Sierra Leone because they increase trade den sana produced secondary population movements insyd Sierra Leone. Though de Muslim Fula first cohabited peaceably plus de peoples already at Fouta Djallon, around 1725 they embark on a war of domination, forcing de migration of many Susu, Yalunka, den non-Muslim Fula.

Susu—some already convert to Islam—come south insyd Sierra Leone, insyd turn displacing Limba from north-west Sierra Leone den driving them insyd north-central Sierra Leone where they continue to live. Some Susu move as far south as de Temne town of Port Loko, only 60 km (37 mi) upriver from de Atlantic. Eventually a Muslim Susu family dey call Senko supplanted de town ein Temne rulers. Oda Susu dey move westward from Fouta Djallon, eventually dominating de Baga, Bulom, den Temne north of de Scarcies River.

De Yalunka insyd Fouta Djallon first accept Islam, then reject it den be driven out. They go into north-central Sierra Leone den founded demma capital at Falaba insyd de mountains near de source of de Rokel. E still not an important town, about 20 km (12 mi) south of de Guinea border. Oda Yalunka go somewhat farther south den settled amongst de Koranko, Kissi, den Limba.

Besides these groups, who be more-or-less unwilling emigrants, a considerable variety of Muslim adventurers go forth from Fouta Djallon. A Fula called Fula Mansa (''mansa'' meaning ''king'') become ruler of de Yoni country 100 km (62 mi) east of present-day Freetown. Some of ein Temne subjects fled south to de Banta country between de middle reaches of de Bagu den Jong rivers, where they become known as de Mabanta Temne.

Insyd 1652, de first slaves from Sierra Leone be transported to North America; they be sold to white plantation owners insyd de Sea Islands off de coast of de American South. During de 18th century, numerous slaves from Bunce Island be transported to de Southern Colonies, due insyd part to de business relationship between American slave trader Henry Laurens den de London-based firm of Grant, Sargent, Oswald &amp; Company, which oversaw a thriving slave trade from Bunce Island insyd Sierra Leone to North America.

De transatlantic slave trade continued to transport millions of enslaved Africans, wey include those from Sierra Leone, across de Atlantic during de 17th, 18th den 19th centuries; ultimately, roughly 12.5 million slaves where e dey bring to de Americas dis way. However, de rise of abolitionist movements insyd de Western world insyd de late 18th den early 19th centuries dey lead to various European den American governments passing legislation to abolish de slave trade. De slave trade insyd Sierra Leone undergo a marked decline during de 19th century, though domestic slavery will persist until de 20th century.

== De Province of Freedom (1787–1789) ==
Main article: Granville Town, Province of Freedom

==== '''Conception of''' '''de Province of Freedom (1787)''' ====
Insyd 1787, a plan be established to settle some of London ein &quot;Black Poor&quot; insyd Sierra Leone insyd what was called the &quot;Province of Freedom&quot;. This was organised by the Committee for de Relief of de Black Poor, found by British abolitionist Granville Sharp, which preferred it as a solution to continuing to financially support them insyd London. Many of de Black Poor be African Americans, who had been given demma freedom after seeking refuge with the British Army during the American Revolution, but also included other West Indian, African and Asian inhabitants of London.

De Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme be proposed by entomologist Henry Smeathman den draw interest from humanitarians like Granville Sharp saw it as a means of showing de pro-slavery lobby dat black people can contribute towards de running of de new colony of Sierra Leone. Government officials soon become involved insyd de scheme as well, although demma interest be spurred by de possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere. William Pitt de Younger, prime minister den leader of de Tory party, dey have an active interest insyd de Scheme, because he see it as a means to repatriate de Black Poor to Africa, since &quot;e be necessary they should be sent somewhere, den be no longer suffer to infest de streets of London&quot;.

==== '''Establishment, destruction''' '''den re-establishment (1789)''' ====
De area be first settled by 400 formerly enslaved Black Britons, who dey arrive off de coast of Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787, dey accompany by some English tradesmen. They established de Province of Freedom or Granville Town on land purchase from local Koya Temne subchief King Tom den regent Naimbanna II, a purchase which de Europeans understand to cede de land to de new settlers &quot;for ever&quot;. De established arrangement between Europeans den de Koya Temne do not include provisions for permanent settlement, den some historians question how well de Koya leaders understand de agreement. Half of de settlers insyd de new colony die insyd de first year. Several black settlers dey start working for local slave traders. De settlers dat dey remain forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliate, attacking de settlement, which be reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, den six white women. Black settlers be captured by unscrupulous traders den sold as slaves, den de remaining colonists be forced to arm themselves for demma own protection. King Tom ein successor King Jemmy dey attack den burn de colony insyd 1789.

Alexander Falconbridge be sent to Sierra Leone insyd 1791 to collect de remaining Black Poor settlers, den they re-establish Granville Town (later renamed Cline Town) near Fourah Bay. Although these 1787 settlers do not establish Freetown, which be founded insyd 1792, de bicentennial of Freetown be celebrated insyd 1987.

After establishing Granville Town, disease den hostility from de indigenous people eliminated de first group of colonists den destroyed demma settlement. A second Granville Town established by 64 remaining black den white 'Old settlers' under de leadership of St. George Bay Company leader, Alexander Falconbridge den de St. George Bay Company. Dis settlement be different from de Freetown settlement den colony founded insyd 1792 by Lt. John Clarkson den de Nova Scotian Settlers under de auspices of de Sierra Leone Company.

== Freetown Colony (1792–1808) ==
'''Conception of tde Freetown settlement (1791)'''

De basis for de Freetown Colony begin insyd 1791 plus Thomas Peters, an African American who had served insyd de Black Pioneers den settle insyd Nova Scotia as part of de Black Loyalist migration. Peters travel to England insyd 1791 to report grievances of de Black Loyalists who had been given poor land den faced discrimination. Peters meet plus British abolitionists den de directors of de Sierra Leone Company. He learn of de company ein plan for a new settlement at Sierra Leone. De directors be eager to allow de Nova Scotians to build a settlement there; de London-based den newly create Company had decided to create a new colony but before Peters ein arrival have no colonists. Lieutenant John Clarkson be sent to Nova Scotia to register immigrants to take to Sierra Leone for de purpose of starting a new settlement. Clarkson worked plus Peters to recruit 1,196 former American slaves from free African communities around Nova Scotia such as Birchtown. Most dey escape Virginia den South Carolina plantations. Some had been born insyd Africa before being enslaved den taken to America.

==== '''Settlement by Nova Scotians (1792)''' ====
De settlers dey sail insyd 15 ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia den arrived insyd St. George Bay between 26 February den 9 March 1792. Sixty-four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, den even Lieutenant Clarkson be ill during de voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson den some of de Nova Scotian 'captains' &quot;despatched on shore to clear or make roadway for demma landing&quot;. De Nova Scotians be to build Freetown on de former site of de first Granville Town which have become a &quot;jungle&quot; since ein destruction insyd 1789. (Though they built Freetown on Granville Town ein former site, demma settlement be no a rebirth of Granville Town, which had been re-established at Fourah Bay in 1791 by de remaining Old Settlers.) Clarkson told de men to clear de land until they reach a large cotton tree. After this difficult work had been done den de land cleared, all de settlers, men den women, disembarked den marched towards de thick forest den to de cotton tree, den demma preachers (all African Americans) begin singing:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Awake den Sing Of Moses den de Lamb
Wake! every heart den every tongue'

To praise de Saviour ein name

De day of Jubilee be come;

Return ye ransomed sinners home&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 11 March 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, dey pray den preach a sermon under de large Cotton Tree, den Reverend David George dey preach de first recorded Baptist service insyd Africa. De land be dedicated den christened 'Free Town' according to de instructions of de Sierra Leone Company Directors. Dis be de first thanksgiving service insyd de newly christened Free Town den be de beginning of de political entity of Sierra Leone. Later, John Clarkson will be sworn insyd as de first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts be erected before de rainy season. De Sierra Leone Company surveyors den de settlers built Freetown on de American grid pattern, plus parallel streets den wide roads, plus de largest being Water Street.

On 24 August 1792, de Black Poor or Old Settlers of de second Granville Town be incorporated into de new Sierra Leone Colony but remain at Granville Town. E survive being pillaged by de French insyd 1794, den be rebuilt by de Nova Scotian settlers. By 1798, Freetown had 300–400 houses plus architecture resembling dat of de American South, plus 3- to 4-foot stone foundations den wooden superstructures. Eventually dis style of housing (brought by de Nova Scotians) will be de model for de 'bod oses' of demma Creole descendants.

=== '''Settlement by Jamaican Maroons (1800)''' ===
Insyd 1800, de Nova Scotians rebel den e be de arrival of over 500 Jamaican Maroons which dey cause de rebellion to be suppressed. Thirty-four Nova Scotians be banished den sent to either to Sherbro Island or a penal colony at Gore. Some of these eventually be allowed back insyd Freetown. Following demma capture of de rebels, de Maroons be granted de land of de Nova Scotian rebels. Eventually de Jamaican Maroons insyd Sierra Leone have demma own district at de newly named Maroon Town.

De Maroons be a free community of blacks from Cudjoe ein Town (Trelawny Town) who have been resettled insyd Nova Scotia after surrendering to de British government dey follow de Second Maroon War of 1795–6. They have petitioned de British government for settlement elsewhere due to de climate insyd Nova Scotia.

==== '''Abolition and slaves-insyd-transit (1807 - 1830s)''' ====
Britain outlawed de slave trade throughout ein empire on 29 March 1807 plus de Slave Trade Act 1807, though de practice continue insyd de British Empire until e finally be abolished insyd de 1830s. De Royal Navy ein West Africa Squadron operating from Freetown take active measures to intercept den seize ships participating insyd de illegal Atlantic slave trade. De slaves dat dey hold on these vessels be released into Freetown den initially be called 'Captured negroes', 'Recaptives' or 'Liberated Africans'.

==== '''Formation of''' '''de Sierra Leone Creole ethnicity (1870 onwards)''' ====
De Sierra Leone Creole people (Krio: ''Krio people'') be descendants of de Black Poor, freed African Americans (Nova Scotian Black Loyalists), Afro-Caribbeans (Jamaican Maroons), den Liberated Africans who settled insyd de Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 den about 1885. De colony be established by de British, support by abolitionists, under de Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. De settlers called demma new settlement Freetown.

== Colonial era (1808–1961) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Colony den Protectorate

==== '''Establishment of''' '''de British Crown Colony (1808)''' ====
Insyd 1808, e British Crown Colony of Sierra Leone be founded, plus Freetown serving as de capital of British West Africa. De city ein population expanded rapidly plus freed slaves, who dey establish suburbs on de Freetown Peninsula. They be joined by West Indian den African soldiers who dey settle insyd Sierra Leone after fighting for Britain insyd de Napoleonic Wars.

'''Intervention''' '''den acquisition of de hinterland (1800s–1895)'''

Insyd de early 1800s, Sierra Leone be a small colony extending a few kilometres (a few miles) up de peninsula from Freetown. De bulk of de territory dat makes up present-day Sierra Leone still be de sovereign territory of indigenous peoples such as de Mende den Temne, den be little affected by de tiny population of de Colony. Over de course of de 19th century, dat gradually changed: de British den Creoles insyd de Freetown area dey increase demma involvement insyd—den demma control over—de surrounding territory by engaging insyd trade, which be promoted den dey increase through treaty-making den military expeditions.

Insyd demma treaties plus de native chiefs, de British largely be concerned plus securing local peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted. Typically, de British government dey agree to pay a chief a stipend insyd return for a commitment from him to keep de peace plus ein neighbours; oda specific commitments extract from a chief might include keeping roads open, allowing de British to collect customs duties, den submitting disputes plus ein neighbours to British adjudication. Insyd de decades following Britain ein prohibition of de slave trade insyd 1807, de treaties sometimes sana require chiefs to desist from slave-trading. Suppression of slave-trading den suppression of inter-chiefdom war dey go hand-in-hand because de trade thrived on de wars (and caused them). Thus, to de commercial reasons for pacification can be added anti-slavery ones.

When friendly persuasion fail to secure demma interests, de British no be more than (to borrow Carl von Clausewitz's phrase) &quot;continuing diplomacy by oda means&quot;. At least by de mid-1820s, de army den navy be going out from de Colony to attack chiefs whose behaviour do not conform to British dictates. Insyd 1826, Governor Turner led troops to de Bum–Kittam area, capture two stockaded towns, burn odas, den declare a blockade on de coast as far as Cape Mount. Dis partly be an anti-slaving exercise den partly to punish de chief for refusing territory to de British. Later dat year, acting-Governor Macaulay send out an expedition which go up de Jong river den dey burn Commenda, a town belonging to a related chief. Insyd 1829, de colonial authorities founded de Sierra Leone Police Corps. Insyd 1890, dis force be divided into de Civilian Police den de Frontier Police.

De British develope a modus operandi wey characterised demma interventions throughout de century: army or frontier police, plus naval support if possible, will bombard a town den then usually torch it after de defenders dey fly or been defeated. Where possible, local enemies of de party being attacked be invited by de British to accompany them as allies.

Further information: British den Creole intervention insyd de Sierra Leone hinterland insyd de 19th century

Insyd de 1880s, Britain ein intervention insyd de hinterland dey receive added impetus because of de &quot;Scramble for Africa&quot;: an intense competition between de European powers for territory insyd Africa. Insyd dis case, de rival be France. To forestall French incursion into what they had come to consider as demma own sphere, de British government renewed efforts to finalise a boundary agreement with France and on 1 January 1890 instructed Governor Hay insyd Sierra Leone to get from chiefs insyd de boundary area friendship treaties containing a clause forbidding them to treat plus anoda European power without British consent.

Consequently, insyd 1890 den 1891 Hay den two travelling commissioners, Garrett den Alldridge, dey go on extensive tours of what be now Sierra Leone wey obtain treaties from chiefs. Most of these no be, however, treaties of cession; they be insyd de form of cooperative agreements between two sovereign powers.

Insyd January 1895, a boundary agreement be signed insyd Paris, roughly fixing de line between French Guinea den Sierra Leone. De exact line be to be determined by surveyors. As Christopher Fyfe notes, &quot;De delimitation be made almost entirely insyd geographical terms—rivers, watersheds, parallels—not political. Samu chiefdom, for instance, be divided; de people on de frontier had to opt for farms on one side or villages on de oda.&quot;

More generally, de arbitrary lumping-together of disparate native peoples insyd geographical units decided by de colonial powers has been an ongoing source of trouble throughout Africa. These geographical units now dety attempt to function as nations but no be naturally nations, being composed insyd many cases of peoples who be traditional enemies. Insyd Sierra Leone, for example, de Mende, Temne den Creoles remain as rival power blocs between whom lines of fission easily emerge.

'''Establishment of''' '''de British Protectorate den further land acquisition (1895)'''

Insyd August 1895, an Order-in-Council dey issue insyd Britain authorising de Colony to make laws for de territory around it, extending out to de agreed-upon boundary (which corresponds closely to dat of present-day Sierra Leone). On 31 August 1896, a Proclamation dey issue insyd de Colony, wey dey declare dat territory to be a British Protectorate. De Colony remained a distinct political entity; de Protectorate dey govern from it.

Most of de chiefs whose territories de Protectorate subsumed do not enter into it voluntarily. Many sign treaties of friendship plus Britain, but these be often dey express as being between sovereign powers, plus there be no subordination to de British. Only a handful of chiefs dey sign treaties of cession, den insyd some cases e be unknown if de chiefs dey understand de implications of de treaty. Insyd more remote areas, no treaties had been signed at all. De creation of de Sierra Leone Protectorate be more insyd de nature of a unilateral acquisition of territory by de British.

Almost every chieftaincy insyd Sierra Leone dey respond to de British arrogation of power plus armed resistance. De Protectorate Ordinances (passed insyd de Colony insyd 1896 den 1897) abolish de title of King den replace it plus &quot;Paramount Chief&quot;. Chiefs den kings dey formerly been selected by de leading members of dema own communities; now all chiefs, even paramount ones, can be deposed or installed at de will of de Governor, den most of de judicial powers of de chiefs be removed den given to courts presided-over by British &quot;District Commissioners&quot;. De Governor decree dat a house tax of 5''s'' to 10''s'' be to be levied annually on every dwelling insyd de Protectorate. To de chiefs, these reductions insyd de power den prestige be unbearable.

During these conflicts, British officers dey use de practice of cutting de hands of people to account for bullets spent, similar to what dey occur under de regime Leopold II of Belgium insyd de Congo Free State. British doctor, John Lancelot Todd, who dey travel to West Africa on an LSTM expedition together plus Joseph Everett Dutton, write down de testimonies of British officers who dey involve insyd putting down rebellions insyd British Sierra Leone den dey practice cutting de hands of de people they shot. De exact number of living victims who dey end up mutilated be unknown.

==== '''Hut Tax War of 1898''' ====
Insyd 1898, two rebellions dey break out against British colonial rule insyd Sierra Leone insyd response to de introduction of a new hut tax by Governor Frederic Cardew. On 1 January 1898, Cardew introduce de hut tax as a way to pay for de colonial administration ein financial expenditures. However, de tax prove to be beyond de financial means of many insyd de colony, provoking discontent. Insyd February 1898, an attempt by colonial officials to arrest Temne chief Bai Bureh lead to him den rebels under ein command to revolt against British rule. Bureh ein forces dey launch attacks on British officials den Creole traders.

Despite de ongoing rebellion, Bureh dispatched two peace overtures to de British insyd April den June of dat year, aid by de mediation of Limba chief Almamy Suluku. Cardew dey reject both offers, as Bureh would not agree to surrender unconditionally. Bureh ein forces conducted a disciplined den skillfully execute guerrilla campaign which cause de British considerable difficulty. Hostilities begin insyd February; Bureh ein harassing tactics confounded de British at first but by May they gain ground. De rainy season interrupted hostilities until October, when British colonial forces resume de slow process of capturing rebel stockades. When most of these defences dey eliminate, Bureh be captured or surrendered (accounts differ) insyd November.

De second revolt insyd de southeast be a mass uprising, planned somehow to commence everywhere on 27 den 28 April, insyd which almost all &quot;outsiders&quot;—whether European or Creole—be seized den summarily executed. Although more fearsome than Bai Bureh ein rising, na e be amorphous, dey lack a definite strategy, den  be suppressed insyd most areas insyd two months. Some Mende rebels insyd de centre of de country no be beaten until November, however; den Mende king Nyagua ein son Maghi, insyd alliance plus some Kissi rebels, continued de revolt insyd de extreme east of de Protectorate until August 1899. De principal of de uprisings, Bureh, Nyagua den Kpana Lewis, be exiled to de Gold Coast on 30 July 1899. Nine months after de rebellion, de colonial government convicted den executed ninety-six rebels which had been found guilty of murder by hanging. Insyd 1905, Bureh be allowed by de British to return to Sierra Leone, where he continue reassume ein chieftaincy at de settlement of Kasseh.

=== Creole dissent insyd de high colonial period (1898–1956) ===
Insyd de early 19th century Freetown serve as de residence of de British governor who sana rule deGold Coast (now Ghana) den de Gambia settlements. Sierra Leone sana serve as de educational centre of British West Africa. Fourah Bay College, establish insyd 1827, rapidly become a magnet for English-speaking Africans on de west coast. For more than a century, e be de only European-style university insyd western Sub-Saharan Africa.

After de Hut Tax War there be no more large-scale military resistance to colonialism. Resistance den dissent dey continue, but take oda forms. Vocal political dissent come mainly from de Creoles, who be a sizeable middle den upper class of business-people den European-educated professionals such as doctors den lawyers. Insyd de mid-19th century they had enjoyed a period of considerable political influence, but in the late 19th century the government become much less open to them.

They continue to press for political rights, however, den dey operate a variety of newspapers which governors dey consider troublesome den demagogic. Insyd 1924, a new constitution be put insyd place, introducing elected representation (3 out of 22 members) for de first time, plus de first elections held on 28 October. Prominent among de Creoles demanding change be de bourgeois nationalist H.C. Bankole-Bright, General Secretary of de Sierra Leone Branch of de National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA), den de socialist I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson, founder of de West African Youth League (WAYL).

African resistance no be limited to political discussion. Sierra Leone develope an active trade union movement whose strikes often be accompanied by sympathetic rioting among de general population.

Besides de colonial employers, popular hostility be targeted against de tribal chiefs who de British dey transform into functionaries insyd de colonial system of indirect rule. Demma role be to provide policing, collect taxes, den obtain corvée labour (forced labour exacted from those unable to pay taxes) for de colonial government; insyd return, de government maintain them insyd a privileged position over de oda Africans. Chiefs not willing to play this role be replaced by more compliant ones. According to Kilson, de attitude of de Africans toward demma chiefs become ambivalent: frequently they respect de office but resented de exactions made by de individual occupying it. From de chiefs ein point of view, de dilemma of an honourable ruler dey face plus British ultimatums cannot have been easy.

Throughout de 20th century, there be numerous riots directed against tribal chiefs. These culminated insyd de Freetown riot of 1955, which be suppressed by a combined force of police den Royal Sierra Leone Regiment troops. After those riots, reforms be introduced: de forced-labour system be completely abolished den reductions be made insyd de powers of de chiefs.

Sierra Leone remain divided into a Colony den a Protectorate, plus separate den different political systems constitutionally defined for each. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate insyd 1947, when proposals be introduced to provide for a single political system. Most of de proposals come from de Protectorate. De Krio, led by Isaac Wallace-Johnson, oppose de proposals, de main effect of which will have been to diminish demma political power. E be due to de astute politics of Sir Milton Margai dat de educated Protectorate elite dey win over to join forces plus de paramount chiefs insyd de face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai use de same skills to win-over opposition leaders den moderate Krio elements for de achievement of independence.

Insyd November 1951, Margai dey overseew de drafting of a new constitution, which unite de separate Colonial den Protectorate legislatures den provide a framework for decolonization. Insyd 1953, Sierra Leone be granted local ministerial powers, den Margai be elected Chief Minister of Sierra Leone. De new constitution ensure Sierra Leone a parliamentary system insyd de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1957, Sierra Leone hold ein first parliamentary election. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), which be then de most-popular political party insyd de colony of Sierra Leone, win de most seats insyd Parliament. Margai sana be re-elected as Chief Minister by an overwhelming majority.

==== '''Sierra Leone insyd World War II''' ====
Main article: Sierra Leone insyd World War II

Throughout de war, Freetown serve as a critical convoy station for Allied ships.

== 1960 Independence Conference ==
On 20 April 1960, Sir Milton Margai dey lead de Sierra Leonean delegation insyd de negotiations for independence at de constitutional conferences hold plus Queen Elizabeth II den British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod, at Lancaster House insyd London. All twenty-four members of de Sierra Leonean delegation be prominent den well-respected politicians wey include Sir Milton ein younger brother lawyer Sir Albert Margai, trade unionist Siaka Stevens, SLPP-strongman Lamina Sankoh, Creole activist Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Paramount chief Ella Koblo Gulama, educationist Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, Dr John Karefa-Smart, Professor Kande Bureh, lawyer Sir Banja Tejan-Sie, former Freetown Mayor Eustace Henry Taylor Cummings, educationist Amadu Wurie, den Creole diplomat Hector Reginald Sylvanus Boltman.

On de conclusion of talks insyd London, Britain dey agree to grant Sierra Leone Independence on 27 April 1961. Stevens be de only delegate who refuse to sign Sierra Leone ein Declaration of Independence, on de grounds dat there had been a secret defence-pact between Sierra Leone den Britain; anoda point of contention by Stevens be de Sierra Leonean government ein position dat there will be no elections hold before independence which will effectively shut Stevens out of Sierra Leone ein political process. Upon demma return to Freetown on 4 May 1960, Stevens be promptly expelled from de People ein National Party (PNP).

== Opposition to de SLPP government ==
Insyd 1961, Siaka Stevens, a trade unionist den outspoken critic of de SLPP government, take advantage of de dissatisfaction plus de ruling SLPP among some prominent politicians from de Northern part of Sierra Leone. He form an alliance plus Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, Christian Alusine-Kamara Taylor, Mohamed.O.Bash-Taqi, Ibrahim Bash-Taqi, S.A.T. Koroma den C.A. Fofana, den form a new political party called de All People ein Congress (APC) insyd opposition of de SLPP government, wey use de northern part of Sierra Leone as demma political base.

== Early independence (1961–1968) ==
Main article: History of Sierra Leone (1961–78)

==== '''Sir Milton Margai administration (1961–1964)''' ====
On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai dey lead Sierra Leone to Independence from Britain den become de country ein first prime minister. Sierra Leone retain a parliamentary system of government den be a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1962, Sierra Leone hold ein first general election as an independent nation. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP) win plurality of seats insyd parliament den Sir Milton Margai be re-elected as prime minister. De years just after independence be prosperous, plus money from mineral resources being used for development den de founding of Njala University.

Margai be very popular among Sierra Leoneans during ein time insyd power. An important aspect of ein character ein self-effacement; he neither be corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of ein power or status. Ein government be based on de rule of law den de notion of separation of powers, plus multiparty political institutions den fairly viable representative structures. Margai use ein conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials plus a clear eye to satisfy various ethnic groups. Margai employ a brokerage style of politics by sharing political power between political groups den de paramount chiefs insyd de provinces.

==== '''Sir Albert Margai administration (1964–1967)''' ====
Upon Sir Milton Margai ein death insyd 1964, ein half-brother, Sir Albert Margai, be appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert ein leadership be briefly challenged by Sierra Leone ein Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who dey question Sir Albert ein succession to de SLPP leadership position. Kareefa-Smart received little support insyd Parliament insyd ein attempt to have Margai stripe of de SLPP leadership. Soon after Margai was sworn insyd as prime minister, he immediately dismiss several senior government officials who dey serve under ein elder brother ein government, as he view them as traitors den a threat to ein administration.

Unlike ein late brother, Sir Milton, Sir Albert Margai prove unpopular den dey resort to increasingly authoritarian actions insyd response to protests, wey include de enactment of several laws against de opposition All People ein Congress (APC) den an unsuccessful attempt to establish a one-party state. Unlike ein late brother, Sir Albert be opposed to de colonial legacy of allowing de country ein paramount chiefs executive powers, den he be seen as a threat to de existence of de ruling houses across de country—almost all of whom be strong supporters den key allies of de previous administration. Insyd 1967, riots break out insyd Freetown against Sir Albert ein policies. Insyd response, Margai declared a state of emergency across de country. He be accused of corruption den of a policy of affirmative action insyd favour of ein own Mende ethnic group

Sir Albert dey have de opportunity to perpetuate einself insyd power, but he elect not to do so even when de opportunities present themselves. He have de police den de army on ein side den nothing can have prevented him from achieving ein ambition to hold on to power, but he choose not to den called for free den fair elections.

==== '''Three military coups (1967–1968)''' ====
De APC narrowly dey win a small majority of seats insyd Parliament over de SLPP insyd a closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general election, den APC leader Siaka Stevens be sworn insyd as prime minister on 21 March 1967 insyd Freetown. Insyd hours of taking office, Stevens be ousted insyd a bloodless military coup dey lead by de commander of de army, Brigadier General David Lansana, a close ally of Sir Albert Margai who dey appoint Lansana to de position insyd 1964. Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest insyd Freetown den insisted de determination of office of de prime minister should await de election of de tribal representatives to de house. On 23 March, a group of senior military officers insyd de Sierra Leone Army lead by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith overrode dis action by seizing control of de government, arresting Lansana, den suspending de constitution. De group constituted einself as de National Reformation Council (NRC) plus Juxon-Smith as ein chairman den Governor-General. On 18 April 1968, a group of senior military officers who called themselves de Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM) lead by Brigadier General John Amadu Bangura overthraw de NRC junta. De ACRM juntas just arrest many senior NRC members. De democratic constitution be restored, den power be handed back to Stevens, who assume de office of prime minister.

== Stevens government den one-party state (1968–1985) ==
Stevens dey assume power insyd 1968 plus a great deal of hope den ambition. Much trust be placed upon him as he championed multi-party politics. Stevens dey campaign on a platform of bringing de tribes together under socialist principles. During ein first decade or so insyd power, Stevens dey renegotiate some of what he call &quot;useless prefinanced schemes&quot; contracted by ein predecessors, Albert Margai of de SLPP den Juxon-Smith of de NRC, which be said to have left de country insyd an economically deprive state. Stevens dey reorganize de country ein refinery, de government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, den a cement factory. He cancel Juxon-Smith ein construction of a church den mosque on de grounds of Victoria Park. Stevens begin efforts dat will later bridge de distance between de provinces den de city. Roads den hospitals be constructed insyd de provinces, den paramount chiefs den provincial peoples become a prominent force insyd Freetown.

Under pressure of several coup attempts—real den perceived—Stevens ein rule grow more den more authoritarian, den ein relationship plus some of ein ardent supporters deteriorated. He remove de SLPP from competitive politics insyd general elections, some believe, through de use of violence den intimidation. To maintain de support of de military, Stevens retain de popular John Amadu Bangura as de head of de Sierra Leone Armed Forces.

After de return to civilian rule, by-elections be held (beginning insyd autumn 1968) den an all-APC cabinet be appointed. Calm no be completely restored. Insyd November 1968, unrest insyd de provinces lead Stevens to declare a state of emergency.

Many senior officers insyd de Sierra Leone military be greatly disappointed plus Stevens ein policies, but none can openly confront Stevens. Brigadier General Bangura, who dey reinstated Stevens as prime minister, be widely considered de only person who can put de brakes on Stevens. De army be devoted to Bangura den it was believed, insyd sam quarters, dat dis make him potentially dangerous to Stevens. Insyd January 1970, Bangura be arrested den charge plus conspiracy den plotting to commit a coup against de Stevens government. After a trial dat last a few months, Bangura be convicted den sententenced to death. He be hanged on 29 March 1970 insyd Freetown. Stevens dey name a junior officer, Joseph Saidu Momoh, as de head of de Sierra Leone Military. Major General Momoh be a close ally den very loyal to Stevens.

On 23 March 1971, soldiers loyal to de executed Brigadier John Amadu Bangura hold a mutiny insyd Freetown den oda parts of de country insyd opposition of de Stevens government. Several soldiers be arrested for demma involvement insyd de mutiny, wey include Corporal Foday Sankoh who be convicted of treason den jailed for seven years at de Pademba Road Prison. At Stevens ein request to Guinean President Sekou Toure, a close ally, Guinean soldiers be stationed insyd Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1973 to help protect de government.

Insyd April 1971, a new republican constitution be adopted under which Stevens become president. Insyd de 1972 by-elections, de opposition SLPP complain of intimidation den procedural obstruction by de APC den militia. These problems become so severe dat de SLPP boycotted de 1973 general election; as a result de APC win 84 of de 85 elected seats.

Insyd de early 1970s, Siaka Stevens dey form ein own personal force known as de State Security Division (SSD), insyd order to protect him den to maintain ein hold on power. Many of de SSD officers be from de provinces, den be very loyal to Stevens. De SSD be very powerful den operate independently under Stevens ein direct command. De SSD officers guide Stevens den be deployed across Sierra Leone to put down any rebellion or demonstration against de Stevens government.

An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens fail insyd 1974. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army den government officials dey include Brigadier David Lansana, former cabinet minister Dr. Mohamed Sorie Forna, former cabinet minister den journalist Ibrahim Bash-Taqi den Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara be executed after they be convicted for attempting a coup. Insyd March 1976, Stevens be re-elected president, without opposition.

Insyd 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against de government disrupt Sierra Leone politics. However, de demonstrationbe quickly put down by de army den SSD officers. A general election be called later dat year insyd which corruption be again endemic. De APC win 74 seats den de SLPP win 15 seats.

Insyd May 1978, de Sierra Leone Parliament, dominated by close allies of President Steven ein APC administration, approved a new constitution, which make de country a one-party state. On 12 July 1978, official figures release by de government showed 97 per cent of Sierra Leoneans vote insyd favour of de one-party state. De SLPP, oda opposition parties den civil right groups say de referendum votes be massively rigged, den dat voters be intimidated by security forces loyal to Stevens. De 1978 constitution referendum make de APC the only legal political party; all oda political parties be banned, wey include de main opposition (de SLPP). Dis move lead to anoda major demonstration against de government insyd many parts of de country, which be put down by de army den de SSD officers.

De first elections under de new one-party constitution take place on 1 May 1982. Elections insyd about two-thirds of de constituencies be contested. Because of irregularities, de government cancel elections insyd 13 constituencies. By-elections take place on 4 June 1982. De new cabinet appoint by Stevens after de election include several prominent members of de disbanded SLPP who have defect to de APC, wey include de new Finance Minister Salia Jusu-Sheriff, a former leader of de SLPP. Jusu-Sheriff ein accession to de cabinet be viewed by many as a step toward making de APC a true national party.

Stevens, who have been head-of-state of Sierra Leone for 18 years, retired from dat position insyd November 1985 at de end of ein term, although he continue ein role as chairman of de ruling APC party. Many insyd de country dey expect Stevens to name ein vice president den loyal ally, Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, as ein successor. However, at de APC convention insyd August 1985, de APC name Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh as Stevens ein choice to succeed him as president. Momoh be very loyal to Stevens who dey appoint him to head of de military fifteen years earlier; Momoh den Stevens be both members of de minority Limba ethnic group. Momoh dey retire from de military den be elected president without opposition on 1 October 1985. A formal inauguration dey hold insyd January 1986, den new parliamentary elections be held insyd May 1986.

Siaka Stevens be generally criticised for dictatorial methods den government corruption, but he reduce de ethnic polarization insyd government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into ein all-dominant APC government. Anoda legacy of Stevens be dat for eighteen years while he be insyd power, he keep de country safe from civil war den armed rebellion.

Despite ein dictatorial governing style, Stevens regularly dey interact plus de people of Sierra Leone by making surprise visits. Stevens sana regularly make surprise visits to de poor merchants, where he be often seen buying ein own food at a local market plus ein security team keeping demma distance. Stevens often stand den wave to de Sierra Leonean people from an open car when travelling plus ein convoy.

== Momoh government and RUF rebellion (1985–1991) ==
President Momoh ein strong links plus de army den ein verbal attacks on corruption earn him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. Plus de lack of new faces insyd ein cabinet, however, criticisms soon arose dat Momoh be simply perpetuating de rule of Stevens. Momoh differ einself by integrating de powerful den independent State Security Force (SSD) into de Sierra Leone Police force.

De first years under de Momoh administration be characterised by corruption, which Momoh dey defuse by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise ein war against corruption, President Momoh announce a &quot;Code of Conduct for Political Leaders den Public Servants&quot;. After an alleged attempt to overthrow Momoh insyd March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials be arrested, wey include Vice-president Francis Minah, who be removed from office, convicted for plotting de coup, den executed by hanging plus five odas insyd 1989.

Insyd October 1990, due to mounting domestic den international pressure for reforms, President Momoh create a commission to review de 1978 one-party constitution. Base on de commission ein recommendations, a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system, guaranteeing fundamental human rights den de rule of law, den strengthening democratic structures, be approved by a 60% majority of de APC Parliament, ratify by referendum insyd September 1991 den become effective on 1 October. There be great suspicion dat President Momoh be not serious about ein promise of political reform, as APC rule continue to be increasingly marked by abuses of power.

Several senior government officials insyd Momoh ein administration resign to oppose de APC in upcoming elections. Salia Jusu Sheriff, Abass Bundu, J.B. Dauda den Sama Banya resuscitated de previously disbanded SLPP, while Thaimu Bangura, Edward Kargbo den Desmond Luke formed demma own respective political parties to challenge de ruling APC. However, de vast majority of government officials including Victor Bockarie Foh, Edward Turay, Hassan Gbassay Kanu den Osman Foday Yansaneh remain loyal to Momoh den de APC.

Meanwhile, an increasing burden be placed on de country by de rebellion insyd de eastern part of Sierra Leone.

== Civil war (1991–2002) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Civil War

De brutal civil wardysneighbouring Liberia play an undeniable role insyd de outbreak of fighting insyd Sierra Leone. Charles Taylor—leader of de National Patriotic Front of Liberia—reportedly help form de Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under de command of former Sierra Leonean army corporal Foday Sankoh, a critic of both de Stevens den Momoh administrations. Sankoh had been an ally of Brigadier General Bangura den be among those who mutinied following Bangura ein execution. Sankoh be British-trained den had undergone guerrilla training insyd Libya. Taylor ein aim was for de RUF to attack de bases of Nigerian-dominated peacekeeping troops insyd Sierra Leone who were opposed to ein rebel movement insyd Liberia. Sankoh ein RUF rebels dey enter de country insyd March 1991, den within a month controlled much of Eastern Sierra Leone, wey include de diamond-mining area insyd Kono District. De government of Sierra Leone, overwhelm by a crumbling economy den corruption, be unable to mount significant resistance.

At dis time, de Momoh government be crumbling. Several senior government officials dey resign to form opposition parties, while there be suspicions dat President Momoh no be serious about political reform. Abuses of power dey continue den de APC be alleged to have been hoarding arms den planning a violent campaign against de opposition parties ahead of multi-party general elections scheduled for late 1992. De state have been unable to play civil servants, leading to de looting of government property den a population of aimless youth when schools be closed.

==== '''NPRC Junta (1992–1996)''' ====
On 29 April 1992, twenty-five-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser lead a group of young Sierra Leone Army officers—wey include Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Seargent Solomon Musa, Lieutenant Tom Nyuma, Captain Komba Mondeh, Captain Julius Maada Bio den Captain Komba Kambo—from demma barracks insyd Kailahun District den launch a military coup insyd Freetown, which send President Momoh into exile insyd Guinea. De young soldiers established de National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) plus Strasser as ein chairman den Head of State of de country. Captain Solomon Musa, a close friend of Strasser den one of de leaders of de coup, become de deputy leader of de NPRC Junta. De coup be largely popular because e promise to bring peace, but de NPRC Junta immediately suspended de constitution, ban all political parties, limited freedom of speech den freedom of de press den enact a rule-by-decree policy, insyd which soldiers be granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial. De NPRC establish a Supreme Council, consisting of de highest-ranking soldiers insyd de Junta government.

On de same day de NPRC Junta take power, one of de coup leaders, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, be assassinated—reportedly by Major Sim Turay, de head of Sierra Leone Military Intelligence, den a close ally of de deposed president. A heavily armed military manhunt took place across Sierra Leone to find Turay den odas suspected to have participated insyd de assassination, forcing Turay to flee to Guinea.

De NPRC Junta fight de RUF rebels, recapture most of de RUF-held territories, den push de rebels back to de border plus Liberia. De NPRC Junta maintain relations plus de Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) den strengthen support for Sierra Leone–based ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) troops fighting insyd Liberia.

Insyd December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against de NPRC administration of Strasser be foiled; e dey aim at freeing from detention Colonel Yahya Kanu, Lt-Colonel Kahota M.S. Dumbuya den former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara. Seargent Mohamed Lamin Bangura den some junior army officers be identified as being behind de coup. Seventeen soldiers be executed, wey include Bangura, Kanu den Dumbuya. Several prominent members of de Momoh government who have been insyd detention at de Pa Demba Road prison, wey include former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara sana be executed.

On 5 July 1994, deputy NPRC leader Solomon Musa be arrested den sent into exile insyd Guinea. Musa be accused by Strasser, on de advice of high-ranking NPRC soldiers, dat he have become too powerful den be a threat to Strasser. Musa, who be a close ally den childhood friend of Strasser, deny de allegation den claim ein accusers be de threat. Strasser replace Musa as deputy NPRC chairman plus Captain Julius Maada Bio, den immediately promote him to brigadier.

Due to internal divisions between soldiers loyal to Musa den those who support Strasser ein decision to oust him, de NPRC ein campaign against de RUF become ineffectual. More den more of de country fall to RUF fighters, den by 1994 de RUF hold much of de diamond-rich Eastern Province den be at de edge of Freetown. Insyd response, de NPRC hire several hundred mercenaries from de private firm Executive Outcomes. Within a month, they have driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone ein borders den cleared de RUF from de Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone.

On 16 January 1996, after about four years insyd power, Strasser be arrested by ein own bodyguards insyd a coup lead by Bio den dey back by many high-ranking soldiers of de NPRC junta. Strasser be immediately flown into exile insyd Conakry, Guinea. Bio stated insyd a public broadcast dat ein support for returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elect civilian government den ein commitment to ending de civil war be ein motivations for de coup.

==== '''Return to civilian rule''' '''den first Kabbah Presidency (1996–1997)''' ====
Promises of a return to civilian rule be fulfilled by Bio, who handed power over to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of de Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), after de conclusion of elections insyd early 1996. President Kabbah take power plus a great promise of ending de civil war, open dialogues plus de then-defeated RUF den invite RUF-leader Sankoh for peace negotiations, signing de Abidjan Peace Accord on 30 November 1996.</text>
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      <text bytes="73527" sha1="bupafw6kvkjx09z4zwc8wsbta7hat3u" xml:space="preserve">'''Sierra Leone''' first become inhabited by indigenous African peoples at least 2,500 years ago. De Limba be de first tribe known to inhabit Sierra Leone. De dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de region from oda West African cultures, den e become a refuge for peoples escaping violence. Sierra Leone was named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra, who map de region insyd 1462. De Freetown estuary provided a good natural harbour for ships to shelter den replenish drinking water, den gain more international attention as coastal den trans-Atlantic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade.

Insyd de mid-16th century, de Mane people invaded, subjugated nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples, den militarised Sierra Leone. De Mane soon blended plus de local populations den de various chiefdoms den kingdoms remain insyd a continual state of conflict, plus many captives sold to European slave-traders. De Atlantic slave trade had a significant impact on Sierra Leone, as dis trade flourished insyd de 17th den 18th centuries, den later as a centre of anti-slavery efforts when de trade be abolished insyd 1807. British abolitionists had organised a colony for Black Loyalists at Freetown, den dis become de capital of British West Africa. A naval squadron was base there to intercept slave ships, den de colony quickly grew as Liberated Africans be released, join by Afro-Caribbean den African soldiers who had fought for Britain insyd de American Revolutionary War. De descendants of de black settlers be collectively referred to as de Creoles or Krios.

During de colonial era, de British den Creoles increased demma control over de surrounding area, securing peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted, suppressing slave-trading den inter-chiefdom war. Insyd 1895, Britain draw borders for Sierra Leone which they declare to be demma protectorate, leading to armed resistance den de Hut Tax War of 1898. Thereafter, there demma dissent den reforms as de Creoles sought political rights, trade unions form against colonial employers, den peasants sought greater justice from demma chiefs.

Sierra Leone has played a significant part insyd modern African political liberty den nationalism. Insyd de 1950s, a new constitution united de Crown Colony den Protectorate, which had previously been governed separately. Sierra Leone gain independence from de United Kingdom on 27 April 1961 den became a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Ethnic den linguistic divisions remain an obstacle to national unity, plus de Mende, Temne den Creoles as rival power blocs. Roughly half of de years since independence have been marked by autocratic governments or civil war.

== Early history ==
Archaeological finds show dat Sierra Leone has been inhabited continuously for at least 2,500 years, populate by successive movements of peoples from oda parts of Africa. De use of iron be introduced to Sierra Leone by de 9th century, den by de end of de 10th century agriculture was being practiced by coastal tribes.

Sierra Leone ein dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de land from oda African cultures den from de spread of Islam. Dis make e a refuge for people escaping subjugation by de Sahelian kingdoms, violence den jihads.

European contacts plus Sierra Leone be among de first insyd West Africa. Insyd 1462, Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra mapped de hills surrounding what be now Freetown Harbour, naming de oddly shaped formation ''Serra Lyoa'' (Lioness Mountain).

At dis time de country be inhabited by numerous politically independent native groups. Several different languages be spoken, but there was similarity of religion. Insyd de coastal rainforest belt there be Bulom-speakers between de Sherbro den Freetown estuaries, Loko-speakers north of de Freetown estuary to de Little Scarcies River, Temne-speakers find at de mouth of de Scarcies River, den Limba-speakers farther up de Scarcies. Insyd de hilly savannah north of all of these lands be de Susu den Fula tribes. De Susu trade regularly plus de coastal peoples along river valley routes, bringing salt, clothes woven by de Fula, iron work, den gold.

== European contact (15th century) ==
Portuguese ships begin visiting Sierra Leone regularly insyd de late 15th century, den for a while they maintained a fort on de north shore of de Freetown estuary. Dis estuary be one of de largest natural deep-water harbours insyd de world, den one of de few good harbours on West Africa ein surf-battered &quot;Windward Shore&quot; (Liberia to Senegal). E soon become a favourite destination of European mariners, to shelter den replenish drinking water. Some of de Portuguese sailors stay permanently, trading den intermarrying plus de local people.

==== '''Slavery''' ====
Slavery, den insyd particular de Atlantic slave trade, had a great effect on de region—socially, economically den politically—from de late 15th to de mid-19th centuries.

There had been lucrative trans-Saharan trade of slaves insyd West Africa from de 6th century. At ein peak (c. 1350) de Mali Empire surrounded de region of modern-day Sierra Leone den Liberia, though de slave trade may not have significantly penetrated de coastal rainforest. De peoples who migrate into Sierra Leone from dis time will have had greater contact plus de indigenous slave trade, either practicing it or escaping it.

When Europeans first arrive at Sierra Leone, slavery among de African peoples of de area be believe to be rare. According to historian Walter Rodney, de Portuguese mariners keep detailed reports, den so e be likely if slavery had been an important local institution dat de reports will have described it. There be mention of a very particular kind of slavery insyd de region, which was:&lt;blockquote&gt;a person insyd trouble insyd one kingdom can go to anoda den place himself under de protection of ein king, whereupon he become a &quot;slave&quot; of dat king, obliged to provide free labour den liable for sale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Rodney, such a person will likely have retain some rights den had some opportunity to rise insyd status as time passed.

De European colonization of de Americas soon lead to labor demands from nascent colonies; dis lead Europeans to seek a supply of slaves to transport to de Americas. Initially, European slavers launch raids on coastal villages to abduct Africans den sell them into slavery. However, they soon establish economic alliances plus local leaders, as many chiefs were willing to sell undesirable members of demma tribe to Europeans. Oda African chiefs launch raids on rival tribes insyd order to sell captives of such raids into slavery.

Dis early slaving essentially be an export business. De use of slaves as labourers by de local Africans appears to have developed only later. E may first have occurred under coastal chiefs insyd de late 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;De slave owners originally be white den foreigners, but de late eighteenth century see de emergence of powerful slave-trading chiefs, be said to own large numbers of 'domestic slaves'.&lt;/blockquote&gt;For example, insyd de late 18th century, William Cleveland, a Scottish leader insyd Africa had a large &quot;slave town&quot; on de mainland opposite de Banana Islands, whose inhabitants &quot;be employed insyd cultivating extensive rice fields, describe as being some of the largest insyd Africa at de time&quot;. De existence of an indigenous slave town be recorded by an English traveler insyd 1823. Known insyd de Fula language as a ''rounde'', e be connected plus de Sulima Susu ein capital city, Falaba. Ein inhabitants work at farming.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Rodney dey postulate two means by which slaving for export can have caused a local practice of using slaves for labour to develop:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# Not all war captives offer for sale will have been bought by de Portuguese, so demma captors had to find something else to do plus them. Rodney believe dat executing them be rare den that they will have been used for local labour.
# There be a time lag between de time a slave be captured den de time he or she be sold. Thus there will often have been a pool of slaves awaiting sale, who will have been put to work.&lt;/blockquote&gt;There be possible additional reasons for de adoption of slavery by de locals to meet demma labour requirements:

# De Europeans provided an example for imitation.
# Once slaving insyd any form be accepted, e may smash a moral barrier to exploitation den make ein adoption insyd oda forms seem a relatively minor matter.
# Export slaving entailed de construction of a coercive apparatus which could have been subsequently turned to other ends, such as policing a captive labour force.
# De sale of local produce (e.g., palm kernels) to Europeans opened a new sphere of economic activity. Insyd particular, e dey create an increased demand for agricultural labour. Slavery be a way of mobilising an agricultural work force.
Dis local African slavery be much less harsh den brutal than de slavery practiced by Europeans on, for example, de plantations of the United States, de West Indies, den Brazil. De local slavery has been described by anthropologist M. McCulloch:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Slaves be housed close to de fresh tracts of land they clear for demma masters. They be considered part of de household of demma owner, den enjoyed limited rights. E no be customary to sell them except for a serious offense, such as adultery plus de wife of a freeman. Small plots of land be given to them for demma own use, den they might retain de proceeds of crops they grow on these plots; by dis means e be possible for a slave to become de owner of anoda slave. Sometimes a slave marry insyd de household of ein master den rose to a position of trust; there be an instance of a slave taking charge of a chiefdom during de minority of de heir. Descendants of slaves often be practically indistinguishable from freemen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Slaves sometimes be sent on errands outside de kingdoms of demma masters den return voluntarily. Speaking specifically of de era around 1700, historian Christopher Fyfe relates dat, &quot;Slaves not taken insyd war usually be criminals. Insyd coastal areas, at least, e be rare for anyone to be sold without being charged plus a crime.&quot;

Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section be still present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describes a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section still be present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describe a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;A freeman heavily insyd debt, den facing de threat of de punishment of being sold, will approach a wealthier man or chief plus a plea to pay off ein debts 'while I sit on your lap'. Or he can give a son or some oda dependent of ein 'to be for you', de wealthy man or chief. Dis insyd effect mean dat de person so pawn be automatically reduce to a position of dependence, den if he be never redeemed, he or ein children eventually become part of de master ein extended family. By dis time, de children practically be indistinguishable from de real children of de master, since they grow up regarding one anoda as brothers.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Some observers consider de term &quot;slave&quot; to be more misleading than informative when describing de local practice. Abraham say dat insyd most cases, &quot;subject, servant, client, serf, pawn, dependent, or retainer&quot; will be more accurate. Domestic slavery be abolished insyd Sierra Leone insyd 1928. McCulloch reports dat at dat time, amongst Sierra Leone ein largest present-day ethnolinguistic group, de Mende, who then had about 560,000 people, about 15 per cent of de population (i.e., 84,000 people) be domestic slaves. He sana say dat &quot;singularly little change followed de 1928 decree; a fair number of slaves return to demma original homes, but de great majority remain insyd de villages insyd which demma former masters had placed them or demma parents.&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Export slavery remain a major business insyd Sierra Leone from de late 15th century to de mid-19th century. According to Fyfe, &quot;e be estimated insyd 1789 dat 74,000 slaves be exported annually from West Africa, about 38,000 by British firms.&quot; Insyd 1788, a proslavery European name Matthews estimated de annual total export from between de Nunez River (110 km north of Sierra Leone) den de Sherbro as 3,000. Participation insyd de Atlantic slave trade gradually be outlawed by various Western nations, beginning plus de United States den Britain insyd 1808.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Mane invasions (16th century) ==
Further information: Mane people

De Mane invasions of de mid-16th century had a profound impact on Sierra Leone. De Mane (sana call Mani) be members of de Mande language group. A warrior people, well-armed den well-organized, they live east den somewhat north of present-day Sierra Leone. Sometime insyd de early 16th century they begin moving south. According to some Mane who dey speak to a Portuguese writer (Dornelas) in de late 16th century, demma travels dey begin as a result of de expulsion of demma chief from de imperial city of Mandimansa, demma homeland.

There be conflicting accounts among historians of how these invasions happened. Some historians place demma first arrival at de coast east of Sierra Leone, at least as far as de River Cess den likely pppie. They advanced northwest along de coast toward Sierra Leone, conquering as they go. Odas contend dat they arrive on de coast near Sherbro Island. They incorporate large numbers of de people they conquered into demma army, plus de result dat de rank den file consist mostly of coastal peoples, while de Mane be ein commanding group.

By 1545, de Mane dey reach Cape Mount. Dema conquest of Sierra Leone occupy de ensuing 15 to 20 years, den result insyd de subjugation of all or nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples—who be known collectively as de Sapes—as far north as de Scarcies. De present demographics of Sierra Leone largely be a reflection of these two decades. De degree to which de Mane supplanted de original inhabitants vary from place to place. De Temne partly withstood de Mane onslaught, den keep demma language, but become ruled by a line of Mane kings. De present-day Loko den Mende be de result of a more complete submersion of de original culture: demma languages be similar, den both essentially Mande. Dis likely be due to conquest by de Mane invaders.

=== '''Aftermath''' ===
De Mane invasions militarised Sierra Leone. De Sapes had been un-warlike, but after de invasions, right until de late 19th century, bows, shields, den knives of de Mane type dey become ubiquitous insyd Sierra Leone, as had de Mane battle technique of using squadrons of archers fighting insyd formation, carrying de large-style shields. Villages become fortified. De usual method of erecting two or three concentric palisades, each 4–7 metres (12–20 ft) high, create a formidable obstacle to attackers—especially since, as some of de English observe insyd de 19th century, de thigh-thick logs planted insyd de earth to make de palisades often take root at de bottom den grow foliage at de top, so dat de defenders occupy a living wall of wood. A British officer who dey observe one of these fortifications around de time of de 1898 Hut Tax war ended ein description of it thus:&lt;blockquote&gt;No one who dey no see these fences can realize de immense strength of them. De outer fence at Hahu I measure insyd several places, den found e to be from 2 to 3 feet thick, den most of de logs, or rather trees, of which e be formed, had taken root den be throwing out leaves den shoots.&lt;/blockquote&gt;He sana say dat English artillery can not penetrate all three fences. At dat time, at least among de Mende, &quot;a typical settlement dey consist of walled towns den open villages or towns surrounding it.&quot;

After de invasions, de Mane sub-chiefs among whom e country dey divide begin fighting among themselves. Dis pattern of activity become permanent: even after de Mane dey blend plus de indigenous population—a process which be completed insyd de early 17th century—de various kingdoms insyd Sierra Leone remain insyd a fairly continual state of flux den conflict. Rodney believe dat a desire to take prisoners to sell as slaves to de Europeans be a major motivation to dis fighting, den may even have been a driving force behind de original Mane invasions. Historian Kenneth Little dey conclude dat de principal objective insyd de local wars, at least among de Mende, be plunder, not de acquisition of territory. Abraham cautions dat slave trading should not be exaggerated as a cause: de Africans have demma own reasons to fight, plus territorial den political ambitions present. Motivations likely change over time during de 350-year period.

De wars themselves no be exceptionally deadly. Set-piece battles be rare, den de fortified towns so strong dat demma capture seldom be attempted. Often de fighting dey consist of small ambushes.

Insyd these years, de political system be such dat each large village along plus ein satellite villages den settlements will be headed by a chief. De chief will have a private army of warriors. Sometimes several chiefs will group themselves into a confederacy, acknowledging one of themselves as king (or high chief). Each pay de king fealty. If one be attacked, de king will come to ein aid, den de king can adjudicate local disputes.

Despite demma many political divisions, de people of de country be united by cultural similarity. One component of dis be de Poro, an organisation common to many different kingdoms den ethnolinguistic groups. De Mende claim to be ein originators, den there be nothing to contradict dis. Possibly they import it. De Temne claim to dey import it from de Sherbro or Bulom. De Dutch geographer Olfert Dapper know of it insyd de 17th century. E often be described as a &quot;secret society&quot;, dis partly be true: ein rites be closed to non-members, den what happens insyd de &quot;Poro bush&quot; never be disclosed. However, ein membership be very broad: among de Mende, almost all men, den some women, be initiates. Insyd recent years e no dey (as far as is known) have a central organisation: autonomous chapters exist for each chiefdom or village. However, it is said dat insyd pre-Protectorate days there be a &quot;Grand Poro&quot; plus cross-chiefdom powers of making war den peace. E widely be agreed dat e has a restraining influence on de powers of de chiefs. Headed by a fearsome principal spirit, de ''Gbeni'', e plays a major role insyd de rite of passage of males from puberty to manhood. E imparts some education. Insyd some areas, e have supervisory powers over trade, den de banking system, which use iron bars as a medium of exchange. E no only be de important society insyd Sierra Leone: de ''Sande'' be a female-only analogue of it; there sana be de ''Humoi'' which regulates sex, den de ''Njayei'' den de ''Wunde''. De ''Kpa'' be a healing-arts collegium.

Besides de political impact, there be economic effects as well: trade plus de interior be interrupted, den thousands be sold as slaves to de Europeans. Insyd industry, a flourishing tradition insyd fine ivory carving be ended; however, improved ironworking techniques be introduced.&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== 1600–1787 ==
By de 17th century, Portuguese colonialism insyd West Africa begin to wane, den insyd Sierra Leone oda European colonial powers such as de English den Dutch begin to supplant demma influence insyd de region. Insyd 1628, a group of English merchants had established a factory insyd de vicinity of Sherbro Island, about 50 km (30 mi) south-east from present-day Freetown. Insyd addition to ivory den slaves, de merchants at de factory sana trade insyd camwood, a type of hard timber. De Portuguese missionary Baltasar Barreira minister insyd Sierra Leone until 1610. Jesuits, den later insyd de century, Capuchins, continue de mission. By 1700 it had closed, although priests occasionally visited.

Insyd 1663, de Royal African Company (RAC) be granted a royal charter from Charles II of England den soon established a factory on Sherbro Island den Tasso Island. During de Second Anglo-Dutch War, both factories be sacked by a Dutch Navy force insyd 1664. De factory be rebuilt, though e be sacked again by de French Navy during de War of de Spanish Succession insyd 1704 den pirates insyd 1719 den 1720. After de Dutch raid on de RAC factory at Tasso Island, e be relocated to de nearby Bunce Island, which be more defensible.

De Europeans make payments, called ''Cole'', for rent, tribute, den trading rights, to de king of an area. At this time de local military advantage still be on de side of de Africans, den there be a 1714 report of a king seizing RAC goods insyd retaliation for a breach of protocol. Local Afro-Portuguese merchants often act as middlemen, de Europeans advancing them goods to trade to de local people, most often for ivory. Insyd 1728, an overly aggressive RAC governor dey unite de Africans den Afro-Portuguese insyd hostility to him; they burn down de Bunce Island fort den e no be rebuilt until about 1750. During de time dat de Royal African Company be operating, de firm of Grant, Sargent [Wikidata] den Oswald provisioned de trading stations. When de RAC abandoned Bunce Island, Sargent den ein partners purchase ein factory insyd 1748, repair it, den dey use it to trade insyd timber. They expand to Batts, Bobs, Tasso, den Tumbu Islands den along de banks of de river, eventually becoming involve insyd de slave trade. De French sack it again insyd 1779, during de American Revolutionary War.

During de 17th century de Temne ethnolinguistic group be expanding. Around 1600, a Mani still dey rule de Loko kingdom (de area north of Port Loko Creek) den anoda rule de upper part of de south shore of de Freetown estuary. De north shore of de estuary be under a Ballom king, den de area just east of Freetown on de peninsula be held by a non-Mani plus a European name, Dom Phillip de Leon (who may have been a subordinate to ein Mani neighbour). By de mid-17th century dis situation dey change: Temne, not Bullom dey speak on de south shore, den ships stopping for water den firewood had to pay customs to de Temne king of Bureh who live at Bagos town on de point between de Rokel River den Port Loko Creek. (De king may  consider himself a Mani—to dis day, Temne chiefs have Mani-derived titles—but ein people be Temne. De Bureh king insyd place insyd 1690 be called Bai Tura, ''Bai'' being a Mani form.) De Temne thus dey expand insyd a wedge toward de sea at Freetown, den now dey separate de Bulom to de north from de Mani den oda Mande-speakers to de south den east.

Insyd dis period there be several reports of women occupying high positions. De king of de south shore use to leave one of ein wives to rule when he be absent, den insyd de Sherbro there be female chiefs. Insyd de early 18th century, a Bulom dey name Seniora Maria make ein own town near Cape Sierra Leone.

During de 17th century, Muslim Fula from de Upper Niger den Senegal rivers move into an area called Fouta Djallon (or Futa Jalon) insyd de mountainous region north of present-day Sierra Leone. They be to have an important impact on de peoples of Sierra Leone because they increase trade den sana produced secondary population movements insyd Sierra Leone. Though de Muslim Fula first cohabited peaceably plus de peoples already at Fouta Djallon, around 1725 they embark on a war of domination, forcing de migration of many Susu, Yalunka, den non-Muslim Fula.

Susu—some already convert to Islam—come south insyd Sierra Leone, insyd turn displacing Limba from north-west Sierra Leone den driving them insyd north-central Sierra Leone where they continue to live. Some Susu move as far south as de Temne town of Port Loko, only 60 km (37 mi) upriver from de Atlantic. Eventually a Muslim Susu family dey call Senko supplanted de town ein Temne rulers. Oda Susu dey move westward from Fouta Djallon, eventually dominating de Baga, Bulom, den Temne north of de Scarcies River.

De Yalunka insyd Fouta Djallon first accept Islam, then reject it den be driven out. They go into north-central Sierra Leone den founded demma capital at Falaba insyd de mountains near de source of de Rokel. E still not an important town, about 20 km (12 mi) south of de Guinea border. Oda Yalunka go somewhat farther south den settled amongst de Koranko, Kissi, den Limba.

Besides these groups, who be more-or-less unwilling emigrants, a considerable variety of Muslim adventurers go forth from Fouta Djallon. A Fula called Fula Mansa (''mansa'' meaning ''king'') become ruler of de Yoni country 100 km (62 mi) east of present-day Freetown. Some of ein Temne subjects fled south to de Banta country between de middle reaches of de Bagu den Jong rivers, where they become known as de Mabanta Temne.

Insyd 1652, de first slaves from Sierra Leone be transported to North America; they be sold to white plantation owners insyd de Sea Islands off de coast of de American South. During de 18th century, numerous slaves from Bunce Island be transported to de Southern Colonies, due insyd part to de business relationship between American slave trader Henry Laurens den de London-based firm of Grant, Sargent, Oswald &amp; Company, which oversaw a thriving slave trade from Bunce Island insyd Sierra Leone to North America.

De transatlantic slave trade continued to transport millions of enslaved Africans, wey include those from Sierra Leone, across de Atlantic during de 17th, 18th den 19th centuries; ultimately, roughly 12.5 million slaves where e dey bring to de Americas dis way. However, de rise of abolitionist movements insyd de Western world insyd de late 18th den early 19th centuries dey lead to various European den American governments passing legislation to abolish de slave trade. De slave trade insyd Sierra Leone undergo a marked decline during de 19th century, though domestic slavery will persist until de 20th century.

== De Province of Freedom (1787–1789) ==
Main article: Granville Town, Province of Freedom

==== '''Conception of''' '''de Province of Freedom (1787)''' ====
Insyd 1787, a plan be established to settle some of London ein &quot;Black Poor&quot; insyd Sierra Leone insyd what was called the &quot;Province of Freedom&quot;. This was organised by the Committee for de Relief of de Black Poor, found by British abolitionist Granville Sharp, which preferred it as a solution to continuing to financially support them insyd London. Many of de Black Poor be African Americans, who had been given demma freedom after seeking refuge with the British Army during the American Revolution, but also included other West Indian, African and Asian inhabitants of London.

De Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme be proposed by entomologist Henry Smeathman den draw interest from humanitarians like Granville Sharp saw it as a means of showing de pro-slavery lobby dat black people can contribute towards de running of de new colony of Sierra Leone. Government officials soon become involved insyd de scheme as well, although demma interest be spurred by de possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere. William Pitt de Younger, prime minister den leader of de Tory party, dey have an active interest insyd de Scheme, because he see it as a means to repatriate de Black Poor to Africa, since &quot;e be necessary they should be sent somewhere, den be no longer suffer to infest de streets of London&quot;.

==== '''Establishment, destruction''' '''den re-establishment (1789)''' ====
De area be first settled by 400 formerly enslaved Black Britons, who dey arrive off de coast of Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787, dey accompany by some English tradesmen. They established de Province of Freedom or Granville Town on land purchase from local Koya Temne subchief King Tom den regent Naimbanna II, a purchase which de Europeans understand to cede de land to de new settlers &quot;for ever&quot;. De established arrangement between Europeans den de Koya Temne do not include provisions for permanent settlement, den some historians question how well de Koya leaders understand de agreement. Half of de settlers insyd de new colony die insyd de first year. Several black settlers dey start working for local slave traders. De settlers dat dey remain forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliate, attacking de settlement, which be reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, den six white women. Black settlers be captured by unscrupulous traders den sold as slaves, den de remaining colonists be forced to arm themselves for demma own protection. King Tom ein successor King Jemmy dey attack den burn de colony insyd 1789.

Alexander Falconbridge be sent to Sierra Leone insyd 1791 to collect de remaining Black Poor settlers, den they re-establish Granville Town (later renamed Cline Town) near Fourah Bay. Although these 1787 settlers do not establish Freetown, which be founded insyd 1792, de bicentennial of Freetown be celebrated insyd 1987.

After establishing Granville Town, disease den hostility from de indigenous people eliminated de first group of colonists den destroyed demma settlement. A second Granville Town established by 64 remaining black den white 'Old settlers' under de leadership of St. George Bay Company leader, Alexander Falconbridge den de St. George Bay Company. Dis settlement be different from de Freetown settlement den colony founded insyd 1792 by Lt. John Clarkson den de Nova Scotian Settlers under de auspices of de Sierra Leone Company.

== Freetown Colony (1792–1808) ==
'''Conception of tde Freetown settlement (1791)'''

De basis for de Freetown Colony begin insyd 1791 plus Thomas Peters, an African American who had served insyd de Black Pioneers den settle insyd Nova Scotia as part of de Black Loyalist migration. Peters travel to England insyd 1791 to report grievances of de Black Loyalists who had been given poor land den faced discrimination. Peters meet plus British abolitionists den de directors of de Sierra Leone Company. He learn of de company ein plan for a new settlement at Sierra Leone. De directors be eager to allow de Nova Scotians to build a settlement there; de London-based den newly create Company had decided to create a new colony but before Peters ein arrival have no colonists. Lieutenant John Clarkson be sent to Nova Scotia to register immigrants to take to Sierra Leone for de purpose of starting a new settlement. Clarkson worked plus Peters to recruit 1,196 former American slaves from free African communities around Nova Scotia such as Birchtown. Most dey escape Virginia den South Carolina plantations. Some had been born insyd Africa before being enslaved den taken to America.

==== '''Settlement by Nova Scotians (1792)''' ====
De settlers dey sail insyd 15 ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia den arrived insyd St. George Bay between 26 February den 9 March 1792. Sixty-four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, den even Lieutenant Clarkson be ill during de voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson den some of de Nova Scotian 'captains' &quot;despatched on shore to clear or make roadway for demma landing&quot;. De Nova Scotians be to build Freetown on de former site of de first Granville Town which have become a &quot;jungle&quot; since ein destruction insyd 1789. (Though they built Freetown on Granville Town ein former site, demma settlement be no a rebirth of Granville Town, which had been re-established at Fourah Bay in 1791 by de remaining Old Settlers.) Clarkson told de men to clear de land until they reach a large cotton tree. After this difficult work had been done den de land cleared, all de settlers, men den women, disembarked den marched towards de thick forest den to de cotton tree, den demma preachers (all African Americans) begin singing:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Awake den Sing Of Moses den de Lamb
Wake! every heart den every tongue'

To praise de Saviour ein name

De day of Jubilee be come;

Return ye ransomed sinners home&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 11 March 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, dey pray den preach a sermon under de large Cotton Tree, den Reverend David George dey preach de first recorded Baptist service insyd Africa. De land be dedicated den christened 'Free Town' according to de instructions of de Sierra Leone Company Directors. Dis be de first thanksgiving service insyd de newly christened Free Town den be de beginning of de political entity of Sierra Leone. Later, John Clarkson will be sworn insyd as de first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts be erected before de rainy season. De Sierra Leone Company surveyors den de settlers built Freetown on de American grid pattern, plus parallel streets den wide roads, plus de largest being Water Street.

On 24 August 1792, de Black Poor or Old Settlers of de second Granville Town be incorporated into de new Sierra Leone Colony but remain at Granville Town. E survive being pillaged by de French insyd 1794, den be rebuilt by de Nova Scotian settlers. By 1798, Freetown had 300–400 houses plus architecture resembling dat of de American South, plus 3- to 4-foot stone foundations den wooden superstructures. Eventually dis style of housing (brought by de Nova Scotians) will be de model for de 'bod oses' of demma Creole descendants.

=== '''Settlement by Jamaican Maroons (1800)''' ===
Insyd 1800, de Nova Scotians rebel den e be de arrival of over 500 Jamaican Maroons which dey cause de rebellion to be suppressed. Thirty-four Nova Scotians be banished den sent to either to Sherbro Island or a penal colony at Gore. Some of these eventually be allowed back insyd Freetown. Following demma capture of de rebels, de Maroons be granted de land of de Nova Scotian rebels. Eventually de Jamaican Maroons insyd Sierra Leone have demma own district at de newly named Maroon Town.

De Maroons be a free community of blacks from Cudjoe ein Town (Trelawny Town) who have been resettled insyd Nova Scotia after surrendering to de British government dey follow de Second Maroon War of 1795–6. They have petitioned de British government for settlement elsewhere due to de climate insyd Nova Scotia.

==== '''Abolition and slaves-insyd-transit (1807 - 1830s)''' ====
Britain outlawed de slave trade throughout ein empire on 29 March 1807 plus de Slave Trade Act 1807, though de practice continue insyd de British Empire until e finally be abolished insyd de 1830s. De Royal Navy ein West Africa Squadron operating from Freetown take active measures to intercept den seize ships participating insyd de illegal Atlantic slave trade. De slaves dat dey hold on these vessels be released into Freetown den initially be called 'Captured negroes', 'Recaptives' or 'Liberated Africans'.

==== '''Formation of''' '''de Sierra Leone Creole ethnicity (1870 onwards)''' ====
De Sierra Leone Creole people (Krio: ''Krio people'') be descendants of de Black Poor, freed African Americans (Nova Scotian Black Loyalists), Afro-Caribbeans (Jamaican Maroons), den Liberated Africans who settled insyd de Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 den about 1885. De colony be established by de British, support by abolitionists, under de Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. De settlers called demma new settlement Freetown.

== Colonial era (1808–1961) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Colony den Protectorate

==== '''Establishment of''' '''de British Crown Colony (1808)''' ====
Insyd 1808, e British Crown Colony of Sierra Leone be founded, plus Freetown serving as de capital of British West Africa. De city ein population expanded rapidly plus freed slaves, who dey establish suburbs on de Freetown Peninsula. They be joined by West Indian den African soldiers who dey settle insyd Sierra Leone after fighting for Britain insyd de Napoleonic Wars.

'''Intervention''' '''den acquisition of de hinterland (1800s–1895)'''

Insyd de early 1800s, Sierra Leone be a small colony extending a few kilometres (a few miles) up de peninsula from Freetown. De bulk of de territory dat makes up present-day Sierra Leone still be de sovereign territory of indigenous peoples such as de Mende den Temne, den be little affected by de tiny population of de Colony. Over de course of de 19th century, dat gradually changed: de British den Creoles insyd de Freetown area dey increase demma involvement insyd—den demma control over—de surrounding territory by engaging insyd trade, which be promoted den dey increase through treaty-making den military expeditions.

Insyd demma treaties plus de native chiefs, de British largely be concerned plus securing local peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted. Typically, de British government dey agree to pay a chief a stipend insyd return for a commitment from him to keep de peace plus ein neighbours; oda specific commitments extract from a chief might include keeping roads open, allowing de British to collect customs duties, den submitting disputes plus ein neighbours to British adjudication. Insyd de decades following Britain ein prohibition of de slave trade insyd 1807, de treaties sometimes sana require chiefs to desist from slave-trading. Suppression of slave-trading den suppression of inter-chiefdom war dey go hand-in-hand because de trade thrived on de wars (and caused them). Thus, to de commercial reasons for pacification can be added anti-slavery ones.

When friendly persuasion fail to secure demma interests, de British no be more than (to borrow Carl von Clausewitz's phrase) &quot;continuing diplomacy by oda means&quot;. At least by de mid-1820s, de army den navy be going out from de Colony to attack chiefs whose behaviour do not conform to British dictates. Insyd 1826, Governor Turner led troops to de Bum–Kittam area, capture two stockaded towns, burn odas, den declare a blockade on de coast as far as Cape Mount. Dis partly be an anti-slaving exercise den partly to punish de chief for refusing territory to de British. Later dat year, acting-Governor Macaulay send out an expedition which go up de Jong river den dey burn Commenda, a town belonging to a related chief. Insyd 1829, de colonial authorities founded de Sierra Leone Police Corps. Insyd 1890, dis force be divided into de Civilian Police den de Frontier Police.

De British develope a modus operandi wey characterised demma interventions throughout de century: army or frontier police, plus naval support if possible, will bombard a town den then usually torch it after de defenders dey fly or been defeated. Where possible, local enemies of de party being attacked be invited by de British to accompany them as allies.

Further information: British den Creole intervention insyd de Sierra Leone hinterland insyd de 19th century

Insyd de 1880s, Britain ein intervention insyd de hinterland dey receive added impetus because of de &quot;Scramble for Africa&quot;: an intense competition between de European powers for territory insyd Africa. Insyd dis case, de rival be France. To forestall French incursion into what they had come to consider as demma own sphere, de British government renewed efforts to finalise a boundary agreement with France and on 1 January 1890 instructed Governor Hay insyd Sierra Leone to get from chiefs insyd de boundary area friendship treaties containing a clause forbidding them to treat plus anoda European power without British consent.

Consequently, insyd 1890 den 1891 Hay den two travelling commissioners, Garrett den Alldridge, dey go on extensive tours of what be now Sierra Leone wey obtain treaties from chiefs. Most of these no be, however, treaties of cession; they be insyd de form of cooperative agreements between two sovereign powers.

Insyd January 1895, a boundary agreement be signed insyd Paris, roughly fixing de line between French Guinea den Sierra Leone. De exact line be to be determined by surveyors. As Christopher Fyfe notes, &quot;De delimitation be made almost entirely insyd geographical terms—rivers, watersheds, parallels—not political. Samu chiefdom, for instance, be divided; de people on de frontier had to opt for farms on one side or villages on de oda.&quot;

More generally, de arbitrary lumping-together of disparate native peoples insyd geographical units decided by de colonial powers has been an ongoing source of trouble throughout Africa. These geographical units now dety attempt to function as nations but no be naturally nations, being composed insyd many cases of peoples who be traditional enemies. Insyd Sierra Leone, for example, de Mende, Temne den Creoles remain as rival power blocs between whom lines of fission easily emerge.

'''Establishment of''' '''de British Protectorate den further land acquisition (1895)'''

Insyd August 1895, an Order-in-Council dey issue insyd Britain authorising de Colony to make laws for de territory around it, extending out to de agreed-upon boundary (which corresponds closely to dat of present-day Sierra Leone). On 31 August 1896, a Proclamation dey issue insyd de Colony, wey dey declare dat territory to be a British Protectorate. De Colony remained a distinct political entity; de Protectorate dey govern from it.

Most of de chiefs whose territories de Protectorate subsumed do not enter into it voluntarily. Many sign treaties of friendship plus Britain, but these be often dey express as being between sovereign powers, plus there be no subordination to de British. Only a handful of chiefs dey sign treaties of cession, den insyd some cases e be unknown if de chiefs dey understand de implications of de treaty. Insyd more remote areas, no treaties had been signed at all. De creation of de Sierra Leone Protectorate be more insyd de nature of a unilateral acquisition of territory by de British.

Almost every chieftaincy insyd Sierra Leone dey respond to de British arrogation of power plus armed resistance. De Protectorate Ordinances (passed insyd de Colony insyd 1896 den 1897) abolish de title of King den replace it plus &quot;Paramount Chief&quot;. Chiefs den kings dey formerly been selected by de leading members of dema own communities; now all chiefs, even paramount ones, can be deposed or installed at de will of de Governor, den most of de judicial powers of de chiefs be removed den given to courts presided-over by British &quot;District Commissioners&quot;. De Governor decree dat a house tax of 5''s'' to 10''s'' be to be levied annually on every dwelling insyd de Protectorate. To de chiefs, these reductions insyd de power den prestige be unbearable.

During these conflicts, British officers dey use de practice of cutting de hands of people to account for bullets spent, similar to what dey occur under de regime Leopold II of Belgium insyd de Congo Free State. British doctor, John Lancelot Todd, who dey travel to West Africa on an LSTM expedition together plus Joseph Everett Dutton, write down de testimonies of British officers who dey involve insyd putting down rebellions insyd British Sierra Leone den dey practice cutting de hands of de people they shot. De exact number of living victims who dey end up mutilated be unknown.

==== '''Hut Tax War of 1898''' ====
Insyd 1898, two rebellions dey break out against British colonial rule insyd Sierra Leone insyd response to de introduction of a new hut tax by Governor Frederic Cardew. On 1 January 1898, Cardew introduce de hut tax as a way to pay for de colonial administration ein financial expenditures. However, de tax prove to be beyond de financial means of many insyd de colony, provoking discontent. Insyd February 1898, an attempt by colonial officials to arrest Temne chief Bai Bureh lead to him den rebels under ein command to revolt against British rule. Bureh ein forces dey launch attacks on British officials den Creole traders.

Despite de ongoing rebellion, Bureh dispatched two peace overtures to de British insyd April den June of dat year, aid by de mediation of Limba chief Almamy Suluku. Cardew dey reject both offers, as Bureh would not agree to surrender unconditionally. Bureh ein forces conducted a disciplined den skillfully execute guerrilla campaign which cause de British considerable difficulty. Hostilities begin insyd February; Bureh ein harassing tactics confounded de British at first but by May they gain ground. De rainy season interrupted hostilities until October, when British colonial forces resume de slow process of capturing rebel stockades. When most of these defences dey eliminate, Bureh be captured or surrendered (accounts differ) insyd November.

De second revolt insyd de southeast be a mass uprising, planned somehow to commence everywhere on 27 den 28 April, insyd which almost all &quot;outsiders&quot;—whether European or Creole—be seized den summarily executed. Although more fearsome than Bai Bureh ein rising, na e be amorphous, dey lack a definite strategy, den  be suppressed insyd most areas insyd two months. Some Mende rebels insyd de centre of de country no be beaten until November, however; den Mende king Nyagua ein son Maghi, insyd alliance plus some Kissi rebels, continued de revolt insyd de extreme east of de Protectorate until August 1899. De principal of de uprisings, Bureh, Nyagua den Kpana Lewis, be exiled to de Gold Coast on 30 July 1899. Nine months after de rebellion, de colonial government convicted den executed ninety-six rebels which had been found guilty of murder by hanging. Insyd 1905, Bureh be allowed by de British to return to Sierra Leone, where he continue reassume ein chieftaincy at de settlement of Kasseh.

=== Creole dissent insyd de high colonial period (1898–1956) ===
Insyd de early 19th century Freetown serve as de residence of de British governor who sana rule deGold Coast (now Ghana) den de Gambia settlements. Sierra Leone sana serve as de educational centre of British West Africa. Fourah Bay College, establish insyd 1827, rapidly become a magnet for English-speaking Africans on de west coast. For more than a century, e be de only European-style university insyd western Sub-Saharan Africa.

After de Hut Tax War there be no more large-scale military resistance to colonialism. Resistance den dissent dey continue, but take oda forms. Vocal political dissent come mainly from de Creoles, who be a sizeable middle den upper class of business-people den European-educated professionals such as doctors den lawyers. Insyd de mid-19th century they had enjoyed a period of considerable political influence, but in the late 19th century the government become much less open to them.

They continue to press for political rights, however, den dey operate a variety of newspapers which governors dey consider troublesome den demagogic. Insyd 1924, a new constitution be put insyd place, introducing elected representation (3 out of 22 members) for de first time, plus de first elections held on 28 October. Prominent among de Creoles demanding change be de bourgeois nationalist H.C. Bankole-Bright, General Secretary of de Sierra Leone Branch of de National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA), den de socialist I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson, founder of de West African Youth League (WAYL).

African resistance no be limited to political discussion. Sierra Leone develope an active trade union movement whose strikes often be accompanied by sympathetic rioting among de general population.

Besides de colonial employers, popular hostility be targeted against de tribal chiefs who de British dey transform into functionaries insyd de colonial system of indirect rule. Demma role be to provide policing, collect taxes, den obtain corvée labour (forced labour exacted from those unable to pay taxes) for de colonial government; insyd return, de government maintain them insyd a privileged position over de oda Africans. Chiefs not willing to play this role be replaced by more compliant ones. According to Kilson, de attitude of de Africans toward demma chiefs become ambivalent: frequently they respect de office but resented de exactions made by de individual occupying it. From de chiefs ein point of view, de dilemma of an honourable ruler dey face plus British ultimatums cannot have been easy.

Throughout de 20th century, there be numerous riots directed against tribal chiefs. These culminated insyd de Freetown riot of 1955, which be suppressed by a combined force of police den Royal Sierra Leone Regiment troops. After those riots, reforms be introduced: de forced-labour system be completely abolished den reductions be made insyd de powers of de chiefs.

Sierra Leone remain divided into a Colony den a Protectorate, plus separate den different political systems constitutionally defined for each. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate insyd 1947, when proposals be introduced to provide for a single political system. Most of de proposals come from de Protectorate. De Krio, led by Isaac Wallace-Johnson, oppose de proposals, de main effect of which will have been to diminish demma political power. E be due to de astute politics of Sir Milton Margai dat de educated Protectorate elite dey win over to join forces plus de paramount chiefs insyd de face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai use de same skills to win-over opposition leaders den moderate Krio elements for de achievement of independence.

Insyd November 1951, Margai dey overseew de drafting of a new constitution, which unite de separate Colonial den Protectorate legislatures den provide a framework for decolonization. Insyd 1953, Sierra Leone be granted local ministerial powers, den Margai be elected Chief Minister of Sierra Leone. De new constitution ensure Sierra Leone a parliamentary system insyd de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1957, Sierra Leone hold ein first parliamentary election. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), which be then de most-popular political party insyd de colony of Sierra Leone, win de most seats insyd Parliament. Margai sana be re-elected as Chief Minister by an overwhelming majority.

==== '''Sierra Leone insyd World War II''' ====
Main article: Sierra Leone insyd World War II

Throughout de war, Freetown serve as a critical convoy station for Allied ships.

== 1960 Independence Conference ==
On 20 April 1960, Sir Milton Margai dey lead de Sierra Leonean delegation insyd de negotiations for independence at de constitutional conferences hold plus Queen Elizabeth II den British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod, at Lancaster House insyd London. All twenty-four members of de Sierra Leonean delegation be prominent den well-respected politicians wey include Sir Milton ein younger brother lawyer Sir Albert Margai, trade unionist Siaka Stevens, SLPP-strongman Lamina Sankoh, Creole activist Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Paramount chief Ella Koblo Gulama, educationist Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, Dr John Karefa-Smart, Professor Kande Bureh, lawyer Sir Banja Tejan-Sie, former Freetown Mayor Eustace Henry Taylor Cummings, educationist Amadu Wurie, den Creole diplomat Hector Reginald Sylvanus Boltman.

On de conclusion of talks insyd London, Britain dey agree to grant Sierra Leone Independence on 27 April 1961. Stevens be de only delegate who refuse to sign Sierra Leone ein Declaration of Independence, on de grounds dat there had been a secret defence-pact between Sierra Leone den Britain; anoda point of contention by Stevens be de Sierra Leonean government ein position dat there will be no elections hold before independence which will effectively shut Stevens out of Sierra Leone ein political process. Upon demma return to Freetown on 4 May 1960, Stevens be promptly expelled from de People ein National Party (PNP).

== Opposition to de SLPP government ==
Insyd 1961, Siaka Stevens, a trade unionist den outspoken critic of de SLPP government, take advantage of de dissatisfaction plus de ruling SLPP among some prominent politicians from de Northern part of Sierra Leone. He form an alliance plus Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, Christian Alusine-Kamara Taylor, Mohamed.O.Bash-Taqi, Ibrahim Bash-Taqi, S.A.T. Koroma den C.A. Fofana, den form a new political party called de All People ein Congress (APC) insyd opposition of de SLPP government, wey use de northern part of Sierra Leone as demma political base.

== Early independence (1961–1968) ==
Main article: History of Sierra Leone (1961–78)

==== '''Sir Milton Margai administration (1961–1964)''' ====
On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai dey lead Sierra Leone to Independence from Britain den become de country ein first prime minister. Sierra Leone retain a parliamentary system of government den be a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1962, Sierra Leone hold ein first general election as an independent nation. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP) win plurality of seats insyd parliament den Sir Milton Margai be re-elected as prime minister. De years just after independence be prosperous, plus money from mineral resources being used for development den de founding of Njala University.

Margai be very popular among Sierra Leoneans during ein time insyd power. An important aspect of ein character ein self-effacement; he neither be corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of ein power or status. Ein government be based on de rule of law den de notion of separation of powers, plus multiparty political institutions den fairly viable representative structures. Margai use ein conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials plus a clear eye to satisfy various ethnic groups. Margai employ a brokerage style of politics by sharing political power between political groups den de paramount chiefs insyd de provinces.

==== '''Sir Albert Margai administration (1964–1967)''' ====
Upon Sir Milton Margai ein death insyd 1964, ein half-brother, Sir Albert Margai, be appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert ein leadership be briefly challenged by Sierra Leone ein Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who dey question Sir Albert ein succession to de SLPP leadership position. Kareefa-Smart received little support insyd Parliament insyd ein attempt to have Margai stripe of de SLPP leadership. Soon after Margai was sworn insyd as prime minister, he immediately dismiss several senior government officials who dey serve under ein elder brother ein government, as he view them as traitors den a threat to ein administration.

Unlike ein late brother, Sir Milton, Sir Albert Margai prove unpopular den dey resort to increasingly authoritarian actions insyd response to protests, wey include de enactment of several laws against de opposition All People ein Congress (APC) den an unsuccessful attempt to establish a one-party state. Unlike ein late brother, Sir Albert be opposed to de colonial legacy of allowing de country ein paramount chiefs executive powers, den he be seen as a threat to de existence of de ruling houses across de country—almost all of whom be strong supporters den key allies of de previous administration. Insyd 1967, riots break out insyd Freetown against Sir Albert ein policies. Insyd response, Margai declared a state of emergency across de country. He be accused of corruption den of a policy of affirmative action insyd favour of ein own Mende ethnic group

Sir Albert dey have de opportunity to perpetuate einself insyd power, but he elect not to do so even when de opportunities present themselves. He have de police den de army on ein side den nothing can have prevented him from achieving ein ambition to hold on to power, but he choose not to den called for free den fair elections.

==== '''Three military coups (1967–1968)''' ====
De APC narrowly dey win a small majority of seats insyd Parliament over de SLPP insyd a closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general election, den APC leader Siaka Stevens be sworn insyd as prime minister on 21 March 1967 insyd Freetown. Insyd hours of taking office, Stevens be ousted insyd a bloodless military coup dey lead by de commander of de army, Brigadier General David Lansana, a close ally of Sir Albert Margai who dey appoint Lansana to de position insyd 1964. Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest insyd Freetown den insisted de determination of office of de prime minister should await de election of de tribal representatives to de house. On 23 March, a group of senior military officers insyd de Sierra Leone Army lead by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith overrode dis action by seizing control of de government, arresting Lansana, den suspending de constitution. De group constituted einself as de National Reformation Council (NRC) plus Juxon-Smith as ein chairman den Governor-General. On 18 April 1968, a group of senior military officers who called themselves de Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM) lead by Brigadier General John Amadu Bangura overthraw de NRC junta. De ACRM juntas just arrest many senior NRC members. De democratic constitution be restored, den power be handed back to Stevens, who assume de office of prime minister.

== Stevens government den one-party state (1968–1985) ==
Stevens dey assume power insyd 1968 plus a great deal of hope den ambition. Much trust be placed upon him as he championed multi-party politics. Stevens dey campaign on a platform of bringing de tribes together under socialist principles. During ein first decade or so insyd power, Stevens dey renegotiate some of what he call &quot;useless prefinanced schemes&quot; contracted by ein predecessors, Albert Margai of de SLPP den Juxon-Smith of de NRC, which be said to have left de country insyd an economically deprive state. Stevens dey reorganize de country ein refinery, de government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, den a cement factory. He cancel Juxon-Smith ein construction of a church den mosque on de grounds of Victoria Park. Stevens begin efforts dat will later bridge de distance between de provinces den de city. Roads den hospitals be constructed insyd de provinces, den paramount chiefs den provincial peoples become a prominent force insyd Freetown.

Under pressure of several coup attempts—real den perceived—Stevens ein rule grow more den more authoritarian, den ein relationship plus some of ein ardent supporters deteriorated. He remove de SLPP from competitive politics insyd general elections, some believe, through de use of violence den intimidation. To maintain de support of de military, Stevens retain de popular John Amadu Bangura as de head of de Sierra Leone Armed Forces.

After de return to civilian rule, by-elections be held (beginning insyd autumn 1968) den an all-APC cabinet be appointed. Calm no be completely restored. Insyd November 1968, unrest insyd de provinces lead Stevens to declare a state of emergency.

Many senior officers insyd de Sierra Leone military be greatly disappointed plus Stevens ein policies, but none can openly confront Stevens. Brigadier General Bangura, who dey reinstated Stevens as prime minister, be widely considered de only person who can put de brakes on Stevens. De army be devoted to Bangura den it was believed, insyd sam quarters, dat dis make him potentially dangerous to Stevens. Insyd January 1970, Bangura be arrested den charge plus conspiracy den plotting to commit a coup against de Stevens government. After a trial dat last a few months, Bangura be convicted den sententenced to death. He be hanged on 29 March 1970 insyd Freetown. Stevens dey name a junior officer, Joseph Saidu Momoh, as de head of de Sierra Leone Military. Major General Momoh be a close ally den very loyal to Stevens.

On 23 March 1971, soldiers loyal to de executed Brigadier John Amadu Bangura hold a mutiny insyd Freetown den oda parts of de country insyd opposition of de Stevens government. Several soldiers be arrested for demma involvement insyd de mutiny, wey include Corporal Foday Sankoh who be convicted of treason den jailed for seven years at de Pademba Road Prison. At Stevens ein request to Guinean President Sekou Toure, a close ally, Guinean soldiers be stationed insyd Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1973 to help protect de government.

Insyd April 1971, a new republican constitution be adopted under which Stevens become president. Insyd de 1972 by-elections, de opposition SLPP complain of intimidation den procedural obstruction by de APC den militia. These problems become so severe dat de SLPP boycotted de 1973 general election; as a result de APC win 84 of de 85 elected seats.

Insyd de early 1970s, Siaka Stevens dey form ein own personal force known as de State Security Division (SSD), insyd order to protect him den to maintain ein hold on power. Many of de SSD officers be from de provinces, den be very loyal to Stevens. De SSD be very powerful den operate independently under Stevens ein direct command. De SSD officers guide Stevens den be deployed across Sierra Leone to put down any rebellion or demonstration against de Stevens government.

An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens fail insyd 1974. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army den government officials dey include Brigadier David Lansana, former cabinet minister Dr. Mohamed Sorie Forna, former cabinet minister den journalist Ibrahim Bash-Taqi den Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara be executed after they be convicted for attempting a coup. Insyd March 1976, Stevens be re-elected president, without opposition.

Insyd 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against de government disrupt Sierra Leone politics. However, de demonstrationbe quickly put down by de army den SSD officers. A general election be called later dat year insyd which corruption be again endemic. De APC win 74 seats den de SLPP win 15 seats.

Insyd May 1978, de Sierra Leone Parliament, dominated by close allies of President Steven ein APC administration, approved a new constitution, which make de country a one-party state. On 12 July 1978, official figures release by de government showed 97 per cent of Sierra Leoneans vote insyd favour of de one-party state. De SLPP, oda opposition parties den civil right groups say de referendum votes be massively rigged, den dat voters be intimidated by security forces loyal to Stevens. De 1978 constitution referendum make de APC the only legal political party; all oda political parties be banned, wey include de main opposition (de SLPP). Dis move lead to anoda major demonstration against de government insyd many parts of de country, which be put down by de army den de SSD officers.

De first elections under de new one-party constitution take place on 1 May 1982. Elections insyd about two-thirds of de constituencies be contested. Because of irregularities, de government cancel elections insyd 13 constituencies. By-elections take place on 4 June 1982. De new cabinet appoint by Stevens after de election include several prominent members of de disbanded SLPP who have defect to de APC, wey include de new Finance Minister Salia Jusu-Sheriff, a former leader of de SLPP. Jusu-Sheriff ein accession to de cabinet be viewed by many as a step toward making de APC a true national party.

Stevens, who have been head-of-state of Sierra Leone for 18 years, retired from dat position insyd November 1985 at de end of ein term, although he continue ein role as chairman of de ruling APC party. Many insyd de country dey expect Stevens to name ein vice president den loyal ally, Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, as ein successor. However, at de APC convention insyd August 1985, de APC name Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh as Stevens ein choice to succeed him as president. Momoh be very loyal to Stevens who dey appoint him to head of de military fifteen years earlier; Momoh den Stevens be both members of de minority Limba ethnic group. Momoh dey retire from de military den be elected president without opposition on 1 October 1985. A formal inauguration dey hold insyd January 1986, den new parliamentary elections be held insyd May 1986.

Siaka Stevens be generally criticised for dictatorial methods den government corruption, but he reduce de ethnic polarization insyd government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into ein all-dominant APC government. Anoda legacy of Stevens be dat for eighteen years while he be insyd power, he keep de country safe from civil war den armed rebellion.

Despite ein dictatorial governing style, Stevens regularly dey interact plus de people of Sierra Leone by making surprise visits. Stevens sana regularly make surprise visits to de poor merchants, where he be often seen buying ein own food at a local market plus ein security team keeping demma distance. Stevens often stand den wave to de Sierra Leonean people from an open car when travelling plus ein convoy.

== Momoh government and RUF rebellion (1985–1991) ==
President Momoh ein strong links plus de army den ein verbal attacks on corruption earn him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. Plus de lack of new faces insyd ein cabinet, however, criticisms soon arose dat Momoh be simply perpetuating de rule of Stevens. Momoh differ einself by integrating de powerful den independent State Security Force (SSD) into de Sierra Leone Police force.

De first years under de Momoh administration be characterised by corruption, which Momoh dey defuse by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise ein war against corruption, President Momoh announce a &quot;Code of Conduct for Political Leaders den Public Servants&quot;. After an alleged attempt to overthrow Momoh insyd March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials be arrested, wey include Vice-president Francis Minah, who be removed from office, convicted for plotting de coup, den executed by hanging plus five odas insyd 1989.

Insyd October 1990, due to mounting domestic den international pressure for reforms, President Momoh create a commission to review de 1978 one-party constitution. Base on de commission ein recommendations, a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system, guaranteeing fundamental human rights den de rule of law, den strengthening democratic structures, be approved by a 60% majority of de APC Parliament, ratify by referendum insyd September 1991 den become effective on 1 October. There be great suspicion dat President Momoh be not serious about ein promise of political reform, as APC rule continue to be increasingly marked by abuses of power.

Several senior government officials insyd Momoh ein administration resign to oppose de APC in upcoming elections. Salia Jusu Sheriff, Abass Bundu, J.B. Dauda den Sama Banya resuscitated de previously disbanded SLPP, while Thaimu Bangura, Edward Kargbo den Desmond Luke formed demma own respective political parties to challenge de ruling APC. However, de vast majority of government officials including Victor Bockarie Foh, Edward Turay, Hassan Gbassay Kanu den Osman Foday Yansaneh remain loyal to Momoh den de APC.

Meanwhile, an increasing burden be placed on de country by de rebellion insyd de eastern part of Sierra Leone.

== Civil war (1991–2002) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Civil War

De brutal civil wardysneighbouring Liberia play an undeniable role insyd de outbreak of fighting insyd Sierra Leone. Charles Taylor—leader of de National Patriotic Front of Liberia—reportedly help form de Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under de command of former Sierra Leonean army corporal Foday Sankoh, a critic of both de Stevens den Momoh administrations. Sankoh had been an ally of Brigadier General Bangura den be among those who mutinied following Bangura ein execution. Sankoh be British-trained den had undergone guerrilla training insyd Libya. Taylor ein aim was for de RUF to attack de bases of Nigerian-dominated peacekeeping troops insyd Sierra Leone who were opposed to ein rebel movement insyd Liberia. Sankoh ein RUF rebels dey enter de country insyd March 1991, den within a month controlled much of Eastern Sierra Leone, wey include de diamond-mining area insyd Kono District. De government of Sierra Leone, overwhelm by a crumbling economy den corruption, be unable to mount significant resistance.

At dis time, de Momoh government be crumbling. Several senior government officials dey resign to form opposition parties, while there be suspicions dat President Momoh no be serious about political reform. Abuses of power dey continue den de APC be alleged to have been hoarding arms den planning a violent campaign against de opposition parties ahead of multi-party general elections scheduled for late 1992. De state have been unable to play civil servants, leading to de looting of government property den a population of aimless youth when schools be closed.

==== '''NPRC Junta (1992–1996)''' ====
On 29 April 1992, twenty-five-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser lead a group of young Sierra Leone Army officers—wey include Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Seargent Solomon Musa, Lieutenant Tom Nyuma, Captain Komba Mondeh, Captain Julius Maada Bio den Captain Komba Kambo—from demma barracks insyd Kailahun District den launch a military coup insyd Freetown, which send President Momoh into exile insyd Guinea. De young soldiers established de National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) plus Strasser as ein chairman den Head of State of de country. Captain Solomon Musa, a close friend of Strasser den one of de leaders of de coup, become de deputy leader of de NPRC Junta. De coup be largely popular because e promise to bring peace, but de NPRC Junta immediately suspended de constitution, ban all political parties, limited freedom of speech den freedom of de press den enact a rule-by-decree policy, insyd which soldiers be granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial. De NPRC establish a Supreme Council, consisting of de highest-ranking soldiers insyd de Junta government.

On de same day de NPRC Junta take power, one of de coup leaders, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, be assassinated—reportedly by Major Sim Turay, de head of Sierra Leone Military Intelligence, den a close ally of de deposed president. A heavily armed military manhunt took place across Sierra Leone to find Turay den odas suspected to have participated insyd de assassination, forcing Turay to flee to Guinea.

De NPRC Junta fight de RUF rebels, recapture most of de RUF-held territories, den push de rebels back to de border plus Liberia. De NPRC Junta maintain relations plus de Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) den strengthen support for Sierra Leone–based ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) troops fighting insyd Liberia.

Insyd December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against de NPRC administration of Strasser be foiled; e dey aim at freeing from detention Colonel Yahya Kanu, Lt-Colonel Kahota M.S. Dumbuya den former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara. Seargent Mohamed Lamin Bangura den some junior army officers be identified as being behind de coup. Seventeen soldiers be executed, wey include Bangura, Kanu den Dumbuya. Several prominent members of de Momoh government who have been insyd detention at de Pa Demba Road prison, wey include former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara sana be executed.

On 5 July 1994, deputy NPRC leader Solomon Musa be arrested den sent into exile insyd Guinea. Musa be accused by Strasser, on de advice of high-ranking NPRC soldiers, dat he have become too powerful den be a threat to Strasser. Musa, who be a close ally den childhood friend of Strasser, deny de allegation den claim ein accusers be de threat. Strasser replace Musa as deputy NPRC chairman plus Captain Julius Maada Bio, den immediately promote him to brigadier.

Due to internal divisions between soldiers loyal to Musa den those who support Strasser ein decision to oust him, de NPRC ein campaign against de RUF become ineffectual. More den more of de country fall to RUF fighters, den by 1994 de RUF hold much of de diamond-rich Eastern Province den be at de edge of Freetown. Insyd response, de NPRC hire several hundred mercenaries from de private firm Executive Outcomes. Within a month, they have driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone ein borders den cleared de RUF from de Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone.

On 16 January 1996, after about four years insyd power, Strasser be arrested by ein own bodyguards insyd a coup lead by Bio den dey back by many high-ranking soldiers of de NPRC junta. Strasser be immediately flown into exile insyd Conakry, Guinea. Bio stated insyd a public broadcast dat ein support for returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elect civilian government den ein commitment to ending de civil war be ein motivations for de coup.

==== '''Return to civilian rule''' '''den first Kabbah Presidency (1996–1997)''' ====
Promises of a return to civilian rule be fulfilled by Bio, who handed power over to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of de Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), after de conclusion of elections insyd early 1996. President Kabbah take power plus a great promise of ending de civil war, open dialogues plus de then-defeated RUF den invite RUF-leader Sankoh for peace negotiations, signing de Abidjan Peace Accord on 30 November 1996.

Insyd January 1997, under international pressure, de Kabbah government ended demma contract plus Executive Outcomes even though a neutral monitoring force have not arrived. Dis dey create an opportunity for de RUF to regroup den renew military attacks. Sankoh be arrested insyd Nigeria, den by de end of March 1997 de peace accord have collapsed.</text>
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      <text bytes="73569" sha1="s7vvseg2cf2quwy8s4xw15bkpvmja3a" xml:space="preserve">'''Sierra Leone''' first become inhabited by indigenous African peoples at least 2,500 years ago. De Limba be de first tribe known to inhabit Sierra Leone. De dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de region from oda West African cultures, den e become a refuge for peoples escaping violence. Sierra Leone was named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra, who map de region insyd 1462. De Freetown estuary provided a good natural harbour for ships to shelter den replenish drinking water, den gain more international attention as coastal den trans-Atlantic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade.

Insyd de mid-16th century, de Mane people invaded, subjugated nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples, den militarised Sierra Leone. De Mane soon blended plus de local populations den de various chiefdoms den kingdoms remain insyd a continual state of conflict, plus many captives sold to European slave-traders. De Atlantic slave trade had a significant impact on Sierra Leone, as dis trade flourished insyd de 17th den 18th centuries, den later as a centre of anti-slavery efforts when de trade be abolished insyd 1807. British abolitionists had organised a colony for Black Loyalists at Freetown, den dis become de capital of British West Africa. A naval squadron was base there to intercept slave ships, den de colony quickly grew as Liberated Africans be released, join by Afro-Caribbean den African soldiers who had fought for Britain insyd de American Revolutionary War. De descendants of de black settlers be collectively referred to as de Creoles or Krios.

During de colonial era, de British den Creoles increased demma control over de surrounding area, securing peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted, suppressing slave-trading den inter-chiefdom war. Insyd 1895, Britain draw borders for Sierra Leone which they declare to be demma protectorate, leading to armed resistance den de Hut Tax War of 1898. Thereafter, there demma dissent den reforms as de Creoles sought political rights, trade unions form against colonial employers, den peasants sought greater justice from demma chiefs.

Sierra Leone has played a significant part insyd modern African political liberty den nationalism. Insyd de 1950s, a new constitution united de Crown Colony den Protectorate, which had previously been governed separately. Sierra Leone gain independence from de United Kingdom on 27 April 1961 den became a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Ethnic den linguistic divisions remain an obstacle to national unity, plus de Mende, Temne den Creoles as rival power blocs. Roughly half of de years since independence have been marked by autocratic governments or civil war.

== Early history ==
Archaeological finds show dat Sierra Leone has been inhabited continuously for at least 2,500 years, populate by successive movements of peoples from oda parts of Africa. De use of iron be introduced to Sierra Leone by de 9th century, den by de end of de 10th century agriculture was being practiced by coastal tribes.

Sierra Leone ein dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de land from oda African cultures den from de spread of Islam. Dis make e a refuge for people escaping subjugation by de Sahelian kingdoms, violence den jihads.

European contacts plus Sierra Leone be among de first insyd West Africa. Insyd 1462, Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra mapped de hills surrounding what be now Freetown Harbour, naming de oddly shaped formation ''Serra Lyoa'' (Lioness Mountain).

At dis time de country be inhabited by numerous politically independent native groups. Several different languages be spoken, but there was similarity of religion. Insyd de coastal rainforest belt there be Bulom-speakers between de Sherbro den Freetown estuaries, Loko-speakers north of de Freetown estuary to de Little Scarcies River, Temne-speakers find at de mouth of de Scarcies River, den Limba-speakers farther up de Scarcies. Insyd de hilly savannah north of all of these lands be de Susu den Fula tribes. De Susu trade regularly plus de coastal peoples along river valley routes, bringing salt, clothes woven by de Fula, iron work, den gold.

== European contact (15th century) ==
Portuguese ships begin visiting Sierra Leone regularly insyd de late 15th century, den for a while they maintained a fort on de north shore of de Freetown estuary. Dis estuary be one of de largest natural deep-water harbours insyd de world, den one of de few good harbours on West Africa ein surf-battered &quot;Windward Shore&quot; (Liberia to Senegal). E soon become a favourite destination of European mariners, to shelter den replenish drinking water. Some of de Portuguese sailors stay permanently, trading den intermarrying plus de local people.

==== '''Slavery''' ====
Slavery, den insyd particular de Atlantic slave trade, had a great effect on de region—socially, economically den politically—from de late 15th to de mid-19th centuries.

There had been lucrative trans-Saharan trade of slaves insyd West Africa from de 6th century. At ein peak (c. 1350) de Mali Empire surrounded de region of modern-day Sierra Leone den Liberia, though de slave trade may not have significantly penetrated de coastal rainforest. De peoples who migrate into Sierra Leone from dis time will have had greater contact plus de indigenous slave trade, either practicing it or escaping it.

When Europeans first arrive at Sierra Leone, slavery among de African peoples of de area be believe to be rare. According to historian Walter Rodney, de Portuguese mariners keep detailed reports, den so e be likely if slavery had been an important local institution dat de reports will have described it. There be mention of a very particular kind of slavery insyd de region, which was:&lt;blockquote&gt;a person insyd trouble insyd one kingdom can go to anoda den place himself under de protection of ein king, whereupon he become a &quot;slave&quot; of dat king, obliged to provide free labour den liable for sale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Rodney, such a person will likely have retain some rights den had some opportunity to rise insyd status as time passed.

De European colonization of de Americas soon lead to labor demands from nascent colonies; dis lead Europeans to seek a supply of slaves to transport to de Americas. Initially, European slavers launch raids on coastal villages to abduct Africans den sell them into slavery. However, they soon establish economic alliances plus local leaders, as many chiefs were willing to sell undesirable members of demma tribe to Europeans. Oda African chiefs launch raids on rival tribes insyd order to sell captives of such raids into slavery.

Dis early slaving essentially be an export business. De use of slaves as labourers by de local Africans appears to have developed only later. E may first have occurred under coastal chiefs insyd de late 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;De slave owners originally be white den foreigners, but de late eighteenth century see de emergence of powerful slave-trading chiefs, be said to own large numbers of 'domestic slaves'.&lt;/blockquote&gt;For example, insyd de late 18th century, William Cleveland, a Scottish leader insyd Africa had a large &quot;slave town&quot; on de mainland opposite de Banana Islands, whose inhabitants &quot;be employed insyd cultivating extensive rice fields, describe as being some of the largest insyd Africa at de time&quot;. De existence of an indigenous slave town be recorded by an English traveler insyd 1823. Known insyd de Fula language as a ''rounde'', e be connected plus de Sulima Susu ein capital city, Falaba. Ein inhabitants work at farming.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Rodney dey postulate two means by which slaving for export can have caused a local practice of using slaves for labour to develop:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# Not all war captives offer for sale will have been bought by de Portuguese, so demma captors had to find something else to do plus them. Rodney believe dat executing them be rare den that they will have been used for local labour.
# There be a time lag between de time a slave be captured den de time he or she be sold. Thus there will often have been a pool of slaves awaiting sale, who will have been put to work.&lt;/blockquote&gt;There be possible additional reasons for de adoption of slavery by de locals to meet demma labour requirements:

# De Europeans provided an example for imitation.
# Once slaving insyd any form be accepted, e may smash a moral barrier to exploitation den make ein adoption insyd oda forms seem a relatively minor matter.
# Export slaving entailed de construction of a coercive apparatus which could have been subsequently turned to other ends, such as policing a captive labour force.
# De sale of local produce (e.g., palm kernels) to Europeans opened a new sphere of economic activity. Insyd particular, e dey create an increased demand for agricultural labour. Slavery be a way of mobilising an agricultural work force.
Dis local African slavery be much less harsh den brutal than de slavery practiced by Europeans on, for example, de plantations of the United States, de West Indies, den Brazil. De local slavery has been described by anthropologist M. McCulloch:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Slaves be housed close to de fresh tracts of land they clear for demma masters. They be considered part of de household of demma owner, den enjoyed limited rights. E no be customary to sell them except for a serious offense, such as adultery plus de wife of a freeman. Small plots of land be given to them for demma own use, den they might retain de proceeds of crops they grow on these plots; by dis means e be possible for a slave to become de owner of anoda slave. Sometimes a slave marry insyd de household of ein master den rose to a position of trust; there be an instance of a slave taking charge of a chiefdom during de minority of de heir. Descendants of slaves often be practically indistinguishable from freemen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Slaves sometimes be sent on errands outside de kingdoms of demma masters den return voluntarily. Speaking specifically of de era around 1700, historian Christopher Fyfe relates dat, &quot;Slaves not taken insyd war usually be criminals. Insyd coastal areas, at least, e be rare for anyone to be sold without being charged plus a crime.&quot;

Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section be still present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describes a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section still be present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describe a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;A freeman heavily insyd debt, den facing de threat of de punishment of being sold, will approach a wealthier man or chief plus a plea to pay off ein debts 'while I sit on your lap'. Or he can give a son or some oda dependent of ein 'to be for you', de wealthy man or chief. Dis insyd effect mean dat de person so pawn be automatically reduce to a position of dependence, den if he be never redeemed, he or ein children eventually become part of de master ein extended family. By dis time, de children practically be indistinguishable from de real children of de master, since they grow up regarding one anoda as brothers.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Some observers consider de term &quot;slave&quot; to be more misleading than informative when describing de local practice. Abraham say dat insyd most cases, &quot;subject, servant, client, serf, pawn, dependent, or retainer&quot; will be more accurate. Domestic slavery be abolished insyd Sierra Leone insyd 1928. McCulloch reports dat at dat time, amongst Sierra Leone ein largest present-day ethnolinguistic group, de Mende, who then had about 560,000 people, about 15 per cent of de population (i.e., 84,000 people) be domestic slaves. He sana say dat &quot;singularly little change followed de 1928 decree; a fair number of slaves return to demma original homes, but de great majority remain insyd de villages insyd which demma former masters had placed them or demma parents.&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Export slavery remain a major business insyd Sierra Leone from de late 15th century to de mid-19th century. According to Fyfe, &quot;e be estimated insyd 1789 dat 74,000 slaves be exported annually from West Africa, about 38,000 by British firms.&quot; Insyd 1788, a proslavery European name Matthews estimated de annual total export from between de Nunez River (110 km north of Sierra Leone) den de Sherbro as 3,000. Participation insyd de Atlantic slave trade gradually be outlawed by various Western nations, beginning plus de United States den Britain insyd 1808.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Mane invasions (16th century) ==
Further information: Mane people

De Mane invasions of de mid-16th century had a profound impact on Sierra Leone. De Mane (sana call Mani) be members of de Mande language group. A warrior people, well-armed den well-organized, they live east den somewhat north of present-day Sierra Leone. Sometime insyd de early 16th century they begin moving south. According to some Mane who dey speak to a Portuguese writer (Dornelas) in de late 16th century, demma travels dey begin as a result of de expulsion of demma chief from de imperial city of Mandimansa, demma homeland.

There be conflicting accounts among historians of how these invasions happened. Some historians place demma first arrival at de coast east of Sierra Leone, at least as far as de River Cess den likely pppie. They advanced northwest along de coast toward Sierra Leone, conquering as they go. Odas contend dat they arrive on de coast near Sherbro Island. They incorporate large numbers of de people they conquered into demma army, plus de result dat de rank den file consist mostly of coastal peoples, while de Mane be ein commanding group.

By 1545, de Mane dey reach Cape Mount. Dema conquest of Sierra Leone occupy de ensuing 15 to 20 years, den result insyd de subjugation of all or nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples—who be known collectively as de Sapes—as far north as de Scarcies. De present demographics of Sierra Leone largely be a reflection of these two decades. De degree to which de Mane supplanted de original inhabitants vary from place to place. De Temne partly withstood de Mane onslaught, den keep demma language, but become ruled by a line of Mane kings. De present-day Loko den Mende be de result of a more complete submersion of de original culture: demma languages be similar, den both essentially Mande. Dis likely be due to conquest by de Mane invaders.

=== '''Aftermath''' ===
De Mane invasions militarised Sierra Leone. De Sapes had been un-warlike, but after de invasions, right until de late 19th century, bows, shields, den knives of de Mane type dey become ubiquitous insyd Sierra Leone, as had de Mane battle technique of using squadrons of archers fighting insyd formation, carrying de large-style shields. Villages become fortified. De usual method of erecting two or three concentric palisades, each 4–7 metres (12–20 ft) high, create a formidable obstacle to attackers—especially since, as some of de English observe insyd de 19th century, de thigh-thick logs planted insyd de earth to make de palisades often take root at de bottom den grow foliage at de top, so dat de defenders occupy a living wall of wood. A British officer who dey observe one of these fortifications around de time of de 1898 Hut Tax war ended ein description of it thus:&lt;blockquote&gt;No one who dey no see these fences can realize de immense strength of them. De outer fence at Hahu I measure insyd several places, den found e to be from 2 to 3 feet thick, den most of de logs, or rather trees, of which e be formed, had taken root den be throwing out leaves den shoots.&lt;/blockquote&gt;He sana say dat English artillery can not penetrate all three fences. At dat time, at least among de Mende, &quot;a typical settlement dey consist of walled towns den open villages or towns surrounding it.&quot;

After de invasions, de Mane sub-chiefs among whom e country dey divide begin fighting among themselves. Dis pattern of activity become permanent: even after de Mane dey blend plus de indigenous population—a process which be completed insyd de early 17th century—de various kingdoms insyd Sierra Leone remain insyd a fairly continual state of flux den conflict. Rodney believe dat a desire to take prisoners to sell as slaves to de Europeans be a major motivation to dis fighting, den may even have been a driving force behind de original Mane invasions. Historian Kenneth Little dey conclude dat de principal objective insyd de local wars, at least among de Mende, be plunder, not de acquisition of territory. Abraham cautions dat slave trading should not be exaggerated as a cause: de Africans have demma own reasons to fight, plus territorial den political ambitions present. Motivations likely change over time during de 350-year period.

De wars themselves no be exceptionally deadly. Set-piece battles be rare, den de fortified towns so strong dat demma capture seldom be attempted. Often de fighting dey consist of small ambushes.

Insyd these years, de political system be such dat each large village along plus ein satellite villages den settlements will be headed by a chief. De chief will have a private army of warriors. Sometimes several chiefs will group themselves into a confederacy, acknowledging one of themselves as king (or high chief). Each pay de king fealty. If one be attacked, de king will come to ein aid, den de king can adjudicate local disputes.

Despite demma many political divisions, de people of de country be united by cultural similarity. One component of dis be de Poro, an organisation common to many different kingdoms den ethnolinguistic groups. De Mende claim to be ein originators, den there be nothing to contradict dis. Possibly they import it. De Temne claim to dey import it from de Sherbro or Bulom. De Dutch geographer Olfert Dapper know of it insyd de 17th century. E often be described as a &quot;secret society&quot;, dis partly be true: ein rites be closed to non-members, den what happens insyd de &quot;Poro bush&quot; never be disclosed. However, ein membership be very broad: among de Mende, almost all men, den some women, be initiates. Insyd recent years e no dey (as far as is known) have a central organisation: autonomous chapters exist for each chiefdom or village. However, it is said dat insyd pre-Protectorate days there be a &quot;Grand Poro&quot; plus cross-chiefdom powers of making war den peace. E widely be agreed dat e has a restraining influence on de powers of de chiefs. Headed by a fearsome principal spirit, de ''Gbeni'', e plays a major role insyd de rite of passage of males from puberty to manhood. E imparts some education. Insyd some areas, e have supervisory powers over trade, den de banking system, which use iron bars as a medium of exchange. E no only be de important society insyd Sierra Leone: de ''Sande'' be a female-only analogue of it; there sana be de ''Humoi'' which regulates sex, den de ''Njayei'' den de ''Wunde''. De ''Kpa'' be a healing-arts collegium.

Besides de political impact, there be economic effects as well: trade plus de interior be interrupted, den thousands be sold as slaves to de Europeans. Insyd industry, a flourishing tradition insyd fine ivory carving be ended; however, improved ironworking techniques be introduced.&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== 1600–1787 ==
By de 17th century, Portuguese colonialism insyd West Africa begin to wane, den insyd Sierra Leone oda European colonial powers such as de English den Dutch begin to supplant demma influence insyd de region. Insyd 1628, a group of English merchants had established a factory insyd de vicinity of Sherbro Island, about 50 km (30 mi) south-east from present-day Freetown. Insyd addition to ivory den slaves, de merchants at de factory sana trade insyd camwood, a type of hard timber. De Portuguese missionary Baltasar Barreira minister insyd Sierra Leone until 1610. Jesuits, den later insyd de century, Capuchins, continue de mission. By 1700 it had closed, although priests occasionally visited.

Insyd 1663, de Royal African Company (RAC) be granted a royal charter from Charles II of England den soon established a factory on Sherbro Island den Tasso Island. During de Second Anglo-Dutch War, both factories be sacked by a Dutch Navy force insyd 1664. De factory be rebuilt, though e be sacked again by de French Navy during de War of de Spanish Succession insyd 1704 den pirates insyd 1719 den 1720. After de Dutch raid on de RAC factory at Tasso Island, e be relocated to de nearby Bunce Island, which be more defensible.

De Europeans make payments, called ''Cole'', for rent, tribute, den trading rights, to de king of an area. At this time de local military advantage still be on de side of de Africans, den there be a 1714 report of a king seizing RAC goods insyd retaliation for a breach of protocol. Local Afro-Portuguese merchants often act as middlemen, de Europeans advancing them goods to trade to de local people, most often for ivory. Insyd 1728, an overly aggressive RAC governor dey unite de Africans den Afro-Portuguese insyd hostility to him; they burn down de Bunce Island fort den e no be rebuilt until about 1750. During de time dat de Royal African Company be operating, de firm of Grant, Sargent [Wikidata] den Oswald provisioned de trading stations. When de RAC abandoned Bunce Island, Sargent den ein partners purchase ein factory insyd 1748, repair it, den dey use it to trade insyd timber. They expand to Batts, Bobs, Tasso, den Tumbu Islands den along de banks of de river, eventually becoming involve insyd de slave trade. De French sack it again insyd 1779, during de American Revolutionary War.

During de 17th century de Temne ethnolinguistic group be expanding. Around 1600, a Mani still dey rule de Loko kingdom (de area north of Port Loko Creek) den anoda rule de upper part of de south shore of de Freetown estuary. De north shore of de estuary be under a Ballom king, den de area just east of Freetown on de peninsula be held by a non-Mani plus a European name, Dom Phillip de Leon (who may have been a subordinate to ein Mani neighbour). By de mid-17th century dis situation dey change: Temne, not Bullom dey speak on de south shore, den ships stopping for water den firewood had to pay customs to de Temne king of Bureh who live at Bagos town on de point between de Rokel River den Port Loko Creek. (De king may  consider himself a Mani—to dis day, Temne chiefs have Mani-derived titles—but ein people be Temne. De Bureh king insyd place insyd 1690 be called Bai Tura, ''Bai'' being a Mani form.) De Temne thus dey expand insyd a wedge toward de sea at Freetown, den now dey separate de Bulom to de north from de Mani den oda Mande-speakers to de south den east.

Insyd dis period there be several reports of women occupying high positions. De king of de south shore use to leave one of ein wives to rule when he be absent, den insyd de Sherbro there be female chiefs. Insyd de early 18th century, a Bulom dey name Seniora Maria make ein own town near Cape Sierra Leone.

During de 17th century, Muslim Fula from de Upper Niger den Senegal rivers move into an area called Fouta Djallon (or Futa Jalon) insyd de mountainous region north of present-day Sierra Leone. They be to have an important impact on de peoples of Sierra Leone because they increase trade den sana produced secondary population movements insyd Sierra Leone. Though de Muslim Fula first cohabited peaceably plus de peoples already at Fouta Djallon, around 1725 they embark on a war of domination, forcing de migration of many Susu, Yalunka, den non-Muslim Fula.

Susu—some already convert to Islam—come south insyd Sierra Leone, insyd turn displacing Limba from north-west Sierra Leone den driving them insyd north-central Sierra Leone where they continue to live. Some Susu move as far south as de Temne town of Port Loko, only 60 km (37 mi) upriver from de Atlantic. Eventually a Muslim Susu family dey call Senko supplanted de town ein Temne rulers. Oda Susu dey move westward from Fouta Djallon, eventually dominating de Baga, Bulom, den Temne north of de Scarcies River.

De Yalunka insyd Fouta Djallon first accept Islam, then reject it den be driven out. They go into north-central Sierra Leone den founded demma capital at Falaba insyd de mountains near de source of de Rokel. E still not an important town, about 20 km (12 mi) south of de Guinea border. Oda Yalunka go somewhat farther south den settled amongst de Koranko, Kissi, den Limba.

Besides these groups, who be more-or-less unwilling emigrants, a considerable variety of Muslim adventurers go forth from Fouta Djallon. A Fula called Fula Mansa (''mansa'' meaning ''king'') become ruler of de Yoni country 100 km (62 mi) east of present-day Freetown. Some of ein Temne subjects fled south to de Banta country between de middle reaches of de Bagu den Jong rivers, where they become known as de Mabanta Temne.

Insyd 1652, de first slaves from Sierra Leone be transported to North America; they be sold to white plantation owners insyd de Sea Islands off de coast of de American South. During de 18th century, numerous slaves from Bunce Island be transported to de Southern Colonies, due insyd part to de business relationship between American slave trader Henry Laurens den de London-based firm of Grant, Sargent, Oswald &amp; Company, which oversaw a thriving slave trade from Bunce Island insyd Sierra Leone to North America.

De transatlantic slave trade continued to transport millions of enslaved Africans, wey include those from Sierra Leone, across de Atlantic during de 17th, 18th den 19th centuries; ultimately, roughly 12.5 million slaves where e dey bring to de Americas dis way. However, de rise of abolitionist movements insyd de Western world insyd de late 18th den early 19th centuries dey lead to various European den American governments passing legislation to abolish de slave trade. De slave trade insyd Sierra Leone undergo a marked decline during de 19th century, though domestic slavery will persist until de 20th century.

== De Province of Freedom (1787–1789) ==
Main article: Granville Town, Province of Freedom

==== '''Conception of''' '''de Province of Freedom (1787)''' ====
Insyd 1787, a plan be established to settle some of London ein &quot;Black Poor&quot; insyd Sierra Leone insyd what was called the &quot;Province of Freedom&quot;. This was organised by the Committee for de Relief of de Black Poor, found by British abolitionist Granville Sharp, which preferred it as a solution to continuing to financially support them insyd London. Many of de Black Poor be African Americans, who had been given demma freedom after seeking refuge with the British Army during the American Revolution, but also included other West Indian, African and Asian inhabitants of London.

De Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme be proposed by entomologist Henry Smeathman den draw interest from humanitarians like Granville Sharp saw it as a means of showing de pro-slavery lobby dat black people can contribute towards de running of de new colony of Sierra Leone. Government officials soon become involved insyd de scheme as well, although demma interest be spurred by de possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere. William Pitt de Younger, prime minister den leader of de Tory party, dey have an active interest insyd de Scheme, because he see it as a means to repatriate de Black Poor to Africa, since &quot;e be necessary they should be sent somewhere, den be no longer suffer to infest de streets of London&quot;.

==== '''Establishment, destruction''' '''den re-establishment (1789)''' ====
De area be first settled by 400 formerly enslaved Black Britons, who dey arrive off de coast of Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787, dey accompany by some English tradesmen. They established de Province of Freedom or Granville Town on land purchase from local Koya Temne subchief King Tom den regent Naimbanna II, a purchase which de Europeans understand to cede de land to de new settlers &quot;for ever&quot;. De established arrangement between Europeans den de Koya Temne do not include provisions for permanent settlement, den some historians question how well de Koya leaders understand de agreement. Half of de settlers insyd de new colony die insyd de first year. Several black settlers dey start working for local slave traders. De settlers dat dey remain forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliate, attacking de settlement, which be reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, den six white women. Black settlers be captured by unscrupulous traders den sold as slaves, den de remaining colonists be forced to arm themselves for demma own protection. King Tom ein successor King Jemmy dey attack den burn de colony insyd 1789.

Alexander Falconbridge be sent to Sierra Leone insyd 1791 to collect de remaining Black Poor settlers, den they re-establish Granville Town (later renamed Cline Town) near Fourah Bay. Although these 1787 settlers do not establish Freetown, which be founded insyd 1792, de bicentennial of Freetown be celebrated insyd 1987.

After establishing Granville Town, disease den hostility from de indigenous people eliminated de first group of colonists den destroyed demma settlement. A second Granville Town established by 64 remaining black den white 'Old settlers' under de leadership of St. George Bay Company leader, Alexander Falconbridge den de St. George Bay Company. Dis settlement be different from de Freetown settlement den colony founded insyd 1792 by Lt. John Clarkson den de Nova Scotian Settlers under de auspices of de Sierra Leone Company.

== Freetown Colony (1792–1808) ==
'''Conception of tde Freetown settlement (1791)'''

De basis for de Freetown Colony begin insyd 1791 plus Thomas Peters, an African American who had served insyd de Black Pioneers den settle insyd Nova Scotia as part of de Black Loyalist migration. Peters travel to England insyd 1791 to report grievances of de Black Loyalists who had been given poor land den faced discrimination. Peters meet plus British abolitionists den de directors of de Sierra Leone Company. He learn of de company ein plan for a new settlement at Sierra Leone. De directors be eager to allow de Nova Scotians to build a settlement there; de London-based den newly create Company had decided to create a new colony but before Peters ein arrival have no colonists. Lieutenant John Clarkson be sent to Nova Scotia to register immigrants to take to Sierra Leone for de purpose of starting a new settlement. Clarkson worked plus Peters to recruit 1,196 former American slaves from free African communities around Nova Scotia such as Birchtown. Most dey escape Virginia den South Carolina plantations. Some had been born insyd Africa before being enslaved den taken to America.

==== '''Settlement by Nova Scotians (1792)''' ====
De settlers dey sail insyd 15 ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia den arrived insyd St. George Bay between 26 February den 9 March 1792. Sixty-four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, den even Lieutenant Clarkson be ill during de voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson den some of de Nova Scotian 'captains' &quot;despatched on shore to clear or make roadway for demma landing&quot;. De Nova Scotians be to build Freetown on de former site of de first Granville Town which have become a &quot;jungle&quot; since ein destruction insyd 1789. (Though they built Freetown on Granville Town ein former site, demma settlement be no a rebirth of Granville Town, which had been re-established at Fourah Bay in 1791 by de remaining Old Settlers.) Clarkson told de men to clear de land until they reach a large cotton tree. After this difficult work had been done den de land cleared, all de settlers, men den women, disembarked den marched towards de thick forest den to de cotton tree, den demma preachers (all African Americans) begin singing:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Awake den Sing Of Moses den de Lamb
Wake! every heart den every tongue'

To praise de Saviour ein name

De day of Jubilee be come;

Return ye ransomed sinners home&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 11 March 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, dey pray den preach a sermon under de large Cotton Tree, den Reverend David George dey preach de first recorded Baptist service insyd Africa. De land be dedicated den christened 'Free Town' according to de instructions of de Sierra Leone Company Directors. Dis be de first thanksgiving service insyd de newly christened Free Town den be de beginning of de political entity of Sierra Leone. Later, John Clarkson will be sworn insyd as de first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts be erected before de rainy season. De Sierra Leone Company surveyors den de settlers built Freetown on de American grid pattern, plus parallel streets den wide roads, plus de largest being Water Street.

On 24 August 1792, de Black Poor or Old Settlers of de second Granville Town be incorporated into de new Sierra Leone Colony but remain at Granville Town. E survive being pillaged by de French insyd 1794, den be rebuilt by de Nova Scotian settlers. By 1798, Freetown had 300–400 houses plus architecture resembling dat of de American South, plus 3- to 4-foot stone foundations den wooden superstructures. Eventually dis style of housing (brought by de Nova Scotians) will be de model for de 'bod oses' of demma Creole descendants.

=== '''Settlement by Jamaican Maroons (1800)''' ===
Insyd 1800, de Nova Scotians rebel den e be de arrival of over 500 Jamaican Maroons which dey cause de rebellion to be suppressed. Thirty-four Nova Scotians be banished den sent to either to Sherbro Island or a penal colony at Gore. Some of these eventually be allowed back insyd Freetown. Following demma capture of de rebels, de Maroons be granted de land of de Nova Scotian rebels. Eventually de Jamaican Maroons insyd Sierra Leone have demma own district at de newly named Maroon Town.

De Maroons be a free community of blacks from Cudjoe ein Town (Trelawny Town) who have been resettled insyd Nova Scotia after surrendering to de British government dey follow de Second Maroon War of 1795–6. They have petitioned de British government for settlement elsewhere due to de climate insyd Nova Scotia.

==== '''Abolition and slaves-insyd-transit (1807 - 1830s)''' ====
Britain outlawed de slave trade throughout ein empire on 29 March 1807 plus de Slave Trade Act 1807, though de practice continue insyd de British Empire until e finally be abolished insyd de 1830s. De Royal Navy ein West Africa Squadron operating from Freetown take active measures to intercept den seize ships participating insyd de illegal Atlantic slave trade. De slaves dat dey hold on these vessels be released into Freetown den initially be called 'Captured negroes', 'Recaptives' or 'Liberated Africans'.

==== '''Formation of''' '''de Sierra Leone Creole ethnicity (1870 onwards)''' ====
De Sierra Leone Creole people (Krio: ''Krio people'') be descendants of de Black Poor, freed African Americans (Nova Scotian Black Loyalists), Afro-Caribbeans (Jamaican Maroons), den Liberated Africans who settled insyd de Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 den about 1885. De colony be established by de British, support by abolitionists, under de Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. De settlers called demma new settlement Freetown.

== Colonial era (1808–1961) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Colony den Protectorate

==== '''Establishment of''' '''de British Crown Colony (1808)''' ====
Insyd 1808, e British Crown Colony of Sierra Leone be founded, plus Freetown serving as de capital of British West Africa. De city ein population expanded rapidly plus freed slaves, who dey establish suburbs on de Freetown Peninsula. They be joined by West Indian den African soldiers who dey settle insyd Sierra Leone after fighting for Britain insyd de Napoleonic Wars.

'''Intervention''' '''den acquisition of de hinterland (1800s–1895)'''

Insyd de early 1800s, Sierra Leone be a small colony extending a few kilometres (a few miles) up de peninsula from Freetown. De bulk of de territory dat makes up present-day Sierra Leone still be de sovereign territory of indigenous peoples such as de Mende den Temne, den be little affected by de tiny population of de Colony. Over de course of de 19th century, dat gradually changed: de British den Creoles insyd de Freetown area dey increase demma involvement insyd—den demma control over—de surrounding territory by engaging insyd trade, which be promoted den dey increase through treaty-making den military expeditions.

Insyd demma treaties plus de native chiefs, de British largely be concerned plus securing local peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted. Typically, de British government dey agree to pay a chief a stipend insyd return for a commitment from him to keep de peace plus ein neighbours; oda specific commitments extract from a chief might include keeping roads open, allowing de British to collect customs duties, den submitting disputes plus ein neighbours to British adjudication. Insyd de decades following Britain ein prohibition of de slave trade insyd 1807, de treaties sometimes sana require chiefs to desist from slave-trading. Suppression of slave-trading den suppression of inter-chiefdom war dey go hand-in-hand because de trade thrived on de wars (and caused them). Thus, to de commercial reasons for pacification can be added anti-slavery ones.

When friendly persuasion fail to secure demma interests, de British no be more than (to borrow Carl von Clausewitz's phrase) &quot;continuing diplomacy by oda means&quot;. At least by de mid-1820s, de army den navy be going out from de Colony to attack chiefs whose behaviour do not conform to British dictates. Insyd 1826, Governor Turner led troops to de Bum–Kittam area, capture two stockaded towns, burn odas, den declare a blockade on de coast as far as Cape Mount. Dis partly be an anti-slaving exercise den partly to punish de chief for refusing territory to de British. Later dat year, acting-Governor Macaulay send out an expedition which go up de Jong river den dey burn Commenda, a town belonging to a related chief. Insyd 1829, de colonial authorities founded de Sierra Leone Police Corps. Insyd 1890, dis force be divided into de Civilian Police den de Frontier Police.

De British develope a modus operandi wey characterised demma interventions throughout de century: army or frontier police, plus naval support if possible, will bombard a town den then usually torch it after de defenders dey fly or been defeated. Where possible, local enemies of de party being attacked be invited by de British to accompany them as allies.

Further information: British den Creole intervention insyd de Sierra Leone hinterland insyd de 19th century

Insyd de 1880s, Britain ein intervention insyd de hinterland dey receive added impetus because of de &quot;Scramble for Africa&quot;: an intense competition between de European powers for territory insyd Africa. Insyd dis case, de rival be France. To forestall French incursion into what they had come to consider as demma own sphere, de British government renewed efforts to finalise a boundary agreement with France and on 1 January 1890 instructed Governor Hay insyd Sierra Leone to get from chiefs insyd de boundary area friendship treaties containing a clause forbidding them to treat plus anoda European power without British consent.

Consequently, insyd 1890 den 1891 Hay den two travelling commissioners, Garrett den Alldridge, dey go on extensive tours of what be now Sierra Leone wey obtain treaties from chiefs. Most of these no be, however, treaties of cession; they be insyd de form of cooperative agreements between two sovereign powers.

Insyd January 1895, a boundary agreement be signed insyd Paris, roughly fixing de line between French Guinea den Sierra Leone. De exact line be to be determined by surveyors. As Christopher Fyfe notes, &quot;De delimitation be made almost entirely insyd geographical terms—rivers, watersheds, parallels—not political. Samu chiefdom, for instance, be divided; de people on de frontier had to opt for farms on one side or villages on de oda.&quot;

More generally, de arbitrary lumping-together of disparate native peoples insyd geographical units decided by de colonial powers has been an ongoing source of trouble throughout Africa. These geographical units now dety attempt to function as nations but no be naturally nations, being composed insyd many cases of peoples who be traditional enemies. Insyd Sierra Leone, for example, de Mende, Temne den Creoles remain as rival power blocs between whom lines of fission easily emerge.

'''Establishment of''' '''de British Protectorate den further land acquisition (1895)'''

Insyd August 1895, an Order-in-Council dey issue insyd Britain authorising de Colony to make laws for de territory around it, extending out to de agreed-upon boundary (which corresponds closely to dat of present-day Sierra Leone). On 31 August 1896, a Proclamation dey issue insyd de Colony, wey dey declare dat territory to be a British Protectorate. De Colony remained a distinct political entity; de Protectorate dey govern from it.

Most of de chiefs whose territories de Protectorate subsumed do not enter into it voluntarily. Many sign treaties of friendship plus Britain, but these be often dey express as being between sovereign powers, plus there be no subordination to de British. Only a handful of chiefs dey sign treaties of cession, den insyd some cases e be unknown if de chiefs dey understand de implications of de treaty. Insyd more remote areas, no treaties had been signed at all. De creation of de Sierra Leone Protectorate be more insyd de nature of a unilateral acquisition of territory by de British.

Almost every chieftaincy insyd Sierra Leone dey respond to de British arrogation of power plus armed resistance. De Protectorate Ordinances (passed insyd de Colony insyd 1896 den 1897) abolish de title of King den replace it plus &quot;Paramount Chief&quot;. Chiefs den kings dey formerly been selected by de leading members of dema own communities; now all chiefs, even paramount ones, can be deposed or installed at de will of de Governor, den most of de judicial powers of de chiefs be removed den given to courts presided-over by British &quot;District Commissioners&quot;. De Governor decree dat a house tax of 5''s'' to 10''s'' be to be levied annually on every dwelling insyd de Protectorate. To de chiefs, these reductions insyd de power den prestige be unbearable.

During these conflicts, British officers dey use de practice of cutting de hands of people to account for bullets spent, similar to what dey occur under de regime Leopold II of Belgium insyd de Congo Free State. British doctor, John Lancelot Todd, who dey travel to West Africa on an LSTM expedition together plus Joseph Everett Dutton, write down de testimonies of British officers who dey involve insyd putting down rebellions insyd British Sierra Leone den dey practice cutting de hands of de people they shot. De exact number of living victims who dey end up mutilated be unknown.

==== '''Hut Tax War of 1898''' ====
Insyd 1898, two rebellions dey break out against British colonial rule insyd Sierra Leone insyd response to de introduction of a new hut tax by Governor Frederic Cardew. On 1 January 1898, Cardew introduce de hut tax as a way to pay for de colonial administration ein financial expenditures. However, de tax prove to be beyond de financial means of many insyd de colony, provoking discontent. Insyd February 1898, an attempt by colonial officials to arrest Temne chief Bai Bureh lead to him den rebels under ein command to revolt against British rule. Bureh ein forces dey launch attacks on British officials den Creole traders.

Despite de ongoing rebellion, Bureh dispatched two peace overtures to de British insyd April den June of dat year, aid by de mediation of Limba chief Almamy Suluku. Cardew dey reject both offers, as Bureh would not agree to surrender unconditionally. Bureh ein forces conducted a disciplined den skillfully execute guerrilla campaign which cause de British considerable difficulty. Hostilities begin insyd February; Bureh ein harassing tactics confounded de British at first but by May they gain ground. De rainy season interrupted hostilities until October, when British colonial forces resume de slow process of capturing rebel stockades. When most of these defences dey eliminate, Bureh be captured or surrendered (accounts differ) insyd November.

De second revolt insyd de southeast be a mass uprising, planned somehow to commence everywhere on 27 den 28 April, insyd which almost all &quot;outsiders&quot;—whether European or Creole—be seized den summarily executed. Although more fearsome than Bai Bureh ein rising, na e be amorphous, dey lack a definite strategy, den  be suppressed insyd most areas insyd two months. Some Mende rebels insyd de centre of de country no be beaten until November, however; den Mende king Nyagua ein son Maghi, insyd alliance plus some Kissi rebels, continued de revolt insyd de extreme east of de Protectorate until August 1899. De principal of de uprisings, Bureh, Nyagua den Kpana Lewis, be exiled to de Gold Coast on 30 July 1899. Nine months after de rebellion, de colonial government convicted den executed ninety-six rebels which had been found guilty of murder by hanging. Insyd 1905, Bureh be allowed by de British to return to Sierra Leone, where he continue reassume ein chieftaincy at de settlement of Kasseh.

=== Creole dissent insyd de high colonial period (1898–1956) ===
Insyd de early 19th century Freetown serve as de residence of de British governor who sana rule deGold Coast (now Ghana) den de Gambia settlements. Sierra Leone sana serve as de educational centre of British West Africa. Fourah Bay College, establish insyd 1827, rapidly become a magnet for English-speaking Africans on de west coast. For more than a century, e be de only European-style university insyd western Sub-Saharan Africa.

After de Hut Tax War there be no more large-scale military resistance to colonialism. Resistance den dissent dey continue, but take oda forms. Vocal political dissent come mainly from de Creoles, who be a sizeable middle den upper class of business-people den European-educated professionals such as doctors den lawyers. Insyd de mid-19th century they had enjoyed a period of considerable political influence, but in the late 19th century the government become much less open to them.

They continue to press for political rights, however, den dey operate a variety of newspapers which governors dey consider troublesome den demagogic. Insyd 1924, a new constitution be put insyd place, introducing elected representation (3 out of 22 members) for de first time, plus de first elections held on 28 October. Prominent among de Creoles demanding change be de bourgeois nationalist H.C. Bankole-Bright, General Secretary of de Sierra Leone Branch of de National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA), den de socialist I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson, founder of de West African Youth League (WAYL).

African resistance no be limited to political discussion. Sierra Leone develope an active trade union movement whose strikes often be accompanied by sympathetic rioting among de general population.

Besides de colonial employers, popular hostility be targeted against de tribal chiefs who de British dey transform into functionaries insyd de colonial system of indirect rule. Demma role be to provide policing, collect taxes, den obtain corvée labour (forced labour exacted from those unable to pay taxes) for de colonial government; insyd return, de government maintain them insyd a privileged position over de oda Africans. Chiefs not willing to play this role be replaced by more compliant ones. According to Kilson, de attitude of de Africans toward demma chiefs become ambivalent: frequently they respect de office but resented de exactions made by de individual occupying it. From de chiefs ein point of view, de dilemma of an honourable ruler dey face plus British ultimatums cannot have been easy.

Throughout de 20th century, there be numerous riots directed against tribal chiefs. These culminated insyd de Freetown riot of 1955, which be suppressed by a combined force of police den Royal Sierra Leone Regiment troops. After those riots, reforms be introduced: de forced-labour system be completely abolished den reductions be made insyd de powers of de chiefs.

Sierra Leone remain divided into a Colony den a Protectorate, plus separate den different political systems constitutionally defined for each. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate insyd 1947, when proposals be introduced to provide for a single political system. Most of de proposals come from de Protectorate. De Krio, led by Isaac Wallace-Johnson, oppose de proposals, de main effect of which will have been to diminish demma political power. E be due to de astute politics of Sir Milton Margai dat de educated Protectorate elite dey win over to join forces plus de paramount chiefs insyd de face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai use de same skills to win-over opposition leaders den moderate Krio elements for de achievement of independence.

Insyd November 1951, Margai dey overseew de drafting of a new constitution, which unite de separate Colonial den Protectorate legislatures den provide a framework for decolonization. Insyd 1953, Sierra Leone be granted local ministerial powers, den Margai be elected Chief Minister of Sierra Leone. De new constitution ensure Sierra Leone a parliamentary system insyd de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1957, Sierra Leone hold ein first parliamentary election. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), which be then de most-popular political party insyd de colony of Sierra Leone, win de most seats insyd Parliament. Margai sana be re-elected as Chief Minister by an overwhelming majority.

==== '''Sierra Leone insyd World War II''' ====
Main article: Sierra Leone insyd World War II

Throughout de war, Freetown serve as a critical convoy station for Allied ships.

== 1960 Independence Conference ==
On 20 April 1960, Sir Milton Margai dey lead de Sierra Leonean delegation insyd de negotiations for independence at de constitutional conferences hold plus Queen Elizabeth II den British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod, at Lancaster House insyd London. All twenty-four members of de Sierra Leonean delegation be prominent den well-respected politicians wey include Sir Milton ein younger brother lawyer Sir Albert Margai, trade unionist Siaka Stevens, SLPP-strongman Lamina Sankoh, Creole activist Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Paramount chief Ella Koblo Gulama, educationist Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, Dr John Karefa-Smart, Professor Kande Bureh, lawyer Sir Banja Tejan-Sie, former Freetown Mayor Eustace Henry Taylor Cummings, educationist Amadu Wurie, den Creole diplomat Hector Reginald Sylvanus Boltman.

On de conclusion of talks insyd London, Britain dey agree to grant Sierra Leone Independence on 27 April 1961. Stevens be de only delegate who refuse to sign Sierra Leone ein Declaration of Independence, on de grounds dat there had been a secret defence-pact between Sierra Leone den Britain; anoda point of contention by Stevens be de Sierra Leonean government ein position dat there will be no elections hold before independence which will effectively shut Stevens out of Sierra Leone ein political process. Upon demma return to Freetown on 4 May 1960, Stevens be promptly expelled from de People ein National Party (PNP).

== Opposition to de SLPP government ==
Insyd 1961, Siaka Stevens, a trade unionist den outspoken critic of de SLPP government, take advantage of de dissatisfaction plus de ruling SLPP among some prominent politicians from de Northern part of Sierra Leone. He form an alliance plus Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, Christian Alusine-Kamara Taylor, Mohamed.O.Bash-Taqi, Ibrahim Bash-Taqi, S.A.T. Koroma den C.A. Fofana, den form a new political party called de All People ein Congress (APC) insyd opposition of de SLPP government, wey use de northern part of Sierra Leone as demma political base.

== Early independence (1961–1968) ==
Main article: History of Sierra Leone (1961–78)

==== '''Sir Milton Margai administration (1961–1964)''' ====
On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai dey lead Sierra Leone to Independence from Britain den become de country ein first prime minister. Sierra Leone retain a parliamentary system of government den be a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1962, Sierra Leone hold ein first general election as an independent nation. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP) win plurality of seats insyd parliament den Sir Milton Margai be re-elected as prime minister. De years just after independence be prosperous, plus money from mineral resources being used for development den de founding of Njala University.

Margai be very popular among Sierra Leoneans during ein time insyd power. An important aspect of ein character ein self-effacement; he neither be corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of ein power or status. Ein government be based on de rule of law den de notion of separation of powers, plus multiparty political institutions den fairly viable representative structures. Margai use ein conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials plus a clear eye to satisfy various ethnic groups. Margai employ a brokerage style of politics by sharing political power between political groups den de paramount chiefs insyd de provinces.

==== '''Sir Albert Margai administration (1964–1967)''' ====
Upon Sir Milton Margai ein death insyd 1964, ein half-brother, Sir Albert Margai, be appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert ein leadership be briefly challenged by Sierra Leone ein Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who dey question Sir Albert ein succession to de SLPP leadership position. Kareefa-Smart received little support insyd Parliament insyd ein attempt to have Margai stripe of de SLPP leadership. Soon after Margai was sworn insyd as prime minister, he immediately dismiss several senior government officials who dey serve under ein elder brother ein government, as he view them as traitors den a threat to ein administration.

Unlike ein late brother, Sir Milton, Sir Albert Margai prove unpopular den dey resort to increasingly authoritarian actions insyd response to protests, wey include de enactment of several laws against de opposition All People ein Congress (APC) den an unsuccessful attempt to establish a one-party state. Unlike ein late brother, Sir Albert be opposed to de colonial legacy of allowing de country ein paramount chiefs executive powers, den he be seen as a threat to de existence of de ruling houses across de country—almost all of whom be strong supporters den key allies of de previous administration. Insyd 1967, riots break out insyd Freetown against Sir Albert ein policies. Insyd response, Margai declared a state of emergency across de country. He be accused of corruption den of a policy of affirmative action insyd favour of ein own Mende ethnic group

Sir Albert dey have de opportunity to perpetuate einself insyd power, but he elect not to do so even when de opportunities present themselves. He have de police den de army on ein side den nothing can have prevented him from achieving ein ambition to hold on to power, but he choose not to den called for free den fair elections.

==== '''Three military coups (1967–1968)''' ====
De APC narrowly dey win a small majority of seats insyd Parliament over de SLPP insyd a closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general election, den APC leader Siaka Stevens be sworn insyd as prime minister on 21 March 1967 insyd Freetown. Insyd hours of taking office, Stevens be ousted insyd a bloodless military coup dey lead by de commander of de army, Brigadier General David Lansana, a close ally of Sir Albert Margai who dey appoint Lansana to de position insyd 1964. Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest insyd Freetown den insisted de determination of office of de prime minister should await de election of de tribal representatives to de house. On 23 March, a group of senior military officers insyd de Sierra Leone Army lead by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith overrode dis action by seizing control of de government, arresting Lansana, den suspending de constitution. De group constituted einself as de National Reformation Council (NRC) plus Juxon-Smith as ein chairman den Governor-General. On 18 April 1968, a group of senior military officers who called themselves de Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM) lead by Brigadier General John Amadu Bangura overthraw de NRC junta. De ACRM juntas just arrest many senior NRC members. De democratic constitution be restored, den power be handed back to Stevens, who assume de office of prime minister.

== Stevens government den one-party state (1968–1985) ==
Stevens dey assume power insyd 1968 plus a great deal of hope den ambition. Much trust be placed upon him as he championed multi-party politics. Stevens dey campaign on a platform of bringing de tribes together under socialist principles. During ein first decade or so insyd power, Stevens dey renegotiate some of what he call &quot;useless prefinanced schemes&quot; contracted by ein predecessors, Albert Margai of de SLPP den Juxon-Smith of de NRC, which be said to have left de country insyd an economically deprive state. Stevens dey reorganize de country ein refinery, de government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, den a cement factory. He cancel Juxon-Smith ein construction of a church den mosque on de grounds of Victoria Park. Stevens begin efforts dat will later bridge de distance between de provinces den de city. Roads den hospitals be constructed insyd de provinces, den paramount chiefs den provincial peoples become a prominent force insyd Freetown.

Under pressure of several coup attempts—real den perceived—Stevens ein rule grow more den more authoritarian, den ein relationship plus some of ein ardent supporters deteriorated. He remove de SLPP from competitive politics insyd general elections, some believe, through de use of violence den intimidation. To maintain de support of de military, Stevens retain de popular John Amadu Bangura as de head of de Sierra Leone Armed Forces.

After de return to civilian rule, by-elections be held (beginning insyd autumn 1968) den an all-APC cabinet be appointed. Calm no be completely restored. Insyd November 1968, unrest insyd de provinces lead Stevens to declare a state of emergency.

Many senior officers insyd de Sierra Leone military be greatly disappointed plus Stevens ein policies, but none can openly confront Stevens. Brigadier General Bangura, who dey reinstated Stevens as prime minister, be widely considered de only person who can put de brakes on Stevens. De army be devoted to Bangura den it was believed, insyd sam quarters, dat dis make him potentially dangerous to Stevens. Insyd January 1970, Bangura be arrested den charge plus conspiracy den plotting to commit a coup against de Stevens government. After a trial dat last a few months, Bangura be convicted den sententenced to death. He be hanged on 29 March 1970 insyd Freetown. Stevens dey name a junior officer, Joseph Saidu Momoh, as de head of de Sierra Leone Military. Major General Momoh be a close ally den very loyal to Stevens.

On 23 March 1971, soldiers loyal to de executed Brigadier John Amadu Bangura hold a mutiny insyd Freetown den oda parts of de country insyd opposition of de Stevens government. Several soldiers be arrested for demma involvement insyd de mutiny, wey include Corporal Foday Sankoh who be convicted of treason den jailed for seven years at de Pademba Road Prison. At Stevens ein request to Guinean President Sekou Toure, a close ally, Guinean soldiers be stationed insyd Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1973 to help protect de government.

Insyd April 1971, a new republican constitution be adopted under which Stevens become president. Insyd de 1972 by-elections, de opposition SLPP complain of intimidation den procedural obstruction by de APC den militia. These problems become so severe dat de SLPP boycotted de 1973 general election; as a result de APC win 84 of de 85 elected seats.

Insyd de early 1970s, Siaka Stevens dey form ein own personal force known as de State Security Division (SSD), insyd order to protect him den to maintain ein hold on power. Many of de SSD officers be from de provinces, den be very loyal to Stevens. De SSD be very powerful den operate independently under Stevens ein direct command. De SSD officers guide Stevens den be deployed across Sierra Leone to put down any rebellion or demonstration against de Stevens government.

An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens fail insyd 1974. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army den government officials dey include Brigadier David Lansana, former cabinet minister Dr. Mohamed Sorie Forna, former cabinet minister den journalist Ibrahim Bash-Taqi den Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara be executed after they be convicted for attempting a coup. Insyd March 1976, Stevens be re-elected president, without opposition.

Insyd 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against de government disrupt Sierra Leone politics. However, de demonstrationbe quickly put down by de army den SSD officers. A general election be called later dat year insyd which corruption be again endemic. De APC win 74 seats den de SLPP win 15 seats.

Insyd May 1978, de Sierra Leone Parliament, dominated by close allies of President Steven ein APC administration, approved a new constitution, which make de country a one-party state. On 12 July 1978, official figures release by de government showed 97 per cent of Sierra Leoneans vote insyd favour of de one-party state. De SLPP, oda opposition parties den civil right groups say de referendum votes be massively rigged, den dat voters be intimidated by security forces loyal to Stevens. De 1978 constitution referendum make de APC the only legal political party; all oda political parties be banned, wey include de main opposition (de SLPP). Dis move lead to anoda major demonstration against de government insyd many parts of de country, which be put down by de army den de SSD officers.

De first elections under de new one-party constitution take place on 1 May 1982. Elections insyd about two-thirds of de constituencies be contested. Because of irregularities, de government cancel elections insyd 13 constituencies. By-elections take place on 4 June 1982. De new cabinet appoint by Stevens after de election include several prominent members of de disbanded SLPP who have defect to de APC, wey include de new Finance Minister Salia Jusu-Sheriff, a former leader of de SLPP. Jusu-Sheriff ein accession to de cabinet be viewed by many as a step toward making de APC a true national party.

Stevens, who have been head-of-state of Sierra Leone for 18 years, retired from dat position insyd November 1985 at de end of ein term, although he continue ein role as chairman of de ruling APC party. Many insyd de country dey expect Stevens to name ein vice president den loyal ally, Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, as ein successor. However, at de APC convention insyd August 1985, de APC name Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh as Stevens ein choice to succeed him as president. Momoh be very loyal to Stevens who dey appoint him to head of de military fifteen years earlier; Momoh den Stevens be both members of de minority Limba ethnic group. Momoh dey retire from de military den be elected president without opposition on 1 October 1985. A formal inauguration dey hold insyd January 1986, den new parliamentary elections be held insyd May 1986.

Siaka Stevens be generally criticised for dictatorial methods den government corruption, but he reduce de ethnic polarization insyd government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into ein all-dominant APC government. Anoda legacy of Stevens be dat for eighteen years while he be insyd power, he keep de country safe from civil war den armed rebellion.

Despite ein dictatorial governing style, Stevens regularly dey interact plus de people of Sierra Leone by making surprise visits. Stevens sana regularly make surprise visits to de poor merchants, where he be often seen buying ein own food at a local market plus ein security team keeping demma distance. Stevens often stand den wave to de Sierra Leonean people from an open car when travelling plus ein convoy.

== Momoh government and RUF rebellion (1985–1991) ==
President Momoh ein strong links plus de army den ein verbal attacks on corruption earn him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. Plus de lack of new faces insyd ein cabinet, however, criticisms soon arose dat Momoh be simply perpetuating de rule of Stevens. Momoh differ einself by integrating de powerful den independent State Security Force (SSD) into de Sierra Leone Police force.

De first years under de Momoh administration be characterised by corruption, which Momoh dey defuse by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise ein war against corruption, President Momoh announce a &quot;Code of Conduct for Political Leaders den Public Servants&quot;. After an alleged attempt to overthrow Momoh insyd March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials be arrested, wey include Vice-president Francis Minah, who be removed from office, convicted for plotting de coup, den executed by hanging plus five odas insyd 1989.

Insyd October 1990, due to mounting domestic den international pressure for reforms, President Momoh create a commission to review de 1978 one-party constitution. Base on de commission ein recommendations, a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system, guaranteeing fundamental human rights den de rule of law, den strengthening democratic structures, be approved by a 60% majority of de APC Parliament, ratify by referendum insyd September 1991 den become effective on 1 October. There be great suspicion dat President Momoh be not serious about ein promise of political reform, as APC rule continue to be increasingly marked by abuses of power.

Several senior government officials insyd Momoh ein administration resign to oppose de APC in upcoming elections. Salia Jusu Sheriff, Abass Bundu, J.B. Dauda den Sama Banya resuscitated de previously disbanded SLPP, while Thaimu Bangura, Edward Kargbo den Desmond Luke formed demma own respective political parties to challenge de ruling APC. However, de vast majority of government officials including Victor Bockarie Foh, Edward Turay, Hassan Gbassay Kanu den Osman Foday Yansaneh remain loyal to Momoh den de APC.

Meanwhile, an increasing burden be placed on de country by de rebellion insyd de eastern part of Sierra Leone.

== Civil war (1991–2002) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Civil War

De brutal civil wardysneighbouring Liberia play an undeniable role insyd de outbreak of fighting insyd Sierra Leone. Charles Taylor—leader of de National Patriotic Front of Liberia—reportedly help form de Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under de command of former Sierra Leonean army corporal Foday Sankoh, a critic of both de Stevens den Momoh administrations. Sankoh had been an ally of Brigadier General Bangura den be among those who mutinied following Bangura ein execution. Sankoh be British-trained den had undergone guerrilla training insyd Libya. Taylor ein aim was for de RUF to attack de bases of Nigerian-dominated peacekeeping troops insyd Sierra Leone who were opposed to ein rebel movement insyd Liberia. Sankoh ein RUF rebels dey enter de country insyd March 1991, den within a month controlled much of Eastern Sierra Leone, wey include de diamond-mining area insyd Kono District. De government of Sierra Leone, overwhelm by a crumbling economy den corruption, be unable to mount significant resistance.

At dis time, de Momoh government be crumbling. Several senior government officials dey resign to form opposition parties, while there be suspicions dat President Momoh no be serious about political reform. Abuses of power dey continue den de APC be alleged to have been hoarding arms den planning a violent campaign against de opposition parties ahead of multi-party general elections scheduled for late 1992. De state have been unable to play civil servants, leading to de looting of government property den a population of aimless youth when schools be closed.

==== '''NPRC Junta (1992–1996)''' ====
On 29 April 1992, twenty-five-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser lead a group of young Sierra Leone Army officers—wey include Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Seargent Solomon Musa, Lieutenant Tom Nyuma, Captain Komba Mondeh, Captain Julius Maada Bio den Captain Komba Kambo—from demma barracks insyd Kailahun District den launch a military coup insyd Freetown, which send President Momoh into exile insyd Guinea. De young soldiers established de National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) plus Strasser as ein chairman den Head of State of de country. Captain Solomon Musa, a close friend of Strasser den one of de leaders of de coup, become de deputy leader of de NPRC Junta. De coup be largely popular because e promise to bring peace, but de NPRC Junta immediately suspended de constitution, ban all political parties, limited freedom of speech den freedom of de press den enact a rule-by-decree policy, insyd which soldiers be granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial. De NPRC establish a Supreme Council, consisting of de highest-ranking soldiers insyd de Junta government.

On de same day de NPRC Junta take power, one of de coup leaders, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, be assassinated—reportedly by Major Sim Turay, de head of Sierra Leone Military Intelligence, den a close ally of de deposed president. A heavily armed military manhunt took place across Sierra Leone to find Turay den odas suspected to have participated insyd de assassination, forcing Turay to flee to Guinea.

De NPRC Junta fight de RUF rebels, recapture most of de RUF-held territories, den push de rebels back to de border plus Liberia. De NPRC Junta maintain relations plus de Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) den strengthen support for Sierra Leone–based ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) troops fighting insyd Liberia.

Insyd December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against de NPRC administration of Strasser be foiled; e dey aim at freeing from detention Colonel Yahya Kanu, Lt-Colonel Kahota M.S. Dumbuya den former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara. Seargent Mohamed Lamin Bangura den some junior army officers be identified as being behind de coup. Seventeen soldiers be executed, wey include Bangura, Kanu den Dumbuya. Several prominent members of de Momoh government who have been insyd detention at de Pa Demba Road prison, wey include former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara sana be executed.

On 5 July 1994, deputy NPRC leader Solomon Musa be arrested den sent into exile insyd Guinea. Musa be accused by Strasser, on de advice of high-ranking NPRC soldiers, dat he have become too powerful den be a threat to Strasser. Musa, who be a close ally den childhood friend of Strasser, deny de allegation den claim ein accusers be de threat. Strasser replace Musa as deputy NPRC chairman plus Captain Julius Maada Bio, den immediately promote him to brigadier.

Due to internal divisions between soldiers loyal to Musa den those who support Strasser ein decision to oust him, de NPRC ein campaign against de RUF become ineffectual. More den more of de country fall to RUF fighters, den by 1994 de RUF hold much of de diamond-rich Eastern Province den be at de edge of Freetown. Insyd response, de NPRC hire several hundred mercenaries from de private firm Executive Outcomes. Within a month, they have driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone ein borders den cleared de RUF from de Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone.

On 16 January 1996, after about four years insyd power, Strasser be arrested by ein own bodyguards insyd a coup lead by Bio den dey back by many high-ranking soldiers of de NPRC junta. Strasser be immediately flown into exile insyd Conakry, Guinea. Bio stated insyd a public broadcast dat ein support for returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elect civilian government den ein commitment to ending de civil war be ein motivations for de coup.

==== '''Return to civilian rule''' '''den first Kabbah Presidency (1996–1997)''' ====
Promises of a return to civilian rule be fulfilled by Bio, who handed power over to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of de Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), after de conclusion of elections insyd early 1996. President Kabbah take power plus a great promise of ending de civil war, open dialogues plus de then-defeated RUF den invite RUF-leader Sankoh for peace negotiations, signing de Abidjan Peace Accord on 30 November 1996.

Insyd January 1997, under international pressure, de Kabbah government ended demma contract plus Executive Outcomes even though a neutral monitoring force have not arrived. Dis dey create an opportunity for de RUF to regroup den renew military attacks. Sankoh be arrested insyd Nigeria, den by de end of March 1997 de peace accord have collapsed.

==== '''AFRC junta (1997–1998)''' ====</text>
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      <text bytes="74180" sha1="2n4xp8cb78npe6pn9xi43fsvva75the" xml:space="preserve">'''Sierra Leone''' first become inhabited by indigenous African peoples at least 2,500 years ago. De Limba be de first tribe known to inhabit Sierra Leone. De dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de region from oda West African cultures, den e become a refuge for peoples escaping violence. Sierra Leone was named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra, who map de region insyd 1462. De Freetown estuary provided a good natural harbour for ships to shelter den replenish drinking water, den gain more international attention as coastal den trans-Atlantic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade.

Insyd de mid-16th century, de Mane people invaded, subjugated nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples, den militarised Sierra Leone. De Mane soon blended plus de local populations den de various chiefdoms den kingdoms remain insyd a continual state of conflict, plus many captives sold to European slave-traders. De Atlantic slave trade had a significant impact on Sierra Leone, as dis trade flourished insyd de 17th den 18th centuries, den later as a centre of anti-slavery efforts when de trade be abolished insyd 1807. British abolitionists had organised a colony for Black Loyalists at Freetown, den dis become de capital of British West Africa. A naval squadron was base there to intercept slave ships, den de colony quickly grew as Liberated Africans be released, join by Afro-Caribbean den African soldiers who had fought for Britain insyd de American Revolutionary War. De descendants of de black settlers be collectively referred to as de Creoles or Krios.

During de colonial era, de British den Creoles increased demma control over de surrounding area, securing peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted, suppressing slave-trading den inter-chiefdom war. Insyd 1895, Britain draw borders for Sierra Leone which they declare to be demma protectorate, leading to armed resistance den de Hut Tax War of 1898. Thereafter, there demma dissent den reforms as de Creoles sought political rights, trade unions form against colonial employers, den peasants sought greater justice from demma chiefs.

Sierra Leone has played a significant part insyd modern African political liberty den nationalism. Insyd de 1950s, a new constitution united de Crown Colony den Protectorate, which had previously been governed separately. Sierra Leone gain independence from de United Kingdom on 27 April 1961 den became a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Ethnic den linguistic divisions remain an obstacle to national unity, plus de Mende, Temne den Creoles as rival power blocs. Roughly half of de years since independence have been marked by autocratic governments or civil war.

== Early history ==
Archaeological finds show dat Sierra Leone has been inhabited continuously for at least 2,500 years, populate by successive movements of peoples from oda parts of Africa. De use of iron be introduced to Sierra Leone by de 9th century, den by de end of de 10th century agriculture was being practiced by coastal tribes.

Sierra Leone ein dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de land from oda African cultures den from de spread of Islam. Dis make e a refuge for people escaping subjugation by de Sahelian kingdoms, violence den jihads.

European contacts plus Sierra Leone be among de first insyd West Africa. Insyd 1462, Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra mapped de hills surrounding what be now Freetown Harbour, naming de oddly shaped formation ''Serra Lyoa'' (Lioness Mountain).

At dis time de country be inhabited by numerous politically independent native groups. Several different languages be spoken, but there was similarity of religion. Insyd de coastal rainforest belt there be Bulom-speakers between de Sherbro den Freetown estuaries, Loko-speakers north of de Freetown estuary to de Little Scarcies River, Temne-speakers find at de mouth of de Scarcies River, den Limba-speakers farther up de Scarcies. Insyd de hilly savannah north of all of these lands be de Susu den Fula tribes. De Susu trade regularly plus de coastal peoples along river valley routes, bringing salt, clothes woven by de Fula, iron work, den gold.

== European contact (15th century) ==
Portuguese ships begin visiting Sierra Leone regularly insyd de late 15th century, den for a while they maintained a fort on de north shore of de Freetown estuary. Dis estuary be one of de largest natural deep-water harbours insyd de world, den one of de few good harbours on West Africa ein surf-battered &quot;Windward Shore&quot; (Liberia to Senegal). E soon become a favourite destination of European mariners, to shelter den replenish drinking water. Some of de Portuguese sailors stay permanently, trading den intermarrying plus de local people.

==== '''Slavery''' ====
Slavery, den insyd particular de Atlantic slave trade, had a great effect on de region—socially, economically den politically—from de late 15th to de mid-19th centuries.

There had been lucrative trans-Saharan trade of slaves insyd West Africa from de 6th century. At ein peak (c. 1350) de Mali Empire surrounded de region of modern-day Sierra Leone den Liberia, though de slave trade may not have significantly penetrated de coastal rainforest. De peoples who migrate into Sierra Leone from dis time will have had greater contact plus de indigenous slave trade, either practicing it or escaping it.

When Europeans first arrive at Sierra Leone, slavery among de African peoples of de area be believe to be rare. According to historian Walter Rodney, de Portuguese mariners keep detailed reports, den so e be likely if slavery had been an important local institution dat de reports will have described it. There be mention of a very particular kind of slavery insyd de region, which was:&lt;blockquote&gt;a person insyd trouble insyd one kingdom can go to anoda den place himself under de protection of ein king, whereupon he become a &quot;slave&quot; of dat king, obliged to provide free labour den liable for sale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Rodney, such a person will likely have retain some rights den had some opportunity to rise insyd status as time passed.

De European colonization of de Americas soon lead to labor demands from nascent colonies; dis lead Europeans to seek a supply of slaves to transport to de Americas. Initially, European slavers launch raids on coastal villages to abduct Africans den sell them into slavery. However, they soon establish economic alliances plus local leaders, as many chiefs were willing to sell undesirable members of demma tribe to Europeans. Oda African chiefs launch raids on rival tribes insyd order to sell captives of such raids into slavery.

Dis early slaving essentially be an export business. De use of slaves as labourers by de local Africans appears to have developed only later. E may first have occurred under coastal chiefs insyd de late 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;De slave owners originally be white den foreigners, but de late eighteenth century see de emergence of powerful slave-trading chiefs, be said to own large numbers of 'domestic slaves'.&lt;/blockquote&gt;For example, insyd de late 18th century, William Cleveland, a Scottish leader insyd Africa had a large &quot;slave town&quot; on de mainland opposite de Banana Islands, whose inhabitants &quot;be employed insyd cultivating extensive rice fields, describe as being some of the largest insyd Africa at de time&quot;. De existence of an indigenous slave town be recorded by an English traveler insyd 1823. Known insyd de Fula language as a ''rounde'', e be connected plus de Sulima Susu ein capital city, Falaba. Ein inhabitants work at farming.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Rodney dey postulate two means by which slaving for export can have caused a local practice of using slaves for labour to develop:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# Not all war captives offer for sale will have been bought by de Portuguese, so demma captors had to find something else to do plus them. Rodney believe dat executing them be rare den that they will have been used for local labour.
# There be a time lag between de time a slave be captured den de time he or she be sold. Thus there will often have been a pool of slaves awaiting sale, who will have been put to work.&lt;/blockquote&gt;There be possible additional reasons for de adoption of slavery by de locals to meet demma labour requirements:

# De Europeans provided an example for imitation.
# Once slaving insyd any form be accepted, e may smash a moral barrier to exploitation den make ein adoption insyd oda forms seem a relatively minor matter.
# Export slaving entailed de construction of a coercive apparatus which could have been subsequently turned to other ends, such as policing a captive labour force.
# De sale of local produce (e.g., palm kernels) to Europeans opened a new sphere of economic activity. Insyd particular, e dey create an increased demand for agricultural labour. Slavery be a way of mobilising an agricultural work force.
Dis local African slavery be much less harsh den brutal than de slavery practiced by Europeans on, for example, de plantations of the United States, de West Indies, den Brazil. De local slavery has been described by anthropologist M. McCulloch:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Slaves be housed close to de fresh tracts of land they clear for demma masters. They be considered part of de household of demma owner, den enjoyed limited rights. E no be customary to sell them except for a serious offense, such as adultery plus de wife of a freeman. Small plots of land be given to them for demma own use, den they might retain de proceeds of crops they grow on these plots; by dis means e be possible for a slave to become de owner of anoda slave. Sometimes a slave marry insyd de household of ein master den rose to a position of trust; there be an instance of a slave taking charge of a chiefdom during de minority of de heir. Descendants of slaves often be practically indistinguishable from freemen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Slaves sometimes be sent on errands outside de kingdoms of demma masters den return voluntarily. Speaking specifically of de era around 1700, historian Christopher Fyfe relates dat, &quot;Slaves not taken insyd war usually be criminals. Insyd coastal areas, at least, e be rare for anyone to be sold without being charged plus a crime.&quot;

Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section be still present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describes a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section still be present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describe a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;A freeman heavily insyd debt, den facing de threat of de punishment of being sold, will approach a wealthier man or chief plus a plea to pay off ein debts 'while I sit on your lap'. Or he can give a son or some oda dependent of ein 'to be for you', de wealthy man or chief. Dis insyd effect mean dat de person so pawn be automatically reduce to a position of dependence, den if he be never redeemed, he or ein children eventually become part of de master ein extended family. By dis time, de children practically be indistinguishable from de real children of de master, since they grow up regarding one anoda as brothers.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Some observers consider de term &quot;slave&quot; to be more misleading than informative when describing de local practice. Abraham say dat insyd most cases, &quot;subject, servant, client, serf, pawn, dependent, or retainer&quot; will be more accurate. Domestic slavery be abolished insyd Sierra Leone insyd 1928. McCulloch reports dat at dat time, amongst Sierra Leone ein largest present-day ethnolinguistic group, de Mende, who then had about 560,000 people, about 15 per cent of de population (i.e., 84,000 people) be domestic slaves. He sana say dat &quot;singularly little change followed de 1928 decree; a fair number of slaves return to demma original homes, but de great majority remain insyd de villages insyd which demma former masters had placed them or demma parents.&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Export slavery remain a major business insyd Sierra Leone from de late 15th century to de mid-19th century. According to Fyfe, &quot;e be estimated insyd 1789 dat 74,000 slaves be exported annually from West Africa, about 38,000 by British firms.&quot; Insyd 1788, a proslavery European name Matthews estimated de annual total export from between de Nunez River (110 km north of Sierra Leone) den de Sherbro as 3,000. Participation insyd de Atlantic slave trade gradually be outlawed by various Western nations, beginning plus de United States den Britain insyd 1808.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Mane invasions (16th century) ==
Further information: Mane people

De Mane invasions of de mid-16th century had a profound impact on Sierra Leone. De Mane (sana call Mani) be members of de Mande language group. A warrior people, well-armed den well-organized, they live east den somewhat north of present-day Sierra Leone. Sometime insyd de early 16th century they begin moving south. According to some Mane who dey speak to a Portuguese writer (Dornelas) in de late 16th century, demma travels dey begin as a result of de expulsion of demma chief from de imperial city of Mandimansa, demma homeland.

There be conflicting accounts among historians of how these invasions happened. Some historians place demma first arrival at de coast east of Sierra Leone, at least as far as de River Cess den likely pppie. They advanced northwest along de coast toward Sierra Leone, conquering as they go. Odas contend dat they arrive on de coast near Sherbro Island. They incorporate large numbers of de people they conquered into demma army, plus de result dat de rank den file consist mostly of coastal peoples, while de Mane be ein commanding group.

By 1545, de Mane dey reach Cape Mount. Dema conquest of Sierra Leone occupy de ensuing 15 to 20 years, den result insyd de subjugation of all or nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples—who be known collectively as de Sapes—as far north as de Scarcies. De present demographics of Sierra Leone largely be a reflection of these two decades. De degree to which de Mane supplanted de original inhabitants vary from place to place. De Temne partly withstood de Mane onslaught, den keep demma language, but become ruled by a line of Mane kings. De present-day Loko den Mende be de result of a more complete submersion of de original culture: demma languages be similar, den both essentially Mande. Dis likely be due to conquest by de Mane invaders.

=== '''Aftermath''' ===
De Mane invasions militarised Sierra Leone. De Sapes had been un-warlike, but after de invasions, right until de late 19th century, bows, shields, den knives of de Mane type dey become ubiquitous insyd Sierra Leone, as had de Mane battle technique of using squadrons of archers fighting insyd formation, carrying de large-style shields. Villages become fortified. De usual method of erecting two or three concentric palisades, each 4–7 metres (12–20 ft) high, create a formidable obstacle to attackers—especially since, as some of de English observe insyd de 19th century, de thigh-thick logs planted insyd de earth to make de palisades often take root at de bottom den grow foliage at de top, so dat de defenders occupy a living wall of wood. A British officer who dey observe one of these fortifications around de time of de 1898 Hut Tax war ended ein description of it thus:&lt;blockquote&gt;No one who dey no see these fences can realize de immense strength of them. De outer fence at Hahu I measure insyd several places, den found e to be from 2 to 3 feet thick, den most of de logs, or rather trees, of which e be formed, had taken root den be throwing out leaves den shoots.&lt;/blockquote&gt;He sana say dat English artillery can not penetrate all three fences. At dat time, at least among de Mende, &quot;a typical settlement dey consist of walled towns den open villages or towns surrounding it.&quot;

After de invasions, de Mane sub-chiefs among whom e country dey divide begin fighting among themselves. Dis pattern of activity become permanent: even after de Mane dey blend plus de indigenous population—a process which be completed insyd de early 17th century—de various kingdoms insyd Sierra Leone remain insyd a fairly continual state of flux den conflict. Rodney believe dat a desire to take prisoners to sell as slaves to de Europeans be a major motivation to dis fighting, den may even have been a driving force behind de original Mane invasions. Historian Kenneth Little dey conclude dat de principal objective insyd de local wars, at least among de Mende, be plunder, not de acquisition of territory. Abraham cautions dat slave trading should not be exaggerated as a cause: de Africans have demma own reasons to fight, plus territorial den political ambitions present. Motivations likely change over time during de 350-year period.

De wars themselves no be exceptionally deadly. Set-piece battles be rare, den de fortified towns so strong dat demma capture seldom be attempted. Often de fighting dey consist of small ambushes.

Insyd these years, de political system be such dat each large village along plus ein satellite villages den settlements will be headed by a chief. De chief will have a private army of warriors. Sometimes several chiefs will group themselves into a confederacy, acknowledging one of themselves as king (or high chief). Each pay de king fealty. If one be attacked, de king will come to ein aid, den de king can adjudicate local disputes.

Despite demma many political divisions, de people of de country be united by cultural similarity. One component of dis be de Poro, an organisation common to many different kingdoms den ethnolinguistic groups. De Mende claim to be ein originators, den there be nothing to contradict dis. Possibly they import it. De Temne claim to dey import it from de Sherbro or Bulom. De Dutch geographer Olfert Dapper know of it insyd de 17th century. E often be described as a &quot;secret society&quot;, dis partly be true: ein rites be closed to non-members, den what happens insyd de &quot;Poro bush&quot; never be disclosed. However, ein membership be very broad: among de Mende, almost all men, den some women, be initiates. Insyd recent years e no dey (as far as is known) have a central organisation: autonomous chapters exist for each chiefdom or village. However, it is said dat insyd pre-Protectorate days there be a &quot;Grand Poro&quot; plus cross-chiefdom powers of making war den peace. E widely be agreed dat e has a restraining influence on de powers of de chiefs. Headed by a fearsome principal spirit, de ''Gbeni'', e plays a major role insyd de rite of passage of males from puberty to manhood. E imparts some education. Insyd some areas, e have supervisory powers over trade, den de banking system, which use iron bars as a medium of exchange. E no only be de important society insyd Sierra Leone: de ''Sande'' be a female-only analogue of it; there sana be de ''Humoi'' which regulates sex, den de ''Njayei'' den de ''Wunde''. De ''Kpa'' be a healing-arts collegium.

Besides de political impact, there be economic effects as well: trade plus de interior be interrupted, den thousands be sold as slaves to de Europeans. Insyd industry, a flourishing tradition insyd fine ivory carving be ended; however, improved ironworking techniques be introduced.&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== 1600–1787 ==
By de 17th century, Portuguese colonialism insyd West Africa begin to wane, den insyd Sierra Leone oda European colonial powers such as de English den Dutch begin to supplant demma influence insyd de region. Insyd 1628, a group of English merchants had established a factory insyd de vicinity of Sherbro Island, about 50 km (30 mi) south-east from present-day Freetown. Insyd addition to ivory den slaves, de merchants at de factory sana trade insyd camwood, a type of hard timber. De Portuguese missionary Baltasar Barreira minister insyd Sierra Leone until 1610. Jesuits, den later insyd de century, Capuchins, continue de mission. By 1700 it had closed, although priests occasionally visited.

Insyd 1663, de Royal African Company (RAC) be granted a royal charter from Charles II of England den soon established a factory on Sherbro Island den Tasso Island. During de Second Anglo-Dutch War, both factories be sacked by a Dutch Navy force insyd 1664. De factory be rebuilt, though e be sacked again by de French Navy during de War of de Spanish Succession insyd 1704 den pirates insyd 1719 den 1720. After de Dutch raid on de RAC factory at Tasso Island, e be relocated to de nearby Bunce Island, which be more defensible.

De Europeans make payments, called ''Cole'', for rent, tribute, den trading rights, to de king of an area. At this time de local military advantage still be on de side of de Africans, den there be a 1714 report of a king seizing RAC goods insyd retaliation for a breach of protocol. Local Afro-Portuguese merchants often act as middlemen, de Europeans advancing them goods to trade to de local people, most often for ivory. Insyd 1728, an overly aggressive RAC governor dey unite de Africans den Afro-Portuguese insyd hostility to him; they burn down de Bunce Island fort den e no be rebuilt until about 1750. During de time dat de Royal African Company be operating, de firm of Grant, Sargent [Wikidata] den Oswald provisioned de trading stations. When de RAC abandoned Bunce Island, Sargent den ein partners purchase ein factory insyd 1748, repair it, den dey use it to trade insyd timber. They expand to Batts, Bobs, Tasso, den Tumbu Islands den along de banks of de river, eventually becoming involve insyd de slave trade. De French sack it again insyd 1779, during de American Revolutionary War.

During de 17th century de Temne ethnolinguistic group be expanding. Around 1600, a Mani still dey rule de Loko kingdom (de area north of Port Loko Creek) den anoda rule de upper part of de south shore of de Freetown estuary. De north shore of de estuary be under a Ballom king, den de area just east of Freetown on de peninsula be held by a non-Mani plus a European name, Dom Phillip de Leon (who may have been a subordinate to ein Mani neighbour). By de mid-17th century dis situation dey change: Temne, not Bullom dey speak on de south shore, den ships stopping for water den firewood had to pay customs to de Temne king of Bureh who live at Bagos town on de point between de Rokel River den Port Loko Creek. (De king may  consider himself a Mani—to dis day, Temne chiefs have Mani-derived titles—but ein people be Temne. De Bureh king insyd place insyd 1690 be called Bai Tura, ''Bai'' being a Mani form.) De Temne thus dey expand insyd a wedge toward de sea at Freetown, den now dey separate de Bulom to de north from de Mani den oda Mande-speakers to de south den east.

Insyd dis period there be several reports of women occupying high positions. De king of de south shore use to leave one of ein wives to rule when he be absent, den insyd de Sherbro there be female chiefs. Insyd de early 18th century, a Bulom dey name Seniora Maria make ein own town near Cape Sierra Leone.

During de 17th century, Muslim Fula from de Upper Niger den Senegal rivers move into an area called Fouta Djallon (or Futa Jalon) insyd de mountainous region north of present-day Sierra Leone. They be to have an important impact on de peoples of Sierra Leone because they increase trade den sana produced secondary population movements insyd Sierra Leone. Though de Muslim Fula first cohabited peaceably plus de peoples already at Fouta Djallon, around 1725 they embark on a war of domination, forcing de migration of many Susu, Yalunka, den non-Muslim Fula.

Susu—some already convert to Islam—come south insyd Sierra Leone, insyd turn displacing Limba from north-west Sierra Leone den driving them insyd north-central Sierra Leone where they continue to live. Some Susu move as far south as de Temne town of Port Loko, only 60 km (37 mi) upriver from de Atlantic. Eventually a Muslim Susu family dey call Senko supplanted de town ein Temne rulers. Oda Susu dey move westward from Fouta Djallon, eventually dominating de Baga, Bulom, den Temne north of de Scarcies River.

De Yalunka insyd Fouta Djallon first accept Islam, then reject it den be driven out. They go into north-central Sierra Leone den founded demma capital at Falaba insyd de mountains near de source of de Rokel. E still not an important town, about 20 km (12 mi) south of de Guinea border. Oda Yalunka go somewhat farther south den settled amongst de Koranko, Kissi, den Limba.

Besides these groups, who be more-or-less unwilling emigrants, a considerable variety of Muslim adventurers go forth from Fouta Djallon. A Fula called Fula Mansa (''mansa'' meaning ''king'') become ruler of de Yoni country 100 km (62 mi) east of present-day Freetown. Some of ein Temne subjects fled south to de Banta country between de middle reaches of de Bagu den Jong rivers, where they become known as de Mabanta Temne.

Insyd 1652, de first slaves from Sierra Leone be transported to North America; they be sold to white plantation owners insyd de Sea Islands off de coast of de American South. During de 18th century, numerous slaves from Bunce Island be transported to de Southern Colonies, due insyd part to de business relationship between American slave trader Henry Laurens den de London-based firm of Grant, Sargent, Oswald &amp; Company, which oversaw a thriving slave trade from Bunce Island insyd Sierra Leone to North America.

De transatlantic slave trade continued to transport millions of enslaved Africans, wey include those from Sierra Leone, across de Atlantic during de 17th, 18th den 19th centuries; ultimately, roughly 12.5 million slaves where e dey bring to de Americas dis way. However, de rise of abolitionist movements insyd de Western world insyd de late 18th den early 19th centuries dey lead to various European den American governments passing legislation to abolish de slave trade. De slave trade insyd Sierra Leone undergo a marked decline during de 19th century, though domestic slavery will persist until de 20th century.

== De Province of Freedom (1787–1789) ==
Main article: Granville Town, Province of Freedom

==== '''Conception of''' '''de Province of Freedom (1787)''' ====
Insyd 1787, a plan be established to settle some of London ein &quot;Black Poor&quot; insyd Sierra Leone insyd what was called the &quot;Province of Freedom&quot;. This was organised by the Committee for de Relief of de Black Poor, found by British abolitionist Granville Sharp, which preferred it as a solution to continuing to financially support them insyd London. Many of de Black Poor be African Americans, who had been given demma freedom after seeking refuge with the British Army during the American Revolution, but also included other West Indian, African and Asian inhabitants of London.

De Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme be proposed by entomologist Henry Smeathman den draw interest from humanitarians like Granville Sharp saw it as a means of showing de pro-slavery lobby dat black people can contribute towards de running of de new colony of Sierra Leone. Government officials soon become involved insyd de scheme as well, although demma interest be spurred by de possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere. William Pitt de Younger, prime minister den leader of de Tory party, dey have an active interest insyd de Scheme, because he see it as a means to repatriate de Black Poor to Africa, since &quot;e be necessary they should be sent somewhere, den be no longer suffer to infest de streets of London&quot;.

==== '''Establishment, destruction''' '''den re-establishment (1789)''' ====
De area be first settled by 400 formerly enslaved Black Britons, who dey arrive off de coast of Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787, dey accompany by some English tradesmen. They established de Province of Freedom or Granville Town on land purchase from local Koya Temne subchief King Tom den regent Naimbanna II, a purchase which de Europeans understand to cede de land to de new settlers &quot;for ever&quot;. De established arrangement between Europeans den de Koya Temne do not include provisions for permanent settlement, den some historians question how well de Koya leaders understand de agreement. Half of de settlers insyd de new colony die insyd de first year. Several black settlers dey start working for local slave traders. De settlers dat dey remain forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliate, attacking de settlement, which be reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, den six white women. Black settlers be captured by unscrupulous traders den sold as slaves, den de remaining colonists be forced to arm themselves for demma own protection. King Tom ein successor King Jemmy dey attack den burn de colony insyd 1789.

Alexander Falconbridge be sent to Sierra Leone insyd 1791 to collect de remaining Black Poor settlers, den they re-establish Granville Town (later renamed Cline Town) near Fourah Bay. Although these 1787 settlers do not establish Freetown, which be founded insyd 1792, de bicentennial of Freetown be celebrated insyd 1987.

After establishing Granville Town, disease den hostility from de indigenous people eliminated de first group of colonists den destroyed demma settlement. A second Granville Town established by 64 remaining black den white 'Old settlers' under de leadership of St. George Bay Company leader, Alexander Falconbridge den de St. George Bay Company. Dis settlement be different from de Freetown settlement den colony founded insyd 1792 by Lt. John Clarkson den de Nova Scotian Settlers under de auspices of de Sierra Leone Company.

== Freetown Colony (1792–1808) ==
'''Conception of tde Freetown settlement (1791)'''

De basis for de Freetown Colony begin insyd 1791 plus Thomas Peters, an African American who had served insyd de Black Pioneers den settle insyd Nova Scotia as part of de Black Loyalist migration. Peters travel to England insyd 1791 to report grievances of de Black Loyalists who had been given poor land den faced discrimination. Peters meet plus British abolitionists den de directors of de Sierra Leone Company. He learn of de company ein plan for a new settlement at Sierra Leone. De directors be eager to allow de Nova Scotians to build a settlement there; de London-based den newly create Company had decided to create a new colony but before Peters ein arrival have no colonists. Lieutenant John Clarkson be sent to Nova Scotia to register immigrants to take to Sierra Leone for de purpose of starting a new settlement. Clarkson worked plus Peters to recruit 1,196 former American slaves from free African communities around Nova Scotia such as Birchtown. Most dey escape Virginia den South Carolina plantations. Some had been born insyd Africa before being enslaved den taken to America.

==== '''Settlement by Nova Scotians (1792)''' ====
De settlers dey sail insyd 15 ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia den arrived insyd St. George Bay between 26 February den 9 March 1792. Sixty-four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, den even Lieutenant Clarkson be ill during de voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson den some of de Nova Scotian 'captains' &quot;despatched on shore to clear or make roadway for demma landing&quot;. De Nova Scotians be to build Freetown on de former site of de first Granville Town which have become a &quot;jungle&quot; since ein destruction insyd 1789. (Though they built Freetown on Granville Town ein former site, demma settlement be no a rebirth of Granville Town, which had been re-established at Fourah Bay in 1791 by de remaining Old Settlers.) Clarkson told de men to clear de land until they reach a large cotton tree. After this difficult work had been done den de land cleared, all de settlers, men den women, disembarked den marched towards de thick forest den to de cotton tree, den demma preachers (all African Americans) begin singing:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Awake den Sing Of Moses den de Lamb
Wake! every heart den every tongue'

To praise de Saviour ein name

De day of Jubilee be come;

Return ye ransomed sinners home&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 11 March 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, dey pray den preach a sermon under de large Cotton Tree, den Reverend David George dey preach de first recorded Baptist service insyd Africa. De land be dedicated den christened 'Free Town' according to de instructions of de Sierra Leone Company Directors. Dis be de first thanksgiving service insyd de newly christened Free Town den be de beginning of de political entity of Sierra Leone. Later, John Clarkson will be sworn insyd as de first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts be erected before de rainy season. De Sierra Leone Company surveyors den de settlers built Freetown on de American grid pattern, plus parallel streets den wide roads, plus de largest being Water Street.

On 24 August 1792, de Black Poor or Old Settlers of de second Granville Town be incorporated into de new Sierra Leone Colony but remain at Granville Town. E survive being pillaged by de French insyd 1794, den be rebuilt by de Nova Scotian settlers. By 1798, Freetown had 300–400 houses plus architecture resembling dat of de American South, plus 3- to 4-foot stone foundations den wooden superstructures. Eventually dis style of housing (brought by de Nova Scotians) will be de model for de 'bod oses' of demma Creole descendants.

=== '''Settlement by Jamaican Maroons (1800)''' ===
Insyd 1800, de Nova Scotians rebel den e be de arrival of over 500 Jamaican Maroons which dey cause de rebellion to be suppressed. Thirty-four Nova Scotians be banished den sent to either to Sherbro Island or a penal colony at Gore. Some of these eventually be allowed back insyd Freetown. Following demma capture of de rebels, de Maroons be granted de land of de Nova Scotian rebels. Eventually de Jamaican Maroons insyd Sierra Leone have demma own district at de newly named Maroon Town.

De Maroons be a free community of blacks from Cudjoe ein Town (Trelawny Town) who have been resettled insyd Nova Scotia after surrendering to de British government dey follow de Second Maroon War of 1795–6. They have petitioned de British government for settlement elsewhere due to de climate insyd Nova Scotia.

==== '''Abolition and slaves-insyd-transit (1807 - 1830s)''' ====
Britain outlawed de slave trade throughout ein empire on 29 March 1807 plus de Slave Trade Act 1807, though de practice continue insyd de British Empire until e finally be abolished insyd de 1830s. De Royal Navy ein West Africa Squadron operating from Freetown take active measures to intercept den seize ships participating insyd de illegal Atlantic slave trade. De slaves dat dey hold on these vessels be released into Freetown den initially be called 'Captured negroes', 'Recaptives' or 'Liberated Africans'.

==== '''Formation of''' '''de Sierra Leone Creole ethnicity (1870 onwards)''' ====
De Sierra Leone Creole people (Krio: ''Krio people'') be descendants of de Black Poor, freed African Americans (Nova Scotian Black Loyalists), Afro-Caribbeans (Jamaican Maroons), den Liberated Africans who settled insyd de Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 den about 1885. De colony be established by de British, support by abolitionists, under de Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. De settlers called demma new settlement Freetown.

== Colonial era (1808–1961) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Colony den Protectorate

==== '''Establishment of''' '''de British Crown Colony (1808)''' ====
Insyd 1808, e British Crown Colony of Sierra Leone be founded, plus Freetown serving as de capital of British West Africa. De city ein population expanded rapidly plus freed slaves, who dey establish suburbs on de Freetown Peninsula. They be joined by West Indian den African soldiers who dey settle insyd Sierra Leone after fighting for Britain insyd de Napoleonic Wars.

'''Intervention''' '''den acquisition of de hinterland (1800s–1895)'''

Insyd de early 1800s, Sierra Leone be a small colony extending a few kilometres (a few miles) up de peninsula from Freetown. De bulk of de territory dat makes up present-day Sierra Leone still be de sovereign territory of indigenous peoples such as de Mende den Temne, den be little affected by de tiny population of de Colony. Over de course of de 19th century, dat gradually changed: de British den Creoles insyd de Freetown area dey increase demma involvement insyd—den demma control over—de surrounding territory by engaging insyd trade, which be promoted den dey increase through treaty-making den military expeditions.

Insyd demma treaties plus de native chiefs, de British largely be concerned plus securing local peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted. Typically, de British government dey agree to pay a chief a stipend insyd return for a commitment from him to keep de peace plus ein neighbours; oda specific commitments extract from a chief might include keeping roads open, allowing de British to collect customs duties, den submitting disputes plus ein neighbours to British adjudication. Insyd de decades following Britain ein prohibition of de slave trade insyd 1807, de treaties sometimes sana require chiefs to desist from slave-trading. Suppression of slave-trading den suppression of inter-chiefdom war dey go hand-in-hand because de trade thrived on de wars (and caused them). Thus, to de commercial reasons for pacification can be added anti-slavery ones.

When friendly persuasion fail to secure demma interests, de British no be more than (to borrow Carl von Clausewitz's phrase) &quot;continuing diplomacy by oda means&quot;. At least by de mid-1820s, de army den navy be going out from de Colony to attack chiefs whose behaviour do not conform to British dictates. Insyd 1826, Governor Turner led troops to de Bum–Kittam area, capture two stockaded towns, burn odas, den declare a blockade on de coast as far as Cape Mount. Dis partly be an anti-slaving exercise den partly to punish de chief for refusing territory to de British. Later dat year, acting-Governor Macaulay send out an expedition which go up de Jong river den dey burn Commenda, a town belonging to a related chief. Insyd 1829, de colonial authorities founded de Sierra Leone Police Corps. Insyd 1890, dis force be divided into de Civilian Police den de Frontier Police.

De British develope a modus operandi wey characterised demma interventions throughout de century: army or frontier police, plus naval support if possible, will bombard a town den then usually torch it after de defenders dey fly or been defeated. Where possible, local enemies of de party being attacked be invited by de British to accompany them as allies.

Further information: British den Creole intervention insyd de Sierra Leone hinterland insyd de 19th century

Insyd de 1880s, Britain ein intervention insyd de hinterland dey receive added impetus because of de &quot;Scramble for Africa&quot;: an intense competition between de European powers for territory insyd Africa. Insyd dis case, de rival be France. To forestall French incursion into what they had come to consider as demma own sphere, de British government renewed efforts to finalise a boundary agreement with France and on 1 January 1890 instructed Governor Hay insyd Sierra Leone to get from chiefs insyd de boundary area friendship treaties containing a clause forbidding them to treat plus anoda European power without British consent.

Consequently, insyd 1890 den 1891 Hay den two travelling commissioners, Garrett den Alldridge, dey go on extensive tours of what be now Sierra Leone wey obtain treaties from chiefs. Most of these no be, however, treaties of cession; they be insyd de form of cooperative agreements between two sovereign powers.

Insyd January 1895, a boundary agreement be signed insyd Paris, roughly fixing de line between French Guinea den Sierra Leone. De exact line be to be determined by surveyors. As Christopher Fyfe notes, &quot;De delimitation be made almost entirely insyd geographical terms—rivers, watersheds, parallels—not political. Samu chiefdom, for instance, be divided; de people on de frontier had to opt for farms on one side or villages on de oda.&quot;

More generally, de arbitrary lumping-together of disparate native peoples insyd geographical units decided by de colonial powers has been an ongoing source of trouble throughout Africa. These geographical units now dety attempt to function as nations but no be naturally nations, being composed insyd many cases of peoples who be traditional enemies. Insyd Sierra Leone, for example, de Mende, Temne den Creoles remain as rival power blocs between whom lines of fission easily emerge.

'''Establishment of''' '''de British Protectorate den further land acquisition (1895)'''

Insyd August 1895, an Order-in-Council dey issue insyd Britain authorising de Colony to make laws for de territory around it, extending out to de agreed-upon boundary (which corresponds closely to dat of present-day Sierra Leone). On 31 August 1896, a Proclamation dey issue insyd de Colony, wey dey declare dat territory to be a British Protectorate. De Colony remained a distinct political entity; de Protectorate dey govern from it.

Most of de chiefs whose territories de Protectorate subsumed do not enter into it voluntarily. Many sign treaties of friendship plus Britain, but these be often dey express as being between sovereign powers, plus there be no subordination to de British. Only a handful of chiefs dey sign treaties of cession, den insyd some cases e be unknown if de chiefs dey understand de implications of de treaty. Insyd more remote areas, no treaties had been signed at all. De creation of de Sierra Leone Protectorate be more insyd de nature of a unilateral acquisition of territory by de British.

Almost every chieftaincy insyd Sierra Leone dey respond to de British arrogation of power plus armed resistance. De Protectorate Ordinances (passed insyd de Colony insyd 1896 den 1897) abolish de title of King den replace it plus &quot;Paramount Chief&quot;. Chiefs den kings dey formerly been selected by de leading members of dema own communities; now all chiefs, even paramount ones, can be deposed or installed at de will of de Governor, den most of de judicial powers of de chiefs be removed den given to courts presided-over by British &quot;District Commissioners&quot;. De Governor decree dat a house tax of 5''s'' to 10''s'' be to be levied annually on every dwelling insyd de Protectorate. To de chiefs, these reductions insyd de power den prestige be unbearable.

During these conflicts, British officers dey use de practice of cutting de hands of people to account for bullets spent, similar to what dey occur under de regime Leopold II of Belgium insyd de Congo Free State. British doctor, John Lancelot Todd, who dey travel to West Africa on an LSTM expedition together plus Joseph Everett Dutton, write down de testimonies of British officers who dey involve insyd putting down rebellions insyd British Sierra Leone den dey practice cutting de hands of de people they shot. De exact number of living victims who dey end up mutilated be unknown.

==== '''Hut Tax War of 1898''' ====
Insyd 1898, two rebellions dey break out against British colonial rule insyd Sierra Leone insyd response to de introduction of a new hut tax by Governor Frederic Cardew. On 1 January 1898, Cardew introduce de hut tax as a way to pay for de colonial administration ein financial expenditures. However, de tax prove to be beyond de financial means of many insyd de colony, provoking discontent. Insyd February 1898, an attempt by colonial officials to arrest Temne chief Bai Bureh lead to him den rebels under ein command to revolt against British rule. Bureh ein forces dey launch attacks on British officials den Creole traders.

Despite de ongoing rebellion, Bureh dispatched two peace overtures to de British insyd April den June of dat year, aid by de mediation of Limba chief Almamy Suluku. Cardew dey reject both offers, as Bureh would not agree to surrender unconditionally. Bureh ein forces conducted a disciplined den skillfully execute guerrilla campaign which cause de British considerable difficulty. Hostilities begin insyd February; Bureh ein harassing tactics confounded de British at first but by May they gain ground. De rainy season interrupted hostilities until October, when British colonial forces resume de slow process of capturing rebel stockades. When most of these defences dey eliminate, Bureh be captured or surrendered (accounts differ) insyd November.

De second revolt insyd de southeast be a mass uprising, planned somehow to commence everywhere on 27 den 28 April, insyd which almost all &quot;outsiders&quot;—whether European or Creole—be seized den summarily executed. Although more fearsome than Bai Bureh ein rising, na e be amorphous, dey lack a definite strategy, den  be suppressed insyd most areas insyd two months. Some Mende rebels insyd de centre of de country no be beaten until November, however; den Mende king Nyagua ein son Maghi, insyd alliance plus some Kissi rebels, continued de revolt insyd de extreme east of de Protectorate until August 1899. De principal of de uprisings, Bureh, Nyagua den Kpana Lewis, be exiled to de Gold Coast on 30 July 1899. Nine months after de rebellion, de colonial government convicted den executed ninety-six rebels which had been found guilty of murder by hanging. Insyd 1905, Bureh be allowed by de British to return to Sierra Leone, where he continue reassume ein chieftaincy at de settlement of Kasseh.

=== Creole dissent insyd de high colonial period (1898–1956) ===
Insyd de early 19th century Freetown serve as de residence of de British governor who sana rule deGold Coast (now Ghana) den de Gambia settlements. Sierra Leone sana serve as de educational centre of British West Africa. Fourah Bay College, establish insyd 1827, rapidly become a magnet for English-speaking Africans on de west coast. For more than a century, e be de only European-style university insyd western Sub-Saharan Africa.

After de Hut Tax War there be no more large-scale military resistance to colonialism. Resistance den dissent dey continue, but take oda forms. Vocal political dissent come mainly from de Creoles, who be a sizeable middle den upper class of business-people den European-educated professionals such as doctors den lawyers. Insyd de mid-19th century they had enjoyed a period of considerable political influence, but in the late 19th century the government become much less open to them.

They continue to press for political rights, however, den dey operate a variety of newspapers which governors dey consider troublesome den demagogic. Insyd 1924, a new constitution be put insyd place, introducing elected representation (3 out of 22 members) for de first time, plus de first elections held on 28 October. Prominent among de Creoles demanding change be de bourgeois nationalist H.C. Bankole-Bright, General Secretary of de Sierra Leone Branch of de National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA), den de socialist I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson, founder of de West African Youth League (WAYL).

African resistance no be limited to political discussion. Sierra Leone develope an active trade union movement whose strikes often be accompanied by sympathetic rioting among de general population.

Besides de colonial employers, popular hostility be targeted against de tribal chiefs who de British dey transform into functionaries insyd de colonial system of indirect rule. Demma role be to provide policing, collect taxes, den obtain corvée labour (forced labour exacted from those unable to pay taxes) for de colonial government; insyd return, de government maintain them insyd a privileged position over de oda Africans. Chiefs not willing to play this role be replaced by more compliant ones. According to Kilson, de attitude of de Africans toward demma chiefs become ambivalent: frequently they respect de office but resented de exactions made by de individual occupying it. From de chiefs ein point of view, de dilemma of an honourable ruler dey face plus British ultimatums cannot have been easy.

Throughout de 20th century, there be numerous riots directed against tribal chiefs. These culminated insyd de Freetown riot of 1955, which be suppressed by a combined force of police den Royal Sierra Leone Regiment troops. After those riots, reforms be introduced: de forced-labour system be completely abolished den reductions be made insyd de powers of de chiefs.

Sierra Leone remain divided into a Colony den a Protectorate, plus separate den different political systems constitutionally defined for each. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate insyd 1947, when proposals be introduced to provide for a single political system. Most of de proposals come from de Protectorate. De Krio, led by Isaac Wallace-Johnson, oppose de proposals, de main effect of which will have been to diminish demma political power. E be due to de astute politics of Sir Milton Margai dat de educated Protectorate elite dey win over to join forces plus de paramount chiefs insyd de face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai use de same skills to win-over opposition leaders den moderate Krio elements for de achievement of independence.

Insyd November 1951, Margai dey overseew de drafting of a new constitution, which unite de separate Colonial den Protectorate legislatures den provide a framework for decolonization. Insyd 1953, Sierra Leone be granted local ministerial powers, den Margai be elected Chief Minister of Sierra Leone. De new constitution ensure Sierra Leone a parliamentary system insyd de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1957, Sierra Leone hold ein first parliamentary election. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), which be then de most-popular political party insyd de colony of Sierra Leone, win de most seats insyd Parliament. Margai sana be re-elected as Chief Minister by an overwhelming majority.

==== '''Sierra Leone insyd World War II''' ====
Main article: Sierra Leone insyd World War II

Throughout de war, Freetown serve as a critical convoy station for Allied ships.

== 1960 Independence Conference ==
On 20 April 1960, Sir Milton Margai dey lead de Sierra Leonean delegation insyd de negotiations for independence at de constitutional conferences hold plus Queen Elizabeth II den British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod, at Lancaster House insyd London. All twenty-four members of de Sierra Leonean delegation be prominent den well-respected politicians wey include Sir Milton ein younger brother lawyer Sir Albert Margai, trade unionist Siaka Stevens, SLPP-strongman Lamina Sankoh, Creole activist Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Paramount chief Ella Koblo Gulama, educationist Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, Dr John Karefa-Smart, Professor Kande Bureh, lawyer Sir Banja Tejan-Sie, former Freetown Mayor Eustace Henry Taylor Cummings, educationist Amadu Wurie, den Creole diplomat Hector Reginald Sylvanus Boltman.

On de conclusion of talks insyd London, Britain dey agree to grant Sierra Leone Independence on 27 April 1961. Stevens be de only delegate who refuse to sign Sierra Leone ein Declaration of Independence, on de grounds dat there had been a secret defence-pact between Sierra Leone den Britain; anoda point of contention by Stevens be de Sierra Leonean government ein position dat there will be no elections hold before independence which will effectively shut Stevens out of Sierra Leone ein political process. Upon demma return to Freetown on 4 May 1960, Stevens be promptly expelled from de People ein National Party (PNP).

== Opposition to de SLPP government ==
Insyd 1961, Siaka Stevens, a trade unionist den outspoken critic of de SLPP government, take advantage of de dissatisfaction plus de ruling SLPP among some prominent politicians from de Northern part of Sierra Leone. He form an alliance plus Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, Christian Alusine-Kamara Taylor, Mohamed.O.Bash-Taqi, Ibrahim Bash-Taqi, S.A.T. Koroma den C.A. Fofana, den form a new political party called de All People ein Congress (APC) insyd opposition of de SLPP government, wey use de northern part of Sierra Leone as demma political base.

== Early independence (1961–1968) ==
Main article: History of Sierra Leone (1961–78)

==== '''Sir Milton Margai administration (1961–1964)''' ====
On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai dey lead Sierra Leone to Independence from Britain den become de country ein first prime minister. Sierra Leone retain a parliamentary system of government den be a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1962, Sierra Leone hold ein first general election as an independent nation. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP) win plurality of seats insyd parliament den Sir Milton Margai be re-elected as prime minister. De years just after independence be prosperous, plus money from mineral resources being used for development den de founding of Njala University.

Margai be very popular among Sierra Leoneans during ein time insyd power. An important aspect of ein character ein self-effacement; he neither be corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of ein power or status. Ein government be based on de rule of law den de notion of separation of powers, plus multiparty political institutions den fairly viable representative structures. Margai use ein conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials plus a clear eye to satisfy various ethnic groups. Margai employ a brokerage style of politics by sharing political power between political groups den de paramount chiefs insyd de provinces.

==== '''Sir Albert Margai administration (1964–1967)''' ====
Upon Sir Milton Margai ein death insyd 1964, ein half-brother, Sir Albert Margai, be appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert ein leadership be briefly challenged by Sierra Leone ein Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who dey question Sir Albert ein succession to de SLPP leadership position. Kareefa-Smart received little support insyd Parliament insyd ein attempt to have Margai stripe of de SLPP leadership. Soon after Margai was sworn insyd as prime minister, he immediately dismiss several senior government officials who dey serve under ein elder brother ein government, as he view them as traitors den a threat to ein administration.

Unlike ein late brother, Sir Milton, Sir Albert Margai prove unpopular den dey resort to increasingly authoritarian actions insyd response to protests, wey include de enactment of several laws against de opposition All People ein Congress (APC) den an unsuccessful attempt to establish a one-party state. Unlike ein late brother, Sir Albert be opposed to de colonial legacy of allowing de country ein paramount chiefs executive powers, den he be seen as a threat to de existence of de ruling houses across de country—almost all of whom be strong supporters den key allies of de previous administration. Insyd 1967, riots break out insyd Freetown against Sir Albert ein policies. Insyd response, Margai declared a state of emergency across de country. He be accused of corruption den of a policy of affirmative action insyd favour of ein own Mende ethnic group

Sir Albert dey have de opportunity to perpetuate einself insyd power, but he elect not to do so even when de opportunities present themselves. He have de police den de army on ein side den nothing can have prevented him from achieving ein ambition to hold on to power, but he choose not to den called for free den fair elections.

==== '''Three military coups (1967–1968)''' ====
De APC narrowly dey win a small majority of seats insyd Parliament over de SLPP insyd a closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general election, den APC leader Siaka Stevens be sworn insyd as prime minister on 21 March 1967 insyd Freetown. Insyd hours of taking office, Stevens be ousted insyd a bloodless military coup dey lead by de commander of de army, Brigadier General David Lansana, a close ally of Sir Albert Margai who dey appoint Lansana to de position insyd 1964. Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest insyd Freetown den insisted de determination of office of de prime minister should await de election of de tribal representatives to de house. On 23 March, a group of senior military officers insyd de Sierra Leone Army lead by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith overrode dis action by seizing control of de government, arresting Lansana, den suspending de constitution. De group constituted einself as de National Reformation Council (NRC) plus Juxon-Smith as ein chairman den Governor-General. On 18 April 1968, a group of senior military officers who called themselves de Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM) lead by Brigadier General John Amadu Bangura overthraw de NRC junta. De ACRM juntas just arrest many senior NRC members. De democratic constitution be restored, den power be handed back to Stevens, who assume de office of prime minister.

== Stevens government den one-party state (1968–1985) ==
Stevens dey assume power insyd 1968 plus a great deal of hope den ambition. Much trust be placed upon him as he championed multi-party politics. Stevens dey campaign on a platform of bringing de tribes together under socialist principles. During ein first decade or so insyd power, Stevens dey renegotiate some of what he call &quot;useless prefinanced schemes&quot; contracted by ein predecessors, Albert Margai of de SLPP den Juxon-Smith of de NRC, which be said to have left de country insyd an economically deprive state. Stevens dey reorganize de country ein refinery, de government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, den a cement factory. He cancel Juxon-Smith ein construction of a church den mosque on de grounds of Victoria Park. Stevens begin efforts dat will later bridge de distance between de provinces den de city. Roads den hospitals be constructed insyd de provinces, den paramount chiefs den provincial peoples become a prominent force insyd Freetown.

Under pressure of several coup attempts—real den perceived—Stevens ein rule grow more den more authoritarian, den ein relationship plus some of ein ardent supporters deteriorated. He remove de SLPP from competitive politics insyd general elections, some believe, through de use of violence den intimidation. To maintain de support of de military, Stevens retain de popular John Amadu Bangura as de head of de Sierra Leone Armed Forces.

After de return to civilian rule, by-elections be held (beginning insyd autumn 1968) den an all-APC cabinet be appointed. Calm no be completely restored. Insyd November 1968, unrest insyd de provinces lead Stevens to declare a state of emergency.

Many senior officers insyd de Sierra Leone military be greatly disappointed plus Stevens ein policies, but none can openly confront Stevens. Brigadier General Bangura, who dey reinstated Stevens as prime minister, be widely considered de only person who can put de brakes on Stevens. De army be devoted to Bangura den it was believed, insyd sam quarters, dat dis make him potentially dangerous to Stevens. Insyd January 1970, Bangura be arrested den charge plus conspiracy den plotting to commit a coup against de Stevens government. After a trial dat last a few months, Bangura be convicted den sententenced to death. He be hanged on 29 March 1970 insyd Freetown. Stevens dey name a junior officer, Joseph Saidu Momoh, as de head of de Sierra Leone Military. Major General Momoh be a close ally den very loyal to Stevens.

On 23 March 1971, soldiers loyal to de executed Brigadier John Amadu Bangura hold a mutiny insyd Freetown den oda parts of de country insyd opposition of de Stevens government. Several soldiers be arrested for demma involvement insyd de mutiny, wey include Corporal Foday Sankoh who be convicted of treason den jailed for seven years at de Pademba Road Prison. At Stevens ein request to Guinean President Sekou Toure, a close ally, Guinean soldiers be stationed insyd Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1973 to help protect de government.

Insyd April 1971, a new republican constitution be adopted under which Stevens become president. Insyd de 1972 by-elections, de opposition SLPP complain of intimidation den procedural obstruction by de APC den militia. These problems become so severe dat de SLPP boycotted de 1973 general election; as a result de APC win 84 of de 85 elected seats.

Insyd de early 1970s, Siaka Stevens dey form ein own personal force known as de State Security Division (SSD), insyd order to protect him den to maintain ein hold on power. Many of de SSD officers be from de provinces, den be very loyal to Stevens. De SSD be very powerful den operate independently under Stevens ein direct command. De SSD officers guide Stevens den be deployed across Sierra Leone to put down any rebellion or demonstration against de Stevens government.

An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens fail insyd 1974. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army den government officials dey include Brigadier David Lansana, former cabinet minister Dr. Mohamed Sorie Forna, former cabinet minister den journalist Ibrahim Bash-Taqi den Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara be executed after they be convicted for attempting a coup. Insyd March 1976, Stevens be re-elected president, without opposition.

Insyd 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against de government disrupt Sierra Leone politics. However, de demonstrationbe quickly put down by de army den SSD officers. A general election be called later dat year insyd which corruption be again endemic. De APC win 74 seats den de SLPP win 15 seats.

Insyd May 1978, de Sierra Leone Parliament, dominated by close allies of President Steven ein APC administration, approved a new constitution, which make de country a one-party state. On 12 July 1978, official figures release by de government showed 97 per cent of Sierra Leoneans vote insyd favour of de one-party state. De SLPP, oda opposition parties den civil right groups say de referendum votes be massively rigged, den dat voters be intimidated by security forces loyal to Stevens. De 1978 constitution referendum make de APC the only legal political party; all oda political parties be banned, wey include de main opposition (de SLPP). Dis move lead to anoda major demonstration against de government insyd many parts of de country, which be put down by de army den de SSD officers.

De first elections under de new one-party constitution take place on 1 May 1982. Elections insyd about two-thirds of de constituencies be contested. Because of irregularities, de government cancel elections insyd 13 constituencies. By-elections take place on 4 June 1982. De new cabinet appoint by Stevens after de election include several prominent members of de disbanded SLPP who have defect to de APC, wey include de new Finance Minister Salia Jusu-Sheriff, a former leader of de SLPP. Jusu-Sheriff ein accession to de cabinet be viewed by many as a step toward making de APC a true national party.

Stevens, who have been head-of-state of Sierra Leone for 18 years, retired from dat position insyd November 1985 at de end of ein term, although he continue ein role as chairman of de ruling APC party. Many insyd de country dey expect Stevens to name ein vice president den loyal ally, Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, as ein successor. However, at de APC convention insyd August 1985, de APC name Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh as Stevens ein choice to succeed him as president. Momoh be very loyal to Stevens who dey appoint him to head of de military fifteen years earlier; Momoh den Stevens be both members of de minority Limba ethnic group. Momoh dey retire from de military den be elected president without opposition on 1 October 1985. A formal inauguration dey hold insyd January 1986, den new parliamentary elections be held insyd May 1986.

Siaka Stevens be generally criticised for dictatorial methods den government corruption, but he reduce de ethnic polarization insyd government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into ein all-dominant APC government. Anoda legacy of Stevens be dat for eighteen years while he be insyd power, he keep de country safe from civil war den armed rebellion.

Despite ein dictatorial governing style, Stevens regularly dey interact plus de people of Sierra Leone by making surprise visits. Stevens sana regularly make surprise visits to de poor merchants, where he be often seen buying ein own food at a local market plus ein security team keeping demma distance. Stevens often stand den wave to de Sierra Leonean people from an open car when travelling plus ein convoy.

== Momoh government and RUF rebellion (1985–1991) ==
President Momoh ein strong links plus de army den ein verbal attacks on corruption earn him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. Plus de lack of new faces insyd ein cabinet, however, criticisms soon arose dat Momoh be simply perpetuating de rule of Stevens. Momoh differ einself by integrating de powerful den independent State Security Force (SSD) into de Sierra Leone Police force.

De first years under de Momoh administration be characterised by corruption, which Momoh dey defuse by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise ein war against corruption, President Momoh announce a &quot;Code of Conduct for Political Leaders den Public Servants&quot;. After an alleged attempt to overthrow Momoh insyd March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials be arrested, wey include Vice-president Francis Minah, who be removed from office, convicted for plotting de coup, den executed by hanging plus five odas insyd 1989.

Insyd October 1990, due to mounting domestic den international pressure for reforms, President Momoh create a commission to review de 1978 one-party constitution. Base on de commission ein recommendations, a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system, guaranteeing fundamental human rights den de rule of law, den strengthening democratic structures, be approved by a 60% majority of de APC Parliament, ratify by referendum insyd September 1991 den become effective on 1 October. There be great suspicion dat President Momoh be not serious about ein promise of political reform, as APC rule continue to be increasingly marked by abuses of power.

Several senior government officials insyd Momoh ein administration resign to oppose de APC in upcoming elections. Salia Jusu Sheriff, Abass Bundu, J.B. Dauda den Sama Banya resuscitated de previously disbanded SLPP, while Thaimu Bangura, Edward Kargbo den Desmond Luke formed demma own respective political parties to challenge de ruling APC. However, de vast majority of government officials including Victor Bockarie Foh, Edward Turay, Hassan Gbassay Kanu den Osman Foday Yansaneh remain loyal to Momoh den de APC.

Meanwhile, an increasing burden be placed on de country by de rebellion insyd de eastern part of Sierra Leone.

== Civil war (1991–2002) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Civil War

De brutal civil wardysneighbouring Liberia play an undeniable role insyd de outbreak of fighting insyd Sierra Leone. Charles Taylor—leader of de National Patriotic Front of Liberia—reportedly help form de Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under de command of former Sierra Leonean army corporal Foday Sankoh, a critic of both de Stevens den Momoh administrations. Sankoh had been an ally of Brigadier General Bangura den be among those who mutinied following Bangura ein execution. Sankoh be British-trained den had undergone guerrilla training insyd Libya. Taylor ein aim was for de RUF to attack de bases of Nigerian-dominated peacekeeping troops insyd Sierra Leone who were opposed to ein rebel movement insyd Liberia. Sankoh ein RUF rebels dey enter de country insyd March 1991, den within a month controlled much of Eastern Sierra Leone, wey include de diamond-mining area insyd Kono District. De government of Sierra Leone, overwhelm by a crumbling economy den corruption, be unable to mount significant resistance.

At dis time, de Momoh government be crumbling. Several senior government officials dey resign to form opposition parties, while there be suspicions dat President Momoh no be serious about political reform. Abuses of power dey continue den de APC be alleged to have been hoarding arms den planning a violent campaign against de opposition parties ahead of multi-party general elections scheduled for late 1992. De state have been unable to play civil servants, leading to de looting of government property den a population of aimless youth when schools be closed.

==== '''NPRC Junta (1992–1996)''' ====
On 29 April 1992, twenty-five-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser lead a group of young Sierra Leone Army officers—wey include Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Seargent Solomon Musa, Lieutenant Tom Nyuma, Captain Komba Mondeh, Captain Julius Maada Bio den Captain Komba Kambo—from demma barracks insyd Kailahun District den launch a military coup insyd Freetown, which send President Momoh into exile insyd Guinea. De young soldiers established de National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) plus Strasser as ein chairman den Head of State of de country. Captain Solomon Musa, a close friend of Strasser den one of de leaders of de coup, become de deputy leader of de NPRC Junta. De coup be largely popular because e promise to bring peace, but de NPRC Junta immediately suspended de constitution, ban all political parties, limited freedom of speech den freedom of de press den enact a rule-by-decree policy, insyd which soldiers be granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial. De NPRC establish a Supreme Council, consisting of de highest-ranking soldiers insyd de Junta government.

On de same day de NPRC Junta take power, one of de coup leaders, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, be assassinated—reportedly by Major Sim Turay, de head of Sierra Leone Military Intelligence, den a close ally of de deposed president. A heavily armed military manhunt took place across Sierra Leone to find Turay den odas suspected to have participated insyd de assassination, forcing Turay to flee to Guinea.

De NPRC Junta fight de RUF rebels, recapture most of de RUF-held territories, den push de rebels back to de border plus Liberia. De NPRC Junta maintain relations plus de Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) den strengthen support for Sierra Leone–based ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) troops fighting insyd Liberia.

Insyd December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against de NPRC administration of Strasser be foiled; e dey aim at freeing from detention Colonel Yahya Kanu, Lt-Colonel Kahota M.S. Dumbuya den former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara. Seargent Mohamed Lamin Bangura den some junior army officers be identified as being behind de coup. Seventeen soldiers be executed, wey include Bangura, Kanu den Dumbuya. Several prominent members of de Momoh government who have been insyd detention at de Pa Demba Road prison, wey include former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara sana be executed.

On 5 July 1994, deputy NPRC leader Solomon Musa be arrested den sent into exile insyd Guinea. Musa be accused by Strasser, on de advice of high-ranking NPRC soldiers, dat he have become too powerful den be a threat to Strasser. Musa, who be a close ally den childhood friend of Strasser, deny de allegation den claim ein accusers be de threat. Strasser replace Musa as deputy NPRC chairman plus Captain Julius Maada Bio, den immediately promote him to brigadier.

Due to internal divisions between soldiers loyal to Musa den those who support Strasser ein decision to oust him, de NPRC ein campaign against de RUF become ineffectual. More den more of de country fall to RUF fighters, den by 1994 de RUF hold much of de diamond-rich Eastern Province den be at de edge of Freetown. Insyd response, de NPRC hire several hundred mercenaries from de private firm Executive Outcomes. Within a month, they have driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone ein borders den cleared de RUF from de Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone.

On 16 January 1996, after about four years insyd power, Strasser be arrested by ein own bodyguards insyd a coup lead by Bio den dey back by many high-ranking soldiers of de NPRC junta. Strasser be immediately flown into exile insyd Conakry, Guinea. Bio stated insyd a public broadcast dat ein support for returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elect civilian government den ein commitment to ending de civil war be ein motivations for de coup.

==== '''Return to civilian rule''' '''den first Kabbah Presidency (1996–1997)''' ====
Promises of a return to civilian rule be fulfilled by Bio, who handed power over to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of de Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), after de conclusion of elections insyd early 1996. President Kabbah take power plus a great promise of ending de civil war, open dialogues plus de then-defeated RUF den invite RUF-leader Sankoh for peace negotiations, signing de Abidjan Peace Accord on 30 November 1996.

Insyd January 1997, under international pressure, de Kabbah government ended demma contract plus Executive Outcomes even though a neutral monitoring force have not arrived. Dis dey create an opportunity for de RUF to regroup den renew military attacks. Sankoh be arrested insyd Nigeria, den by de end of March 1997 de peace accord have collapsed.

==== '''AFRC junta (1997–1998)''' ====
On 25 May 1997, a group of seventeen soldiers insyd de Sierra Leone army leda by Corporal Tamba Gborie freed den armed 600 prisoners from de Pademba Road Prison insyd Freetown. One of de prisoners, Major General Johnny Paul Koroma, emerge as de leader of de group. Calling einself de Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), de group launch a military coup den send President Kabbah into exile insyd Guinea. Koroma become head of state, plus Gborie as deputy-in-command of de AFRC. Koroma suspend de constitution, ban demonstrations, closed all private radio stations, den grant unlimited powers to soldiers.</text>
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      <text bytes="74726" sha1="hr8okw75gpczp8pym8s5kohz5k59oh8" xml:space="preserve">'''Sierra Leone''' first become inhabited by indigenous African peoples at least 2,500 years ago. De Limba be de first tribe known to inhabit Sierra Leone. De dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de region from oda West African cultures, den e become a refuge for peoples escaping violence. Sierra Leone was named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra, who map de region insyd 1462. De Freetown estuary provided a good natural harbour for ships to shelter den replenish drinking water, den gain more international attention as coastal den trans-Atlantic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade.

Insyd de mid-16th century, de Mane people invaded, subjugated nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples, den militarised Sierra Leone. De Mane soon blended plus de local populations den de various chiefdoms den kingdoms remain insyd a continual state of conflict, plus many captives sold to European slave-traders. De Atlantic slave trade had a significant impact on Sierra Leone, as dis trade flourished insyd de 17th den 18th centuries, den later as a centre of anti-slavery efforts when de trade be abolished insyd 1807. British abolitionists had organised a colony for Black Loyalists at Freetown, den dis become de capital of British West Africa. A naval squadron was base there to intercept slave ships, den de colony quickly grew as Liberated Africans be released, join by Afro-Caribbean den African soldiers who had fought for Britain insyd de American Revolutionary War. De descendants of de black settlers be collectively referred to as de Creoles or Krios.

During de colonial era, de British den Creoles increased demma control over de surrounding area, securing peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted, suppressing slave-trading den inter-chiefdom war. Insyd 1895, Britain draw borders for Sierra Leone which they declare to be demma protectorate, leading to armed resistance den de Hut Tax War of 1898. Thereafter, there demma dissent den reforms as de Creoles sought political rights, trade unions form against colonial employers, den peasants sought greater justice from demma chiefs.

Sierra Leone has played a significant part insyd modern African political liberty den nationalism. Insyd de 1950s, a new constitution united de Crown Colony den Protectorate, which had previously been governed separately. Sierra Leone gain independence from de United Kingdom on 27 April 1961 den became a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Ethnic den linguistic divisions remain an obstacle to national unity, plus de Mende, Temne den Creoles as rival power blocs. Roughly half of de years since independence have been marked by autocratic governments or civil war.

== Early history ==
Archaeological finds show dat Sierra Leone has been inhabited continuously for at least 2,500 years, populate by successive movements of peoples from oda parts of Africa. De use of iron be introduced to Sierra Leone by de 9th century, den by de end of de 10th century agriculture was being practiced by coastal tribes.

Sierra Leone ein dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de land from oda African cultures den from de spread of Islam. Dis make e a refuge for people escaping subjugation by de Sahelian kingdoms, violence den jihads.

European contacts plus Sierra Leone be among de first insyd West Africa. Insyd 1462, Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra mapped de hills surrounding what be now Freetown Harbour, naming de oddly shaped formation ''Serra Lyoa'' (Lioness Mountain).

At dis time de country be inhabited by numerous politically independent native groups. Several different languages be spoken, but there was similarity of religion. Insyd de coastal rainforest belt there be Bulom-speakers between de Sherbro den Freetown estuaries, Loko-speakers north of de Freetown estuary to de Little Scarcies River, Temne-speakers find at de mouth of de Scarcies River, den Limba-speakers farther up de Scarcies. Insyd de hilly savannah north of all of these lands be de Susu den Fula tribes. De Susu trade regularly plus de coastal peoples along river valley routes, bringing salt, clothes woven by de Fula, iron work, den gold.

== European contact (15th century) ==
Portuguese ships begin visiting Sierra Leone regularly insyd de late 15th century, den for a while they maintained a fort on de north shore of de Freetown estuary. Dis estuary be one of de largest natural deep-water harbours insyd de world, den one of de few good harbours on West Africa ein surf-battered &quot;Windward Shore&quot; (Liberia to Senegal). E soon become a favourite destination of European mariners, to shelter den replenish drinking water. Some of de Portuguese sailors stay permanently, trading den intermarrying plus de local people.

==== '''Slavery''' ====
Slavery, den insyd particular de Atlantic slave trade, had a great effect on de region—socially, economically den politically—from de late 15th to de mid-19th centuries.

There had been lucrative trans-Saharan trade of slaves insyd West Africa from de 6th century. At ein peak (c. 1350) de Mali Empire surrounded de region of modern-day Sierra Leone den Liberia, though de slave trade may not have significantly penetrated de coastal rainforest. De peoples who migrate into Sierra Leone from dis time will have had greater contact plus de indigenous slave trade, either practicing it or escaping it.

When Europeans first arrive at Sierra Leone, slavery among de African peoples of de area be believe to be rare. According to historian Walter Rodney, de Portuguese mariners keep detailed reports, den so e be likely if slavery had been an important local institution dat de reports will have described it. There be mention of a very particular kind of slavery insyd de region, which was:&lt;blockquote&gt;a person insyd trouble insyd one kingdom can go to anoda den place himself under de protection of ein king, whereupon he become a &quot;slave&quot; of dat king, obliged to provide free labour den liable for sale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Rodney, such a person will likely have retain some rights den had some opportunity to rise insyd status as time passed.

De European colonization of de Americas soon lead to labor demands from nascent colonies; dis lead Europeans to seek a supply of slaves to transport to de Americas. Initially, European slavers launch raids on coastal villages to abduct Africans den sell them into slavery. However, they soon establish economic alliances plus local leaders, as many chiefs were willing to sell undesirable members of demma tribe to Europeans. Oda African chiefs launch raids on rival tribes insyd order to sell captives of such raids into slavery.

Dis early slaving essentially be an export business. De use of slaves as labourers by de local Africans appears to have developed only later. E may first have occurred under coastal chiefs insyd de late 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;De slave owners originally be white den foreigners, but de late eighteenth century see de emergence of powerful slave-trading chiefs, be said to own large numbers of 'domestic slaves'.&lt;/blockquote&gt;For example, insyd de late 18th century, William Cleveland, a Scottish leader insyd Africa had a large &quot;slave town&quot; on de mainland opposite de Banana Islands, whose inhabitants &quot;be employed insyd cultivating extensive rice fields, describe as being some of the largest insyd Africa at de time&quot;. De existence of an indigenous slave town be recorded by an English traveler insyd 1823. Known insyd de Fula language as a ''rounde'', e be connected plus de Sulima Susu ein capital city, Falaba. Ein inhabitants work at farming.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Rodney dey postulate two means by which slaving for export can have caused a local practice of using slaves for labour to develop:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# Not all war captives offer for sale will have been bought by de Portuguese, so demma captors had to find something else to do plus them. Rodney believe dat executing them be rare den that they will have been used for local labour.
# There be a time lag between de time a slave be captured den de time he or she be sold. Thus there will often have been a pool of slaves awaiting sale, who will have been put to work.&lt;/blockquote&gt;There be possible additional reasons for de adoption of slavery by de locals to meet demma labour requirements:

# De Europeans provided an example for imitation.
# Once slaving insyd any form be accepted, e may smash a moral barrier to exploitation den make ein adoption insyd oda forms seem a relatively minor matter.
# Export slaving entailed de construction of a coercive apparatus which could have been subsequently turned to other ends, such as policing a captive labour force.
# De sale of local produce (e.g., palm kernels) to Europeans opened a new sphere of economic activity. Insyd particular, e dey create an increased demand for agricultural labour. Slavery be a way of mobilising an agricultural work force.
Dis local African slavery be much less harsh den brutal than de slavery practiced by Europeans on, for example, de plantations of the United States, de West Indies, den Brazil. De local slavery has been described by anthropologist M. McCulloch:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Slaves be housed close to de fresh tracts of land they clear for demma masters. They be considered part of de household of demma owner, den enjoyed limited rights. E no be customary to sell them except for a serious offense, such as adultery plus de wife of a freeman. Small plots of land be given to them for demma own use, den they might retain de proceeds of crops they grow on these plots; by dis means e be possible for a slave to become de owner of anoda slave. Sometimes a slave marry insyd de household of ein master den rose to a position of trust; there be an instance of a slave taking charge of a chiefdom during de minority of de heir. Descendants of slaves often be practically indistinguishable from freemen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Slaves sometimes be sent on errands outside de kingdoms of demma masters den return voluntarily. Speaking specifically of de era around 1700, historian Christopher Fyfe relates dat, &quot;Slaves not taken insyd war usually be criminals. Insyd coastal areas, at least, e be rare for anyone to be sold without being charged plus a crime.&quot;

Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section be still present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describes a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section still be present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describe a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;A freeman heavily insyd debt, den facing de threat of de punishment of being sold, will approach a wealthier man or chief plus a plea to pay off ein debts 'while I sit on your lap'. Or he can give a son or some oda dependent of ein 'to be for you', de wealthy man or chief. Dis insyd effect mean dat de person so pawn be automatically reduce to a position of dependence, den if he be never redeemed, he or ein children eventually become part of de master ein extended family. By dis time, de children practically be indistinguishable from de real children of de master, since they grow up regarding one anoda as brothers.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Some observers consider de term &quot;slave&quot; to be more misleading than informative when describing de local practice. Abraham say dat insyd most cases, &quot;subject, servant, client, serf, pawn, dependent, or retainer&quot; will be more accurate. Domestic slavery be abolished insyd Sierra Leone insyd 1928. McCulloch reports dat at dat time, amongst Sierra Leone ein largest present-day ethnolinguistic group, de Mende, who then had about 560,000 people, about 15 per cent of de population (i.e., 84,000 people) be domestic slaves. He sana say dat &quot;singularly little change followed de 1928 decree; a fair number of slaves return to demma original homes, but de great majority remain insyd de villages insyd which demma former masters had placed them or demma parents.&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Export slavery remain a major business insyd Sierra Leone from de late 15th century to de mid-19th century. According to Fyfe, &quot;e be estimated insyd 1789 dat 74,000 slaves be exported annually from West Africa, about 38,000 by British firms.&quot; Insyd 1788, a proslavery European name Matthews estimated de annual total export from between de Nunez River (110 km north of Sierra Leone) den de Sherbro as 3,000. Participation insyd de Atlantic slave trade gradually be outlawed by various Western nations, beginning plus de United States den Britain insyd 1808.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Mane invasions (16th century) ==
Further information: Mane people

De Mane invasions of de mid-16th century had a profound impact on Sierra Leone. De Mane (sana call Mani) be members of de Mande language group. A warrior people, well-armed den well-organized, they live east den somewhat north of present-day Sierra Leone. Sometime insyd de early 16th century they begin moving south. According to some Mane who dey speak to a Portuguese writer (Dornelas) in de late 16th century, demma travels dey begin as a result of de expulsion of demma chief from de imperial city of Mandimansa, demma homeland.

There be conflicting accounts among historians of how these invasions happened. Some historians place demma first arrival at de coast east of Sierra Leone, at least as far as de River Cess den likely pppie. They advanced northwest along de coast toward Sierra Leone, conquering as they go. Odas contend dat they arrive on de coast near Sherbro Island. They incorporate large numbers of de people they conquered into demma army, plus de result dat de rank den file consist mostly of coastal peoples, while de Mane be ein commanding group.

By 1545, de Mane dey reach Cape Mount. Dema conquest of Sierra Leone occupy de ensuing 15 to 20 years, den result insyd de subjugation of all or nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples—who be known collectively as de Sapes—as far north as de Scarcies. De present demographics of Sierra Leone largely be a reflection of these two decades. De degree to which de Mane supplanted de original inhabitants vary from place to place. De Temne partly withstood de Mane onslaught, den keep demma language, but become ruled by a line of Mane kings. De present-day Loko den Mende be de result of a more complete submersion of de original culture: demma languages be similar, den both essentially Mande. Dis likely be due to conquest by de Mane invaders.

=== '''Aftermath''' ===
De Mane invasions militarised Sierra Leone. De Sapes had been un-warlike, but after de invasions, right until de late 19th century, bows, shields, den knives of de Mane type dey become ubiquitous insyd Sierra Leone, as had de Mane battle technique of using squadrons of archers fighting insyd formation, carrying de large-style shields. Villages become fortified. De usual method of erecting two or three concentric palisades, each 4–7 metres (12–20 ft) high, create a formidable obstacle to attackers—especially since, as some of de English observe insyd de 19th century, de thigh-thick logs planted insyd de earth to make de palisades often take root at de bottom den grow foliage at de top, so dat de defenders occupy a living wall of wood. A British officer who dey observe one of these fortifications around de time of de 1898 Hut Tax war ended ein description of it thus:&lt;blockquote&gt;No one who dey no see these fences can realize de immense strength of them. De outer fence at Hahu I measure insyd several places, den found e to be from 2 to 3 feet thick, den most of de logs, or rather trees, of which e be formed, had taken root den be throwing out leaves den shoots.&lt;/blockquote&gt;He sana say dat English artillery can not penetrate all three fences. At dat time, at least among de Mende, &quot;a typical settlement dey consist of walled towns den open villages or towns surrounding it.&quot;

After de invasions, de Mane sub-chiefs among whom e country dey divide begin fighting among themselves. Dis pattern of activity become permanent: even after de Mane dey blend plus de indigenous population—a process which be completed insyd de early 17th century—de various kingdoms insyd Sierra Leone remain insyd a fairly continual state of flux den conflict. Rodney believe dat a desire to take prisoners to sell as slaves to de Europeans be a major motivation to dis fighting, den may even have been a driving force behind de original Mane invasions. Historian Kenneth Little dey conclude dat de principal objective insyd de local wars, at least among de Mende, be plunder, not de acquisition of territory. Abraham cautions dat slave trading should not be exaggerated as a cause: de Africans have demma own reasons to fight, plus territorial den political ambitions present. Motivations likely change over time during de 350-year period.

De wars themselves no be exceptionally deadly. Set-piece battles be rare, den de fortified towns so strong dat demma capture seldom be attempted. Often de fighting dey consist of small ambushes.

Insyd these years, de political system be such dat each large village along plus ein satellite villages den settlements will be headed by a chief. De chief will have a private army of warriors. Sometimes several chiefs will group themselves into a confederacy, acknowledging one of themselves as king (or high chief). Each pay de king fealty. If one be attacked, de king will come to ein aid, den de king can adjudicate local disputes.

Despite demma many political divisions, de people of de country be united by cultural similarity. One component of dis be de Poro, an organisation common to many different kingdoms den ethnolinguistic groups. De Mende claim to be ein originators, den there be nothing to contradict dis. Possibly they import it. De Temne claim to dey import it from de Sherbro or Bulom. De Dutch geographer Olfert Dapper know of it insyd de 17th century. E often be described as a &quot;secret society&quot;, dis partly be true: ein rites be closed to non-members, den what happens insyd de &quot;Poro bush&quot; never be disclosed. However, ein membership be very broad: among de Mende, almost all men, den some women, be initiates. Insyd recent years e no dey (as far as is known) have a central organisation: autonomous chapters exist for each chiefdom or village. However, it is said dat insyd pre-Protectorate days there be a &quot;Grand Poro&quot; plus cross-chiefdom powers of making war den peace. E widely be agreed dat e has a restraining influence on de powers of de chiefs. Headed by a fearsome principal spirit, de ''Gbeni'', e plays a major role insyd de rite of passage of males from puberty to manhood. E imparts some education. Insyd some areas, e have supervisory powers over trade, den de banking system, which use iron bars as a medium of exchange. E no only be de important society insyd Sierra Leone: de ''Sande'' be a female-only analogue of it; there sana be de ''Humoi'' which regulates sex, den de ''Njayei'' den de ''Wunde''. De ''Kpa'' be a healing-arts collegium.

Besides de political impact, there be economic effects as well: trade plus de interior be interrupted, den thousands be sold as slaves to de Europeans. Insyd industry, a flourishing tradition insyd fine ivory carving be ended; however, improved ironworking techniques be introduced.&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== 1600–1787 ==
By de 17th century, Portuguese colonialism insyd West Africa begin to wane, den insyd Sierra Leone oda European colonial powers such as de English den Dutch begin to supplant demma influence insyd de region. Insyd 1628, a group of English merchants had established a factory insyd de vicinity of Sherbro Island, about 50 km (30 mi) south-east from present-day Freetown. Insyd addition to ivory den slaves, de merchants at de factory sana trade insyd camwood, a type of hard timber. De Portuguese missionary Baltasar Barreira minister insyd Sierra Leone until 1610. Jesuits, den later insyd de century, Capuchins, continue de mission. By 1700 it had closed, although priests occasionally visited.

Insyd 1663, de Royal African Company (RAC) be granted a royal charter from Charles II of England den soon established a factory on Sherbro Island den Tasso Island. During de Second Anglo-Dutch War, both factories be sacked by a Dutch Navy force insyd 1664. De factory be rebuilt, though e be sacked again by de French Navy during de War of de Spanish Succession insyd 1704 den pirates insyd 1719 den 1720. After de Dutch raid on de RAC factory at Tasso Island, e be relocated to de nearby Bunce Island, which be more defensible.

De Europeans make payments, called ''Cole'', for rent, tribute, den trading rights, to de king of an area. At this time de local military advantage still be on de side of de Africans, den there be a 1714 report of a king seizing RAC goods insyd retaliation for a breach of protocol. Local Afro-Portuguese merchants often act as middlemen, de Europeans advancing them goods to trade to de local people, most often for ivory. Insyd 1728, an overly aggressive RAC governor dey unite de Africans den Afro-Portuguese insyd hostility to him; they burn down de Bunce Island fort den e no be rebuilt until about 1750. During de time dat de Royal African Company be operating, de firm of Grant, Sargent [Wikidata] den Oswald provisioned de trading stations. When de RAC abandoned Bunce Island, Sargent den ein partners purchase ein factory insyd 1748, repair it, den dey use it to trade insyd timber. They expand to Batts, Bobs, Tasso, den Tumbu Islands den along de banks of de river, eventually becoming involve insyd de slave trade. De French sack it again insyd 1779, during de American Revolutionary War.

During de 17th century de Temne ethnolinguistic group be expanding. Around 1600, a Mani still dey rule de Loko kingdom (de area north of Port Loko Creek) den anoda rule de upper part of de south shore of de Freetown estuary. De north shore of de estuary be under a Ballom king, den de area just east of Freetown on de peninsula be held by a non-Mani plus a European name, Dom Phillip de Leon (who may have been a subordinate to ein Mani neighbour). By de mid-17th century dis situation dey change: Temne, not Bullom dey speak on de south shore, den ships stopping for water den firewood had to pay customs to de Temne king of Bureh who live at Bagos town on de point between de Rokel River den Port Loko Creek. (De king may  consider himself a Mani—to dis day, Temne chiefs have Mani-derived titles—but ein people be Temne. De Bureh king insyd place insyd 1690 be called Bai Tura, ''Bai'' being a Mani form.) De Temne thus dey expand insyd a wedge toward de sea at Freetown, den now dey separate de Bulom to de north from de Mani den oda Mande-speakers to de south den east.

Insyd dis period there be several reports of women occupying high positions. De king of de south shore use to leave one of ein wives to rule when he be absent, den insyd de Sherbro there be female chiefs. Insyd de early 18th century, a Bulom dey name Seniora Maria make ein own town near Cape Sierra Leone.

During de 17th century, Muslim Fula from de Upper Niger den Senegal rivers move into an area called Fouta Djallon (or Futa Jalon) insyd de mountainous region north of present-day Sierra Leone. They be to have an important impact on de peoples of Sierra Leone because they increase trade den sana produced secondary population movements insyd Sierra Leone. Though de Muslim Fula first cohabited peaceably plus de peoples already at Fouta Djallon, around 1725 they embark on a war of domination, forcing de migration of many Susu, Yalunka, den non-Muslim Fula.

Susu—some already convert to Islam—come south insyd Sierra Leone, insyd turn displacing Limba from north-west Sierra Leone den driving them insyd north-central Sierra Leone where they continue to live. Some Susu move as far south as de Temne town of Port Loko, only 60 km (37 mi) upriver from de Atlantic. Eventually a Muslim Susu family dey call Senko supplanted de town ein Temne rulers. Oda Susu dey move westward from Fouta Djallon, eventually dominating de Baga, Bulom, den Temne north of de Scarcies River.

De Yalunka insyd Fouta Djallon first accept Islam, then reject it den be driven out. They go into north-central Sierra Leone den founded demma capital at Falaba insyd de mountains near de source of de Rokel. E still not an important town, about 20 km (12 mi) south of de Guinea border. Oda Yalunka go somewhat farther south den settled amongst de Koranko, Kissi, den Limba.

Besides these groups, who be more-or-less unwilling emigrants, a considerable variety of Muslim adventurers go forth from Fouta Djallon. A Fula called Fula Mansa (''mansa'' meaning ''king'') become ruler of de Yoni country 100 km (62 mi) east of present-day Freetown. Some of ein Temne subjects fled south to de Banta country between de middle reaches of de Bagu den Jong rivers, where they become known as de Mabanta Temne.

Insyd 1652, de first slaves from Sierra Leone be transported to North America; they be sold to white plantation owners insyd de Sea Islands off de coast of de American South. During de 18th century, numerous slaves from Bunce Island be transported to de Southern Colonies, due insyd part to de business relationship between American slave trader Henry Laurens den de London-based firm of Grant, Sargent, Oswald &amp; Company, which oversaw a thriving slave trade from Bunce Island insyd Sierra Leone to North America.

De transatlantic slave trade continued to transport millions of enslaved Africans, wey include those from Sierra Leone, across de Atlantic during de 17th, 18th den 19th centuries; ultimately, roughly 12.5 million slaves where e dey bring to de Americas dis way. However, de rise of abolitionist movements insyd de Western world insyd de late 18th den early 19th centuries dey lead to various European den American governments passing legislation to abolish de slave trade. De slave trade insyd Sierra Leone undergo a marked decline during de 19th century, though domestic slavery will persist until de 20th century.

== De Province of Freedom (1787–1789) ==
Main article: Granville Town, Province of Freedom

==== '''Conception of''' '''de Province of Freedom (1787)''' ====
Insyd 1787, a plan be established to settle some of London ein &quot;Black Poor&quot; insyd Sierra Leone insyd what was called the &quot;Province of Freedom&quot;. This was organised by the Committee for de Relief of de Black Poor, found by British abolitionist Granville Sharp, which preferred it as a solution to continuing to financially support them insyd London. Many of de Black Poor be African Americans, who had been given demma freedom after seeking refuge with the British Army during the American Revolution, but also included other West Indian, African and Asian inhabitants of London.

De Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme be proposed by entomologist Henry Smeathman den draw interest from humanitarians like Granville Sharp saw it as a means of showing de pro-slavery lobby dat black people can contribute towards de running of de new colony of Sierra Leone. Government officials soon become involved insyd de scheme as well, although demma interest be spurred by de possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere. William Pitt de Younger, prime minister den leader of de Tory party, dey have an active interest insyd de Scheme, because he see it as a means to repatriate de Black Poor to Africa, since &quot;e be necessary they should be sent somewhere, den be no longer suffer to infest de streets of London&quot;.

==== '''Establishment, destruction''' '''den re-establishment (1789)''' ====
De area be first settled by 400 formerly enslaved Black Britons, who dey arrive off de coast of Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787, dey accompany by some English tradesmen. They established de Province of Freedom or Granville Town on land purchase from local Koya Temne subchief King Tom den regent Naimbanna II, a purchase which de Europeans understand to cede de land to de new settlers &quot;for ever&quot;. De established arrangement between Europeans den de Koya Temne do not include provisions for permanent settlement, den some historians question how well de Koya leaders understand de agreement. Half of de settlers insyd de new colony die insyd de first year. Several black settlers dey start working for local slave traders. De settlers dat dey remain forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliate, attacking de settlement, which be reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, den six white women. Black settlers be captured by unscrupulous traders den sold as slaves, den de remaining colonists be forced to arm themselves for demma own protection. King Tom ein successor King Jemmy dey attack den burn de colony insyd 1789.

Alexander Falconbridge be sent to Sierra Leone insyd 1791 to collect de remaining Black Poor settlers, den they re-establish Granville Town (later renamed Cline Town) near Fourah Bay. Although these 1787 settlers do not establish Freetown, which be founded insyd 1792, de bicentennial of Freetown be celebrated insyd 1987.

After establishing Granville Town, disease den hostility from de indigenous people eliminated de first group of colonists den destroyed demma settlement. A second Granville Town established by 64 remaining black den white 'Old settlers' under de leadership of St. George Bay Company leader, Alexander Falconbridge den de St. George Bay Company. Dis settlement be different from de Freetown settlement den colony founded insyd 1792 by Lt. John Clarkson den de Nova Scotian Settlers under de auspices of de Sierra Leone Company.

== Freetown Colony (1792–1808) ==
'''Conception of tde Freetown settlement (1791)'''

De basis for de Freetown Colony begin insyd 1791 plus Thomas Peters, an African American who had served insyd de Black Pioneers den settle insyd Nova Scotia as part of de Black Loyalist migration. Peters travel to England insyd 1791 to report grievances of de Black Loyalists who had been given poor land den faced discrimination. Peters meet plus British abolitionists den de directors of de Sierra Leone Company. He learn of de company ein plan for a new settlement at Sierra Leone. De directors be eager to allow de Nova Scotians to build a settlement there; de London-based den newly create Company had decided to create a new colony but before Peters ein arrival have no colonists. Lieutenant John Clarkson be sent to Nova Scotia to register immigrants to take to Sierra Leone for de purpose of starting a new settlement. Clarkson worked plus Peters to recruit 1,196 former American slaves from free African communities around Nova Scotia such as Birchtown. Most dey escape Virginia den South Carolina plantations. Some had been born insyd Africa before being enslaved den taken to America.

==== '''Settlement by Nova Scotians (1792)''' ====
De settlers dey sail insyd 15 ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia den arrived insyd St. George Bay between 26 February den 9 March 1792. Sixty-four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, den even Lieutenant Clarkson be ill during de voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson den some of de Nova Scotian 'captains' &quot;despatched on shore to clear or make roadway for demma landing&quot;. De Nova Scotians be to build Freetown on de former site of de first Granville Town which have become a &quot;jungle&quot; since ein destruction insyd 1789. (Though they built Freetown on Granville Town ein former site, demma settlement be no a rebirth of Granville Town, which had been re-established at Fourah Bay in 1791 by de remaining Old Settlers.) Clarkson told de men to clear de land until they reach a large cotton tree. After this difficult work had been done den de land cleared, all de settlers, men den women, disembarked den marched towards de thick forest den to de cotton tree, den demma preachers (all African Americans) begin singing:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Awake den Sing Of Moses den de Lamb
Wake! every heart den every tongue'

To praise de Saviour ein name

De day of Jubilee be come;

Return ye ransomed sinners home&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 11 March 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, dey pray den preach a sermon under de large Cotton Tree, den Reverend David George dey preach de first recorded Baptist service insyd Africa. De land be dedicated den christened 'Free Town' according to de instructions of de Sierra Leone Company Directors. Dis be de first thanksgiving service insyd de newly christened Free Town den be de beginning of de political entity of Sierra Leone. Later, John Clarkson will be sworn insyd as de first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts be erected before de rainy season. De Sierra Leone Company surveyors den de settlers built Freetown on de American grid pattern, plus parallel streets den wide roads, plus de largest being Water Street.

On 24 August 1792, de Black Poor or Old Settlers of de second Granville Town be incorporated into de new Sierra Leone Colony but remain at Granville Town. E survive being pillaged by de French insyd 1794, den be rebuilt by de Nova Scotian settlers. By 1798, Freetown had 300–400 houses plus architecture resembling dat of de American South, plus 3- to 4-foot stone foundations den wooden superstructures. Eventually dis style of housing (brought by de Nova Scotians) will be de model for de 'bod oses' of demma Creole descendants.

=== '''Settlement by Jamaican Maroons (1800)''' ===
Insyd 1800, de Nova Scotians rebel den e be de arrival of over 500 Jamaican Maroons which dey cause de rebellion to be suppressed. Thirty-four Nova Scotians be banished den sent to either to Sherbro Island or a penal colony at Gore. Some of these eventually be allowed back insyd Freetown. Following demma capture of de rebels, de Maroons be granted de land of de Nova Scotian rebels. Eventually de Jamaican Maroons insyd Sierra Leone have demma own district at de newly named Maroon Town.

De Maroons be a free community of blacks from Cudjoe ein Town (Trelawny Town) who have been resettled insyd Nova Scotia after surrendering to de British government dey follow de Second Maroon War of 1795–6. They have petitioned de British government for settlement elsewhere due to de climate insyd Nova Scotia.

==== '''Abolition and slaves-insyd-transit (1807 - 1830s)''' ====
Britain outlawed de slave trade throughout ein empire on 29 March 1807 plus de Slave Trade Act 1807, though de practice continue insyd de British Empire until e finally be abolished insyd de 1830s. De Royal Navy ein West Africa Squadron operating from Freetown take active measures to intercept den seize ships participating insyd de illegal Atlantic slave trade. De slaves dat dey hold on these vessels be released into Freetown den initially be called 'Captured negroes', 'Recaptives' or 'Liberated Africans'.

==== '''Formation of''' '''de Sierra Leone Creole ethnicity (1870 onwards)''' ====
De Sierra Leone Creole people (Krio: ''Krio people'') be descendants of de Black Poor, freed African Americans (Nova Scotian Black Loyalists), Afro-Caribbeans (Jamaican Maroons), den Liberated Africans who settled insyd de Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 den about 1885. De colony be established by de British, support by abolitionists, under de Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. De settlers called demma new settlement Freetown.

== Colonial era (1808–1961) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Colony den Protectorate

==== '''Establishment of''' '''de British Crown Colony (1808)''' ====
Insyd 1808, e British Crown Colony of Sierra Leone be founded, plus Freetown serving as de capital of British West Africa. De city ein population expanded rapidly plus freed slaves, who dey establish suburbs on de Freetown Peninsula. They be joined by West Indian den African soldiers who dey settle insyd Sierra Leone after fighting for Britain insyd de Napoleonic Wars.

'''Intervention''' '''den acquisition of de hinterland (1800s–1895)'''

Insyd de early 1800s, Sierra Leone be a small colony extending a few kilometres (a few miles) up de peninsula from Freetown. De bulk of de territory dat makes up present-day Sierra Leone still be de sovereign territory of indigenous peoples such as de Mende den Temne, den be little affected by de tiny population of de Colony. Over de course of de 19th century, dat gradually changed: de British den Creoles insyd de Freetown area dey increase demma involvement insyd—den demma control over—de surrounding territory by engaging insyd trade, which be promoted den dey increase through treaty-making den military expeditions.

Insyd demma treaties plus de native chiefs, de British largely be concerned plus securing local peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted. Typically, de British government dey agree to pay a chief a stipend insyd return for a commitment from him to keep de peace plus ein neighbours; oda specific commitments extract from a chief might include keeping roads open, allowing de British to collect customs duties, den submitting disputes plus ein neighbours to British adjudication. Insyd de decades following Britain ein prohibition of de slave trade insyd 1807, de treaties sometimes sana require chiefs to desist from slave-trading. Suppression of slave-trading den suppression of inter-chiefdom war dey go hand-in-hand because de trade thrived on de wars (and caused them). Thus, to de commercial reasons for pacification can be added anti-slavery ones.

When friendly persuasion fail to secure demma interests, de British no be more than (to borrow Carl von Clausewitz's phrase) &quot;continuing diplomacy by oda means&quot;. At least by de mid-1820s, de army den navy be going out from de Colony to attack chiefs whose behaviour do not conform to British dictates. Insyd 1826, Governor Turner led troops to de Bum–Kittam area, capture two stockaded towns, burn odas, den declare a blockade on de coast as far as Cape Mount. Dis partly be an anti-slaving exercise den partly to punish de chief for refusing territory to de British. Later dat year, acting-Governor Macaulay send out an expedition which go up de Jong river den dey burn Commenda, a town belonging to a related chief. Insyd 1829, de colonial authorities founded de Sierra Leone Police Corps. Insyd 1890, dis force be divided into de Civilian Police den de Frontier Police.

De British develope a modus operandi wey characterised demma interventions throughout de century: army or frontier police, plus naval support if possible, will bombard a town den then usually torch it after de defenders dey fly or been defeated. Where possible, local enemies of de party being attacked be invited by de British to accompany them as allies.

Further information: British den Creole intervention insyd de Sierra Leone hinterland insyd de 19th century

Insyd de 1880s, Britain ein intervention insyd de hinterland dey receive added impetus because of de &quot;Scramble for Africa&quot;: an intense competition between de European powers for territory insyd Africa. Insyd dis case, de rival be France. To forestall French incursion into what they had come to consider as demma own sphere, de British government renewed efforts to finalise a boundary agreement with France and on 1 January 1890 instructed Governor Hay insyd Sierra Leone to get from chiefs insyd de boundary area friendship treaties containing a clause forbidding them to treat plus anoda European power without British consent.

Consequently, insyd 1890 den 1891 Hay den two travelling commissioners, Garrett den Alldridge, dey go on extensive tours of what be now Sierra Leone wey obtain treaties from chiefs. Most of these no be, however, treaties of cession; they be insyd de form of cooperative agreements between two sovereign powers.

Insyd January 1895, a boundary agreement be signed insyd Paris, roughly fixing de line between French Guinea den Sierra Leone. De exact line be to be determined by surveyors. As Christopher Fyfe notes, &quot;De delimitation be made almost entirely insyd geographical terms—rivers, watersheds, parallels—not political. Samu chiefdom, for instance, be divided; de people on de frontier had to opt for farms on one side or villages on de oda.&quot;

More generally, de arbitrary lumping-together of disparate native peoples insyd geographical units decided by de colonial powers has been an ongoing source of trouble throughout Africa. These geographical units now dety attempt to function as nations but no be naturally nations, being composed insyd many cases of peoples who be traditional enemies. Insyd Sierra Leone, for example, de Mende, Temne den Creoles remain as rival power blocs between whom lines of fission easily emerge.

'''Establishment of''' '''de British Protectorate den further land acquisition (1895)'''

Insyd August 1895, an Order-in-Council dey issue insyd Britain authorising de Colony to make laws for de territory around it, extending out to de agreed-upon boundary (which corresponds closely to dat of present-day Sierra Leone). On 31 August 1896, a Proclamation dey issue insyd de Colony, wey dey declare dat territory to be a British Protectorate. De Colony remained a distinct political entity; de Protectorate dey govern from it.

Most of de chiefs whose territories de Protectorate subsumed do not enter into it voluntarily. Many sign treaties of friendship plus Britain, but these be often dey express as being between sovereign powers, plus there be no subordination to de British. Only a handful of chiefs dey sign treaties of cession, den insyd some cases e be unknown if de chiefs dey understand de implications of de treaty. Insyd more remote areas, no treaties had been signed at all. De creation of de Sierra Leone Protectorate be more insyd de nature of a unilateral acquisition of territory by de British.

Almost every chieftaincy insyd Sierra Leone dey respond to de British arrogation of power plus armed resistance. De Protectorate Ordinances (passed insyd de Colony insyd 1896 den 1897) abolish de title of King den replace it plus &quot;Paramount Chief&quot;. Chiefs den kings dey formerly been selected by de leading members of dema own communities; now all chiefs, even paramount ones, can be deposed or installed at de will of de Governor, den most of de judicial powers of de chiefs be removed den given to courts presided-over by British &quot;District Commissioners&quot;. De Governor decree dat a house tax of 5''s'' to 10''s'' be to be levied annually on every dwelling insyd de Protectorate. To de chiefs, these reductions insyd de power den prestige be unbearable.

During these conflicts, British officers dey use de practice of cutting de hands of people to account for bullets spent, similar to what dey occur under de regime Leopold II of Belgium insyd de Congo Free State. British doctor, John Lancelot Todd, who dey travel to West Africa on an LSTM expedition together plus Joseph Everett Dutton, write down de testimonies of British officers who dey involve insyd putting down rebellions insyd British Sierra Leone den dey practice cutting de hands of de people they shot. De exact number of living victims who dey end up mutilated be unknown.

==== '''Hut Tax War of 1898''' ====
Insyd 1898, two rebellions dey break out against British colonial rule insyd Sierra Leone insyd response to de introduction of a new hut tax by Governor Frederic Cardew. On 1 January 1898, Cardew introduce de hut tax as a way to pay for de colonial administration ein financial expenditures. However, de tax prove to be beyond de financial means of many insyd de colony, provoking discontent. Insyd February 1898, an attempt by colonial officials to arrest Temne chief Bai Bureh lead to him den rebels under ein command to revolt against British rule. Bureh ein forces dey launch attacks on British officials den Creole traders.

Despite de ongoing rebellion, Bureh dispatched two peace overtures to de British insyd April den June of dat year, aid by de mediation of Limba chief Almamy Suluku. Cardew dey reject both offers, as Bureh would not agree to surrender unconditionally. Bureh ein forces conducted a disciplined den skillfully execute guerrilla campaign which cause de British considerable difficulty. Hostilities begin insyd February; Bureh ein harassing tactics confounded de British at first but by May they gain ground. De rainy season interrupted hostilities until October, when British colonial forces resume de slow process of capturing rebel stockades. When most of these defences dey eliminate, Bureh be captured or surrendered (accounts differ) insyd November.

De second revolt insyd de southeast be a mass uprising, planned somehow to commence everywhere on 27 den 28 April, insyd which almost all &quot;outsiders&quot;—whether European or Creole—be seized den summarily executed. Although more fearsome than Bai Bureh ein rising, na e be amorphous, dey lack a definite strategy, den  be suppressed insyd most areas insyd two months. Some Mende rebels insyd de centre of de country no be beaten until November, however; den Mende king Nyagua ein son Maghi, insyd alliance plus some Kissi rebels, continued de revolt insyd de extreme east of de Protectorate until August 1899. De principal of de uprisings, Bureh, Nyagua den Kpana Lewis, be exiled to de Gold Coast on 30 July 1899. Nine months after de rebellion, de colonial government convicted den executed ninety-six rebels which had been found guilty of murder by hanging. Insyd 1905, Bureh be allowed by de British to return to Sierra Leone, where he continue reassume ein chieftaincy at de settlement of Kasseh.

=== Creole dissent insyd de high colonial period (1898–1956) ===
Insyd de early 19th century Freetown serve as de residence of de British governor who sana rule deGold Coast (now Ghana) den de Gambia settlements. Sierra Leone sana serve as de educational centre of British West Africa. Fourah Bay College, establish insyd 1827, rapidly become a magnet for English-speaking Africans on de west coast. For more than a century, e be de only European-style university insyd western Sub-Saharan Africa.

After de Hut Tax War there be no more large-scale military resistance to colonialism. Resistance den dissent dey continue, but take oda forms. Vocal political dissent come mainly from de Creoles, who be a sizeable middle den upper class of business-people den European-educated professionals such as doctors den lawyers. Insyd de mid-19th century they had enjoyed a period of considerable political influence, but in the late 19th century the government become much less open to them.

They continue to press for political rights, however, den dey operate a variety of newspapers which governors dey consider troublesome den demagogic. Insyd 1924, a new constitution be put insyd place, introducing elected representation (3 out of 22 members) for de first time, plus de first elections held on 28 October. Prominent among de Creoles demanding change be de bourgeois nationalist H.C. Bankole-Bright, General Secretary of de Sierra Leone Branch of de National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA), den de socialist I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson, founder of de West African Youth League (WAYL).

African resistance no be limited to political discussion. Sierra Leone develope an active trade union movement whose strikes often be accompanied by sympathetic rioting among de general population.

Besides de colonial employers, popular hostility be targeted against de tribal chiefs who de British dey transform into functionaries insyd de colonial system of indirect rule. Demma role be to provide policing, collect taxes, den obtain corvée labour (forced labour exacted from those unable to pay taxes) for de colonial government; insyd return, de government maintain them insyd a privileged position over de oda Africans. Chiefs not willing to play this role be replaced by more compliant ones. According to Kilson, de attitude of de Africans toward demma chiefs become ambivalent: frequently they respect de office but resented de exactions made by de individual occupying it. From de chiefs ein point of view, de dilemma of an honourable ruler dey face plus British ultimatums cannot have been easy.

Throughout de 20th century, there be numerous riots directed against tribal chiefs. These culminated insyd de Freetown riot of 1955, which be suppressed by a combined force of police den Royal Sierra Leone Regiment troops. After those riots, reforms be introduced: de forced-labour system be completely abolished den reductions be made insyd de powers of de chiefs.

Sierra Leone remain divided into a Colony den a Protectorate, plus separate den different political systems constitutionally defined for each. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate insyd 1947, when proposals be introduced to provide for a single political system. Most of de proposals come from de Protectorate. De Krio, led by Isaac Wallace-Johnson, oppose de proposals, de main effect of which will have been to diminish demma political power. E be due to de astute politics of Sir Milton Margai dat de educated Protectorate elite dey win over to join forces plus de paramount chiefs insyd de face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai use de same skills to win-over opposition leaders den moderate Krio elements for de achievement of independence.

Insyd November 1951, Margai dey overseew de drafting of a new constitution, which unite de separate Colonial den Protectorate legislatures den provide a framework for decolonization. Insyd 1953, Sierra Leone be granted local ministerial powers, den Margai be elected Chief Minister of Sierra Leone. De new constitution ensure Sierra Leone a parliamentary system insyd de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1957, Sierra Leone hold ein first parliamentary election. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), which be then de most-popular political party insyd de colony of Sierra Leone, win de most seats insyd Parliament. Margai sana be re-elected as Chief Minister by an overwhelming majority.

==== '''Sierra Leone insyd World War II''' ====
Main article: Sierra Leone insyd World War II

Throughout de war, Freetown serve as a critical convoy station for Allied ships.

== 1960 Independence Conference ==
On 20 April 1960, Sir Milton Margai dey lead de Sierra Leonean delegation insyd de negotiations for independence at de constitutional conferences hold plus Queen Elizabeth II den British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod, at Lancaster House insyd London. All twenty-four members of de Sierra Leonean delegation be prominent den well-respected politicians wey include Sir Milton ein younger brother lawyer Sir Albert Margai, trade unionist Siaka Stevens, SLPP-strongman Lamina Sankoh, Creole activist Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Paramount chief Ella Koblo Gulama, educationist Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, Dr John Karefa-Smart, Professor Kande Bureh, lawyer Sir Banja Tejan-Sie, former Freetown Mayor Eustace Henry Taylor Cummings, educationist Amadu Wurie, den Creole diplomat Hector Reginald Sylvanus Boltman.

On de conclusion of talks insyd London, Britain dey agree to grant Sierra Leone Independence on 27 April 1961. Stevens be de only delegate who refuse to sign Sierra Leone ein Declaration of Independence, on de grounds dat there had been a secret defence-pact between Sierra Leone den Britain; anoda point of contention by Stevens be de Sierra Leonean government ein position dat there will be no elections hold before independence which will effectively shut Stevens out of Sierra Leone ein political process. Upon demma return to Freetown on 4 May 1960, Stevens be promptly expelled from de People ein National Party (PNP).

== Opposition to de SLPP government ==
Insyd 1961, Siaka Stevens, a trade unionist den outspoken critic of de SLPP government, take advantage of de dissatisfaction plus de ruling SLPP among some prominent politicians from de Northern part of Sierra Leone. He form an alliance plus Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, Christian Alusine-Kamara Taylor, Mohamed.O.Bash-Taqi, Ibrahim Bash-Taqi, S.A.T. Koroma den C.A. Fofana, den form a new political party called de All People ein Congress (APC) insyd opposition of de SLPP government, wey use de northern part of Sierra Leone as demma political base.

== Early independence (1961–1968) ==
Main article: History of Sierra Leone (1961–78)

==== '''Sir Milton Margai administration (1961–1964)''' ====
On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai dey lead Sierra Leone to Independence from Britain den become de country ein first prime minister. Sierra Leone retain a parliamentary system of government den be a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1962, Sierra Leone hold ein first general election as an independent nation. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP) win plurality of seats insyd parliament den Sir Milton Margai be re-elected as prime minister. De years just after independence be prosperous, plus money from mineral resources being used for development den de founding of Njala University.

Margai be very popular among Sierra Leoneans during ein time insyd power. An important aspect of ein character ein self-effacement; he neither be corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of ein power or status. Ein government be based on de rule of law den de notion of separation of powers, plus multiparty political institutions den fairly viable representative structures. Margai use ein conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials plus a clear eye to satisfy various ethnic groups. Margai employ a brokerage style of politics by sharing political power between political groups den de paramount chiefs insyd de provinces.

==== '''Sir Albert Margai administration (1964–1967)''' ====
Upon Sir Milton Margai ein death insyd 1964, ein half-brother, Sir Albert Margai, be appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert ein leadership be briefly challenged by Sierra Leone ein Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who dey question Sir Albert ein succession to de SLPP leadership position. Kareefa-Smart received little support insyd Parliament insyd ein attempt to have Margai stripe of de SLPP leadership. Soon after Margai was sworn insyd as prime minister, he immediately dismiss several senior government officials who dey serve under ein elder brother ein government, as he view them as traitors den a threat to ein administration.

Unlike ein late brother, Sir Milton, Sir Albert Margai prove unpopular den dey resort to increasingly authoritarian actions insyd response to protests, wey include de enactment of several laws against de opposition All People ein Congress (APC) den an unsuccessful attempt to establish a one-party state. Unlike ein late brother, Sir Albert be opposed to de colonial legacy of allowing de country ein paramount chiefs executive powers, den he be seen as a threat to de existence of de ruling houses across de country—almost all of whom be strong supporters den key allies of de previous administration. Insyd 1967, riots break out insyd Freetown against Sir Albert ein policies. Insyd response, Margai declared a state of emergency across de country. He be accused of corruption den of a policy of affirmative action insyd favour of ein own Mende ethnic group

Sir Albert dey have de opportunity to perpetuate einself insyd power, but he elect not to do so even when de opportunities present themselves. He have de police den de army on ein side den nothing can have prevented him from achieving ein ambition to hold on to power, but he choose not to den called for free den fair elections.

==== '''Three military coups (1967–1968)''' ====
De APC narrowly dey win a small majority of seats insyd Parliament over de SLPP insyd a closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general election, den APC leader Siaka Stevens be sworn insyd as prime minister on 21 March 1967 insyd Freetown. Insyd hours of taking office, Stevens be ousted insyd a bloodless military coup dey lead by de commander of de army, Brigadier General David Lansana, a close ally of Sir Albert Margai who dey appoint Lansana to de position insyd 1964. Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest insyd Freetown den insisted de determination of office of de prime minister should await de election of de tribal representatives to de house. On 23 March, a group of senior military officers insyd de Sierra Leone Army lead by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith overrode dis action by seizing control of de government, arresting Lansana, den suspending de constitution. De group constituted einself as de National Reformation Council (NRC) plus Juxon-Smith as ein chairman den Governor-General. On 18 April 1968, a group of senior military officers who called themselves de Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM) lead by Brigadier General John Amadu Bangura overthraw de NRC junta. De ACRM juntas just arrest many senior NRC members. De democratic constitution be restored, den power be handed back to Stevens, who assume de office of prime minister.

== Stevens government den one-party state (1968–1985) ==
Stevens dey assume power insyd 1968 plus a great deal of hope den ambition. Much trust be placed upon him as he championed multi-party politics. Stevens dey campaign on a platform of bringing de tribes together under socialist principles. During ein first decade or so insyd power, Stevens dey renegotiate some of what he call &quot;useless prefinanced schemes&quot; contracted by ein predecessors, Albert Margai of de SLPP den Juxon-Smith of de NRC, which be said to have left de country insyd an economically deprive state. Stevens dey reorganize de country ein refinery, de government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, den a cement factory. He cancel Juxon-Smith ein construction of a church den mosque on de grounds of Victoria Park. Stevens begin efforts dat will later bridge de distance between de provinces den de city. Roads den hospitals be constructed insyd de provinces, den paramount chiefs den provincial peoples become a prominent force insyd Freetown.

Under pressure of several coup attempts—real den perceived—Stevens ein rule grow more den more authoritarian, den ein relationship plus some of ein ardent supporters deteriorated. He remove de SLPP from competitive politics insyd general elections, some believe, through de use of violence den intimidation. To maintain de support of de military, Stevens retain de popular John Amadu Bangura as de head of de Sierra Leone Armed Forces.

After de return to civilian rule, by-elections be held (beginning insyd autumn 1968) den an all-APC cabinet be appointed. Calm no be completely restored. Insyd November 1968, unrest insyd de provinces lead Stevens to declare a state of emergency.

Many senior officers insyd de Sierra Leone military be greatly disappointed plus Stevens ein policies, but none can openly confront Stevens. Brigadier General Bangura, who dey reinstated Stevens as prime minister, be widely considered de only person who can put de brakes on Stevens. De army be devoted to Bangura den it was believed, insyd sam quarters, dat dis make him potentially dangerous to Stevens. Insyd January 1970, Bangura be arrested den charge plus conspiracy den plotting to commit a coup against de Stevens government. After a trial dat last a few months, Bangura be convicted den sententenced to death. He be hanged on 29 March 1970 insyd Freetown. Stevens dey name a junior officer, Joseph Saidu Momoh, as de head of de Sierra Leone Military. Major General Momoh be a close ally den very loyal to Stevens.

On 23 March 1971, soldiers loyal to de executed Brigadier John Amadu Bangura hold a mutiny insyd Freetown den oda parts of de country insyd opposition of de Stevens government. Several soldiers be arrested for demma involvement insyd de mutiny, wey include Corporal Foday Sankoh who be convicted of treason den jailed for seven years at de Pademba Road Prison. At Stevens ein request to Guinean President Sekou Toure, a close ally, Guinean soldiers be stationed insyd Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1973 to help protect de government.

Insyd April 1971, a new republican constitution be adopted under which Stevens become president. Insyd de 1972 by-elections, de opposition SLPP complain of intimidation den procedural obstruction by de APC den militia. These problems become so severe dat de SLPP boycotted de 1973 general election; as a result de APC win 84 of de 85 elected seats.

Insyd de early 1970s, Siaka Stevens dey form ein own personal force known as de State Security Division (SSD), insyd order to protect him den to maintain ein hold on power. Many of de SSD officers be from de provinces, den be very loyal to Stevens. De SSD be very powerful den operate independently under Stevens ein direct command. De SSD officers guide Stevens den be deployed across Sierra Leone to put down any rebellion or demonstration against de Stevens government.

An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens fail insyd 1974. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army den government officials dey include Brigadier David Lansana, former cabinet minister Dr. Mohamed Sorie Forna, former cabinet minister den journalist Ibrahim Bash-Taqi den Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara be executed after they be convicted for attempting a coup. Insyd March 1976, Stevens be re-elected president, without opposition.

Insyd 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against de government disrupt Sierra Leone politics. However, de demonstrationbe quickly put down by de army den SSD officers. A general election be called later dat year insyd which corruption be again endemic. De APC win 74 seats den de SLPP win 15 seats.

Insyd May 1978, de Sierra Leone Parliament, dominated by close allies of President Steven ein APC administration, approved a new constitution, which make de country a one-party state. On 12 July 1978, official figures release by de government showed 97 per cent of Sierra Leoneans vote insyd favour of de one-party state. De SLPP, oda opposition parties den civil right groups say de referendum votes be massively rigged, den dat voters be intimidated by security forces loyal to Stevens. De 1978 constitution referendum make de APC the only legal political party; all oda political parties be banned, wey include de main opposition (de SLPP). Dis move lead to anoda major demonstration against de government insyd many parts of de country, which be put down by de army den de SSD officers.

De first elections under de new one-party constitution take place on 1 May 1982. Elections insyd about two-thirds of de constituencies be contested. Because of irregularities, de government cancel elections insyd 13 constituencies. By-elections take place on 4 June 1982. De new cabinet appoint by Stevens after de election include several prominent members of de disbanded SLPP who have defect to de APC, wey include de new Finance Minister Salia Jusu-Sheriff, a former leader of de SLPP. Jusu-Sheriff ein accession to de cabinet be viewed by many as a step toward making de APC a true national party.

Stevens, who have been head-of-state of Sierra Leone for 18 years, retired from dat position insyd November 1985 at de end of ein term, although he continue ein role as chairman of de ruling APC party. Many insyd de country dey expect Stevens to name ein vice president den loyal ally, Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, as ein successor. However, at de APC convention insyd August 1985, de APC name Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh as Stevens ein choice to succeed him as president. Momoh be very loyal to Stevens who dey appoint him to head of de military fifteen years earlier; Momoh den Stevens be both members of de minority Limba ethnic group. Momoh dey retire from de military den be elected president without opposition on 1 October 1985. A formal inauguration dey hold insyd January 1986, den new parliamentary elections be held insyd May 1986.

Siaka Stevens be generally criticised for dictatorial methods den government corruption, but he reduce de ethnic polarization insyd government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into ein all-dominant APC government. Anoda legacy of Stevens be dat for eighteen years while he be insyd power, he keep de country safe from civil war den armed rebellion.

Despite ein dictatorial governing style, Stevens regularly dey interact plus de people of Sierra Leone by making surprise visits. Stevens sana regularly make surprise visits to de poor merchants, where he be often seen buying ein own food at a local market plus ein security team keeping demma distance. Stevens often stand den wave to de Sierra Leonean people from an open car when travelling plus ein convoy.

== Momoh government and RUF rebellion (1985–1991) ==
President Momoh ein strong links plus de army den ein verbal attacks on corruption earn him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. Plus de lack of new faces insyd ein cabinet, however, criticisms soon arose dat Momoh be simply perpetuating de rule of Stevens. Momoh differ einself by integrating de powerful den independent State Security Force (SSD) into de Sierra Leone Police force.

De first years under de Momoh administration be characterised by corruption, which Momoh dey defuse by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise ein war against corruption, President Momoh announce a &quot;Code of Conduct for Political Leaders den Public Servants&quot;. After an alleged attempt to overthrow Momoh insyd March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials be arrested, wey include Vice-president Francis Minah, who be removed from office, convicted for plotting de coup, den executed by hanging plus five odas insyd 1989.

Insyd October 1990, due to mounting domestic den international pressure for reforms, President Momoh create a commission to review de 1978 one-party constitution. Base on de commission ein recommendations, a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system, guaranteeing fundamental human rights den de rule of law, den strengthening democratic structures, be approved by a 60% majority of de APC Parliament, ratify by referendum insyd September 1991 den become effective on 1 October. There be great suspicion dat President Momoh be not serious about ein promise of political reform, as APC rule continue to be increasingly marked by abuses of power.

Several senior government officials insyd Momoh ein administration resign to oppose de APC in upcoming elections. Salia Jusu Sheriff, Abass Bundu, J.B. Dauda den Sama Banya resuscitated de previously disbanded SLPP, while Thaimu Bangura, Edward Kargbo den Desmond Luke formed demma own respective political parties to challenge de ruling APC. However, de vast majority of government officials including Victor Bockarie Foh, Edward Turay, Hassan Gbassay Kanu den Osman Foday Yansaneh remain loyal to Momoh den de APC.

Meanwhile, an increasing burden be placed on de country by de rebellion insyd de eastern part of Sierra Leone.

== Civil war (1991–2002) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Civil War

De brutal civil wardysneighbouring Liberia play an undeniable role insyd de outbreak of fighting insyd Sierra Leone. Charles Taylor—leader of de National Patriotic Front of Liberia—reportedly help form de Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under de command of former Sierra Leonean army corporal Foday Sankoh, a critic of both de Stevens den Momoh administrations. Sankoh had been an ally of Brigadier General Bangura den be among those who mutinied following Bangura ein execution. Sankoh be British-trained den had undergone guerrilla training insyd Libya. Taylor ein aim was for de RUF to attack de bases of Nigerian-dominated peacekeeping troops insyd Sierra Leone who were opposed to ein rebel movement insyd Liberia. Sankoh ein RUF rebels dey enter de country insyd March 1991, den within a month controlled much of Eastern Sierra Leone, wey include de diamond-mining area insyd Kono District. De government of Sierra Leone, overwhelm by a crumbling economy den corruption, be unable to mount significant resistance.

At dis time, de Momoh government be crumbling. Several senior government officials dey resign to form opposition parties, while there be suspicions dat President Momoh no be serious about political reform. Abuses of power dey continue den de APC be alleged to have been hoarding arms den planning a violent campaign against de opposition parties ahead of multi-party general elections scheduled for late 1992. De state have been unable to play civil servants, leading to de looting of government property den a population of aimless youth when schools be closed.

==== '''NPRC Junta (1992–1996)''' ====
On 29 April 1992, twenty-five-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser lead a group of young Sierra Leone Army officers—wey include Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Seargent Solomon Musa, Lieutenant Tom Nyuma, Captain Komba Mondeh, Captain Julius Maada Bio den Captain Komba Kambo—from demma barracks insyd Kailahun District den launch a military coup insyd Freetown, which send President Momoh into exile insyd Guinea. De young soldiers established de National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) plus Strasser as ein chairman den Head of State of de country. Captain Solomon Musa, a close friend of Strasser den one of de leaders of de coup, become de deputy leader of de NPRC Junta. De coup be largely popular because e promise to bring peace, but de NPRC Junta immediately suspended de constitution, ban all political parties, limited freedom of speech den freedom of de press den enact a rule-by-decree policy, insyd which soldiers be granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial. De NPRC establish a Supreme Council, consisting of de highest-ranking soldiers insyd de Junta government.

On de same day de NPRC Junta take power, one of de coup leaders, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, be assassinated—reportedly by Major Sim Turay, de head of Sierra Leone Military Intelligence, den a close ally of de deposed president. A heavily armed military manhunt took place across Sierra Leone to find Turay den odas suspected to have participated insyd de assassination, forcing Turay to flee to Guinea.

De NPRC Junta fight de RUF rebels, recapture most of de RUF-held territories, den push de rebels back to de border plus Liberia. De NPRC Junta maintain relations plus de Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) den strengthen support for Sierra Leone–based ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) troops fighting insyd Liberia.

Insyd December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against de NPRC administration of Strasser be foiled; e dey aim at freeing from detention Colonel Yahya Kanu, Lt-Colonel Kahota M.S. Dumbuya den former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara. Seargent Mohamed Lamin Bangura den some junior army officers be identified as being behind de coup. Seventeen soldiers be executed, wey include Bangura, Kanu den Dumbuya. Several prominent members of de Momoh government who have been insyd detention at de Pa Demba Road prison, wey include former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara sana be executed.

On 5 July 1994, deputy NPRC leader Solomon Musa be arrested den sent into exile insyd Guinea. Musa be accused by Strasser, on de advice of high-ranking NPRC soldiers, dat he have become too powerful den be a threat to Strasser. Musa, who be a close ally den childhood friend of Strasser, deny de allegation den claim ein accusers be de threat. Strasser replace Musa as deputy NPRC chairman plus Captain Julius Maada Bio, den immediately promote him to brigadier.

Due to internal divisions between soldiers loyal to Musa den those who support Strasser ein decision to oust him, de NPRC ein campaign against de RUF become ineffectual. More den more of de country fall to RUF fighters, den by 1994 de RUF hold much of de diamond-rich Eastern Province den be at de edge of Freetown. Insyd response, de NPRC hire several hundred mercenaries from de private firm Executive Outcomes. Within a month, they have driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone ein borders den cleared de RUF from de Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone.

On 16 January 1996, after about four years insyd power, Strasser be arrested by ein own bodyguards insyd a coup lead by Bio den dey back by many high-ranking soldiers of de NPRC junta. Strasser be immediately flown into exile insyd Conakry, Guinea. Bio stated insyd a public broadcast dat ein support for returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elect civilian government den ein commitment to ending de civil war be ein motivations for de coup.

==== '''Return to civilian rule''' '''den first Kabbah Presidency (1996–1997)''' ====
Promises of a return to civilian rule be fulfilled by Bio, who handed power over to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of de Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), after de conclusion of elections insyd early 1996. President Kabbah take power plus a great promise of ending de civil war, open dialogues plus de then-defeated RUF den invite RUF-leader Sankoh for peace negotiations, signing de Abidjan Peace Accord on 30 November 1996.

Insyd January 1997, under international pressure, de Kabbah government ended demma contract plus Executive Outcomes even though a neutral monitoring force have not arrived. Dis dey create an opportunity for de RUF to regroup den renew military attacks. Sankoh be arrested insyd Nigeria, den by de end of March 1997 de peace accord have collapsed.

==== '''AFRC junta (1997–1998)''' ====
On 25 May 1997, a group of seventeen soldiers insyd de Sierra Leone army leda by Corporal Tamba Gborie freed den armed 600 prisoners from de Pademba Road Prison insyd Freetown. One of de prisoners, Major General Johnny Paul Koroma, emerge as de leader of de group. Calling einself de Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), de group launch a military coup den send President Kabbah into exile insyd Guinea. Koroma become head of state, plus Gborie as deputy-in-command of de AFRC. Koroma suspend de constitution, ban demonstrations, closed all private radio stations, den grant unlimited powers to soldiers.

Koroma invited de RUF rebels to join ein coup. Facing little resistance from army loyalists, five thousand rag-tag rebel fighters overran de capital. Koroma appeal to Nigeria for de release of Foday Sankoh, appointing de absent leader to de position of deputy chairman of de AFRC. De joint AFRC/RUF coalition government then proclaim de war have been won, den give de soldiers den rebels unlimited powers insyd a great wave of looting den reprisals against civilians insyd Freetown (dubbed &quot;Operation Pay Yourself&quot; by some of ein participants).</text>
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      <text bytes="75758" sha1="4run8rvfyvf5lzsxewq5f08991gy176" xml:space="preserve">'''Sierra Leone''' first become inhabited by indigenous African peoples at least 2,500 years ago. De Limba be de first tribe known to inhabit Sierra Leone. De dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de region from oda West African cultures, den e become a refuge for peoples escaping violence. Sierra Leone was named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra, who map de region insyd 1462. De Freetown estuary provided a good natural harbour for ships to shelter den replenish drinking water, den gain more international attention as coastal den trans-Atlantic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade.

Insyd de mid-16th century, de Mane people invaded, subjugated nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples, den militarised Sierra Leone. De Mane soon blended plus de local populations den de various chiefdoms den kingdoms remain insyd a continual state of conflict, plus many captives sold to European slave-traders. De Atlantic slave trade had a significant impact on Sierra Leone, as dis trade flourished insyd de 17th den 18th centuries, den later as a centre of anti-slavery efforts when de trade be abolished insyd 1807. British abolitionists had organised a colony for Black Loyalists at Freetown, den dis become de capital of British West Africa. A naval squadron was base there to intercept slave ships, den de colony quickly grew as Liberated Africans be released, join by Afro-Caribbean den African soldiers who had fought for Britain insyd de American Revolutionary War. De descendants of de black settlers be collectively referred to as de Creoles or Krios.

During de colonial era, de British den Creoles increased demma control over de surrounding area, securing peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted, suppressing slave-trading den inter-chiefdom war. Insyd 1895, Britain draw borders for Sierra Leone which they declare to be demma protectorate, leading to armed resistance den de Hut Tax War of 1898. Thereafter, there demma dissent den reforms as de Creoles sought political rights, trade unions form against colonial employers, den peasants sought greater justice from demma chiefs.

Sierra Leone has played a significant part insyd modern African political liberty den nationalism. Insyd de 1950s, a new constitution united de Crown Colony den Protectorate, which had previously been governed separately. Sierra Leone gain independence from de United Kingdom on 27 April 1961 den became a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Ethnic den linguistic divisions remain an obstacle to national unity, plus de Mende, Temne den Creoles as rival power blocs. Roughly half of de years since independence have been marked by autocratic governments or civil war.

== Early history ==
Archaeological finds show dat Sierra Leone has been inhabited continuously for at least 2,500 years, populate by successive movements of peoples from oda parts of Africa. De use of iron be introduced to Sierra Leone by de 9th century, den by de end of de 10th century agriculture was being practiced by coastal tribes.

Sierra Leone ein dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de land from oda African cultures den from de spread of Islam. Dis make e a refuge for people escaping subjugation by de Sahelian kingdoms, violence den jihads.

European contacts plus Sierra Leone be among de first insyd West Africa. Insyd 1462, Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra mapped de hills surrounding what be now Freetown Harbour, naming de oddly shaped formation ''Serra Lyoa'' (Lioness Mountain).

At dis time de country be inhabited by numerous politically independent native groups. Several different languages be spoken, but there was similarity of religion. Insyd de coastal rainforest belt there be Bulom-speakers between de Sherbro den Freetown estuaries, Loko-speakers north of de Freetown estuary to de Little Scarcies River, Temne-speakers find at de mouth of de Scarcies River, den Limba-speakers farther up de Scarcies. Insyd de hilly savannah north of all of these lands be de Susu den Fula tribes. De Susu trade regularly plus de coastal peoples along river valley routes, bringing salt, clothes woven by de Fula, iron work, den gold.

== European contact (15th century) ==
Portuguese ships begin visiting Sierra Leone regularly insyd de late 15th century, den for a while they maintained a fort on de north shore of de Freetown estuary. Dis estuary be one of de largest natural deep-water harbours insyd de world, den one of de few good harbours on West Africa ein surf-battered &quot;Windward Shore&quot; (Liberia to Senegal). E soon become a favourite destination of European mariners, to shelter den replenish drinking water. Some of de Portuguese sailors stay permanently, trading den intermarrying plus de local people.

==== '''Slavery''' ====
Slavery, den insyd particular de Atlantic slave trade, had a great effect on de region—socially, economically den politically—from de late 15th to de mid-19th centuries.

There had been lucrative trans-Saharan trade of slaves insyd West Africa from de 6th century. At ein peak (c. 1350) de Mali Empire surrounded de region of modern-day Sierra Leone den Liberia, though de slave trade may not have significantly penetrated de coastal rainforest. De peoples who migrate into Sierra Leone from dis time will have had greater contact plus de indigenous slave trade, either practicing it or escaping it.

When Europeans first arrive at Sierra Leone, slavery among de African peoples of de area be believe to be rare. According to historian Walter Rodney, de Portuguese mariners keep detailed reports, den so e be likely if slavery had been an important local institution dat de reports will have described it. There be mention of a very particular kind of slavery insyd de region, which was:&lt;blockquote&gt;a person insyd trouble insyd one kingdom can go to anoda den place himself under de protection of ein king, whereupon he become a &quot;slave&quot; of dat king, obliged to provide free labour den liable for sale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Rodney, such a person will likely have retain some rights den had some opportunity to rise insyd status as time passed.

De European colonization of de Americas soon lead to labor demands from nascent colonies; dis lead Europeans to seek a supply of slaves to transport to de Americas. Initially, European slavers launch raids on coastal villages to abduct Africans den sell them into slavery. However, they soon establish economic alliances plus local leaders, as many chiefs were willing to sell undesirable members of demma tribe to Europeans. Oda African chiefs launch raids on rival tribes insyd order to sell captives of such raids into slavery.

Dis early slaving essentially be an export business. De use of slaves as labourers by de local Africans appears to have developed only later. E may first have occurred under coastal chiefs insyd de late 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;De slave owners originally be white den foreigners, but de late eighteenth century see de emergence of powerful slave-trading chiefs, be said to own large numbers of 'domestic slaves'.&lt;/blockquote&gt;For example, insyd de late 18th century, William Cleveland, a Scottish leader insyd Africa had a large &quot;slave town&quot; on de mainland opposite de Banana Islands, whose inhabitants &quot;be employed insyd cultivating extensive rice fields, describe as being some of the largest insyd Africa at de time&quot;. De existence of an indigenous slave town be recorded by an English traveler insyd 1823. Known insyd de Fula language as a ''rounde'', e be connected plus de Sulima Susu ein capital city, Falaba. Ein inhabitants work at farming.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Rodney dey postulate two means by which slaving for export can have caused a local practice of using slaves for labour to develop:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# Not all war captives offer for sale will have been bought by de Portuguese, so demma captors had to find something else to do plus them. Rodney believe dat executing them be rare den that they will have been used for local labour.
# There be a time lag between de time a slave be captured den de time he or she be sold. Thus there will often have been a pool of slaves awaiting sale, who will have been put to work.&lt;/blockquote&gt;There be possible additional reasons for de adoption of slavery by de locals to meet demma labour requirements:

# De Europeans provided an example for imitation.
# Once slaving insyd any form be accepted, e may smash a moral barrier to exploitation den make ein adoption insyd oda forms seem a relatively minor matter.
# Export slaving entailed de construction of a coercive apparatus which could have been subsequently turned to other ends, such as policing a captive labour force.
# De sale of local produce (e.g., palm kernels) to Europeans opened a new sphere of economic activity. Insyd particular, e dey create an increased demand for agricultural labour. Slavery be a way of mobilising an agricultural work force.
Dis local African slavery be much less harsh den brutal than de slavery practiced by Europeans on, for example, de plantations of the United States, de West Indies, den Brazil. De local slavery has been described by anthropologist M. McCulloch:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Slaves be housed close to de fresh tracts of land they clear for demma masters. They be considered part of de household of demma owner, den enjoyed limited rights. E no be customary to sell them except for a serious offense, such as adultery plus de wife of a freeman. Small plots of land be given to them for demma own use, den they might retain de proceeds of crops they grow on these plots; by dis means e be possible for a slave to become de owner of anoda slave. Sometimes a slave marry insyd de household of ein master den rose to a position of trust; there be an instance of a slave taking charge of a chiefdom during de minority of de heir. Descendants of slaves often be practically indistinguishable from freemen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Slaves sometimes be sent on errands outside de kingdoms of demma masters den return voluntarily. Speaking specifically of de era around 1700, historian Christopher Fyfe relates dat, &quot;Slaves not taken insyd war usually be criminals. Insyd coastal areas, at least, e be rare for anyone to be sold without being charged plus a crime.&quot;

Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section be still present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describes a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section still be present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describe a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;A freeman heavily insyd debt, den facing de threat of de punishment of being sold, will approach a wealthier man or chief plus a plea to pay off ein debts 'while I sit on your lap'. Or he can give a son or some oda dependent of ein 'to be for you', de wealthy man or chief. Dis insyd effect mean dat de person so pawn be automatically reduce to a position of dependence, den if he be never redeemed, he or ein children eventually become part of de master ein extended family. By dis time, de children practically be indistinguishable from de real children of de master, since they grow up regarding one anoda as brothers.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Some observers consider de term &quot;slave&quot; to be more misleading than informative when describing de local practice. Abraham say dat insyd most cases, &quot;subject, servant, client, serf, pawn, dependent, or retainer&quot; will be more accurate. Domestic slavery be abolished insyd Sierra Leone insyd 1928. McCulloch reports dat at dat time, amongst Sierra Leone ein largest present-day ethnolinguistic group, de Mende, who then had about 560,000 people, about 15 per cent of de population (i.e., 84,000 people) be domestic slaves. He sana say dat &quot;singularly little change followed de 1928 decree; a fair number of slaves return to demma original homes, but de great majority remain insyd de villages insyd which demma former masters had placed them or demma parents.&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Export slavery remain a major business insyd Sierra Leone from de late 15th century to de mid-19th century. According to Fyfe, &quot;e be estimated insyd 1789 dat 74,000 slaves be exported annually from West Africa, about 38,000 by British firms.&quot; Insyd 1788, a proslavery European name Matthews estimated de annual total export from between de Nunez River (110 km north of Sierra Leone) den de Sherbro as 3,000. Participation insyd de Atlantic slave trade gradually be outlawed by various Western nations, beginning plus de United States den Britain insyd 1808.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Mane invasions (16th century) ==
Further information: Mane people

De Mane invasions of de mid-16th century had a profound impact on Sierra Leone. De Mane (sana call Mani) be members of de Mande language group. A warrior people, well-armed den well-organized, they live east den somewhat north of present-day Sierra Leone. Sometime insyd de early 16th century they begin moving south. According to some Mane who dey speak to a Portuguese writer (Dornelas) in de late 16th century, demma travels dey begin as a result of de expulsion of demma chief from de imperial city of Mandimansa, demma homeland.

There be conflicting accounts among historians of how these invasions happened. Some historians place demma first arrival at de coast east of Sierra Leone, at least as far as de River Cess den likely pppie. They advanced northwest along de coast toward Sierra Leone, conquering as they go. Odas contend dat they arrive on de coast near Sherbro Island. They incorporate large numbers of de people they conquered into demma army, plus de result dat de rank den file consist mostly of coastal peoples, while de Mane be ein commanding group.

By 1545, de Mane dey reach Cape Mount. Dema conquest of Sierra Leone occupy de ensuing 15 to 20 years, den result insyd de subjugation of all or nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples—who be known collectively as de Sapes—as far north as de Scarcies. De present demographics of Sierra Leone largely be a reflection of these two decades. De degree to which de Mane supplanted de original inhabitants vary from place to place. De Temne partly withstood de Mane onslaught, den keep demma language, but become ruled by a line of Mane kings. De present-day Loko den Mende be de result of a more complete submersion of de original culture: demma languages be similar, den both essentially Mande. Dis likely be due to conquest by de Mane invaders.

=== '''Aftermath''' ===
De Mane invasions militarised Sierra Leone. De Sapes had been un-warlike, but after de invasions, right until de late 19th century, bows, shields, den knives of de Mane type dey become ubiquitous insyd Sierra Leone, as had de Mane battle technique of using squadrons of archers fighting insyd formation, carrying de large-style shields. Villages become fortified. De usual method of erecting two or three concentric palisades, each 4–7 metres (12–20 ft) high, create a formidable obstacle to attackers—especially since, as some of de English observe insyd de 19th century, de thigh-thick logs planted insyd de earth to make de palisades often take root at de bottom den grow foliage at de top, so dat de defenders occupy a living wall of wood. A British officer who dey observe one of these fortifications around de time of de 1898 Hut Tax war ended ein description of it thus:&lt;blockquote&gt;No one who dey no see these fences can realize de immense strength of them. De outer fence at Hahu I measure insyd several places, den found e to be from 2 to 3 feet thick, den most of de logs, or rather trees, of which e be formed, had taken root den be throwing out leaves den shoots.&lt;/blockquote&gt;He sana say dat English artillery can not penetrate all three fences. At dat time, at least among de Mende, &quot;a typical settlement dey consist of walled towns den open villages or towns surrounding it.&quot;

After de invasions, de Mane sub-chiefs among whom e country dey divide begin fighting among themselves. Dis pattern of activity become permanent: even after de Mane dey blend plus de indigenous population—a process which be completed insyd de early 17th century—de various kingdoms insyd Sierra Leone remain insyd a fairly continual state of flux den conflict. Rodney believe dat a desire to take prisoners to sell as slaves to de Europeans be a major motivation to dis fighting, den may even have been a driving force behind de original Mane invasions. Historian Kenneth Little dey conclude dat de principal objective insyd de local wars, at least among de Mende, be plunder, not de acquisition of territory. Abraham cautions dat slave trading should not be exaggerated as a cause: de Africans have demma own reasons to fight, plus territorial den political ambitions present. Motivations likely change over time during de 350-year period.

De wars themselves no be exceptionally deadly. Set-piece battles be rare, den de fortified towns so strong dat demma capture seldom be attempted. Often de fighting dey consist of small ambushes.

Insyd these years, de political system be such dat each large village along plus ein satellite villages den settlements will be headed by a chief. De chief will have a private army of warriors. Sometimes several chiefs will group themselves into a confederacy, acknowledging one of themselves as king (or high chief). Each pay de king fealty. If one be attacked, de king will come to ein aid, den de king can adjudicate local disputes.

Despite demma many political divisions, de people of de country be united by cultural similarity. One component of dis be de Poro, an organisation common to many different kingdoms den ethnolinguistic groups. De Mende claim to be ein originators, den there be nothing to contradict dis. Possibly they import it. De Temne claim to dey import it from de Sherbro or Bulom. De Dutch geographer Olfert Dapper know of it insyd de 17th century. E often be described as a &quot;secret society&quot;, dis partly be true: ein rites be closed to non-members, den what happens insyd de &quot;Poro bush&quot; never be disclosed. However, ein membership be very broad: among de Mende, almost all men, den some women, be initiates. Insyd recent years e no dey (as far as is known) have a central organisation: autonomous chapters exist for each chiefdom or village. However, it is said dat insyd pre-Protectorate days there be a &quot;Grand Poro&quot; plus cross-chiefdom powers of making war den peace. E widely be agreed dat e has a restraining influence on de powers of de chiefs. Headed by a fearsome principal spirit, de ''Gbeni'', e plays a major role insyd de rite of passage of males from puberty to manhood. E imparts some education. Insyd some areas, e have supervisory powers over trade, den de banking system, which use iron bars as a medium of exchange. E no only be de important society insyd Sierra Leone: de ''Sande'' be a female-only analogue of it; there sana be de ''Humoi'' which regulates sex, den de ''Njayei'' den de ''Wunde''. De ''Kpa'' be a healing-arts collegium.

Besides de political impact, there be economic effects as well: trade plus de interior be interrupted, den thousands be sold as slaves to de Europeans. Insyd industry, a flourishing tradition insyd fine ivory carving be ended; however, improved ironworking techniques be introduced.&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== 1600–1787 ==
By de 17th century, Portuguese colonialism insyd West Africa begin to wane, den insyd Sierra Leone oda European colonial powers such as de English den Dutch begin to supplant demma influence insyd de region. Insyd 1628, a group of English merchants had established a factory insyd de vicinity of Sherbro Island, about 50 km (30 mi) south-east from present-day Freetown. Insyd addition to ivory den slaves, de merchants at de factory sana trade insyd camwood, a type of hard timber. De Portuguese missionary Baltasar Barreira minister insyd Sierra Leone until 1610. Jesuits, den later insyd de century, Capuchins, continue de mission. By 1700 it had closed, although priests occasionally visited.

Insyd 1663, de Royal African Company (RAC) be granted a royal charter from Charles II of England den soon established a factory on Sherbro Island den Tasso Island. During de Second Anglo-Dutch War, both factories be sacked by a Dutch Navy force insyd 1664. De factory be rebuilt, though e be sacked again by de French Navy during de War of de Spanish Succession insyd 1704 den pirates insyd 1719 den 1720. After de Dutch raid on de RAC factory at Tasso Island, e be relocated to de nearby Bunce Island, which be more defensible.

De Europeans make payments, called ''Cole'', for rent, tribute, den trading rights, to de king of an area. At this time de local military advantage still be on de side of de Africans, den there be a 1714 report of a king seizing RAC goods insyd retaliation for a breach of protocol. Local Afro-Portuguese merchants often act as middlemen, de Europeans advancing them goods to trade to de local people, most often for ivory. Insyd 1728, an overly aggressive RAC governor dey unite de Africans den Afro-Portuguese insyd hostility to him; they burn down de Bunce Island fort den e no be rebuilt until about 1750. During de time dat de Royal African Company be operating, de firm of Grant, Sargent [Wikidata] den Oswald provisioned de trading stations. When de RAC abandoned Bunce Island, Sargent den ein partners purchase ein factory insyd 1748, repair it, den dey use it to trade insyd timber. They expand to Batts, Bobs, Tasso, den Tumbu Islands den along de banks of de river, eventually becoming involve insyd de slave trade. De French sack it again insyd 1779, during de American Revolutionary War.

During de 17th century de Temne ethnolinguistic group be expanding. Around 1600, a Mani still dey rule de Loko kingdom (de area north of Port Loko Creek) den anoda rule de upper part of de south shore of de Freetown estuary. De north shore of de estuary be under a Ballom king, den de area just east of Freetown on de peninsula be held by a non-Mani plus a European name, Dom Phillip de Leon (who may have been a subordinate to ein Mani neighbour). By de mid-17th century dis situation dey change: Temne, not Bullom dey speak on de south shore, den ships stopping for water den firewood had to pay customs to de Temne king of Bureh who live at Bagos town on de point between de Rokel River den Port Loko Creek. (De king may  consider himself a Mani—to dis day, Temne chiefs have Mani-derived titles—but ein people be Temne. De Bureh king insyd place insyd 1690 be called Bai Tura, ''Bai'' being a Mani form.) De Temne thus dey expand insyd a wedge toward de sea at Freetown, den now dey separate de Bulom to de north from de Mani den oda Mande-speakers to de south den east.

Insyd dis period there be several reports of women occupying high positions. De king of de south shore use to leave one of ein wives to rule when he be absent, den insyd de Sherbro there be female chiefs. Insyd de early 18th century, a Bulom dey name Seniora Maria make ein own town near Cape Sierra Leone.

During de 17th century, Muslim Fula from de Upper Niger den Senegal rivers move into an area called Fouta Djallon (or Futa Jalon) insyd de mountainous region north of present-day Sierra Leone. They be to have an important impact on de peoples of Sierra Leone because they increase trade den sana produced secondary population movements insyd Sierra Leone. Though de Muslim Fula first cohabited peaceably plus de peoples already at Fouta Djallon, around 1725 they embark on a war of domination, forcing de migration of many Susu, Yalunka, den non-Muslim Fula.

Susu—some already convert to Islam—come south insyd Sierra Leone, insyd turn displacing Limba from north-west Sierra Leone den driving them insyd north-central Sierra Leone where they continue to live. Some Susu move as far south as de Temne town of Port Loko, only 60 km (37 mi) upriver from de Atlantic. Eventually a Muslim Susu family dey call Senko supplanted de town ein Temne rulers. Oda Susu dey move westward from Fouta Djallon, eventually dominating de Baga, Bulom, den Temne north of de Scarcies River.

De Yalunka insyd Fouta Djallon first accept Islam, then reject it den be driven out. They go into north-central Sierra Leone den founded demma capital at Falaba insyd de mountains near de source of de Rokel. E still not an important town, about 20 km (12 mi) south of de Guinea border. Oda Yalunka go somewhat farther south den settled amongst de Koranko, Kissi, den Limba.

Besides these groups, who be more-or-less unwilling emigrants, a considerable variety of Muslim adventurers go forth from Fouta Djallon. A Fula called Fula Mansa (''mansa'' meaning ''king'') become ruler of de Yoni country 100 km (62 mi) east of present-day Freetown. Some of ein Temne subjects fled south to de Banta country between de middle reaches of de Bagu den Jong rivers, where they become known as de Mabanta Temne.

Insyd 1652, de first slaves from Sierra Leone be transported to North America; they be sold to white plantation owners insyd de Sea Islands off de coast of de American South. During de 18th century, numerous slaves from Bunce Island be transported to de Southern Colonies, due insyd part to de business relationship between American slave trader Henry Laurens den de London-based firm of Grant, Sargent, Oswald &amp; Company, which oversaw a thriving slave trade from Bunce Island insyd Sierra Leone to North America.

De transatlantic slave trade continued to transport millions of enslaved Africans, wey include those from Sierra Leone, across de Atlantic during de 17th, 18th den 19th centuries; ultimately, roughly 12.5 million slaves where e dey bring to de Americas dis way. However, de rise of abolitionist movements insyd de Western world insyd de late 18th den early 19th centuries dey lead to various European den American governments passing legislation to abolish de slave trade. De slave trade insyd Sierra Leone undergo a marked decline during de 19th century, though domestic slavery will persist until de 20th century.

== De Province of Freedom (1787–1789) ==
Main article: Granville Town, Province of Freedom

==== '''Conception of''' '''de Province of Freedom (1787)''' ====
Insyd 1787, a plan be established to settle some of London ein &quot;Black Poor&quot; insyd Sierra Leone insyd what was called the &quot;Province of Freedom&quot;. This was organised by the Committee for de Relief of de Black Poor, found by British abolitionist Granville Sharp, which preferred it as a solution to continuing to financially support them insyd London. Many of de Black Poor be African Americans, who had been given demma freedom after seeking refuge with the British Army during the American Revolution, but also included other West Indian, African and Asian inhabitants of London.

De Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme be proposed by entomologist Henry Smeathman den draw interest from humanitarians like Granville Sharp saw it as a means of showing de pro-slavery lobby dat black people can contribute towards de running of de new colony of Sierra Leone. Government officials soon become involved insyd de scheme as well, although demma interest be spurred by de possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere. William Pitt de Younger, prime minister den leader of de Tory party, dey have an active interest insyd de Scheme, because he see it as a means to repatriate de Black Poor to Africa, since &quot;e be necessary they should be sent somewhere, den be no longer suffer to infest de streets of London&quot;.

==== '''Establishment, destruction''' '''den re-establishment (1789)''' ====
De area be first settled by 400 formerly enslaved Black Britons, who dey arrive off de coast of Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787, dey accompany by some English tradesmen. They established de Province of Freedom or Granville Town on land purchase from local Koya Temne subchief King Tom den regent Naimbanna II, a purchase which de Europeans understand to cede de land to de new settlers &quot;for ever&quot;. De established arrangement between Europeans den de Koya Temne do not include provisions for permanent settlement, den some historians question how well de Koya leaders understand de agreement. Half of de settlers insyd de new colony die insyd de first year. Several black settlers dey start working for local slave traders. De settlers dat dey remain forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliate, attacking de settlement, which be reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, den six white women. Black settlers be captured by unscrupulous traders den sold as slaves, den de remaining colonists be forced to arm themselves for demma own protection. King Tom ein successor King Jemmy dey attack den burn de colony insyd 1789.

Alexander Falconbridge be sent to Sierra Leone insyd 1791 to collect de remaining Black Poor settlers, den they re-establish Granville Town (later renamed Cline Town) near Fourah Bay. Although these 1787 settlers do not establish Freetown, which be founded insyd 1792, de bicentennial of Freetown be celebrated insyd 1987.

After establishing Granville Town, disease den hostility from de indigenous people eliminated de first group of colonists den destroyed demma settlement. A second Granville Town established by 64 remaining black den white 'Old settlers' under de leadership of St. George Bay Company leader, Alexander Falconbridge den de St. George Bay Company. Dis settlement be different from de Freetown settlement den colony founded insyd 1792 by Lt. John Clarkson den de Nova Scotian Settlers under de auspices of de Sierra Leone Company.

== Freetown Colony (1792–1808) ==
'''Conception of tde Freetown settlement (1791)'''

De basis for de Freetown Colony begin insyd 1791 plus Thomas Peters, an African American who had served insyd de Black Pioneers den settle insyd Nova Scotia as part of de Black Loyalist migration. Peters travel to England insyd 1791 to report grievances of de Black Loyalists who had been given poor land den faced discrimination. Peters meet plus British abolitionists den de directors of de Sierra Leone Company. He learn of de company ein plan for a new settlement at Sierra Leone. De directors be eager to allow de Nova Scotians to build a settlement there; de London-based den newly create Company had decided to create a new colony but before Peters ein arrival have no colonists. Lieutenant John Clarkson be sent to Nova Scotia to register immigrants to take to Sierra Leone for de purpose of starting a new settlement. Clarkson worked plus Peters to recruit 1,196 former American slaves from free African communities around Nova Scotia such as Birchtown. Most dey escape Virginia den South Carolina plantations. Some had been born insyd Africa before being enslaved den taken to America.

==== '''Settlement by Nova Scotians (1792)''' ====
De settlers dey sail insyd 15 ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia den arrived insyd St. George Bay between 26 February den 9 March 1792. Sixty-four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, den even Lieutenant Clarkson be ill during de voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson den some of de Nova Scotian 'captains' &quot;despatched on shore to clear or make roadway for demma landing&quot;. De Nova Scotians be to build Freetown on de former site of de first Granville Town which have become a &quot;jungle&quot; since ein destruction insyd 1789. (Though they built Freetown on Granville Town ein former site, demma settlement be no a rebirth of Granville Town, which had been re-established at Fourah Bay in 1791 by de remaining Old Settlers.) Clarkson told de men to clear de land until they reach a large cotton tree. After this difficult work had been done den de land cleared, all de settlers, men den women, disembarked den marched towards de thick forest den to de cotton tree, den demma preachers (all African Americans) begin singing:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Awake den Sing Of Moses den de Lamb
Wake! every heart den every tongue'

To praise de Saviour ein name

De day of Jubilee be come;

Return ye ransomed sinners home&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 11 March 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, dey pray den preach a sermon under de large Cotton Tree, den Reverend David George dey preach de first recorded Baptist service insyd Africa. De land be dedicated den christened 'Free Town' according to de instructions of de Sierra Leone Company Directors. Dis be de first thanksgiving service insyd de newly christened Free Town den be de beginning of de political entity of Sierra Leone. Later, John Clarkson will be sworn insyd as de first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts be erected before de rainy season. De Sierra Leone Company surveyors den de settlers built Freetown on de American grid pattern, plus parallel streets den wide roads, plus de largest being Water Street.

On 24 August 1792, de Black Poor or Old Settlers of de second Granville Town be incorporated into de new Sierra Leone Colony but remain at Granville Town. E survive being pillaged by de French insyd 1794, den be rebuilt by de Nova Scotian settlers. By 1798, Freetown had 300–400 houses plus architecture resembling dat of de American South, plus 3- to 4-foot stone foundations den wooden superstructures. Eventually dis style of housing (brought by de Nova Scotians) will be de model for de 'bod oses' of demma Creole descendants.

=== '''Settlement by Jamaican Maroons (1800)''' ===
Insyd 1800, de Nova Scotians rebel den e be de arrival of over 500 Jamaican Maroons which dey cause de rebellion to be suppressed. Thirty-four Nova Scotians be banished den sent to either to Sherbro Island or a penal colony at Gore. Some of these eventually be allowed back insyd Freetown. Following demma capture of de rebels, de Maroons be granted de land of de Nova Scotian rebels. Eventually de Jamaican Maroons insyd Sierra Leone have demma own district at de newly named Maroon Town.

De Maroons be a free community of blacks from Cudjoe ein Town (Trelawny Town) who have been resettled insyd Nova Scotia after surrendering to de British government dey follow de Second Maroon War of 1795–6. They have petitioned de British government for settlement elsewhere due to de climate insyd Nova Scotia.

==== '''Abolition and slaves-insyd-transit (1807 - 1830s)''' ====
Britain outlawed de slave trade throughout ein empire on 29 March 1807 plus de Slave Trade Act 1807, though de practice continue insyd de British Empire until e finally be abolished insyd de 1830s. De Royal Navy ein West Africa Squadron operating from Freetown take active measures to intercept den seize ships participating insyd de illegal Atlantic slave trade. De slaves dat dey hold on these vessels be released into Freetown den initially be called 'Captured negroes', 'Recaptives' or 'Liberated Africans'.

==== '''Formation of''' '''de Sierra Leone Creole ethnicity (1870 onwards)''' ====
De Sierra Leone Creole people (Krio: ''Krio people'') be descendants of de Black Poor, freed African Americans (Nova Scotian Black Loyalists), Afro-Caribbeans (Jamaican Maroons), den Liberated Africans who settled insyd de Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 den about 1885. De colony be established by de British, support by abolitionists, under de Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. De settlers called demma new settlement Freetown.

== Colonial era (1808–1961) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Colony den Protectorate

==== '''Establishment of''' '''de British Crown Colony (1808)''' ====
Insyd 1808, e British Crown Colony of Sierra Leone be founded, plus Freetown serving as de capital of British West Africa. De city ein population expanded rapidly plus freed slaves, who dey establish suburbs on de Freetown Peninsula. They be joined by West Indian den African soldiers who dey settle insyd Sierra Leone after fighting for Britain insyd de Napoleonic Wars.

'''Intervention''' '''den acquisition of de hinterland (1800s–1895)'''

Insyd de early 1800s, Sierra Leone be a small colony extending a few kilometres (a few miles) up de peninsula from Freetown. De bulk of de territory dat makes up present-day Sierra Leone still be de sovereign territory of indigenous peoples such as de Mende den Temne, den be little affected by de tiny population of de Colony. Over de course of de 19th century, dat gradually changed: de British den Creoles insyd de Freetown area dey increase demma involvement insyd—den demma control over—de surrounding territory by engaging insyd trade, which be promoted den dey increase through treaty-making den military expeditions.

Insyd demma treaties plus de native chiefs, de British largely be concerned plus securing local peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted. Typically, de British government dey agree to pay a chief a stipend insyd return for a commitment from him to keep de peace plus ein neighbours; oda specific commitments extract from a chief might include keeping roads open, allowing de British to collect customs duties, den submitting disputes plus ein neighbours to British adjudication. Insyd de decades following Britain ein prohibition of de slave trade insyd 1807, de treaties sometimes sana require chiefs to desist from slave-trading. Suppression of slave-trading den suppression of inter-chiefdom war dey go hand-in-hand because de trade thrived on de wars (and caused them). Thus, to de commercial reasons for pacification can be added anti-slavery ones.

When friendly persuasion fail to secure demma interests, de British no be more than (to borrow Carl von Clausewitz's phrase) &quot;continuing diplomacy by oda means&quot;. At least by de mid-1820s, de army den navy be going out from de Colony to attack chiefs whose behaviour do not conform to British dictates. Insyd 1826, Governor Turner led troops to de Bum–Kittam area, capture two stockaded towns, burn odas, den declare a blockade on de coast as far as Cape Mount. Dis partly be an anti-slaving exercise den partly to punish de chief for refusing territory to de British. Later dat year, acting-Governor Macaulay send out an expedition which go up de Jong river den dey burn Commenda, a town belonging to a related chief. Insyd 1829, de colonial authorities founded de Sierra Leone Police Corps. Insyd 1890, dis force be divided into de Civilian Police den de Frontier Police.

De British develope a modus operandi wey characterised demma interventions throughout de century: army or frontier police, plus naval support if possible, will bombard a town den then usually torch it after de defenders dey fly or been defeated. Where possible, local enemies of de party being attacked be invited by de British to accompany them as allies.

Further information: British den Creole intervention insyd de Sierra Leone hinterland insyd de 19th century

Insyd de 1880s, Britain ein intervention insyd de hinterland dey receive added impetus because of de &quot;Scramble for Africa&quot;: an intense competition between de European powers for territory insyd Africa. Insyd dis case, de rival be France. To forestall French incursion into what they had come to consider as demma own sphere, de British government renewed efforts to finalise a boundary agreement with France and on 1 January 1890 instructed Governor Hay insyd Sierra Leone to get from chiefs insyd de boundary area friendship treaties containing a clause forbidding them to treat plus anoda European power without British consent.

Consequently, insyd 1890 den 1891 Hay den two travelling commissioners, Garrett den Alldridge, dey go on extensive tours of what be now Sierra Leone wey obtain treaties from chiefs. Most of these no be, however, treaties of cession; they be insyd de form of cooperative agreements between two sovereign powers.

Insyd January 1895, a boundary agreement be signed insyd Paris, roughly fixing de line between French Guinea den Sierra Leone. De exact line be to be determined by surveyors. As Christopher Fyfe notes, &quot;De delimitation be made almost entirely insyd geographical terms—rivers, watersheds, parallels—not political. Samu chiefdom, for instance, be divided; de people on de frontier had to opt for farms on one side or villages on de oda.&quot;

More generally, de arbitrary lumping-together of disparate native peoples insyd geographical units decided by de colonial powers has been an ongoing source of trouble throughout Africa. These geographical units now dety attempt to function as nations but no be naturally nations, being composed insyd many cases of peoples who be traditional enemies. Insyd Sierra Leone, for example, de Mende, Temne den Creoles remain as rival power blocs between whom lines of fission easily emerge.

'''Establishment of''' '''de British Protectorate den further land acquisition (1895)'''

Insyd August 1895, an Order-in-Council dey issue insyd Britain authorising de Colony to make laws for de territory around it, extending out to de agreed-upon boundary (which corresponds closely to dat of present-day Sierra Leone). On 31 August 1896, a Proclamation dey issue insyd de Colony, wey dey declare dat territory to be a British Protectorate. De Colony remained a distinct political entity; de Protectorate dey govern from it.

Most of de chiefs whose territories de Protectorate subsumed do not enter into it voluntarily. Many sign treaties of friendship plus Britain, but these be often dey express as being between sovereign powers, plus there be no subordination to de British. Only a handful of chiefs dey sign treaties of cession, den insyd some cases e be unknown if de chiefs dey understand de implications of de treaty. Insyd more remote areas, no treaties had been signed at all. De creation of de Sierra Leone Protectorate be more insyd de nature of a unilateral acquisition of territory by de British.

Almost every chieftaincy insyd Sierra Leone dey respond to de British arrogation of power plus armed resistance. De Protectorate Ordinances (passed insyd de Colony insyd 1896 den 1897) abolish de title of King den replace it plus &quot;Paramount Chief&quot;. Chiefs den kings dey formerly been selected by de leading members of dema own communities; now all chiefs, even paramount ones, can be deposed or installed at de will of de Governor, den most of de judicial powers of de chiefs be removed den given to courts presided-over by British &quot;District Commissioners&quot;. De Governor decree dat a house tax of 5''s'' to 10''s'' be to be levied annually on every dwelling insyd de Protectorate. To de chiefs, these reductions insyd de power den prestige be unbearable.

During these conflicts, British officers dey use de practice of cutting de hands of people to account for bullets spent, similar to what dey occur under de regime Leopold II of Belgium insyd de Congo Free State. British doctor, John Lancelot Todd, who dey travel to West Africa on an LSTM expedition together plus Joseph Everett Dutton, write down de testimonies of British officers who dey involve insyd putting down rebellions insyd British Sierra Leone den dey practice cutting de hands of de people they shot. De exact number of living victims who dey end up mutilated be unknown.

==== '''Hut Tax War of 1898''' ====
Insyd 1898, two rebellions dey break out against British colonial rule insyd Sierra Leone insyd response to de introduction of a new hut tax by Governor Frederic Cardew. On 1 January 1898, Cardew introduce de hut tax as a way to pay for de colonial administration ein financial expenditures. However, de tax prove to be beyond de financial means of many insyd de colony, provoking discontent. Insyd February 1898, an attempt by colonial officials to arrest Temne chief Bai Bureh lead to him den rebels under ein command to revolt against British rule. Bureh ein forces dey launch attacks on British officials den Creole traders.

Despite de ongoing rebellion, Bureh dispatched two peace overtures to de British insyd April den June of dat year, aid by de mediation of Limba chief Almamy Suluku. Cardew dey reject both offers, as Bureh would not agree to surrender unconditionally. Bureh ein forces conducted a disciplined den skillfully execute guerrilla campaign which cause de British considerable difficulty. Hostilities begin insyd February; Bureh ein harassing tactics confounded de British at first but by May they gain ground. De rainy season interrupted hostilities until October, when British colonial forces resume de slow process of capturing rebel stockades. When most of these defences dey eliminate, Bureh be captured or surrendered (accounts differ) insyd November.

De second revolt insyd de southeast be a mass uprising, planned somehow to commence everywhere on 27 den 28 April, insyd which almost all &quot;outsiders&quot;—whether European or Creole—be seized den summarily executed. Although more fearsome than Bai Bureh ein rising, na e be amorphous, dey lack a definite strategy, den  be suppressed insyd most areas insyd two months. Some Mende rebels insyd de centre of de country no be beaten until November, however; den Mende king Nyagua ein son Maghi, insyd alliance plus some Kissi rebels, continued de revolt insyd de extreme east of de Protectorate until August 1899. De principal of de uprisings, Bureh, Nyagua den Kpana Lewis, be exiled to de Gold Coast on 30 July 1899. Nine months after de rebellion, de colonial government convicted den executed ninety-six rebels which had been found guilty of murder by hanging. Insyd 1905, Bureh be allowed by de British to return to Sierra Leone, where he continue reassume ein chieftaincy at de settlement of Kasseh.

=== Creole dissent insyd de high colonial period (1898–1956) ===
Insyd de early 19th century Freetown serve as de residence of de British governor who sana rule deGold Coast (now Ghana) den de Gambia settlements. Sierra Leone sana serve as de educational centre of British West Africa. Fourah Bay College, establish insyd 1827, rapidly become a magnet for English-speaking Africans on de west coast. For more than a century, e be de only European-style university insyd western Sub-Saharan Africa.

After de Hut Tax War there be no more large-scale military resistance to colonialism. Resistance den dissent dey continue, but take oda forms. Vocal political dissent come mainly from de Creoles, who be a sizeable middle den upper class of business-people den European-educated professionals such as doctors den lawyers. Insyd de mid-19th century they had enjoyed a period of considerable political influence, but in the late 19th century the government become much less open to them.

They continue to press for political rights, however, den dey operate a variety of newspapers which governors dey consider troublesome den demagogic. Insyd 1924, a new constitution be put insyd place, introducing elected representation (3 out of 22 members) for de first time, plus de first elections held on 28 October. Prominent among de Creoles demanding change be de bourgeois nationalist H.C. Bankole-Bright, General Secretary of de Sierra Leone Branch of de National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA), den de socialist I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson, founder of de West African Youth League (WAYL).

African resistance no be limited to political discussion. Sierra Leone develope an active trade union movement whose strikes often be accompanied by sympathetic rioting among de general population.

Besides de colonial employers, popular hostility be targeted against de tribal chiefs who de British dey transform into functionaries insyd de colonial system of indirect rule. Demma role be to provide policing, collect taxes, den obtain corvée labour (forced labour exacted from those unable to pay taxes) for de colonial government; insyd return, de government maintain them insyd a privileged position over de oda Africans. Chiefs not willing to play this role be replaced by more compliant ones. According to Kilson, de attitude of de Africans toward demma chiefs become ambivalent: frequently they respect de office but resented de exactions made by de individual occupying it. From de chiefs ein point of view, de dilemma of an honourable ruler dey face plus British ultimatums cannot have been easy.

Throughout de 20th century, there be numerous riots directed against tribal chiefs. These culminated insyd de Freetown riot of 1955, which be suppressed by a combined force of police den Royal Sierra Leone Regiment troops. After those riots, reforms be introduced: de forced-labour system be completely abolished den reductions be made insyd de powers of de chiefs.

Sierra Leone remain divided into a Colony den a Protectorate, plus separate den different political systems constitutionally defined for each. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate insyd 1947, when proposals be introduced to provide for a single political system. Most of de proposals come from de Protectorate. De Krio, led by Isaac Wallace-Johnson, oppose de proposals, de main effect of which will have been to diminish demma political power. E be due to de astute politics of Sir Milton Margai dat de educated Protectorate elite dey win over to join forces plus de paramount chiefs insyd de face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai use de same skills to win-over opposition leaders den moderate Krio elements for de achievement of independence.

Insyd November 1951, Margai dey overseew de drafting of a new constitution, which unite de separate Colonial den Protectorate legislatures den provide a framework for decolonization. Insyd 1953, Sierra Leone be granted local ministerial powers, den Margai be elected Chief Minister of Sierra Leone. De new constitution ensure Sierra Leone a parliamentary system insyd de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1957, Sierra Leone hold ein first parliamentary election. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), which be then de most-popular political party insyd de colony of Sierra Leone, win de most seats insyd Parliament. Margai sana be re-elected as Chief Minister by an overwhelming majority.

==== '''Sierra Leone insyd World War II''' ====
Main article: Sierra Leone insyd World War II

Throughout de war, Freetown serve as a critical convoy station for Allied ships.

== 1960 Independence Conference ==
On 20 April 1960, Sir Milton Margai dey lead de Sierra Leonean delegation insyd de negotiations for independence at de constitutional conferences hold plus Queen Elizabeth II den British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod, at Lancaster House insyd London. All twenty-four members of de Sierra Leonean delegation be prominent den well-respected politicians wey include Sir Milton ein younger brother lawyer Sir Albert Margai, trade unionist Siaka Stevens, SLPP-strongman Lamina Sankoh, Creole activist Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Paramount chief Ella Koblo Gulama, educationist Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, Dr John Karefa-Smart, Professor Kande Bureh, lawyer Sir Banja Tejan-Sie, former Freetown Mayor Eustace Henry Taylor Cummings, educationist Amadu Wurie, den Creole diplomat Hector Reginald Sylvanus Boltman.

On de conclusion of talks insyd London, Britain dey agree to grant Sierra Leone Independence on 27 April 1961. Stevens be de only delegate who refuse to sign Sierra Leone ein Declaration of Independence, on de grounds dat there had been a secret defence-pact between Sierra Leone den Britain; anoda point of contention by Stevens be de Sierra Leonean government ein position dat there will be no elections hold before independence which will effectively shut Stevens out of Sierra Leone ein political process. Upon demma return to Freetown on 4 May 1960, Stevens be promptly expelled from de People ein National Party (PNP).

== Opposition to de SLPP government ==
Insyd 1961, Siaka Stevens, a trade unionist den outspoken critic of de SLPP government, take advantage of de dissatisfaction plus de ruling SLPP among some prominent politicians from de Northern part of Sierra Leone. He form an alliance plus Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, Christian Alusine-Kamara Taylor, Mohamed.O.Bash-Taqi, Ibrahim Bash-Taqi, S.A.T. Koroma den C.A. Fofana, den form a new political party called de All People ein Congress (APC) insyd opposition of de SLPP government, wey use de northern part of Sierra Leone as demma political base.

== Early independence (1961–1968) ==
Main article: History of Sierra Leone (1961–78)

==== '''Sir Milton Margai administration (1961–1964)''' ====
On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai dey lead Sierra Leone to Independence from Britain den become de country ein first prime minister. Sierra Leone retain a parliamentary system of government den be a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1962, Sierra Leone hold ein first general election as an independent nation. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP) win plurality of seats insyd parliament den Sir Milton Margai be re-elected as prime minister. De years just after independence be prosperous, plus money from mineral resources being used for development den de founding of Njala University.

Margai be very popular among Sierra Leoneans during ein time insyd power. An important aspect of ein character ein self-effacement; he neither be corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of ein power or status. Ein government be based on de rule of law den de notion of separation of powers, plus multiparty political institutions den fairly viable representative structures. Margai use ein conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials plus a clear eye to satisfy various ethnic groups. Margai employ a brokerage style of politics by sharing political power between political groups den de paramount chiefs insyd de provinces.

==== '''Sir Albert Margai administration (1964–1967)''' ====
Upon Sir Milton Margai ein death insyd 1964, ein half-brother, Sir Albert Margai, be appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert ein leadership be briefly challenged by Sierra Leone ein Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who dey question Sir Albert ein succession to de SLPP leadership position. Kareefa-Smart received little support insyd Parliament insyd ein attempt to have Margai stripe of de SLPP leadership. Soon after Margai was sworn insyd as prime minister, he immediately dismiss several senior government officials who dey serve under ein elder brother ein government, as he view them as traitors den a threat to ein administration.

Unlike ein late brother, Sir Milton, Sir Albert Margai prove unpopular den dey resort to increasingly authoritarian actions insyd response to protests, wey include de enactment of several laws against de opposition All People ein Congress (APC) den an unsuccessful attempt to establish a one-party state. Unlike ein late brother, Sir Albert be opposed to de colonial legacy of allowing de country ein paramount chiefs executive powers, den he be seen as a threat to de existence of de ruling houses across de country—almost all of whom be strong supporters den key allies of de previous administration. Insyd 1967, riots break out insyd Freetown against Sir Albert ein policies. Insyd response, Margai declared a state of emergency across de country. He be accused of corruption den of a policy of affirmative action insyd favour of ein own Mende ethnic group

Sir Albert dey have de opportunity to perpetuate einself insyd power, but he elect not to do so even when de opportunities present themselves. He have de police den de army on ein side den nothing can have prevented him from achieving ein ambition to hold on to power, but he choose not to den called for free den fair elections.

==== '''Three military coups (1967–1968)''' ====
De APC narrowly dey win a small majority of seats insyd Parliament over de SLPP insyd a closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general election, den APC leader Siaka Stevens be sworn insyd as prime minister on 21 March 1967 insyd Freetown. Insyd hours of taking office, Stevens be ousted insyd a bloodless military coup dey lead by de commander of de army, Brigadier General David Lansana, a close ally of Sir Albert Margai who dey appoint Lansana to de position insyd 1964. Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest insyd Freetown den insisted de determination of office of de prime minister should await de election of de tribal representatives to de house. On 23 March, a group of senior military officers insyd de Sierra Leone Army lead by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith overrode dis action by seizing control of de government, arresting Lansana, den suspending de constitution. De group constituted einself as de National Reformation Council (NRC) plus Juxon-Smith as ein chairman den Governor-General. On 18 April 1968, a group of senior military officers who called themselves de Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM) lead by Brigadier General John Amadu Bangura overthraw de NRC junta. De ACRM juntas just arrest many senior NRC members. De democratic constitution be restored, den power be handed back to Stevens, who assume de office of prime minister.

== Stevens government den one-party state (1968–1985) ==
Stevens dey assume power insyd 1968 plus a great deal of hope den ambition. Much trust be placed upon him as he championed multi-party politics. Stevens dey campaign on a platform of bringing de tribes together under socialist principles. During ein first decade or so insyd power, Stevens dey renegotiate some of what he call &quot;useless prefinanced schemes&quot; contracted by ein predecessors, Albert Margai of de SLPP den Juxon-Smith of de NRC, which be said to have left de country insyd an economically deprive state. Stevens dey reorganize de country ein refinery, de government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, den a cement factory. He cancel Juxon-Smith ein construction of a church den mosque on de grounds of Victoria Park. Stevens begin efforts dat will later bridge de distance between de provinces den de city. Roads den hospitals be constructed insyd de provinces, den paramount chiefs den provincial peoples become a prominent force insyd Freetown.

Under pressure of several coup attempts—real den perceived—Stevens ein rule grow more den more authoritarian, den ein relationship plus some of ein ardent supporters deteriorated. He remove de SLPP from competitive politics insyd general elections, some believe, through de use of violence den intimidation. To maintain de support of de military, Stevens retain de popular John Amadu Bangura as de head of de Sierra Leone Armed Forces.

After de return to civilian rule, by-elections be held (beginning insyd autumn 1968) den an all-APC cabinet be appointed. Calm no be completely restored. Insyd November 1968, unrest insyd de provinces lead Stevens to declare a state of emergency.

Many senior officers insyd de Sierra Leone military be greatly disappointed plus Stevens ein policies, but none can openly confront Stevens. Brigadier General Bangura, who dey reinstated Stevens as prime minister, be widely considered de only person who can put de brakes on Stevens. De army be devoted to Bangura den it was believed, insyd sam quarters, dat dis make him potentially dangerous to Stevens. Insyd January 1970, Bangura be arrested den charge plus conspiracy den plotting to commit a coup against de Stevens government. After a trial dat last a few months, Bangura be convicted den sententenced to death. He be hanged on 29 March 1970 insyd Freetown. Stevens dey name a junior officer, Joseph Saidu Momoh, as de head of de Sierra Leone Military. Major General Momoh be a close ally den very loyal to Stevens.

On 23 March 1971, soldiers loyal to de executed Brigadier John Amadu Bangura hold a mutiny insyd Freetown den oda parts of de country insyd opposition of de Stevens government. Several soldiers be arrested for demma involvement insyd de mutiny, wey include Corporal Foday Sankoh who be convicted of treason den jailed for seven years at de Pademba Road Prison. At Stevens ein request to Guinean President Sekou Toure, a close ally, Guinean soldiers be stationed insyd Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1973 to help protect de government.

Insyd April 1971, a new republican constitution be adopted under which Stevens become president. Insyd de 1972 by-elections, de opposition SLPP complain of intimidation den procedural obstruction by de APC den militia. These problems become so severe dat de SLPP boycotted de 1973 general election; as a result de APC win 84 of de 85 elected seats.

Insyd de early 1970s, Siaka Stevens dey form ein own personal force known as de State Security Division (SSD), insyd order to protect him den to maintain ein hold on power. Many of de SSD officers be from de provinces, den be very loyal to Stevens. De SSD be very powerful den operate independently under Stevens ein direct command. De SSD officers guide Stevens den be deployed across Sierra Leone to put down any rebellion or demonstration against de Stevens government.

An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens fail insyd 1974. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army den government officials dey include Brigadier David Lansana, former cabinet minister Dr. Mohamed Sorie Forna, former cabinet minister den journalist Ibrahim Bash-Taqi den Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara be executed after they be convicted for attempting a coup. Insyd March 1976, Stevens be re-elected president, without opposition.

Insyd 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against de government disrupt Sierra Leone politics. However, de demonstrationbe quickly put down by de army den SSD officers. A general election be called later dat year insyd which corruption be again endemic. De APC win 74 seats den de SLPP win 15 seats.

Insyd May 1978, de Sierra Leone Parliament, dominated by close allies of President Steven ein APC administration, approved a new constitution, which make de country a one-party state. On 12 July 1978, official figures release by de government showed 97 per cent of Sierra Leoneans vote insyd favour of de one-party state. De SLPP, oda opposition parties den civil right groups say de referendum votes be massively rigged, den dat voters be intimidated by security forces loyal to Stevens. De 1978 constitution referendum make de APC the only legal political party; all oda political parties be banned, wey include de main opposition (de SLPP). Dis move lead to anoda major demonstration against de government insyd many parts of de country, which be put down by de army den de SSD officers.

De first elections under de new one-party constitution take place on 1 May 1982. Elections insyd about two-thirds of de constituencies be contested. Because of irregularities, de government cancel elections insyd 13 constituencies. By-elections take place on 4 June 1982. De new cabinet appoint by Stevens after de election include several prominent members of de disbanded SLPP who have defect to de APC, wey include de new Finance Minister Salia Jusu-Sheriff, a former leader of de SLPP. Jusu-Sheriff ein accession to de cabinet be viewed by many as a step toward making de APC a true national party.

Stevens, who have been head-of-state of Sierra Leone for 18 years, retired from dat position insyd November 1985 at de end of ein term, although he continue ein role as chairman of de ruling APC party. Many insyd de country dey expect Stevens to name ein vice president den loyal ally, Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, as ein successor. However, at de APC convention insyd August 1985, de APC name Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh as Stevens ein choice to succeed him as president. Momoh be very loyal to Stevens who dey appoint him to head of de military fifteen years earlier; Momoh den Stevens be both members of de minority Limba ethnic group. Momoh dey retire from de military den be elected president without opposition on 1 October 1985. A formal inauguration dey hold insyd January 1986, den new parliamentary elections be held insyd May 1986.

Siaka Stevens be generally criticised for dictatorial methods den government corruption, but he reduce de ethnic polarization insyd government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into ein all-dominant APC government. Anoda legacy of Stevens be dat for eighteen years while he be insyd power, he keep de country safe from civil war den armed rebellion.

Despite ein dictatorial governing style, Stevens regularly dey interact plus de people of Sierra Leone by making surprise visits. Stevens sana regularly make surprise visits to de poor merchants, where he be often seen buying ein own food at a local market plus ein security team keeping demma distance. Stevens often stand den wave to de Sierra Leonean people from an open car when travelling plus ein convoy.

== Momoh government and RUF rebellion (1985–1991) ==
President Momoh ein strong links plus de army den ein verbal attacks on corruption earn him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. Plus de lack of new faces insyd ein cabinet, however, criticisms soon arose dat Momoh be simply perpetuating de rule of Stevens. Momoh differ einself by integrating de powerful den independent State Security Force (SSD) into de Sierra Leone Police force.

De first years under de Momoh administration be characterised by corruption, which Momoh dey defuse by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise ein war against corruption, President Momoh announce a &quot;Code of Conduct for Political Leaders den Public Servants&quot;. After an alleged attempt to overthrow Momoh insyd March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials be arrested, wey include Vice-president Francis Minah, who be removed from office, convicted for plotting de coup, den executed by hanging plus five odas insyd 1989.

Insyd October 1990, due to mounting domestic den international pressure for reforms, President Momoh create a commission to review de 1978 one-party constitution. Base on de commission ein recommendations, a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system, guaranteeing fundamental human rights den de rule of law, den strengthening democratic structures, be approved by a 60% majority of de APC Parliament, ratify by referendum insyd September 1991 den become effective on 1 October. There be great suspicion dat President Momoh be not serious about ein promise of political reform, as APC rule continue to be increasingly marked by abuses of power.

Several senior government officials insyd Momoh ein administration resign to oppose de APC in upcoming elections. Salia Jusu Sheriff, Abass Bundu, J.B. Dauda den Sama Banya resuscitated de previously disbanded SLPP, while Thaimu Bangura, Edward Kargbo den Desmond Luke formed demma own respective political parties to challenge de ruling APC. However, de vast majority of government officials including Victor Bockarie Foh, Edward Turay, Hassan Gbassay Kanu den Osman Foday Yansaneh remain loyal to Momoh den de APC.

Meanwhile, an increasing burden be placed on de country by de rebellion insyd de eastern part of Sierra Leone.

== Civil war (1991–2002) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Civil War

De brutal civil wardysneighbouring Liberia play an undeniable role insyd de outbreak of fighting insyd Sierra Leone. Charles Taylor—leader of de National Patriotic Front of Liberia—reportedly help form de Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under de command of former Sierra Leonean army corporal Foday Sankoh, a critic of both de Stevens den Momoh administrations. Sankoh had been an ally of Brigadier General Bangura den be among those who mutinied following Bangura ein execution. Sankoh be British-trained den had undergone guerrilla training insyd Libya. Taylor ein aim was for de RUF to attack de bases of Nigerian-dominated peacekeeping troops insyd Sierra Leone who were opposed to ein rebel movement insyd Liberia. Sankoh ein RUF rebels dey enter de country insyd March 1991, den within a month controlled much of Eastern Sierra Leone, wey include de diamond-mining area insyd Kono District. De government of Sierra Leone, overwhelm by a crumbling economy den corruption, be unable to mount significant resistance.

At dis time, de Momoh government be crumbling. Several senior government officials dey resign to form opposition parties, while there be suspicions dat President Momoh no be serious about political reform. Abuses of power dey continue den de APC be alleged to have been hoarding arms den planning a violent campaign against de opposition parties ahead of multi-party general elections scheduled for late 1992. De state have been unable to play civil servants, leading to de looting of government property den a population of aimless youth when schools be closed.

==== '''NPRC Junta (1992–1996)''' ====
On 29 April 1992, twenty-five-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser lead a group of young Sierra Leone Army officers—wey include Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Seargent Solomon Musa, Lieutenant Tom Nyuma, Captain Komba Mondeh, Captain Julius Maada Bio den Captain Komba Kambo—from demma barracks insyd Kailahun District den launch a military coup insyd Freetown, which send President Momoh into exile insyd Guinea. De young soldiers established de National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) plus Strasser as ein chairman den Head of State of de country. Captain Solomon Musa, a close friend of Strasser den one of de leaders of de coup, become de deputy leader of de NPRC Junta. De coup be largely popular because e promise to bring peace, but de NPRC Junta immediately suspended de constitution, ban all political parties, limited freedom of speech den freedom of de press den enact a rule-by-decree policy, insyd which soldiers be granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial. De NPRC establish a Supreme Council, consisting of de highest-ranking soldiers insyd de Junta government.

On de same day de NPRC Junta take power, one of de coup leaders, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, be assassinated—reportedly by Major Sim Turay, de head of Sierra Leone Military Intelligence, den a close ally of de deposed president. A heavily armed military manhunt took place across Sierra Leone to find Turay den odas suspected to have participated insyd de assassination, forcing Turay to flee to Guinea.

De NPRC Junta fight de RUF rebels, recapture most of de RUF-held territories, den push de rebels back to de border plus Liberia. De NPRC Junta maintain relations plus de Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) den strengthen support for Sierra Leone–based ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) troops fighting insyd Liberia.

Insyd December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against de NPRC administration of Strasser be foiled; e dey aim at freeing from detention Colonel Yahya Kanu, Lt-Colonel Kahota M.S. Dumbuya den former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara. Seargent Mohamed Lamin Bangura den some junior army officers be identified as being behind de coup. Seventeen soldiers be executed, wey include Bangura, Kanu den Dumbuya. Several prominent members of de Momoh government who have been insyd detention at de Pa Demba Road prison, wey include former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara sana be executed.

On 5 July 1994, deputy NPRC leader Solomon Musa be arrested den sent into exile insyd Guinea. Musa be accused by Strasser, on de advice of high-ranking NPRC soldiers, dat he have become too powerful den be a threat to Strasser. Musa, who be a close ally den childhood friend of Strasser, deny de allegation den claim ein accusers be de threat. Strasser replace Musa as deputy NPRC chairman plus Captain Julius Maada Bio, den immediately promote him to brigadier.

Due to internal divisions between soldiers loyal to Musa den those who support Strasser ein decision to oust him, de NPRC ein campaign against de RUF become ineffectual. More den more of de country fall to RUF fighters, den by 1994 de RUF hold much of de diamond-rich Eastern Province den be at de edge of Freetown. Insyd response, de NPRC hire several hundred mercenaries from de private firm Executive Outcomes. Within a month, they have driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone ein borders den cleared de RUF from de Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone.

On 16 January 1996, after about four years insyd power, Strasser be arrested by ein own bodyguards insyd a coup lead by Bio den dey back by many high-ranking soldiers of de NPRC junta. Strasser be immediately flown into exile insyd Conakry, Guinea. Bio stated insyd a public broadcast dat ein support for returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elect civilian government den ein commitment to ending de civil war be ein motivations for de coup.

==== '''Return to civilian rule''' '''den first Kabbah Presidency (1996–1997)''' ====
Promises of a return to civilian rule be fulfilled by Bio, who handed power over to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of de Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), after de conclusion of elections insyd early 1996. President Kabbah take power plus a great promise of ending de civil war, open dialogues plus de then-defeated RUF den invite RUF-leader Sankoh for peace negotiations, signing de Abidjan Peace Accord on 30 November 1996.

Insyd January 1997, under international pressure, de Kabbah government ended demma contract plus Executive Outcomes even though a neutral monitoring force have not arrived. Dis dey create an opportunity for de RUF to regroup den renew military attacks. Sankoh be arrested insyd Nigeria, den by de end of March 1997 de peace accord have collapsed.

==== '''AFRC junta (1997–1998)''' ====
On 25 May 1997, a group of seventeen soldiers insyd de Sierra Leone army leda by Corporal Tamba Gborie freed den armed 600 prisoners from de Pademba Road Prison insyd Freetown. One of de prisoners, Major General Johnny Paul Koroma, emerge as de leader of de group. Calling einself de Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), de group launch a military coup den send President Kabbah into exile insyd Guinea. Koroma become head of state, plus Gborie as deputy-in-command of de AFRC. Koroma suspend de constitution, ban demonstrations, closed all private radio stations, den grant unlimited powers to soldiers.

Koroma invited de RUF rebels to join ein coup. Facing little resistance from army loyalists, five thousand rag-tag rebel fighters overran de capital. Koroma appeal to Nigeria for de release of Foday Sankoh, appointing de absent leader to de position of deputy chairman of de AFRC. De joint AFRC/RUF coalition government then proclaim de war have been won, den give de soldiers den rebels unlimited powers insyd a great wave of looting den reprisals against civilians insyd Freetown (dubbed &quot;Operation Pay Yourself&quot; by some of ein participants).

De AFRC Junta government no be recognized by any country—whereas President Kabbah ein government insyd exile insyd Conakry, Guinea be recognized by de United Nations, de African Union, de United States, de United Kingdom den ECOWAS as de legitimate government of Sierra Leone.

De Kamajors, a group of traditional fighters mostly from de Mende ethnic group under de command of Deputy Defence Minister Samuel Hinga Norman, dey remain loyal to President Kabbah den defended de Southern part Sierra Leone from de rebels. De Kamajors den rebels, wey include de RUF soldiers, regularly fight each oda, den human rights violations be committed by both sides.

ECOWAS, lead by Nigerian Head of State Sani Abacha, create a military force to defeat de AFRC/RUF junta insyd Freetown den to reinstate President Kabbah ein government. Many West-African countries send troops to reinstate de Kabbah Government, assembling a force largely from Nigeria but sana include soldiers from Guinea, Ghana, Togo, Gambia, Mali, Ivory Coast den Senegal.</text>
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      <text bytes="76037" sha1="eo1voo6q6c1avwc13ruowq6xhw3z2dx" xml:space="preserve">'''Sierra Leone''' first become inhabited by indigenous African peoples at least 2,500 years ago. De Limba be de first tribe known to inhabit Sierra Leone. De dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de region from oda West African cultures, den e become a refuge for peoples escaping violence. Sierra Leone was named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra, who map de region insyd 1462. De Freetown estuary provided a good natural harbour for ships to shelter den replenish drinking water, den gain more international attention as coastal den trans-Atlantic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade.

Insyd de mid-16th century, de Mane people invaded, subjugated nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples, den militarised Sierra Leone. De Mane soon blended plus de local populations den de various chiefdoms den kingdoms remain insyd a continual state of conflict, plus many captives sold to European slave-traders. De Atlantic slave trade had a significant impact on Sierra Leone, as dis trade flourished insyd de 17th den 18th centuries, den later as a centre of anti-slavery efforts when de trade be abolished insyd 1807. British abolitionists had organised a colony for Black Loyalists at Freetown, den dis become de capital of British West Africa. A naval squadron was base there to intercept slave ships, den de colony quickly grew as Liberated Africans be released, join by Afro-Caribbean den African soldiers who had fought for Britain insyd de American Revolutionary War. De descendants of de black settlers be collectively referred to as de Creoles or Krios.

During de colonial era, de British den Creoles increased demma control over de surrounding area, securing peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted, suppressing slave-trading den inter-chiefdom war. Insyd 1895, Britain draw borders for Sierra Leone which they declare to be demma protectorate, leading to armed resistance den de Hut Tax War of 1898. Thereafter, there demma dissent den reforms as de Creoles sought political rights, trade unions form against colonial employers, den peasants sought greater justice from demma chiefs.

Sierra Leone has played a significant part insyd modern African political liberty den nationalism. Insyd de 1950s, a new constitution united de Crown Colony den Protectorate, which had previously been governed separately. Sierra Leone gain independence from de United Kingdom on 27 April 1961 den became a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Ethnic den linguistic divisions remain an obstacle to national unity, plus de Mende, Temne den Creoles as rival power blocs. Roughly half of de years since independence have been marked by autocratic governments or civil war.

== Early history ==
Archaeological finds show dat Sierra Leone has been inhabited continuously for at least 2,500 years, populate by successive movements of peoples from oda parts of Africa. De use of iron be introduced to Sierra Leone by de 9th century, den by de end of de 10th century agriculture was being practiced by coastal tribes.

Sierra Leone ein dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de land from oda African cultures den from de spread of Islam. Dis make e a refuge for people escaping subjugation by de Sahelian kingdoms, violence den jihads.

European contacts plus Sierra Leone be among de first insyd West Africa. Insyd 1462, Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra mapped de hills surrounding what be now Freetown Harbour, naming de oddly shaped formation ''Serra Lyoa'' (Lioness Mountain).

At dis time de country be inhabited by numerous politically independent native groups. Several different languages be spoken, but there was similarity of religion. Insyd de coastal rainforest belt there be Bulom-speakers between de Sherbro den Freetown estuaries, Loko-speakers north of de Freetown estuary to de Little Scarcies River, Temne-speakers find at de mouth of de Scarcies River, den Limba-speakers farther up de Scarcies. Insyd de hilly savannah north of all of these lands be de Susu den Fula tribes. De Susu trade regularly plus de coastal peoples along river valley routes, bringing salt, clothes woven by de Fula, iron work, den gold.

== European contact (15th century) ==
Portuguese ships begin visiting Sierra Leone regularly insyd de late 15th century, den for a while they maintained a fort on de north shore of de Freetown estuary. Dis estuary be one of de largest natural deep-water harbours insyd de world, den one of de few good harbours on West Africa ein surf-battered &quot;Windward Shore&quot; (Liberia to Senegal). E soon become a favourite destination of European mariners, to shelter den replenish drinking water. Some of de Portuguese sailors stay permanently, trading den intermarrying plus de local people.

==== '''Slavery''' ====
Slavery, den insyd particular de Atlantic slave trade, had a great effect on de region—socially, economically den politically—from de late 15th to de mid-19th centuries.

There had been lucrative trans-Saharan trade of slaves insyd West Africa from de 6th century. At ein peak (c. 1350) de Mali Empire surrounded de region of modern-day Sierra Leone den Liberia, though de slave trade may not have significantly penetrated de coastal rainforest. De peoples who migrate into Sierra Leone from dis time will have had greater contact plus de indigenous slave trade, either practicing it or escaping it.

When Europeans first arrive at Sierra Leone, slavery among de African peoples of de area be believe to be rare. According to historian Walter Rodney, de Portuguese mariners keep detailed reports, den so e be likely if slavery had been an important local institution dat de reports will have described it. There be mention of a very particular kind of slavery insyd de region, which was:&lt;blockquote&gt;a person insyd trouble insyd one kingdom can go to anoda den place himself under de protection of ein king, whereupon he become a &quot;slave&quot; of dat king, obliged to provide free labour den liable for sale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Rodney, such a person will likely have retain some rights den had some opportunity to rise insyd status as time passed.

De European colonization of de Americas soon lead to labor demands from nascent colonies; dis lead Europeans to seek a supply of slaves to transport to de Americas. Initially, European slavers launch raids on coastal villages to abduct Africans den sell them into slavery. However, they soon establish economic alliances plus local leaders, as many chiefs were willing to sell undesirable members of demma tribe to Europeans. Oda African chiefs launch raids on rival tribes insyd order to sell captives of such raids into slavery.

Dis early slaving essentially be an export business. De use of slaves as labourers by de local Africans appears to have developed only later. E may first have occurred under coastal chiefs insyd de late 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;De slave owners originally be white den foreigners, but de late eighteenth century see de emergence of powerful slave-trading chiefs, be said to own large numbers of 'domestic slaves'.&lt;/blockquote&gt;For example, insyd de late 18th century, William Cleveland, a Scottish leader insyd Africa had a large &quot;slave town&quot; on de mainland opposite de Banana Islands, whose inhabitants &quot;be employed insyd cultivating extensive rice fields, describe as being some of the largest insyd Africa at de time&quot;. De existence of an indigenous slave town be recorded by an English traveler insyd 1823. Known insyd de Fula language as a ''rounde'', e be connected plus de Sulima Susu ein capital city, Falaba. Ein inhabitants work at farming.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Rodney dey postulate two means by which slaving for export can have caused a local practice of using slaves for labour to develop:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# Not all war captives offer for sale will have been bought by de Portuguese, so demma captors had to find something else to do plus them. Rodney believe dat executing them be rare den that they will have been used for local labour.
# There be a time lag between de time a slave be captured den de time he or she be sold. Thus there will often have been a pool of slaves awaiting sale, who will have been put to work.&lt;/blockquote&gt;There be possible additional reasons for de adoption of slavery by de locals to meet demma labour requirements:

# De Europeans provided an example for imitation.
# Once slaving insyd any form be accepted, e may smash a moral barrier to exploitation den make ein adoption insyd oda forms seem a relatively minor matter.
# Export slaving entailed de construction of a coercive apparatus which could have been subsequently turned to other ends, such as policing a captive labour force.
# De sale of local produce (e.g., palm kernels) to Europeans opened a new sphere of economic activity. Insyd particular, e dey create an increased demand for agricultural labour. Slavery be a way of mobilising an agricultural work force.
Dis local African slavery be much less harsh den brutal than de slavery practiced by Europeans on, for example, de plantations of the United States, de West Indies, den Brazil. De local slavery has been described by anthropologist M. McCulloch:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Slaves be housed close to de fresh tracts of land they clear for demma masters. They be considered part of de household of demma owner, den enjoyed limited rights. E no be customary to sell them except for a serious offense, such as adultery plus de wife of a freeman. Small plots of land be given to them for demma own use, den they might retain de proceeds of crops they grow on these plots; by dis means e be possible for a slave to become de owner of anoda slave. Sometimes a slave marry insyd de household of ein master den rose to a position of trust; there be an instance of a slave taking charge of a chiefdom during de minority of de heir. Descendants of slaves often be practically indistinguishable from freemen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Slaves sometimes be sent on errands outside de kingdoms of demma masters den return voluntarily. Speaking specifically of de era around 1700, historian Christopher Fyfe relates dat, &quot;Slaves not taken insyd war usually be criminals. Insyd coastal areas, at least, e be rare for anyone to be sold without being charged plus a crime.&quot;

Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section be still present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describes a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section still be present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describe a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;A freeman heavily insyd debt, den facing de threat of de punishment of being sold, will approach a wealthier man or chief plus a plea to pay off ein debts 'while I sit on your lap'. Or he can give a son or some oda dependent of ein 'to be for you', de wealthy man or chief. Dis insyd effect mean dat de person so pawn be automatically reduce to a position of dependence, den if he be never redeemed, he or ein children eventually become part of de master ein extended family. By dis time, de children practically be indistinguishable from de real children of de master, since they grow up regarding one anoda as brothers.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Some observers consider de term &quot;slave&quot; to be more misleading than informative when describing de local practice. Abraham say dat insyd most cases, &quot;subject, servant, client, serf, pawn, dependent, or retainer&quot; will be more accurate. Domestic slavery be abolished insyd Sierra Leone insyd 1928. McCulloch reports dat at dat time, amongst Sierra Leone ein largest present-day ethnolinguistic group, de Mende, who then had about 560,000 people, about 15 per cent of de population (i.e., 84,000 people) be domestic slaves. He sana say dat &quot;singularly little change followed de 1928 decree; a fair number of slaves return to demma original homes, but de great majority remain insyd de villages insyd which demma former masters had placed them or demma parents.&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Export slavery remain a major business insyd Sierra Leone from de late 15th century to de mid-19th century. According to Fyfe, &quot;e be estimated insyd 1789 dat 74,000 slaves be exported annually from West Africa, about 38,000 by British firms.&quot; Insyd 1788, a proslavery European name Matthews estimated de annual total export from between de Nunez River (110 km north of Sierra Leone) den de Sherbro as 3,000. Participation insyd de Atlantic slave trade gradually be outlawed by various Western nations, beginning plus de United States den Britain insyd 1808.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Mane invasions (16th century) ==
Further information: Mane people

De Mane invasions of de mid-16th century had a profound impact on Sierra Leone. De Mane (sana call Mani) be members of de Mande language group. A warrior people, well-armed den well-organized, they live east den somewhat north of present-day Sierra Leone. Sometime insyd de early 16th century they begin moving south. According to some Mane who dey speak to a Portuguese writer (Dornelas) in de late 16th century, demma travels dey begin as a result of de expulsion of demma chief from de imperial city of Mandimansa, demma homeland.

There be conflicting accounts among historians of how these invasions happened. Some historians place demma first arrival at de coast east of Sierra Leone, at least as far as de River Cess den likely pppie. They advanced northwest along de coast toward Sierra Leone, conquering as they go. Odas contend dat they arrive on de coast near Sherbro Island. They incorporate large numbers of de people they conquered into demma army, plus de result dat de rank den file consist mostly of coastal peoples, while de Mane be ein commanding group.

By 1545, de Mane dey reach Cape Mount. Dema conquest of Sierra Leone occupy de ensuing 15 to 20 years, den result insyd de subjugation of all or nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples—who be known collectively as de Sapes—as far north as de Scarcies. De present demographics of Sierra Leone largely be a reflection of these two decades. De degree to which de Mane supplanted de original inhabitants vary from place to place. De Temne partly withstood de Mane onslaught, den keep demma language, but become ruled by a line of Mane kings. De present-day Loko den Mende be de result of a more complete submersion of de original culture: demma languages be similar, den both essentially Mande. Dis likely be due to conquest by de Mane invaders.

=== '''Aftermath''' ===
De Mane invasions militarised Sierra Leone. De Sapes had been un-warlike, but after de invasions, right until de late 19th century, bows, shields, den knives of de Mane type dey become ubiquitous insyd Sierra Leone, as had de Mane battle technique of using squadrons of archers fighting insyd formation, carrying de large-style shields. Villages become fortified. De usual method of erecting two or three concentric palisades, each 4–7 metres (12–20 ft) high, create a formidable obstacle to attackers—especially since, as some of de English observe insyd de 19th century, de thigh-thick logs planted insyd de earth to make de palisades often take root at de bottom den grow foliage at de top, so dat de defenders occupy a living wall of wood. A British officer who dey observe one of these fortifications around de time of de 1898 Hut Tax war ended ein description of it thus:&lt;blockquote&gt;No one who dey no see these fences can realize de immense strength of them. De outer fence at Hahu I measure insyd several places, den found e to be from 2 to 3 feet thick, den most of de logs, or rather trees, of which e be formed, had taken root den be throwing out leaves den shoots.&lt;/blockquote&gt;He sana say dat English artillery can not penetrate all three fences. At dat time, at least among de Mende, &quot;a typical settlement dey consist of walled towns den open villages or towns surrounding it.&quot;

After de invasions, de Mane sub-chiefs among whom e country dey divide begin fighting among themselves. Dis pattern of activity become permanent: even after de Mane dey blend plus de indigenous population—a process which be completed insyd de early 17th century—de various kingdoms insyd Sierra Leone remain insyd a fairly continual state of flux den conflict. Rodney believe dat a desire to take prisoners to sell as slaves to de Europeans be a major motivation to dis fighting, den may even have been a driving force behind de original Mane invasions. Historian Kenneth Little dey conclude dat de principal objective insyd de local wars, at least among de Mende, be plunder, not de acquisition of territory. Abraham cautions dat slave trading should not be exaggerated as a cause: de Africans have demma own reasons to fight, plus territorial den political ambitions present. Motivations likely change over time during de 350-year period.

De wars themselves no be exceptionally deadly. Set-piece battles be rare, den de fortified towns so strong dat demma capture seldom be attempted. Often de fighting dey consist of small ambushes.

Insyd these years, de political system be such dat each large village along plus ein satellite villages den settlements will be headed by a chief. De chief will have a private army of warriors. Sometimes several chiefs will group themselves into a confederacy, acknowledging one of themselves as king (or high chief). Each pay de king fealty. If one be attacked, de king will come to ein aid, den de king can adjudicate local disputes.

Despite demma many political divisions, de people of de country be united by cultural similarity. One component of dis be de Poro, an organisation common to many different kingdoms den ethnolinguistic groups. De Mende claim to be ein originators, den there be nothing to contradict dis. Possibly they import it. De Temne claim to dey import it from de Sherbro or Bulom. De Dutch geographer Olfert Dapper know of it insyd de 17th century. E often be described as a &quot;secret society&quot;, dis partly be true: ein rites be closed to non-members, den what happens insyd de &quot;Poro bush&quot; never be disclosed. However, ein membership be very broad: among de Mende, almost all men, den some women, be initiates. Insyd recent years e no dey (as far as is known) have a central organisation: autonomous chapters exist for each chiefdom or village. However, it is said dat insyd pre-Protectorate days there be a &quot;Grand Poro&quot; plus cross-chiefdom powers of making war den peace. E widely be agreed dat e has a restraining influence on de powers of de chiefs. Headed by a fearsome principal spirit, de ''Gbeni'', e plays a major role insyd de rite of passage of males from puberty to manhood. E imparts some education. Insyd some areas, e have supervisory powers over trade, den de banking system, which use iron bars as a medium of exchange. E no only be de important society insyd Sierra Leone: de ''Sande'' be a female-only analogue of it; there sana be de ''Humoi'' which regulates sex, den de ''Njayei'' den de ''Wunde''. De ''Kpa'' be a healing-arts collegium.

Besides de political impact, there be economic effects as well: trade plus de interior be interrupted, den thousands be sold as slaves to de Europeans. Insyd industry, a flourishing tradition insyd fine ivory carving be ended; however, improved ironworking techniques be introduced.&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== 1600–1787 ==
By de 17th century, Portuguese colonialism insyd West Africa begin to wane, den insyd Sierra Leone oda European colonial powers such as de English den Dutch begin to supplant demma influence insyd de region. Insyd 1628, a group of English merchants had established a factory insyd de vicinity of Sherbro Island, about 50 km (30 mi) south-east from present-day Freetown. Insyd addition to ivory den slaves, de merchants at de factory sana trade insyd camwood, a type of hard timber. De Portuguese missionary Baltasar Barreira minister insyd Sierra Leone until 1610. Jesuits, den later insyd de century, Capuchins, continue de mission. By 1700 it had closed, although priests occasionally visited.

Insyd 1663, de Royal African Company (RAC) be granted a royal charter from Charles II of England den soon established a factory on Sherbro Island den Tasso Island. During de Second Anglo-Dutch War, both factories be sacked by a Dutch Navy force insyd 1664. De factory be rebuilt, though e be sacked again by de French Navy during de War of de Spanish Succession insyd 1704 den pirates insyd 1719 den 1720. After de Dutch raid on de RAC factory at Tasso Island, e be relocated to de nearby Bunce Island, which be more defensible.

De Europeans make payments, called ''Cole'', for rent, tribute, den trading rights, to de king of an area. At this time de local military advantage still be on de side of de Africans, den there be a 1714 report of a king seizing RAC goods insyd retaliation for a breach of protocol. Local Afro-Portuguese merchants often act as middlemen, de Europeans advancing them goods to trade to de local people, most often for ivory. Insyd 1728, an overly aggressive RAC governor dey unite de Africans den Afro-Portuguese insyd hostility to him; they burn down de Bunce Island fort den e no be rebuilt until about 1750. During de time dat de Royal African Company be operating, de firm of Grant, Sargent [Wikidata] den Oswald provisioned de trading stations. When de RAC abandoned Bunce Island, Sargent den ein partners purchase ein factory insyd 1748, repair it, den dey use it to trade insyd timber. They expand to Batts, Bobs, Tasso, den Tumbu Islands den along de banks of de river, eventually becoming involve insyd de slave trade. De French sack it again insyd 1779, during de American Revolutionary War.

During de 17th century de Temne ethnolinguistic group be expanding. Around 1600, a Mani still dey rule de Loko kingdom (de area north of Port Loko Creek) den anoda rule de upper part of de south shore of de Freetown estuary. De north shore of de estuary be under a Ballom king, den de area just east of Freetown on de peninsula be held by a non-Mani plus a European name, Dom Phillip de Leon (who may have been a subordinate to ein Mani neighbour). By de mid-17th century dis situation dey change: Temne, not Bullom dey speak on de south shore, den ships stopping for water den firewood had to pay customs to de Temne king of Bureh who live at Bagos town on de point between de Rokel River den Port Loko Creek. (De king may  consider himself a Mani—to dis day, Temne chiefs have Mani-derived titles—but ein people be Temne. De Bureh king insyd place insyd 1690 be called Bai Tura, ''Bai'' being a Mani form.) De Temne thus dey expand insyd a wedge toward de sea at Freetown, den now dey separate de Bulom to de north from de Mani den oda Mande-speakers to de south den east.

Insyd dis period there be several reports of women occupying high positions. De king of de south shore use to leave one of ein wives to rule when he be absent, den insyd de Sherbro there be female chiefs. Insyd de early 18th century, a Bulom dey name Seniora Maria make ein own town near Cape Sierra Leone.

During de 17th century, Muslim Fula from de Upper Niger den Senegal rivers move into an area called Fouta Djallon (or Futa Jalon) insyd de mountainous region north of present-day Sierra Leone. They be to have an important impact on de peoples of Sierra Leone because they increase trade den sana produced secondary population movements insyd Sierra Leone. Though de Muslim Fula first cohabited peaceably plus de peoples already at Fouta Djallon, around 1725 they embark on a war of domination, forcing de migration of many Susu, Yalunka, den non-Muslim Fula.

Susu—some already convert to Islam—come south insyd Sierra Leone, insyd turn displacing Limba from north-west Sierra Leone den driving them insyd north-central Sierra Leone where they continue to live. Some Susu move as far south as de Temne town of Port Loko, only 60 km (37 mi) upriver from de Atlantic. Eventually a Muslim Susu family dey call Senko supplanted de town ein Temne rulers. Oda Susu dey move westward from Fouta Djallon, eventually dominating de Baga, Bulom, den Temne north of de Scarcies River.

De Yalunka insyd Fouta Djallon first accept Islam, then reject it den be driven out. They go into north-central Sierra Leone den founded demma capital at Falaba insyd de mountains near de source of de Rokel. E still not an important town, about 20 km (12 mi) south of de Guinea border. Oda Yalunka go somewhat farther south den settled amongst de Koranko, Kissi, den Limba.

Besides these groups, who be more-or-less unwilling emigrants, a considerable variety of Muslim adventurers go forth from Fouta Djallon. A Fula called Fula Mansa (''mansa'' meaning ''king'') become ruler of de Yoni country 100 km (62 mi) east of present-day Freetown. Some of ein Temne subjects fled south to de Banta country between de middle reaches of de Bagu den Jong rivers, where they become known as de Mabanta Temne.

Insyd 1652, de first slaves from Sierra Leone be transported to North America; they be sold to white plantation owners insyd de Sea Islands off de coast of de American South. During de 18th century, numerous slaves from Bunce Island be transported to de Southern Colonies, due insyd part to de business relationship between American slave trader Henry Laurens den de London-based firm of Grant, Sargent, Oswald &amp; Company, which oversaw a thriving slave trade from Bunce Island insyd Sierra Leone to North America.

De transatlantic slave trade continued to transport millions of enslaved Africans, wey include those from Sierra Leone, across de Atlantic during de 17th, 18th den 19th centuries; ultimately, roughly 12.5 million slaves where e dey bring to de Americas dis way. However, de rise of abolitionist movements insyd de Western world insyd de late 18th den early 19th centuries dey lead to various European den American governments passing legislation to abolish de slave trade. De slave trade insyd Sierra Leone undergo a marked decline during de 19th century, though domestic slavery will persist until de 20th century.

== De Province of Freedom (1787–1789) ==
Main article: Granville Town, Province of Freedom

==== '''Conception of''' '''de Province of Freedom (1787)''' ====
Insyd 1787, a plan be established to settle some of London ein &quot;Black Poor&quot; insyd Sierra Leone insyd what was called the &quot;Province of Freedom&quot;. This was organised by the Committee for de Relief of de Black Poor, found by British abolitionist Granville Sharp, which preferred it as a solution to continuing to financially support them insyd London. Many of de Black Poor be African Americans, who had been given demma freedom after seeking refuge with the British Army during the American Revolution, but also included other West Indian, African and Asian inhabitants of London.

De Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme be proposed by entomologist Henry Smeathman den draw interest from humanitarians like Granville Sharp saw it as a means of showing de pro-slavery lobby dat black people can contribute towards de running of de new colony of Sierra Leone. Government officials soon become involved insyd de scheme as well, although demma interest be spurred by de possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere. William Pitt de Younger, prime minister den leader of de Tory party, dey have an active interest insyd de Scheme, because he see it as a means to repatriate de Black Poor to Africa, since &quot;e be necessary they should be sent somewhere, den be no longer suffer to infest de streets of London&quot;.

==== '''Establishment, destruction''' '''den re-establishment (1789)''' ====
De area be first settled by 400 formerly enslaved Black Britons, who dey arrive off de coast of Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787, dey accompany by some English tradesmen. They established de Province of Freedom or Granville Town on land purchase from local Koya Temne subchief King Tom den regent Naimbanna II, a purchase which de Europeans understand to cede de land to de new settlers &quot;for ever&quot;. De established arrangement between Europeans den de Koya Temne do not include provisions for permanent settlement, den some historians question how well de Koya leaders understand de agreement. Half of de settlers insyd de new colony die insyd de first year. Several black settlers dey start working for local slave traders. De settlers dat dey remain forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliate, attacking de settlement, which be reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, den six white women. Black settlers be captured by unscrupulous traders den sold as slaves, den de remaining colonists be forced to arm themselves for demma own protection. King Tom ein successor King Jemmy dey attack den burn de colony insyd 1789.

Alexander Falconbridge be sent to Sierra Leone insyd 1791 to collect de remaining Black Poor settlers, den they re-establish Granville Town (later renamed Cline Town) near Fourah Bay. Although these 1787 settlers do not establish Freetown, which be founded insyd 1792, de bicentennial of Freetown be celebrated insyd 1987.

After establishing Granville Town, disease den hostility from de indigenous people eliminated de first group of colonists den destroyed demma settlement. A second Granville Town established by 64 remaining black den white 'Old settlers' under de leadership of St. George Bay Company leader, Alexander Falconbridge den de St. George Bay Company. Dis settlement be different from de Freetown settlement den colony founded insyd 1792 by Lt. John Clarkson den de Nova Scotian Settlers under de auspices of de Sierra Leone Company.

== Freetown Colony (1792–1808) ==
'''Conception of tde Freetown settlement (1791)'''

De basis for de Freetown Colony begin insyd 1791 plus Thomas Peters, an African American who had served insyd de Black Pioneers den settle insyd Nova Scotia as part of de Black Loyalist migration. Peters travel to England insyd 1791 to report grievances of de Black Loyalists who had been given poor land den faced discrimination. Peters meet plus British abolitionists den de directors of de Sierra Leone Company. He learn of de company ein plan for a new settlement at Sierra Leone. De directors be eager to allow de Nova Scotians to build a settlement there; de London-based den newly create Company had decided to create a new colony but before Peters ein arrival have no colonists. Lieutenant John Clarkson be sent to Nova Scotia to register immigrants to take to Sierra Leone for de purpose of starting a new settlement. Clarkson worked plus Peters to recruit 1,196 former American slaves from free African communities around Nova Scotia such as Birchtown. Most dey escape Virginia den South Carolina plantations. Some had been born insyd Africa before being enslaved den taken to America.

==== '''Settlement by Nova Scotians (1792)''' ====
De settlers dey sail insyd 15 ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia den arrived insyd St. George Bay between 26 February den 9 March 1792. Sixty-four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, den even Lieutenant Clarkson be ill during de voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson den some of de Nova Scotian 'captains' &quot;despatched on shore to clear or make roadway for demma landing&quot;. De Nova Scotians be to build Freetown on de former site of de first Granville Town which have become a &quot;jungle&quot; since ein destruction insyd 1789. (Though they built Freetown on Granville Town ein former site, demma settlement be no a rebirth of Granville Town, which had been re-established at Fourah Bay in 1791 by de remaining Old Settlers.) Clarkson told de men to clear de land until they reach a large cotton tree. After this difficult work had been done den de land cleared, all de settlers, men den women, disembarked den marched towards de thick forest den to de cotton tree, den demma preachers (all African Americans) begin singing:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Awake den Sing Of Moses den de Lamb
Wake! every heart den every tongue'

To praise de Saviour ein name

De day of Jubilee be come;

Return ye ransomed sinners home&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 11 March 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, dey pray den preach a sermon under de large Cotton Tree, den Reverend David George dey preach de first recorded Baptist service insyd Africa. De land be dedicated den christened 'Free Town' according to de instructions of de Sierra Leone Company Directors. Dis be de first thanksgiving service insyd de newly christened Free Town den be de beginning of de political entity of Sierra Leone. Later, John Clarkson will be sworn insyd as de first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts be erected before de rainy season. De Sierra Leone Company surveyors den de settlers built Freetown on de American grid pattern, plus parallel streets den wide roads, plus de largest being Water Street.

On 24 August 1792, de Black Poor or Old Settlers of de second Granville Town be incorporated into de new Sierra Leone Colony but remain at Granville Town. E survive being pillaged by de French insyd 1794, den be rebuilt by de Nova Scotian settlers. By 1798, Freetown had 300–400 houses plus architecture resembling dat of de American South, plus 3- to 4-foot stone foundations den wooden superstructures. Eventually dis style of housing (brought by de Nova Scotians) will be de model for de 'bod oses' of demma Creole descendants.

=== '''Settlement by Jamaican Maroons (1800)''' ===
Insyd 1800, de Nova Scotians rebel den e be de arrival of over 500 Jamaican Maroons which dey cause de rebellion to be suppressed. Thirty-four Nova Scotians be banished den sent to either to Sherbro Island or a penal colony at Gore. Some of these eventually be allowed back insyd Freetown. Following demma capture of de rebels, de Maroons be granted de land of de Nova Scotian rebels. Eventually de Jamaican Maroons insyd Sierra Leone have demma own district at de newly named Maroon Town.

De Maroons be a free community of blacks from Cudjoe ein Town (Trelawny Town) who have been resettled insyd Nova Scotia after surrendering to de British government dey follow de Second Maroon War of 1795–6. They have petitioned de British government for settlement elsewhere due to de climate insyd Nova Scotia.

==== '''Abolition and slaves-insyd-transit (1807 - 1830s)''' ====
Britain outlawed de slave trade throughout ein empire on 29 March 1807 plus de Slave Trade Act 1807, though de practice continue insyd de British Empire until e finally be abolished insyd de 1830s. De Royal Navy ein West Africa Squadron operating from Freetown take active measures to intercept den seize ships participating insyd de illegal Atlantic slave trade. De slaves dat dey hold on these vessels be released into Freetown den initially be called 'Captured negroes', 'Recaptives' or 'Liberated Africans'.

==== '''Formation of''' '''de Sierra Leone Creole ethnicity (1870 onwards)''' ====
De Sierra Leone Creole people (Krio: ''Krio people'') be descendants of de Black Poor, freed African Americans (Nova Scotian Black Loyalists), Afro-Caribbeans (Jamaican Maroons), den Liberated Africans who settled insyd de Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 den about 1885. De colony be established by de British, support by abolitionists, under de Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. De settlers called demma new settlement Freetown.

== Colonial era (1808–1961) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Colony den Protectorate

==== '''Establishment of''' '''de British Crown Colony (1808)''' ====
Insyd 1808, e British Crown Colony of Sierra Leone be founded, plus Freetown serving as de capital of British West Africa. De city ein population expanded rapidly plus freed slaves, who dey establish suburbs on de Freetown Peninsula. They be joined by West Indian den African soldiers who dey settle insyd Sierra Leone after fighting for Britain insyd de Napoleonic Wars.

'''Intervention''' '''den acquisition of de hinterland (1800s–1895)'''

Insyd de early 1800s, Sierra Leone be a small colony extending a few kilometres (a few miles) up de peninsula from Freetown. De bulk of de territory dat makes up present-day Sierra Leone still be de sovereign territory of indigenous peoples such as de Mende den Temne, den be little affected by de tiny population of de Colony. Over de course of de 19th century, dat gradually changed: de British den Creoles insyd de Freetown area dey increase demma involvement insyd—den demma control over—de surrounding territory by engaging insyd trade, which be promoted den dey increase through treaty-making den military expeditions.

Insyd demma treaties plus de native chiefs, de British largely be concerned plus securing local peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted. Typically, de British government dey agree to pay a chief a stipend insyd return for a commitment from him to keep de peace plus ein neighbours; oda specific commitments extract from a chief might include keeping roads open, allowing de British to collect customs duties, den submitting disputes plus ein neighbours to British adjudication. Insyd de decades following Britain ein prohibition of de slave trade insyd 1807, de treaties sometimes sana require chiefs to desist from slave-trading. Suppression of slave-trading den suppression of inter-chiefdom war dey go hand-in-hand because de trade thrived on de wars (and caused them). Thus, to de commercial reasons for pacification can be added anti-slavery ones.

When friendly persuasion fail to secure demma interests, de British no be more than (to borrow Carl von Clausewitz's phrase) &quot;continuing diplomacy by oda means&quot;. At least by de mid-1820s, de army den navy be going out from de Colony to attack chiefs whose behaviour do not conform to British dictates. Insyd 1826, Governor Turner led troops to de Bum–Kittam area, capture two stockaded towns, burn odas, den declare a blockade on de coast as far as Cape Mount. Dis partly be an anti-slaving exercise den partly to punish de chief for refusing territory to de British. Later dat year, acting-Governor Macaulay send out an expedition which go up de Jong river den dey burn Commenda, a town belonging to a related chief. Insyd 1829, de colonial authorities founded de Sierra Leone Police Corps. Insyd 1890, dis force be divided into de Civilian Police den de Frontier Police.

De British develope a modus operandi wey characterised demma interventions throughout de century: army or frontier police, plus naval support if possible, will bombard a town den then usually torch it after de defenders dey fly or been defeated. Where possible, local enemies of de party being attacked be invited by de British to accompany them as allies.

Further information: British den Creole intervention insyd de Sierra Leone hinterland insyd de 19th century

Insyd de 1880s, Britain ein intervention insyd de hinterland dey receive added impetus because of de &quot;Scramble for Africa&quot;: an intense competition between de European powers for territory insyd Africa. Insyd dis case, de rival be France. To forestall French incursion into what they had come to consider as demma own sphere, de British government renewed efforts to finalise a boundary agreement with France and on 1 January 1890 instructed Governor Hay insyd Sierra Leone to get from chiefs insyd de boundary area friendship treaties containing a clause forbidding them to treat plus anoda European power without British consent.

Consequently, insyd 1890 den 1891 Hay den two travelling commissioners, Garrett den Alldridge, dey go on extensive tours of what be now Sierra Leone wey obtain treaties from chiefs. Most of these no be, however, treaties of cession; they be insyd de form of cooperative agreements between two sovereign powers.

Insyd January 1895, a boundary agreement be signed insyd Paris, roughly fixing de line between French Guinea den Sierra Leone. De exact line be to be determined by surveyors. As Christopher Fyfe notes, &quot;De delimitation be made almost entirely insyd geographical terms—rivers, watersheds, parallels—not political. Samu chiefdom, for instance, be divided; de people on de frontier had to opt for farms on one side or villages on de oda.&quot;

More generally, de arbitrary lumping-together of disparate native peoples insyd geographical units decided by de colonial powers has been an ongoing source of trouble throughout Africa. These geographical units now dety attempt to function as nations but no be naturally nations, being composed insyd many cases of peoples who be traditional enemies. Insyd Sierra Leone, for example, de Mende, Temne den Creoles remain as rival power blocs between whom lines of fission easily emerge.

'''Establishment of''' '''de British Protectorate den further land acquisition (1895)'''

Insyd August 1895, an Order-in-Council dey issue insyd Britain authorising de Colony to make laws for de territory around it, extending out to de agreed-upon boundary (which corresponds closely to dat of present-day Sierra Leone). On 31 August 1896, a Proclamation dey issue insyd de Colony, wey dey declare dat territory to be a British Protectorate. De Colony remained a distinct political entity; de Protectorate dey govern from it.

Most of de chiefs whose territories de Protectorate subsumed do not enter into it voluntarily. Many sign treaties of friendship plus Britain, but these be often dey express as being between sovereign powers, plus there be no subordination to de British. Only a handful of chiefs dey sign treaties of cession, den insyd some cases e be unknown if de chiefs dey understand de implications of de treaty. Insyd more remote areas, no treaties had been signed at all. De creation of de Sierra Leone Protectorate be more insyd de nature of a unilateral acquisition of territory by de British.

Almost every chieftaincy insyd Sierra Leone dey respond to de British arrogation of power plus armed resistance. De Protectorate Ordinances (passed insyd de Colony insyd 1896 den 1897) abolish de title of King den replace it plus &quot;Paramount Chief&quot;. Chiefs den kings dey formerly been selected by de leading members of dema own communities; now all chiefs, even paramount ones, can be deposed or installed at de will of de Governor, den most of de judicial powers of de chiefs be removed den given to courts presided-over by British &quot;District Commissioners&quot;. De Governor decree dat a house tax of 5''s'' to 10''s'' be to be levied annually on every dwelling insyd de Protectorate. To de chiefs, these reductions insyd de power den prestige be unbearable.

During these conflicts, British officers dey use de practice of cutting de hands of people to account for bullets spent, similar to what dey occur under de regime Leopold II of Belgium insyd de Congo Free State. British doctor, John Lancelot Todd, who dey travel to West Africa on an LSTM expedition together plus Joseph Everett Dutton, write down de testimonies of British officers who dey involve insyd putting down rebellions insyd British Sierra Leone den dey practice cutting de hands of de people they shot. De exact number of living victims who dey end up mutilated be unknown.

==== '''Hut Tax War of 1898''' ====
Insyd 1898, two rebellions dey break out against British colonial rule insyd Sierra Leone insyd response to de introduction of a new hut tax by Governor Frederic Cardew. On 1 January 1898, Cardew introduce de hut tax as a way to pay for de colonial administration ein financial expenditures. However, de tax prove to be beyond de financial means of many insyd de colony, provoking discontent. Insyd February 1898, an attempt by colonial officials to arrest Temne chief Bai Bureh lead to him den rebels under ein command to revolt against British rule. Bureh ein forces dey launch attacks on British officials den Creole traders.

Despite de ongoing rebellion, Bureh dispatched two peace overtures to de British insyd April den June of dat year, aid by de mediation of Limba chief Almamy Suluku. Cardew dey reject both offers, as Bureh would not agree to surrender unconditionally. Bureh ein forces conducted a disciplined den skillfully execute guerrilla campaign which cause de British considerable difficulty. Hostilities begin insyd February; Bureh ein harassing tactics confounded de British at first but by May they gain ground. De rainy season interrupted hostilities until October, when British colonial forces resume de slow process of capturing rebel stockades. When most of these defences dey eliminate, Bureh be captured or surrendered (accounts differ) insyd November.

De second revolt insyd de southeast be a mass uprising, planned somehow to commence everywhere on 27 den 28 April, insyd which almost all &quot;outsiders&quot;—whether European or Creole—be seized den summarily executed. Although more fearsome than Bai Bureh ein rising, na e be amorphous, dey lack a definite strategy, den  be suppressed insyd most areas insyd two months. Some Mende rebels insyd de centre of de country no be beaten until November, however; den Mende king Nyagua ein son Maghi, insyd alliance plus some Kissi rebels, continued de revolt insyd de extreme east of de Protectorate until August 1899. De principal of de uprisings, Bureh, Nyagua den Kpana Lewis, be exiled to de Gold Coast on 30 July 1899. Nine months after de rebellion, de colonial government convicted den executed ninety-six rebels which had been found guilty of murder by hanging. Insyd 1905, Bureh be allowed by de British to return to Sierra Leone, where he continue reassume ein chieftaincy at de settlement of Kasseh.

=== Creole dissent insyd de high colonial period (1898–1956) ===
Insyd de early 19th century Freetown serve as de residence of de British governor who sana rule deGold Coast (now Ghana) den de Gambia settlements. Sierra Leone sana serve as de educational centre of British West Africa. Fourah Bay College, establish insyd 1827, rapidly become a magnet for English-speaking Africans on de west coast. For more than a century, e be de only European-style university insyd western Sub-Saharan Africa.

After de Hut Tax War there be no more large-scale military resistance to colonialism. Resistance den dissent dey continue, but take oda forms. Vocal political dissent come mainly from de Creoles, who be a sizeable middle den upper class of business-people den European-educated professionals such as doctors den lawyers. Insyd de mid-19th century they had enjoyed a period of considerable political influence, but in the late 19th century the government become much less open to them.

They continue to press for political rights, however, den dey operate a variety of newspapers which governors dey consider troublesome den demagogic. Insyd 1924, a new constitution be put insyd place, introducing elected representation (3 out of 22 members) for de first time, plus de first elections held on 28 October. Prominent among de Creoles demanding change be de bourgeois nationalist H.C. Bankole-Bright, General Secretary of de Sierra Leone Branch of de National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA), den de socialist I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson, founder of de West African Youth League (WAYL).

African resistance no be limited to political discussion. Sierra Leone develope an active trade union movement whose strikes often be accompanied by sympathetic rioting among de general population.

Besides de colonial employers, popular hostility be targeted against de tribal chiefs who de British dey transform into functionaries insyd de colonial system of indirect rule. Demma role be to provide policing, collect taxes, den obtain corvée labour (forced labour exacted from those unable to pay taxes) for de colonial government; insyd return, de government maintain them insyd a privileged position over de oda Africans. Chiefs not willing to play this role be replaced by more compliant ones. According to Kilson, de attitude of de Africans toward demma chiefs become ambivalent: frequently they respect de office but resented de exactions made by de individual occupying it. From de chiefs ein point of view, de dilemma of an honourable ruler dey face plus British ultimatums cannot have been easy.

Throughout de 20th century, there be numerous riots directed against tribal chiefs. These culminated insyd de Freetown riot of 1955, which be suppressed by a combined force of police den Royal Sierra Leone Regiment troops. After those riots, reforms be introduced: de forced-labour system be completely abolished den reductions be made insyd de powers of de chiefs.

Sierra Leone remain divided into a Colony den a Protectorate, plus separate den different political systems constitutionally defined for each. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate insyd 1947, when proposals be introduced to provide for a single political system. Most of de proposals come from de Protectorate. De Krio, led by Isaac Wallace-Johnson, oppose de proposals, de main effect of which will have been to diminish demma political power. E be due to de astute politics of Sir Milton Margai dat de educated Protectorate elite dey win over to join forces plus de paramount chiefs insyd de face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai use de same skills to win-over opposition leaders den moderate Krio elements for de achievement of independence.

Insyd November 1951, Margai dey overseew de drafting of a new constitution, which unite de separate Colonial den Protectorate legislatures den provide a framework for decolonization. Insyd 1953, Sierra Leone be granted local ministerial powers, den Margai be elected Chief Minister of Sierra Leone. De new constitution ensure Sierra Leone a parliamentary system insyd de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1957, Sierra Leone hold ein first parliamentary election. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), which be then de most-popular political party insyd de colony of Sierra Leone, win de most seats insyd Parliament. Margai sana be re-elected as Chief Minister by an overwhelming majority.

==== '''Sierra Leone insyd World War II''' ====
Main article: Sierra Leone insyd World War II

Throughout de war, Freetown serve as a critical convoy station for Allied ships.

== 1960 Independence Conference ==
On 20 April 1960, Sir Milton Margai dey lead de Sierra Leonean delegation insyd de negotiations for independence at de constitutional conferences hold plus Queen Elizabeth II den British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod, at Lancaster House insyd London. All twenty-four members of de Sierra Leonean delegation be prominent den well-respected politicians wey include Sir Milton ein younger brother lawyer Sir Albert Margai, trade unionist Siaka Stevens, SLPP-strongman Lamina Sankoh, Creole activist Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Paramount chief Ella Koblo Gulama, educationist Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, Dr John Karefa-Smart, Professor Kande Bureh, lawyer Sir Banja Tejan-Sie, former Freetown Mayor Eustace Henry Taylor Cummings, educationist Amadu Wurie, den Creole diplomat Hector Reginald Sylvanus Boltman.

On de conclusion of talks insyd London, Britain dey agree to grant Sierra Leone Independence on 27 April 1961. Stevens be de only delegate who refuse to sign Sierra Leone ein Declaration of Independence, on de grounds dat there had been a secret defence-pact between Sierra Leone den Britain; anoda point of contention by Stevens be de Sierra Leonean government ein position dat there will be no elections hold before independence which will effectively shut Stevens out of Sierra Leone ein political process. Upon demma return to Freetown on 4 May 1960, Stevens be promptly expelled from de People ein National Party (PNP).

== Opposition to de SLPP government ==
Insyd 1961, Siaka Stevens, a trade unionist den outspoken critic of de SLPP government, take advantage of de dissatisfaction plus de ruling SLPP among some prominent politicians from de Northern part of Sierra Leone. He form an alliance plus Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, Christian Alusine-Kamara Taylor, Mohamed.O.Bash-Taqi, Ibrahim Bash-Taqi, S.A.T. Koroma den C.A. Fofana, den form a new political party called de All People ein Congress (APC) insyd opposition of de SLPP government, wey use de northern part of Sierra Leone as demma political base.

== Early independence (1961–1968) ==
Main article: History of Sierra Leone (1961–78)

==== '''Sir Milton Margai administration (1961–1964)''' ====
On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai dey lead Sierra Leone to Independence from Britain den become de country ein first prime minister. Sierra Leone retain a parliamentary system of government den be a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1962, Sierra Leone hold ein first general election as an independent nation. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP) win plurality of seats insyd parliament den Sir Milton Margai be re-elected as prime minister. De years just after independence be prosperous, plus money from mineral resources being used for development den de founding of Njala University.

Margai be very popular among Sierra Leoneans during ein time insyd power. An important aspect of ein character ein self-effacement; he neither be corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of ein power or status. Ein government be based on de rule of law den de notion of separation of powers, plus multiparty political institutions den fairly viable representative structures. Margai use ein conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials plus a clear eye to satisfy various ethnic groups. Margai employ a brokerage style of politics by sharing political power between political groups den de paramount chiefs insyd de provinces.

==== '''Sir Albert Margai administration (1964–1967)''' ====
Upon Sir Milton Margai ein death insyd 1964, ein half-brother, Sir Albert Margai, be appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert ein leadership be briefly challenged by Sierra Leone ein Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who dey question Sir Albert ein succession to de SLPP leadership position. Kareefa-Smart received little support insyd Parliament insyd ein attempt to have Margai stripe of de SLPP leadership. Soon after Margai was sworn insyd as prime minister, he immediately dismiss several senior government officials who dey serve under ein elder brother ein government, as he view them as traitors den a threat to ein administration.

Unlike ein late brother, Sir Milton, Sir Albert Margai prove unpopular den dey resort to increasingly authoritarian actions insyd response to protests, wey include de enactment of several laws against de opposition All People ein Congress (APC) den an unsuccessful attempt to establish a one-party state. Unlike ein late brother, Sir Albert be opposed to de colonial legacy of allowing de country ein paramount chiefs executive powers, den he be seen as a threat to de existence of de ruling houses across de country—almost all of whom be strong supporters den key allies of de previous administration. Insyd 1967, riots break out insyd Freetown against Sir Albert ein policies. Insyd response, Margai declared a state of emergency across de country. He be accused of corruption den of a policy of affirmative action insyd favour of ein own Mende ethnic group

Sir Albert dey have de opportunity to perpetuate einself insyd power, but he elect not to do so even when de opportunities present themselves. He have de police den de army on ein side den nothing can have prevented him from achieving ein ambition to hold on to power, but he choose not to den called for free den fair elections.

==== '''Three military coups (1967–1968)''' ====
De APC narrowly dey win a small majority of seats insyd Parliament over de SLPP insyd a closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general election, den APC leader Siaka Stevens be sworn insyd as prime minister on 21 March 1967 insyd Freetown. Insyd hours of taking office, Stevens be ousted insyd a bloodless military coup dey lead by de commander of de army, Brigadier General David Lansana, a close ally of Sir Albert Margai who dey appoint Lansana to de position insyd 1964. Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest insyd Freetown den insisted de determination of office of de prime minister should await de election of de tribal representatives to de house. On 23 March, a group of senior military officers insyd de Sierra Leone Army lead by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith overrode dis action by seizing control of de government, arresting Lansana, den suspending de constitution. De group constituted einself as de National Reformation Council (NRC) plus Juxon-Smith as ein chairman den Governor-General. On 18 April 1968, a group of senior military officers who called themselves de Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM) lead by Brigadier General John Amadu Bangura overthraw de NRC junta. De ACRM juntas just arrest many senior NRC members. De democratic constitution be restored, den power be handed back to Stevens, who assume de office of prime minister.

== Stevens government den one-party state (1968–1985) ==
Stevens dey assume power insyd 1968 plus a great deal of hope den ambition. Much trust be placed upon him as he championed multi-party politics. Stevens dey campaign on a platform of bringing de tribes together under socialist principles. During ein first decade or so insyd power, Stevens dey renegotiate some of what he call &quot;useless prefinanced schemes&quot; contracted by ein predecessors, Albert Margai of de SLPP den Juxon-Smith of de NRC, which be said to have left de country insyd an economically deprive state. Stevens dey reorganize de country ein refinery, de government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, den a cement factory. He cancel Juxon-Smith ein construction of a church den mosque on de grounds of Victoria Park. Stevens begin efforts dat will later bridge de distance between de provinces den de city. Roads den hospitals be constructed insyd de provinces, den paramount chiefs den provincial peoples become a prominent force insyd Freetown.

Under pressure of several coup attempts—real den perceived—Stevens ein rule grow more den more authoritarian, den ein relationship plus some of ein ardent supporters deteriorated. He remove de SLPP from competitive politics insyd general elections, some believe, through de use of violence den intimidation. To maintain de support of de military, Stevens retain de popular John Amadu Bangura as de head of de Sierra Leone Armed Forces.

After de return to civilian rule, by-elections be held (beginning insyd autumn 1968) den an all-APC cabinet be appointed. Calm no be completely restored. Insyd November 1968, unrest insyd de provinces lead Stevens to declare a state of emergency.

Many senior officers insyd de Sierra Leone military be greatly disappointed plus Stevens ein policies, but none can openly confront Stevens. Brigadier General Bangura, who dey reinstated Stevens as prime minister, be widely considered de only person who can put de brakes on Stevens. De army be devoted to Bangura den it was believed, insyd sam quarters, dat dis make him potentially dangerous to Stevens. Insyd January 1970, Bangura be arrested den charge plus conspiracy den plotting to commit a coup against de Stevens government. After a trial dat last a few months, Bangura be convicted den sententenced to death. He be hanged on 29 March 1970 insyd Freetown. Stevens dey name a junior officer, Joseph Saidu Momoh, as de head of de Sierra Leone Military. Major General Momoh be a close ally den very loyal to Stevens.

On 23 March 1971, soldiers loyal to de executed Brigadier John Amadu Bangura hold a mutiny insyd Freetown den oda parts of de country insyd opposition of de Stevens government. Several soldiers be arrested for demma involvement insyd de mutiny, wey include Corporal Foday Sankoh who be convicted of treason den jailed for seven years at de Pademba Road Prison. At Stevens ein request to Guinean President Sekou Toure, a close ally, Guinean soldiers be stationed insyd Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1973 to help protect de government.

Insyd April 1971, a new republican constitution be adopted under which Stevens become president. Insyd de 1972 by-elections, de opposition SLPP complain of intimidation den procedural obstruction by de APC den militia. These problems become so severe dat de SLPP boycotted de 1973 general election; as a result de APC win 84 of de 85 elected seats.

Insyd de early 1970s, Siaka Stevens dey form ein own personal force known as de State Security Division (SSD), insyd order to protect him den to maintain ein hold on power. Many of de SSD officers be from de provinces, den be very loyal to Stevens. De SSD be very powerful den operate independently under Stevens ein direct command. De SSD officers guide Stevens den be deployed across Sierra Leone to put down any rebellion or demonstration against de Stevens government.

An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens fail insyd 1974. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army den government officials dey include Brigadier David Lansana, former cabinet minister Dr. Mohamed Sorie Forna, former cabinet minister den journalist Ibrahim Bash-Taqi den Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara be executed after they be convicted for attempting a coup. Insyd March 1976, Stevens be re-elected president, without opposition.

Insyd 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against de government disrupt Sierra Leone politics. However, de demonstrationbe quickly put down by de army den SSD officers. A general election be called later dat year insyd which corruption be again endemic. De APC win 74 seats den de SLPP win 15 seats.

Insyd May 1978, de Sierra Leone Parliament, dominated by close allies of President Steven ein APC administration, approved a new constitution, which make de country a one-party state. On 12 July 1978, official figures release by de government showed 97 per cent of Sierra Leoneans vote insyd favour of de one-party state. De SLPP, oda opposition parties den civil right groups say de referendum votes be massively rigged, den dat voters be intimidated by security forces loyal to Stevens. De 1978 constitution referendum make de APC the only legal political party; all oda political parties be banned, wey include de main opposition (de SLPP). Dis move lead to anoda major demonstration against de government insyd many parts of de country, which be put down by de army den de SSD officers.

De first elections under de new one-party constitution take place on 1 May 1982. Elections insyd about two-thirds of de constituencies be contested. Because of irregularities, de government cancel elections insyd 13 constituencies. By-elections take place on 4 June 1982. De new cabinet appoint by Stevens after de election include several prominent members of de disbanded SLPP who have defect to de APC, wey include de new Finance Minister Salia Jusu-Sheriff, a former leader of de SLPP. Jusu-Sheriff ein accession to de cabinet be viewed by many as a step toward making de APC a true national party.

Stevens, who have been head-of-state of Sierra Leone for 18 years, retired from dat position insyd November 1985 at de end of ein term, although he continue ein role as chairman of de ruling APC party. Many insyd de country dey expect Stevens to name ein vice president den loyal ally, Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, as ein successor. However, at de APC convention insyd August 1985, de APC name Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh as Stevens ein choice to succeed him as president. Momoh be very loyal to Stevens who dey appoint him to head of de military fifteen years earlier; Momoh den Stevens be both members of de minority Limba ethnic group. Momoh dey retire from de military den be elected president without opposition on 1 October 1985. A formal inauguration dey hold insyd January 1986, den new parliamentary elections be held insyd May 1986.

Siaka Stevens be generally criticised for dictatorial methods den government corruption, but he reduce de ethnic polarization insyd government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into ein all-dominant APC government. Anoda legacy of Stevens be dat for eighteen years while he be insyd power, he keep de country safe from civil war den armed rebellion.

Despite ein dictatorial governing style, Stevens regularly dey interact plus de people of Sierra Leone by making surprise visits. Stevens sana regularly make surprise visits to de poor merchants, where he be often seen buying ein own food at a local market plus ein security team keeping demma distance. Stevens often stand den wave to de Sierra Leonean people from an open car when travelling plus ein convoy.

== Momoh government and RUF rebellion (1985–1991) ==
President Momoh ein strong links plus de army den ein verbal attacks on corruption earn him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. Plus de lack of new faces insyd ein cabinet, however, criticisms soon arose dat Momoh be simply perpetuating de rule of Stevens. Momoh differ einself by integrating de powerful den independent State Security Force (SSD) into de Sierra Leone Police force.

De first years under de Momoh administration be characterised by corruption, which Momoh dey defuse by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise ein war against corruption, President Momoh announce a &quot;Code of Conduct for Political Leaders den Public Servants&quot;. After an alleged attempt to overthrow Momoh insyd March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials be arrested, wey include Vice-president Francis Minah, who be removed from office, convicted for plotting de coup, den executed by hanging plus five odas insyd 1989.

Insyd October 1990, due to mounting domestic den international pressure for reforms, President Momoh create a commission to review de 1978 one-party constitution. Base on de commission ein recommendations, a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system, guaranteeing fundamental human rights den de rule of law, den strengthening democratic structures, be approved by a 60% majority of de APC Parliament, ratify by referendum insyd September 1991 den become effective on 1 October. There be great suspicion dat President Momoh be not serious about ein promise of political reform, as APC rule continue to be increasingly marked by abuses of power.

Several senior government officials insyd Momoh ein administration resign to oppose de APC in upcoming elections. Salia Jusu Sheriff, Abass Bundu, J.B. Dauda den Sama Banya resuscitated de previously disbanded SLPP, while Thaimu Bangura, Edward Kargbo den Desmond Luke formed demma own respective political parties to challenge de ruling APC. However, de vast majority of government officials including Victor Bockarie Foh, Edward Turay, Hassan Gbassay Kanu den Osman Foday Yansaneh remain loyal to Momoh den de APC.

Meanwhile, an increasing burden be placed on de country by de rebellion insyd de eastern part of Sierra Leone.

== Civil war (1991–2002) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Civil War

De brutal civil wardysneighbouring Liberia play an undeniable role insyd de outbreak of fighting insyd Sierra Leone. Charles Taylor—leader of de National Patriotic Front of Liberia—reportedly help form de Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under de command of former Sierra Leonean army corporal Foday Sankoh, a critic of both de Stevens den Momoh administrations. Sankoh had been an ally of Brigadier General Bangura den be among those who mutinied following Bangura ein execution. Sankoh be British-trained den had undergone guerrilla training insyd Libya. Taylor ein aim was for de RUF to attack de bases of Nigerian-dominated peacekeeping troops insyd Sierra Leone who were opposed to ein rebel movement insyd Liberia. Sankoh ein RUF rebels dey enter de country insyd March 1991, den within a month controlled much of Eastern Sierra Leone, wey include de diamond-mining area insyd Kono District. De government of Sierra Leone, overwhelm by a crumbling economy den corruption, be unable to mount significant resistance.

At dis time, de Momoh government be crumbling. Several senior government officials dey resign to form opposition parties, while there be suspicions dat President Momoh no be serious about political reform. Abuses of power dey continue den de APC be alleged to have been hoarding arms den planning a violent campaign against de opposition parties ahead of multi-party general elections scheduled for late 1992. De state have been unable to play civil servants, leading to de looting of government property den a population of aimless youth when schools be closed.

==== '''NPRC Junta (1992–1996)''' ====
On 29 April 1992, twenty-five-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser lead a group of young Sierra Leone Army officers—wey include Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Seargent Solomon Musa, Lieutenant Tom Nyuma, Captain Komba Mondeh, Captain Julius Maada Bio den Captain Komba Kambo—from demma barracks insyd Kailahun District den launch a military coup insyd Freetown, which send President Momoh into exile insyd Guinea. De young soldiers established de National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) plus Strasser as ein chairman den Head of State of de country. Captain Solomon Musa, a close friend of Strasser den one of de leaders of de coup, become de deputy leader of de NPRC Junta. De coup be largely popular because e promise to bring peace, but de NPRC Junta immediately suspended de constitution, ban all political parties, limited freedom of speech den freedom of de press den enact a rule-by-decree policy, insyd which soldiers be granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial. De NPRC establish a Supreme Council, consisting of de highest-ranking soldiers insyd de Junta government.

On de same day de NPRC Junta take power, one of de coup leaders, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, be assassinated—reportedly by Major Sim Turay, de head of Sierra Leone Military Intelligence, den a close ally of de deposed president. A heavily armed military manhunt took place across Sierra Leone to find Turay den odas suspected to have participated insyd de assassination, forcing Turay to flee to Guinea.

De NPRC Junta fight de RUF rebels, recapture most of de RUF-held territories, den push de rebels back to de border plus Liberia. De NPRC Junta maintain relations plus de Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) den strengthen support for Sierra Leone–based ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) troops fighting insyd Liberia.

Insyd December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against de NPRC administration of Strasser be foiled; e dey aim at freeing from detention Colonel Yahya Kanu, Lt-Colonel Kahota M.S. Dumbuya den former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara. Seargent Mohamed Lamin Bangura den some junior army officers be identified as being behind de coup. Seventeen soldiers be executed, wey include Bangura, Kanu den Dumbuya. Several prominent members of de Momoh government who have been insyd detention at de Pa Demba Road prison, wey include former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara sana be executed.

On 5 July 1994, deputy NPRC leader Solomon Musa be arrested den sent into exile insyd Guinea. Musa be accused by Strasser, on de advice of high-ranking NPRC soldiers, dat he have become too powerful den be a threat to Strasser. Musa, who be a close ally den childhood friend of Strasser, deny de allegation den claim ein accusers be de threat. Strasser replace Musa as deputy NPRC chairman plus Captain Julius Maada Bio, den immediately promote him to brigadier.

Due to internal divisions between soldiers loyal to Musa den those who support Strasser ein decision to oust him, de NPRC ein campaign against de RUF become ineffectual. More den more of de country fall to RUF fighters, den by 1994 de RUF hold much of de diamond-rich Eastern Province den be at de edge of Freetown. Insyd response, de NPRC hire several hundred mercenaries from de private firm Executive Outcomes. Within a month, they have driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone ein borders den cleared de RUF from de Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone.

On 16 January 1996, after about four years insyd power, Strasser be arrested by ein own bodyguards insyd a coup lead by Bio den dey back by many high-ranking soldiers of de NPRC junta. Strasser be immediately flown into exile insyd Conakry, Guinea. Bio stated insyd a public broadcast dat ein support for returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elect civilian government den ein commitment to ending de civil war be ein motivations for de coup.

==== '''Return to civilian rule''' '''den first Kabbah Presidency (1996–1997)''' ====
Promises of a return to civilian rule be fulfilled by Bio, who handed power over to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of de Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), after de conclusion of elections insyd early 1996. President Kabbah take power plus a great promise of ending de civil war, open dialogues plus de then-defeated RUF den invite RUF-leader Sankoh for peace negotiations, signing de Abidjan Peace Accord on 30 November 1996.

Insyd January 1997, under international pressure, de Kabbah government ended demma contract plus Executive Outcomes even though a neutral monitoring force have not arrived. Dis dey create an opportunity for de RUF to regroup den renew military attacks. Sankoh be arrested insyd Nigeria, den by de end of March 1997 de peace accord have collapsed.

==== '''AFRC junta (1997–1998)''' ====
On 25 May 1997, a group of seventeen soldiers insyd de Sierra Leone army leda by Corporal Tamba Gborie freed den armed 600 prisoners from de Pademba Road Prison insyd Freetown. One of de prisoners, Major General Johnny Paul Koroma, emerge as de leader of de group. Calling einself de Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), de group launch a military coup den send President Kabbah into exile insyd Guinea. Koroma become head of state, plus Gborie as deputy-in-command of de AFRC. Koroma suspend de constitution, ban demonstrations, closed all private radio stations, den grant unlimited powers to soldiers.

Koroma invited de RUF rebels to join ein coup. Facing little resistance from army loyalists, five thousand rag-tag rebel fighters overran de capital. Koroma appeal to Nigeria for de release of Foday Sankoh, appointing de absent leader to de position of deputy chairman of de AFRC. De joint AFRC/RUF coalition government then proclaim de war have been won, den give de soldiers den rebels unlimited powers insyd a great wave of looting den reprisals against civilians insyd Freetown (dubbed &quot;Operation Pay Yourself&quot; by some of ein participants).

De AFRC Junta government no be recognized by any country—whereas President Kabbah ein government insyd exile insyd Conakry, Guinea be recognized by de United Nations, de African Union, de United States, de United Kingdom den ECOWAS as de legitimate government of Sierra Leone.

De Kamajors, a group of traditional fighters mostly from de Mende ethnic group under de command of Deputy Defence Minister Samuel Hinga Norman, dey remain loyal to President Kabbah den defended de Southern part Sierra Leone from de rebels. De Kamajors den rebels, wey include de RUF soldiers, regularly fight each oda, den human rights violations be committed by both sides.

ECOWAS, lead by Nigerian Head of State Sani Abacha, create a military force to defeat de AFRC/RUF junta insyd Freetown den to reinstate President Kabbah ein government. Many West-African countries send troops to reinstate de Kabbah Government, assembling a force largely from Nigeria but sana include soldiers from Guinea, Ghana, Togo, Gambia, Mali, Ivory Coast den Senegal.

After 10 months insydoffice, de AFRC junta government be ousted den driven out of Freetown by de Nigeria-led ECOMOG forces. De democratically elected government of President Kabbah be reinstated insyd March 1998. Koroma fled to de rebel strongholds insyd de east of de country.</text>
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      <text bytes="79046" sha1="imb3implhtal6j2deb3mho3s6q6afw6" xml:space="preserve">'''Sierra Leone''' first become inhabited by indigenous African peoples at least 2,500 years ago. De Limba be de first tribe known to inhabit Sierra Leone. De dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de region from oda West African cultures, den e become a refuge for peoples escaping violence. Sierra Leone was named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra, who map de region insyd 1462. De Freetown estuary provided a good natural harbour for ships to shelter den replenish drinking water, den gain more international attention as coastal den trans-Atlantic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade.

Insyd de mid-16th century, de Mane people invaded, subjugated nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples, den militarised Sierra Leone. De Mane soon blended plus de local populations den de various chiefdoms den kingdoms remain insyd a continual state of conflict, plus many captives sold to European slave-traders. De Atlantic slave trade had a significant impact on Sierra Leone, as dis trade flourished insyd de 17th den 18th centuries, den later as a centre of anti-slavery efforts when de trade be abolished insyd 1807. British abolitionists had organised a colony for Black Loyalists at Freetown, den dis become de capital of British West Africa. A naval squadron was base there to intercept slave ships, den de colony quickly grew as Liberated Africans be released, join by Afro-Caribbean den African soldiers who had fought for Britain insyd de American Revolutionary War. De descendants of de black settlers be collectively referred to as de Creoles or Krios.

During de colonial era, de British den Creoles increased demma control over de surrounding area, securing peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted, suppressing slave-trading den inter-chiefdom war. Insyd 1895, Britain draw borders for Sierra Leone which they declare to be demma protectorate, leading to armed resistance den de Hut Tax War of 1898. Thereafter, there demma dissent den reforms as de Creoles sought political rights, trade unions form against colonial employers, den peasants sought greater justice from demma chiefs.

Sierra Leone has played a significant part insyd modern African political liberty den nationalism. Insyd de 1950s, a new constitution united de Crown Colony den Protectorate, which had previously been governed separately. Sierra Leone gain independence from de United Kingdom on 27 April 1961 den became a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Ethnic den linguistic divisions remain an obstacle to national unity, plus de Mende, Temne den Creoles as rival power blocs. Roughly half of de years since independence have been marked by autocratic governments or civil war.

== Early history ==
Archaeological finds show dat Sierra Leone has been inhabited continuously for at least 2,500 years, populate by successive movements of peoples from oda parts of Africa. De use of iron be introduced to Sierra Leone by de 9th century, den by de end of de 10th century agriculture was being practiced by coastal tribes.

Sierra Leone ein dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de land from oda African cultures den from de spread of Islam. Dis make e a refuge for people escaping subjugation by de Sahelian kingdoms, violence den jihads.

European contacts plus Sierra Leone be among de first insyd West Africa. Insyd 1462, Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra mapped de hills surrounding what be now Freetown Harbour, naming de oddly shaped formation ''Serra Lyoa'' (Lioness Mountain).

At dis time de country be inhabited by numerous politically independent native groups. Several different languages be spoken, but there was similarity of religion. Insyd de coastal rainforest belt there be Bulom-speakers between de Sherbro den Freetown estuaries, Loko-speakers north of de Freetown estuary to de Little Scarcies River, Temne-speakers find at de mouth of de Scarcies River, den Limba-speakers farther up de Scarcies. Insyd de hilly savannah north of all of these lands be de Susu den Fula tribes. De Susu trade regularly plus de coastal peoples along river valley routes, bringing salt, clothes woven by de Fula, iron work, den gold.

== European contact (15th century) ==
Portuguese ships begin visiting Sierra Leone regularly insyd de late 15th century, den for a while they maintained a fort on de north shore of de Freetown estuary. Dis estuary be one of de largest natural deep-water harbours insyd de world, den one of de few good harbours on West Africa ein surf-battered &quot;Windward Shore&quot; (Liberia to Senegal). E soon become a favourite destination of European mariners, to shelter den replenish drinking water. Some of de Portuguese sailors stay permanently, trading den intermarrying plus de local people.

==== '''Slavery''' ====
Slavery, den insyd particular de Atlantic slave trade, had a great effect on de region—socially, economically den politically—from de late 15th to de mid-19th centuries.

There had been lucrative trans-Saharan trade of slaves insyd West Africa from de 6th century. At ein peak (c. 1350) de Mali Empire surrounded de region of modern-day Sierra Leone den Liberia, though de slave trade may not have significantly penetrated de coastal rainforest. De peoples who migrate into Sierra Leone from dis time will have had greater contact plus de indigenous slave trade, either practicing it or escaping it.

When Europeans first arrive at Sierra Leone, slavery among de African peoples of de area be believe to be rare. According to historian Walter Rodney, de Portuguese mariners keep detailed reports, den so e be likely if slavery had been an important local institution dat de reports will have described it. There be mention of a very particular kind of slavery insyd de region, which was:&lt;blockquote&gt;a person insyd trouble insyd one kingdom can go to anoda den place himself under de protection of ein king, whereupon he become a &quot;slave&quot; of dat king, obliged to provide free labour den liable for sale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Rodney, such a person will likely have retain some rights den had some opportunity to rise insyd status as time passed.

De European colonization of de Americas soon lead to labor demands from nascent colonies; dis lead Europeans to seek a supply of slaves to transport to de Americas. Initially, European slavers launch raids on coastal villages to abduct Africans den sell them into slavery. However, they soon establish economic alliances plus local leaders, as many chiefs were willing to sell undesirable members of demma tribe to Europeans. Oda African chiefs launch raids on rival tribes insyd order to sell captives of such raids into slavery.

Dis early slaving essentially be an export business. De use of slaves as labourers by de local Africans appears to have developed only later. E may first have occurred under coastal chiefs insyd de late 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;De slave owners originally be white den foreigners, but de late eighteenth century see de emergence of powerful slave-trading chiefs, be said to own large numbers of 'domestic slaves'.&lt;/blockquote&gt;For example, insyd de late 18th century, William Cleveland, a Scottish leader insyd Africa had a large &quot;slave town&quot; on de mainland opposite de Banana Islands, whose inhabitants &quot;be employed insyd cultivating extensive rice fields, describe as being some of the largest insyd Africa at de time&quot;. De existence of an indigenous slave town be recorded by an English traveler insyd 1823. Known insyd de Fula language as a ''rounde'', e be connected plus de Sulima Susu ein capital city, Falaba. Ein inhabitants work at farming.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Rodney dey postulate two means by which slaving for export can have caused a local practice of using slaves for labour to develop:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# Not all war captives offer for sale will have been bought by de Portuguese, so demma captors had to find something else to do plus them. Rodney believe dat executing them be rare den that they will have been used for local labour.
# There be a time lag between de time a slave be captured den de time he or she be sold. Thus there will often have been a pool of slaves awaiting sale, who will have been put to work.&lt;/blockquote&gt;There be possible additional reasons for de adoption of slavery by de locals to meet demma labour requirements:

# De Europeans provided an example for imitation.
# Once slaving insyd any form be accepted, e may smash a moral barrier to exploitation den make ein adoption insyd oda forms seem a relatively minor matter.
# Export slaving entailed de construction of a coercive apparatus which could have been subsequently turned to other ends, such as policing a captive labour force.
# De sale of local produce (e.g., palm kernels) to Europeans opened a new sphere of economic activity. Insyd particular, e dey create an increased demand for agricultural labour. Slavery be a way of mobilising an agricultural work force.
Dis local African slavery be much less harsh den brutal than de slavery practiced by Europeans on, for example, de plantations of the United States, de West Indies, den Brazil. De local slavery has been described by anthropologist M. McCulloch:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Slaves be housed close to de fresh tracts of land they clear for demma masters. They be considered part of de household of demma owner, den enjoyed limited rights. E no be customary to sell them except for a serious offense, such as adultery plus de wife of a freeman. Small plots of land be given to them for demma own use, den they might retain de proceeds of crops they grow on these plots; by dis means e be possible for a slave to become de owner of anoda slave. Sometimes a slave marry insyd de household of ein master den rose to a position of trust; there be an instance of a slave taking charge of a chiefdom during de minority of de heir. Descendants of slaves often be practically indistinguishable from freemen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Slaves sometimes be sent on errands outside de kingdoms of demma masters den return voluntarily. Speaking specifically of de era around 1700, historian Christopher Fyfe relates dat, &quot;Slaves not taken insyd war usually be criminals. Insyd coastal areas, at least, e be rare for anyone to be sold without being charged plus a crime.&quot;

Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section be still present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describes a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section still be present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describe a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;A freeman heavily insyd debt, den facing de threat of de punishment of being sold, will approach a wealthier man or chief plus a plea to pay off ein debts 'while I sit on your lap'. Or he can give a son or some oda dependent of ein 'to be for you', de wealthy man or chief. Dis insyd effect mean dat de person so pawn be automatically reduce to a position of dependence, den if he be never redeemed, he or ein children eventually become part of de master ein extended family. By dis time, de children practically be indistinguishable from de real children of de master, since they grow up regarding one anoda as brothers.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Some observers consider de term &quot;slave&quot; to be more misleading than informative when describing de local practice. Abraham say dat insyd most cases, &quot;subject, servant, client, serf, pawn, dependent, or retainer&quot; will be more accurate. Domestic slavery be abolished insyd Sierra Leone insyd 1928. McCulloch reports dat at dat time, amongst Sierra Leone ein largest present-day ethnolinguistic group, de Mende, who then had about 560,000 people, about 15 per cent of de population (i.e., 84,000 people) be domestic slaves. He sana say dat &quot;singularly little change followed de 1928 decree; a fair number of slaves return to demma original homes, but de great majority remain insyd de villages insyd which demma former masters had placed them or demma parents.&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Export slavery remain a major business insyd Sierra Leone from de late 15th century to de mid-19th century. According to Fyfe, &quot;e be estimated insyd 1789 dat 74,000 slaves be exported annually from West Africa, about 38,000 by British firms.&quot; Insyd 1788, a proslavery European name Matthews estimated de annual total export from between de Nunez River (110 km north of Sierra Leone) den de Sherbro as 3,000. Participation insyd de Atlantic slave trade gradually be outlawed by various Western nations, beginning plus de United States den Britain insyd 1808.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Mane invasions (16th century) ==
Further information: Mane people

De Mane invasions of de mid-16th century had a profound impact on Sierra Leone. De Mane (sana call Mani) be members of de Mande language group. A warrior people, well-armed den well-organized, they live east den somewhat north of present-day Sierra Leone. Sometime insyd de early 16th century they begin moving south. According to some Mane who dey speak to a Portuguese writer (Dornelas) in de late 16th century, demma travels dey begin as a result of de expulsion of demma chief from de imperial city of Mandimansa, demma homeland.

There be conflicting accounts among historians of how these invasions happened. Some historians place demma first arrival at de coast east of Sierra Leone, at least as far as de River Cess den likely pppie. They advanced northwest along de coast toward Sierra Leone, conquering as they go. Odas contend dat they arrive on de coast near Sherbro Island. They incorporate large numbers of de people they conquered into demma army, plus de result dat de rank den file consist mostly of coastal peoples, while de Mane be ein commanding group.

By 1545, de Mane dey reach Cape Mount. Dema conquest of Sierra Leone occupy de ensuing 15 to 20 years, den result insyd de subjugation of all or nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples—who be known collectively as de Sapes—as far north as de Scarcies. De present demographics of Sierra Leone largely be a reflection of these two decades. De degree to which de Mane supplanted de original inhabitants vary from place to place. De Temne partly withstood de Mane onslaught, den keep demma language, but become ruled by a line of Mane kings. De present-day Loko den Mende be de result of a more complete submersion of de original culture: demma languages be similar, den both essentially Mande. Dis likely be due to conquest by de Mane invaders.

=== '''Aftermath''' ===
De Mane invasions militarised Sierra Leone. De Sapes had been un-warlike, but after de invasions, right until de late 19th century, bows, shields, den knives of de Mane type dey become ubiquitous insyd Sierra Leone, as had de Mane battle technique of using squadrons of archers fighting insyd formation, carrying de large-style shields. Villages become fortified. De usual method of erecting two or three concentric palisades, each 4–7 metres (12–20 ft) high, create a formidable obstacle to attackers—especially since, as some of de English observe insyd de 19th century, de thigh-thick logs planted insyd de earth to make de palisades often take root at de bottom den grow foliage at de top, so dat de defenders occupy a living wall of wood. A British officer who dey observe one of these fortifications around de time of de 1898 Hut Tax war ended ein description of it thus:&lt;blockquote&gt;No one who dey no see these fences can realize de immense strength of them. De outer fence at Hahu I measure insyd several places, den found e to be from 2 to 3 feet thick, den most of de logs, or rather trees, of which e be formed, had taken root den be throwing out leaves den shoots.&lt;/blockquote&gt;He sana say dat English artillery can not penetrate all three fences. At dat time, at least among de Mende, &quot;a typical settlement dey consist of walled towns den open villages or towns surrounding it.&quot;

After de invasions, de Mane sub-chiefs among whom e country dey divide begin fighting among themselves. Dis pattern of activity become permanent: even after de Mane dey blend plus de indigenous population—a process which be completed insyd de early 17th century—de various kingdoms insyd Sierra Leone remain insyd a fairly continual state of flux den conflict. Rodney believe dat a desire to take prisoners to sell as slaves to de Europeans be a major motivation to dis fighting, den may even have been a driving force behind de original Mane invasions. Historian Kenneth Little dey conclude dat de principal objective insyd de local wars, at least among de Mende, be plunder, not de acquisition of territory. Abraham cautions dat slave trading should not be exaggerated as a cause: de Africans have demma own reasons to fight, plus territorial den political ambitions present. Motivations likely change over time during de 350-year period.

De wars themselves no be exceptionally deadly. Set-piece battles be rare, den de fortified towns so strong dat demma capture seldom be attempted. Often de fighting dey consist of small ambushes.

Insyd these years, de political system be such dat each large village along plus ein satellite villages den settlements will be headed by a chief. De chief will have a private army of warriors. Sometimes several chiefs will group themselves into a confederacy, acknowledging one of themselves as king (or high chief). Each pay de king fealty. If one be attacked, de king will come to ein aid, den de king can adjudicate local disputes.

Despite demma many political divisions, de people of de country be united by cultural similarity. One component of dis be de Poro, an organisation common to many different kingdoms den ethnolinguistic groups. De Mende claim to be ein originators, den there be nothing to contradict dis. Possibly they import it. De Temne claim to dey import it from de Sherbro or Bulom. De Dutch geographer Olfert Dapper know of it insyd de 17th century. E often be described as a &quot;secret society&quot;, dis partly be true: ein rites be closed to non-members, den what happens insyd de &quot;Poro bush&quot; never be disclosed. However, ein membership be very broad: among de Mende, almost all men, den some women, be initiates. Insyd recent years e no dey (as far as is known) have a central organisation: autonomous chapters exist for each chiefdom or village. However, it is said dat insyd pre-Protectorate days there be a &quot;Grand Poro&quot; plus cross-chiefdom powers of making war den peace. E widely be agreed dat e has a restraining influence on de powers of de chiefs. Headed by a fearsome principal spirit, de ''Gbeni'', e plays a major role insyd de rite of passage of males from puberty to manhood. E imparts some education. Insyd some areas, e have supervisory powers over trade, den de banking system, which use iron bars as a medium of exchange. E no only be de important society insyd Sierra Leone: de ''Sande'' be a female-only analogue of it; there sana be de ''Humoi'' which regulates sex, den de ''Njayei'' den de ''Wunde''. De ''Kpa'' be a healing-arts collegium.

Besides de political impact, there be economic effects as well: trade plus de interior be interrupted, den thousands be sold as slaves to de Europeans. Insyd industry, a flourishing tradition insyd fine ivory carving be ended; however, improved ironworking techniques be introduced.&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== 1600–1787 ==
By de 17th century, Portuguese colonialism insyd West Africa begin to wane, den insyd Sierra Leone oda European colonial powers such as de English den Dutch begin to supplant demma influence insyd de region. Insyd 1628, a group of English merchants had established a factory insyd de vicinity of Sherbro Island, about 50 km (30 mi) south-east from present-day Freetown. Insyd addition to ivory den slaves, de merchants at de factory sana trade insyd camwood, a type of hard timber. De Portuguese missionary Baltasar Barreira minister insyd Sierra Leone until 1610. Jesuits, den later insyd de century, Capuchins, continue de mission. By 1700 it had closed, although priests occasionally visited.

Insyd 1663, de Royal African Company (RAC) be granted a royal charter from Charles II of England den soon established a factory on Sherbro Island den Tasso Island. During de Second Anglo-Dutch War, both factories be sacked by a Dutch Navy force insyd 1664. De factory be rebuilt, though e be sacked again by de French Navy during de War of de Spanish Succession insyd 1704 den pirates insyd 1719 den 1720. After de Dutch raid on de RAC factory at Tasso Island, e be relocated to de nearby Bunce Island, which be more defensible.

De Europeans make payments, called ''Cole'', for rent, tribute, den trading rights, to de king of an area. At this time de local military advantage still be on de side of de Africans, den there be a 1714 report of a king seizing RAC goods insyd retaliation for a breach of protocol. Local Afro-Portuguese merchants often act as middlemen, de Europeans advancing them goods to trade to de local people, most often for ivory. Insyd 1728, an overly aggressive RAC governor dey unite de Africans den Afro-Portuguese insyd hostility to him; they burn down de Bunce Island fort den e no be rebuilt until about 1750. During de time dat de Royal African Company be operating, de firm of Grant, Sargent [Wikidata] den Oswald provisioned de trading stations. When de RAC abandoned Bunce Island, Sargent den ein partners purchase ein factory insyd 1748, repair it, den dey use it to trade insyd timber. They expand to Batts, Bobs, Tasso, den Tumbu Islands den along de banks of de river, eventually becoming involve insyd de slave trade. De French sack it again insyd 1779, during de American Revolutionary War.

During de 17th century de Temne ethnolinguistic group be expanding. Around 1600, a Mani still dey rule de Loko kingdom (de area north of Port Loko Creek) den anoda rule de upper part of de south shore of de Freetown estuary. De north shore of de estuary be under a Ballom king, den de area just east of Freetown on de peninsula be held by a non-Mani plus a European name, Dom Phillip de Leon (who may have been a subordinate to ein Mani neighbour). By de mid-17th century dis situation dey change: Temne, not Bullom dey speak on de south shore, den ships stopping for water den firewood had to pay customs to de Temne king of Bureh who live at Bagos town on de point between de Rokel River den Port Loko Creek. (De king may  consider himself a Mani—to dis day, Temne chiefs have Mani-derived titles—but ein people be Temne. De Bureh king insyd place insyd 1690 be called Bai Tura, ''Bai'' being a Mani form.) De Temne thus dey expand insyd a wedge toward de sea at Freetown, den now dey separate de Bulom to de north from de Mani den oda Mande-speakers to de south den east.

Insyd dis period there be several reports of women occupying high positions. De king of de south shore use to leave one of ein wives to rule when he be absent, den insyd de Sherbro there be female chiefs. Insyd de early 18th century, a Bulom dey name Seniora Maria make ein own town near Cape Sierra Leone.

During de 17th century, Muslim Fula from de Upper Niger den Senegal rivers move into an area called Fouta Djallon (or Futa Jalon) insyd de mountainous region north of present-day Sierra Leone. They be to have an important impact on de peoples of Sierra Leone because they increase trade den sana produced secondary population movements insyd Sierra Leone. Though de Muslim Fula first cohabited peaceably plus de peoples already at Fouta Djallon, around 1725 they embark on a war of domination, forcing de migration of many Susu, Yalunka, den non-Muslim Fula.

Susu—some already convert to Islam—come south insyd Sierra Leone, insyd turn displacing Limba from north-west Sierra Leone den driving them insyd north-central Sierra Leone where they continue to live. Some Susu move as far south as de Temne town of Port Loko, only 60 km (37 mi) upriver from de Atlantic. Eventually a Muslim Susu family dey call Senko supplanted de town ein Temne rulers. Oda Susu dey move westward from Fouta Djallon, eventually dominating de Baga, Bulom, den Temne north of de Scarcies River.

De Yalunka insyd Fouta Djallon first accept Islam, then reject it den be driven out. They go into north-central Sierra Leone den founded demma capital at Falaba insyd de mountains near de source of de Rokel. E still not an important town, about 20 km (12 mi) south of de Guinea border. Oda Yalunka go somewhat farther south den settled amongst de Koranko, Kissi, den Limba.

Besides these groups, who be more-or-less unwilling emigrants, a considerable variety of Muslim adventurers go forth from Fouta Djallon. A Fula called Fula Mansa (''mansa'' meaning ''king'') become ruler of de Yoni country 100 km (62 mi) east of present-day Freetown. Some of ein Temne subjects fled south to de Banta country between de middle reaches of de Bagu den Jong rivers, where they become known as de Mabanta Temne.

Insyd 1652, de first slaves from Sierra Leone be transported to North America; they be sold to white plantation owners insyd de Sea Islands off de coast of de American South. During de 18th century, numerous slaves from Bunce Island be transported to de Southern Colonies, due insyd part to de business relationship between American slave trader Henry Laurens den de London-based firm of Grant, Sargent, Oswald &amp; Company, which oversaw a thriving slave trade from Bunce Island insyd Sierra Leone to North America.

De transatlantic slave trade continued to transport millions of enslaved Africans, wey include those from Sierra Leone, across de Atlantic during de 17th, 18th den 19th centuries; ultimately, roughly 12.5 million slaves where e dey bring to de Americas dis way. However, de rise of abolitionist movements insyd de Western world insyd de late 18th den early 19th centuries dey lead to various European den American governments passing legislation to abolish de slave trade. De slave trade insyd Sierra Leone undergo a marked decline during de 19th century, though domestic slavery will persist until de 20th century.

== De Province of Freedom (1787–1789) ==
Main article: Granville Town, Province of Freedom

==== '''Conception of''' '''de Province of Freedom (1787)''' ====
Insyd 1787, a plan be established to settle some of London ein &quot;Black Poor&quot; insyd Sierra Leone insyd what was called the &quot;Province of Freedom&quot;. This was organised by the Committee for de Relief of de Black Poor, found by British abolitionist Granville Sharp, which preferred it as a solution to continuing to financially support them insyd London. Many of de Black Poor be African Americans, who had been given demma freedom after seeking refuge with the British Army during the American Revolution, but also included other West Indian, African and Asian inhabitants of London.

De Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme be proposed by entomologist Henry Smeathman den draw interest from humanitarians like Granville Sharp saw it as a means of showing de pro-slavery lobby dat black people can contribute towards de running of de new colony of Sierra Leone. Government officials soon become involved insyd de scheme as well, although demma interest be spurred by de possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere. William Pitt de Younger, prime minister den leader of de Tory party, dey have an active interest insyd de Scheme, because he see it as a means to repatriate de Black Poor to Africa, since &quot;e be necessary they should be sent somewhere, den be no longer suffer to infest de streets of London&quot;.

==== '''Establishment, destruction''' '''den re-establishment (1789)''' ====
De area be first settled by 400 formerly enslaved Black Britons, who dey arrive off de coast of Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787, dey accompany by some English tradesmen. They established de Province of Freedom or Granville Town on land purchase from local Koya Temne subchief King Tom den regent Naimbanna II, a purchase which de Europeans understand to cede de land to de new settlers &quot;for ever&quot;. De established arrangement between Europeans den de Koya Temne do not include provisions for permanent settlement, den some historians question how well de Koya leaders understand de agreement. Half of de settlers insyd de new colony die insyd de first year. Several black settlers dey start working for local slave traders. De settlers dat dey remain forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliate, attacking de settlement, which be reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, den six white women. Black settlers be captured by unscrupulous traders den sold as slaves, den de remaining colonists be forced to arm themselves for demma own protection. King Tom ein successor King Jemmy dey attack den burn de colony insyd 1789.

Alexander Falconbridge be sent to Sierra Leone insyd 1791 to collect de remaining Black Poor settlers, den they re-establish Granville Town (later renamed Cline Town) near Fourah Bay. Although these 1787 settlers do not establish Freetown, which be founded insyd 1792, de bicentennial of Freetown be celebrated insyd 1987.

After establishing Granville Town, disease den hostility from de indigenous people eliminated de first group of colonists den destroyed demma settlement. A second Granville Town established by 64 remaining black den white 'Old settlers' under de leadership of St. George Bay Company leader, Alexander Falconbridge den de St. George Bay Company. Dis settlement be different from de Freetown settlement den colony founded insyd 1792 by Lt. John Clarkson den de Nova Scotian Settlers under de auspices of de Sierra Leone Company.

== Freetown Colony (1792–1808) ==
'''Conception of tde Freetown settlement (1791)'''

De basis for de Freetown Colony begin insyd 1791 plus Thomas Peters, an African American who had served insyd de Black Pioneers den settle insyd Nova Scotia as part of de Black Loyalist migration. Peters travel to England insyd 1791 to report grievances of de Black Loyalists who had been given poor land den faced discrimination. Peters meet plus British abolitionists den de directors of de Sierra Leone Company. He learn of de company ein plan for a new settlement at Sierra Leone. De directors be eager to allow de Nova Scotians to build a settlement there; de London-based den newly create Company had decided to create a new colony but before Peters ein arrival have no colonists. Lieutenant John Clarkson be sent to Nova Scotia to register immigrants to take to Sierra Leone for de purpose of starting a new settlement. Clarkson worked plus Peters to recruit 1,196 former American slaves from free African communities around Nova Scotia such as Birchtown. Most dey escape Virginia den South Carolina plantations. Some had been born insyd Africa before being enslaved den taken to America.

==== '''Settlement by Nova Scotians (1792)''' ====
De settlers dey sail insyd 15 ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia den arrived insyd St. George Bay between 26 February den 9 March 1792. Sixty-four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, den even Lieutenant Clarkson be ill during de voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson den some of de Nova Scotian 'captains' &quot;despatched on shore to clear or make roadway for demma landing&quot;. De Nova Scotians be to build Freetown on de former site of de first Granville Town which have become a &quot;jungle&quot; since ein destruction insyd 1789. (Though they built Freetown on Granville Town ein former site, demma settlement be no a rebirth of Granville Town, which had been re-established at Fourah Bay in 1791 by de remaining Old Settlers.) Clarkson told de men to clear de land until they reach a large cotton tree. After this difficult work had been done den de land cleared, all de settlers, men den women, disembarked den marched towards de thick forest den to de cotton tree, den demma preachers (all African Americans) begin singing:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Awake den Sing Of Moses den de Lamb
Wake! every heart den every tongue'

To praise de Saviour ein name

De day of Jubilee be come;

Return ye ransomed sinners home&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 11 March 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, dey pray den preach a sermon under de large Cotton Tree, den Reverend David George dey preach de first recorded Baptist service insyd Africa. De land be dedicated den christened 'Free Town' according to de instructions of de Sierra Leone Company Directors. Dis be de first thanksgiving service insyd de newly christened Free Town den be de beginning of de political entity of Sierra Leone. Later, John Clarkson will be sworn insyd as de first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts be erected before de rainy season. De Sierra Leone Company surveyors den de settlers built Freetown on de American grid pattern, plus parallel streets den wide roads, plus de largest being Water Street.

On 24 August 1792, de Black Poor or Old Settlers of de second Granville Town be incorporated into de new Sierra Leone Colony but remain at Granville Town. E survive being pillaged by de French insyd 1794, den be rebuilt by de Nova Scotian settlers. By 1798, Freetown had 300–400 houses plus architecture resembling dat of de American South, plus 3- to 4-foot stone foundations den wooden superstructures. Eventually dis style of housing (brought by de Nova Scotians) will be de model for de 'bod oses' of demma Creole descendants.

=== '''Settlement by Jamaican Maroons (1800)''' ===
Insyd 1800, de Nova Scotians rebel den e be de arrival of over 500 Jamaican Maroons which dey cause de rebellion to be suppressed. Thirty-four Nova Scotians be banished den sent to either to Sherbro Island or a penal colony at Gore. Some of these eventually be allowed back insyd Freetown. Following demma capture of de rebels, de Maroons be granted de land of de Nova Scotian rebels. Eventually de Jamaican Maroons insyd Sierra Leone have demma own district at de newly named Maroon Town.

De Maroons be a free community of blacks from Cudjoe ein Town (Trelawny Town) who have been resettled insyd Nova Scotia after surrendering to de British government dey follow de Second Maroon War of 1795–6. They have petitioned de British government for settlement elsewhere due to de climate insyd Nova Scotia.

==== '''Abolition and slaves-insyd-transit (1807 - 1830s)''' ====
Britain outlawed de slave trade throughout ein empire on 29 March 1807 plus de Slave Trade Act 1807, though de practice continue insyd de British Empire until e finally be abolished insyd de 1830s. De Royal Navy ein West Africa Squadron operating from Freetown take active measures to intercept den seize ships participating insyd de illegal Atlantic slave trade. De slaves dat dey hold on these vessels be released into Freetown den initially be called 'Captured negroes', 'Recaptives' or 'Liberated Africans'.

==== '''Formation of''' '''de Sierra Leone Creole ethnicity (1870 onwards)''' ====
De Sierra Leone Creole people (Krio: ''Krio people'') be descendants of de Black Poor, freed African Americans (Nova Scotian Black Loyalists), Afro-Caribbeans (Jamaican Maroons), den Liberated Africans who settled insyd de Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 den about 1885. De colony be established by de British, support by abolitionists, under de Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. De settlers called demma new settlement Freetown.

== Colonial era (1808–1961) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Colony den Protectorate

==== '''Establishment of''' '''de British Crown Colony (1808)''' ====
Insyd 1808, e British Crown Colony of Sierra Leone be founded, plus Freetown serving as de capital of British West Africa. De city ein population expanded rapidly plus freed slaves, who dey establish suburbs on de Freetown Peninsula. They be joined by West Indian den African soldiers who dey settle insyd Sierra Leone after fighting for Britain insyd de Napoleonic Wars.

'''Intervention''' '''den acquisition of de hinterland (1800s–1895)'''

Insyd de early 1800s, Sierra Leone be a small colony extending a few kilometres (a few miles) up de peninsula from Freetown. De bulk of de territory dat makes up present-day Sierra Leone still be de sovereign territory of indigenous peoples such as de Mende den Temne, den be little affected by de tiny population of de Colony. Over de course of de 19th century, dat gradually changed: de British den Creoles insyd de Freetown area dey increase demma involvement insyd—den demma control over—de surrounding territory by engaging insyd trade, which be promoted den dey increase through treaty-making den military expeditions.

Insyd demma treaties plus de native chiefs, de British largely be concerned plus securing local peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted. Typically, de British government dey agree to pay a chief a stipend insyd return for a commitment from him to keep de peace plus ein neighbours; oda specific commitments extract from a chief might include keeping roads open, allowing de British to collect customs duties, den submitting disputes plus ein neighbours to British adjudication. Insyd de decades following Britain ein prohibition of de slave trade insyd 1807, de treaties sometimes sana require chiefs to desist from slave-trading. Suppression of slave-trading den suppression of inter-chiefdom war dey go hand-in-hand because de trade thrived on de wars (and caused them). Thus, to de commercial reasons for pacification can be added anti-slavery ones.

When friendly persuasion fail to secure demma interests, de British no be more than (to borrow Carl von Clausewitz's phrase) &quot;continuing diplomacy by oda means&quot;. At least by de mid-1820s, de army den navy be going out from de Colony to attack chiefs whose behaviour do not conform to British dictates. Insyd 1826, Governor Turner led troops to de Bum–Kittam area, capture two stockaded towns, burn odas, den declare a blockade on de coast as far as Cape Mount. Dis partly be an anti-slaving exercise den partly to punish de chief for refusing territory to de British. Later dat year, acting-Governor Macaulay send out an expedition which go up de Jong river den dey burn Commenda, a town belonging to a related chief. Insyd 1829, de colonial authorities founded de Sierra Leone Police Corps. Insyd 1890, dis force be divided into de Civilian Police den de Frontier Police.

De British develope a modus operandi wey characterised demma interventions throughout de century: army or frontier police, plus naval support if possible, will bombard a town den then usually torch it after de defenders dey fly or been defeated. Where possible, local enemies of de party being attacked be invited by de British to accompany them as allies.

Further information: British den Creole intervention insyd de Sierra Leone hinterland insyd de 19th century

Insyd de 1880s, Britain ein intervention insyd de hinterland dey receive added impetus because of de &quot;Scramble for Africa&quot;: an intense competition between de European powers for territory insyd Africa. Insyd dis case, de rival be France. To forestall French incursion into what they had come to consider as demma own sphere, de British government renewed efforts to finalise a boundary agreement with France and on 1 January 1890 instructed Governor Hay insyd Sierra Leone to get from chiefs insyd de boundary area friendship treaties containing a clause forbidding them to treat plus anoda European power without British consent.

Consequently, insyd 1890 den 1891 Hay den two travelling commissioners, Garrett den Alldridge, dey go on extensive tours of what be now Sierra Leone wey obtain treaties from chiefs. Most of these no be, however, treaties of cession; they be insyd de form of cooperative agreements between two sovereign powers.

Insyd January 1895, a boundary agreement be signed insyd Paris, roughly fixing de line between French Guinea den Sierra Leone. De exact line be to be determined by surveyors. As Christopher Fyfe notes, &quot;De delimitation be made almost entirely insyd geographical terms—rivers, watersheds, parallels—not political. Samu chiefdom, for instance, be divided; de people on de frontier had to opt for farms on one side or villages on de oda.&quot;

More generally, de arbitrary lumping-together of disparate native peoples insyd geographical units decided by de colonial powers has been an ongoing source of trouble throughout Africa. These geographical units now dety attempt to function as nations but no be naturally nations, being composed insyd many cases of peoples who be traditional enemies. Insyd Sierra Leone, for example, de Mende, Temne den Creoles remain as rival power blocs between whom lines of fission easily emerge.

'''Establishment of''' '''de British Protectorate den further land acquisition (1895)'''

Insyd August 1895, an Order-in-Council dey issue insyd Britain authorising de Colony to make laws for de territory around it, extending out to de agreed-upon boundary (which corresponds closely to dat of present-day Sierra Leone). On 31 August 1896, a Proclamation dey issue insyd de Colony, wey dey declare dat territory to be a British Protectorate. De Colony remained a distinct political entity; de Protectorate dey govern from it.

Most of de chiefs whose territories de Protectorate subsumed do not enter into it voluntarily. Many sign treaties of friendship plus Britain, but these be often dey express as being between sovereign powers, plus there be no subordination to de British. Only a handful of chiefs dey sign treaties of cession, den insyd some cases e be unknown if de chiefs dey understand de implications of de treaty. Insyd more remote areas, no treaties had been signed at all. De creation of de Sierra Leone Protectorate be more insyd de nature of a unilateral acquisition of territory by de British.

Almost every chieftaincy insyd Sierra Leone dey respond to de British arrogation of power plus armed resistance. De Protectorate Ordinances (passed insyd de Colony insyd 1896 den 1897) abolish de title of King den replace it plus &quot;Paramount Chief&quot;. Chiefs den kings dey formerly been selected by de leading members of dema own communities; now all chiefs, even paramount ones, can be deposed or installed at de will of de Governor, den most of de judicial powers of de chiefs be removed den given to courts presided-over by British &quot;District Commissioners&quot;. De Governor decree dat a house tax of 5''s'' to 10''s'' be to be levied annually on every dwelling insyd de Protectorate. To de chiefs, these reductions insyd de power den prestige be unbearable.

During these conflicts, British officers dey use de practice of cutting de hands of people to account for bullets spent, similar to what dey occur under de regime Leopold II of Belgium insyd de Congo Free State. British doctor, John Lancelot Todd, who dey travel to West Africa on an LSTM expedition together plus Joseph Everett Dutton, write down de testimonies of British officers who dey involve insyd putting down rebellions insyd British Sierra Leone den dey practice cutting de hands of de people they shot. De exact number of living victims who dey end up mutilated be unknown.

==== '''Hut Tax War of 1898''' ====
Insyd 1898, two rebellions dey break out against British colonial rule insyd Sierra Leone insyd response to de introduction of a new hut tax by Governor Frederic Cardew. On 1 January 1898, Cardew introduce de hut tax as a way to pay for de colonial administration ein financial expenditures. However, de tax prove to be beyond de financial means of many insyd de colony, provoking discontent. Insyd February 1898, an attempt by colonial officials to arrest Temne chief Bai Bureh lead to him den rebels under ein command to revolt against British rule. Bureh ein forces dey launch attacks on British officials den Creole traders.

Despite de ongoing rebellion, Bureh dispatched two peace overtures to de British insyd April den June of dat year, aid by de mediation of Limba chief Almamy Suluku. Cardew dey reject both offers, as Bureh would not agree to surrender unconditionally. Bureh ein forces conducted a disciplined den skillfully execute guerrilla campaign which cause de British considerable difficulty. Hostilities begin insyd February; Bureh ein harassing tactics confounded de British at first but by May they gain ground. De rainy season interrupted hostilities until October, when British colonial forces resume de slow process of capturing rebel stockades. When most of these defences dey eliminate, Bureh be captured or surrendered (accounts differ) insyd November.

De second revolt insyd de southeast be a mass uprising, planned somehow to commence everywhere on 27 den 28 April, insyd which almost all &quot;outsiders&quot;—whether European or Creole—be seized den summarily executed. Although more fearsome than Bai Bureh ein rising, na e be amorphous, dey lack a definite strategy, den  be suppressed insyd most areas insyd two months. Some Mende rebels insyd de centre of de country no be beaten until November, however; den Mende king Nyagua ein son Maghi, insyd alliance plus some Kissi rebels, continued de revolt insyd de extreme east of de Protectorate until August 1899. De principal of de uprisings, Bureh, Nyagua den Kpana Lewis, be exiled to de Gold Coast on 30 July 1899. Nine months after de rebellion, de colonial government convicted den executed ninety-six rebels which had been found guilty of murder by hanging. Insyd 1905, Bureh be allowed by de British to return to Sierra Leone, where he continue reassume ein chieftaincy at de settlement of Kasseh.

=== Creole dissent insyd de high colonial period (1898–1956) ===
Insyd de early 19th century Freetown serve as de residence of de British governor who sana rule deGold Coast (now Ghana) den de Gambia settlements. Sierra Leone sana serve as de educational centre of British West Africa. Fourah Bay College, establish insyd 1827, rapidly become a magnet for English-speaking Africans on de west coast. For more than a century, e be de only European-style university insyd western Sub-Saharan Africa.

After de Hut Tax War there be no more large-scale military resistance to colonialism. Resistance den dissent dey continue, but take oda forms. Vocal political dissent come mainly from de Creoles, who be a sizeable middle den upper class of business-people den European-educated professionals such as doctors den lawyers. Insyd de mid-19th century they had enjoyed a period of considerable political influence, but in the late 19th century the government become much less open to them.

They continue to press for political rights, however, den dey operate a variety of newspapers which governors dey consider troublesome den demagogic. Insyd 1924, a new constitution be put insyd place, introducing elected representation (3 out of 22 members) for de first time, plus de first elections held on 28 October. Prominent among de Creoles demanding change be de bourgeois nationalist H.C. Bankole-Bright, General Secretary of de Sierra Leone Branch of de National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA), den de socialist I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson, founder of de West African Youth League (WAYL).

African resistance no be limited to political discussion. Sierra Leone develope an active trade union movement whose strikes often be accompanied by sympathetic rioting among de general population.

Besides de colonial employers, popular hostility be targeted against de tribal chiefs who de British dey transform into functionaries insyd de colonial system of indirect rule. Demma role be to provide policing, collect taxes, den obtain corvée labour (forced labour exacted from those unable to pay taxes) for de colonial government; insyd return, de government maintain them insyd a privileged position over de oda Africans. Chiefs not willing to play this role be replaced by more compliant ones. According to Kilson, de attitude of de Africans toward demma chiefs become ambivalent: frequently they respect de office but resented de exactions made by de individual occupying it. From de chiefs ein point of view, de dilemma of an honourable ruler dey face plus British ultimatums cannot have been easy.

Throughout de 20th century, there be numerous riots directed against tribal chiefs. These culminated insyd de Freetown riot of 1955, which be suppressed by a combined force of police den Royal Sierra Leone Regiment troops. After those riots, reforms be introduced: de forced-labour system be completely abolished den reductions be made insyd de powers of de chiefs.

Sierra Leone remain divided into a Colony den a Protectorate, plus separate den different political systems constitutionally defined for each. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate insyd 1947, when proposals be introduced to provide for a single political system. Most of de proposals come from de Protectorate. De Krio, led by Isaac Wallace-Johnson, oppose de proposals, de main effect of which will have been to diminish demma political power. E be due to de astute politics of Sir Milton Margai dat de educated Protectorate elite dey win over to join forces plus de paramount chiefs insyd de face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai use de same skills to win-over opposition leaders den moderate Krio elements for de achievement of independence.

Insyd November 1951, Margai dey overseew de drafting of a new constitution, which unite de separate Colonial den Protectorate legislatures den provide a framework for decolonization. Insyd 1953, Sierra Leone be granted local ministerial powers, den Margai be elected Chief Minister of Sierra Leone. De new constitution ensure Sierra Leone a parliamentary system insyd de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1957, Sierra Leone hold ein first parliamentary election. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), which be then de most-popular political party insyd de colony of Sierra Leone, win de most seats insyd Parliament. Margai sana be re-elected as Chief Minister by an overwhelming majority.

==== '''Sierra Leone insyd World War II''' ====
Main article: Sierra Leone insyd World War II

Throughout de war, Freetown serve as a critical convoy station for Allied ships.

== 1960 Independence Conference ==
On 20 April 1960, Sir Milton Margai dey lead de Sierra Leonean delegation insyd de negotiations for independence at de constitutional conferences hold plus Queen Elizabeth II den British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod, at Lancaster House insyd London. All twenty-four members of de Sierra Leonean delegation be prominent den well-respected politicians wey include Sir Milton ein younger brother lawyer Sir Albert Margai, trade unionist Siaka Stevens, SLPP-strongman Lamina Sankoh, Creole activist Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Paramount chief Ella Koblo Gulama, educationist Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, Dr John Karefa-Smart, Professor Kande Bureh, lawyer Sir Banja Tejan-Sie, former Freetown Mayor Eustace Henry Taylor Cummings, educationist Amadu Wurie, den Creole diplomat Hector Reginald Sylvanus Boltman.

On de conclusion of talks insyd London, Britain dey agree to grant Sierra Leone Independence on 27 April 1961. Stevens be de only delegate who refuse to sign Sierra Leone ein Declaration of Independence, on de grounds dat there had been a secret defence-pact between Sierra Leone den Britain; anoda point of contention by Stevens be de Sierra Leonean government ein position dat there will be no elections hold before independence which will effectively shut Stevens out of Sierra Leone ein political process. Upon demma return to Freetown on 4 May 1960, Stevens be promptly expelled from de People ein National Party (PNP).

== Opposition to de SLPP government ==
Insyd 1961, Siaka Stevens, a trade unionist den outspoken critic of de SLPP government, take advantage of de dissatisfaction plus de ruling SLPP among some prominent politicians from de Northern part of Sierra Leone. He form an alliance plus Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, Christian Alusine-Kamara Taylor, Mohamed.O.Bash-Taqi, Ibrahim Bash-Taqi, S.A.T. Koroma den C.A. Fofana, den form a new political party called de All People ein Congress (APC) insyd opposition of de SLPP government, wey use de northern part of Sierra Leone as demma political base.

== Early independence (1961–1968) ==
Main article: History of Sierra Leone (1961–78)

==== '''Sir Milton Margai administration (1961–1964)''' ====
On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai dey lead Sierra Leone to Independence from Britain den become de country ein first prime minister. Sierra Leone retain a parliamentary system of government den be a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1962, Sierra Leone hold ein first general election as an independent nation. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP) win plurality of seats insyd parliament den Sir Milton Margai be re-elected as prime minister. De years just after independence be prosperous, plus money from mineral resources being used for development den de founding of Njala University.

Margai be very popular among Sierra Leoneans during ein time insyd power. An important aspect of ein character ein self-effacement; he neither be corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of ein power or status. Ein government be based on de rule of law den de notion of separation of powers, plus multiparty political institutions den fairly viable representative structures. Margai use ein conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials plus a clear eye to satisfy various ethnic groups. Margai employ a brokerage style of politics by sharing political power between political groups den de paramount chiefs insyd de provinces.

==== '''Sir Albert Margai administration (1964–1967)''' ====
Upon Sir Milton Margai ein death insyd 1964, ein half-brother, Sir Albert Margai, be appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert ein leadership be briefly challenged by Sierra Leone ein Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who dey question Sir Albert ein succession to de SLPP leadership position. Kareefa-Smart received little support insyd Parliament insyd ein attempt to have Margai stripe of de SLPP leadership. Soon after Margai was sworn insyd as prime minister, he immediately dismiss several senior government officials who dey serve under ein elder brother ein government, as he view them as traitors den a threat to ein administration.

Unlike ein late brother, Sir Milton, Sir Albert Margai prove unpopular den dey resort to increasingly authoritarian actions insyd response to protests, wey include de enactment of several laws against de opposition All People ein Congress (APC) den an unsuccessful attempt to establish a one-party state. Unlike ein late brother, Sir Albert be opposed to de colonial legacy of allowing de country ein paramount chiefs executive powers, den he be seen as a threat to de existence of de ruling houses across de country—almost all of whom be strong supporters den key allies of de previous administration. Insyd 1967, riots break out insyd Freetown against Sir Albert ein policies. Insyd response, Margai declared a state of emergency across de country. He be accused of corruption den of a policy of affirmative action insyd favour of ein own Mende ethnic group

Sir Albert dey have de opportunity to perpetuate einself insyd power, but he elect not to do so even when de opportunities present themselves. He have de police den de army on ein side den nothing can have prevented him from achieving ein ambition to hold on to power, but he choose not to den called for free den fair elections.

==== '''Three military coups (1967–1968)''' ====
De APC narrowly dey win a small majority of seats insyd Parliament over de SLPP insyd a closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general election, den APC leader Siaka Stevens be sworn insyd as prime minister on 21 March 1967 insyd Freetown. Insyd hours of taking office, Stevens be ousted insyd a bloodless military coup dey lead by de commander of de army, Brigadier General David Lansana, a close ally of Sir Albert Margai who dey appoint Lansana to de position insyd 1964. Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest insyd Freetown den insisted de determination of office of de prime minister should await de election of de tribal representatives to de house. On 23 March, a group of senior military officers insyd de Sierra Leone Army lead by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith overrode dis action by seizing control of de government, arresting Lansana, den suspending de constitution. De group constituted einself as de National Reformation Council (NRC) plus Juxon-Smith as ein chairman den Governor-General. On 18 April 1968, a group of senior military officers who called themselves de Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM) lead by Brigadier General John Amadu Bangura overthraw de NRC junta. De ACRM juntas just arrest many senior NRC members. De democratic constitution be restored, den power be handed back to Stevens, who assume de office of prime minister.

== Stevens government den one-party state (1968–1985) ==
Stevens dey assume power insyd 1968 plus a great deal of hope den ambition. Much trust be placed upon him as he championed multi-party politics. Stevens dey campaign on a platform of bringing de tribes together under socialist principles. During ein first decade or so insyd power, Stevens dey renegotiate some of what he call &quot;useless prefinanced schemes&quot; contracted by ein predecessors, Albert Margai of de SLPP den Juxon-Smith of de NRC, which be said to have left de country insyd an economically deprive state. Stevens dey reorganize de country ein refinery, de government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, den a cement factory. He cancel Juxon-Smith ein construction of a church den mosque on de grounds of Victoria Park. Stevens begin efforts dat will later bridge de distance between de provinces den de city. Roads den hospitals be constructed insyd de provinces, den paramount chiefs den provincial peoples become a prominent force insyd Freetown.

Under pressure of several coup attempts—real den perceived—Stevens ein rule grow more den more authoritarian, den ein relationship plus some of ein ardent supporters deteriorated. He remove de SLPP from competitive politics insyd general elections, some believe, through de use of violence den intimidation. To maintain de support of de military, Stevens retain de popular John Amadu Bangura as de head of de Sierra Leone Armed Forces.

After de return to civilian rule, by-elections be held (beginning insyd autumn 1968) den an all-APC cabinet be appointed. Calm no be completely restored. Insyd November 1968, unrest insyd de provinces lead Stevens to declare a state of emergency.

Many senior officers insyd de Sierra Leone military be greatly disappointed plus Stevens ein policies, but none can openly confront Stevens. Brigadier General Bangura, who dey reinstated Stevens as prime minister, be widely considered de only person who can put de brakes on Stevens. De army be devoted to Bangura den it was believed, insyd sam quarters, dat dis make him potentially dangerous to Stevens. Insyd January 1970, Bangura be arrested den charge plus conspiracy den plotting to commit a coup against de Stevens government. After a trial dat last a few months, Bangura be convicted den sententenced to death. He be hanged on 29 March 1970 insyd Freetown. Stevens dey name a junior officer, Joseph Saidu Momoh, as de head of de Sierra Leone Military. Major General Momoh be a close ally den very loyal to Stevens.

On 23 March 1971, soldiers loyal to de executed Brigadier John Amadu Bangura hold a mutiny insyd Freetown den oda parts of de country insyd opposition of de Stevens government. Several soldiers be arrested for demma involvement insyd de mutiny, wey include Corporal Foday Sankoh who be convicted of treason den jailed for seven years at de Pademba Road Prison. At Stevens ein request to Guinean President Sekou Toure, a close ally, Guinean soldiers be stationed insyd Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1973 to help protect de government.

Insyd April 1971, a new republican constitution be adopted under which Stevens become president. Insyd de 1972 by-elections, de opposition SLPP complain of intimidation den procedural obstruction by de APC den militia. These problems become so severe dat de SLPP boycotted de 1973 general election; as a result de APC win 84 of de 85 elected seats.

Insyd de early 1970s, Siaka Stevens dey form ein own personal force known as de State Security Division (SSD), insyd order to protect him den to maintain ein hold on power. Many of de SSD officers be from de provinces, den be very loyal to Stevens. De SSD be very powerful den operate independently under Stevens ein direct command. De SSD officers guide Stevens den be deployed across Sierra Leone to put down any rebellion or demonstration against de Stevens government.

An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens fail insyd 1974. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army den government officials dey include Brigadier David Lansana, former cabinet minister Dr. Mohamed Sorie Forna, former cabinet minister den journalist Ibrahim Bash-Taqi den Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara be executed after they be convicted for attempting a coup. Insyd March 1976, Stevens be re-elected president, without opposition.

Insyd 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against de government disrupt Sierra Leone politics. However, de demonstrationbe quickly put down by de army den SSD officers. A general election be called later dat year insyd which corruption be again endemic. De APC win 74 seats den de SLPP win 15 seats.

Insyd May 1978, de Sierra Leone Parliament, dominated by close allies of President Steven ein APC administration, approved a new constitution, which make de country a one-party state. On 12 July 1978, official figures release by de government showed 97 per cent of Sierra Leoneans vote insyd favour of de one-party state. De SLPP, oda opposition parties den civil right groups say de referendum votes be massively rigged, den dat voters be intimidated by security forces loyal to Stevens. De 1978 constitution referendum make de APC the only legal political party; all oda political parties be banned, wey include de main opposition (de SLPP). Dis move lead to anoda major demonstration against de government insyd many parts of de country, which be put down by de army den de SSD officers.

De first elections under de new one-party constitution take place on 1 May 1982. Elections insyd about two-thirds of de constituencies be contested. Because of irregularities, de government cancel elections insyd 13 constituencies. By-elections take place on 4 June 1982. De new cabinet appoint by Stevens after de election include several prominent members of de disbanded SLPP who have defect to de APC, wey include de new Finance Minister Salia Jusu-Sheriff, a former leader of de SLPP. Jusu-Sheriff ein accession to de cabinet be viewed by many as a step toward making de APC a true national party.

Stevens, who have been head-of-state of Sierra Leone for 18 years, retired from dat position insyd November 1985 at de end of ein term, although he continue ein role as chairman of de ruling APC party. Many insyd de country dey expect Stevens to name ein vice president den loyal ally, Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, as ein successor. However, at de APC convention insyd August 1985, de APC name Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh as Stevens ein choice to succeed him as president. Momoh be very loyal to Stevens who dey appoint him to head of de military fifteen years earlier; Momoh den Stevens be both members of de minority Limba ethnic group. Momoh dey retire from de military den be elected president without opposition on 1 October 1985. A formal inauguration dey hold insyd January 1986, den new parliamentary elections be held insyd May 1986.

Siaka Stevens be generally criticised for dictatorial methods den government corruption, but he reduce de ethnic polarization insyd government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into ein all-dominant APC government. Anoda legacy of Stevens be dat for eighteen years while he be insyd power, he keep de country safe from civil war den armed rebellion.

Despite ein dictatorial governing style, Stevens regularly dey interact plus de people of Sierra Leone by making surprise visits. Stevens sana regularly make surprise visits to de poor merchants, where he be often seen buying ein own food at a local market plus ein security team keeping demma distance. Stevens often stand den wave to de Sierra Leonean people from an open car when travelling plus ein convoy.

== Momoh government and RUF rebellion (1985–1991) ==
President Momoh ein strong links plus de army den ein verbal attacks on corruption earn him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. Plus de lack of new faces insyd ein cabinet, however, criticisms soon arose dat Momoh be simply perpetuating de rule of Stevens. Momoh differ einself by integrating de powerful den independent State Security Force (SSD) into de Sierra Leone Police force.

De first years under de Momoh administration be characterised by corruption, which Momoh dey defuse by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise ein war against corruption, President Momoh announce a &quot;Code of Conduct for Political Leaders den Public Servants&quot;. After an alleged attempt to overthrow Momoh insyd March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials be arrested, wey include Vice-president Francis Minah, who be removed from office, convicted for plotting de coup, den executed by hanging plus five odas insyd 1989.

Insyd October 1990, due to mounting domestic den international pressure for reforms, President Momoh create a commission to review de 1978 one-party constitution. Base on de commission ein recommendations, a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system, guaranteeing fundamental human rights den de rule of law, den strengthening democratic structures, be approved by a 60% majority of de APC Parliament, ratify by referendum insyd September 1991 den become effective on 1 October. There be great suspicion dat President Momoh be not serious about ein promise of political reform, as APC rule continue to be increasingly marked by abuses of power.

Several senior government officials insyd Momoh ein administration resign to oppose de APC in upcoming elections. Salia Jusu Sheriff, Abass Bundu, J.B. Dauda den Sama Banya resuscitated de previously disbanded SLPP, while Thaimu Bangura, Edward Kargbo den Desmond Luke formed demma own respective political parties to challenge de ruling APC. However, de vast majority of government officials including Victor Bockarie Foh, Edward Turay, Hassan Gbassay Kanu den Osman Foday Yansaneh remain loyal to Momoh den de APC.

Meanwhile, an increasing burden be placed on de country by de rebellion insyd de eastern part of Sierra Leone.

== Civil war (1991–2002) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Civil War

De brutal civil wardysneighbouring Liberia play an undeniable role insyd de outbreak of fighting insyd Sierra Leone. Charles Taylor—leader of de National Patriotic Front of Liberia—reportedly help form de Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under de command of former Sierra Leonean army corporal Foday Sankoh, a critic of both de Stevens den Momoh administrations. Sankoh had been an ally of Brigadier General Bangura den be among those who mutinied following Bangura ein execution. Sankoh be British-trained den had undergone guerrilla training insyd Libya. Taylor ein aim was for de RUF to attack de bases of Nigerian-dominated peacekeeping troops insyd Sierra Leone who were opposed to ein rebel movement insyd Liberia. Sankoh ein RUF rebels dey enter de country insyd March 1991, den within a month controlled much of Eastern Sierra Leone, wey include de diamond-mining area insyd Kono District. De government of Sierra Leone, overwhelm by a crumbling economy den corruption, be unable to mount significant resistance.

At dis time, de Momoh government be crumbling. Several senior government officials dey resign to form opposition parties, while there be suspicions dat President Momoh no be serious about political reform. Abuses of power dey continue den de APC be alleged to have been hoarding arms den planning a violent campaign against de opposition parties ahead of multi-party general elections scheduled for late 1992. De state have been unable to play civil servants, leading to de looting of government property den a population of aimless youth when schools be closed.

==== '''NPRC Junta (1992–1996)''' ====
On 29 April 1992, twenty-five-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser lead a group of young Sierra Leone Army officers—wey include Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Seargent Solomon Musa, Lieutenant Tom Nyuma, Captain Komba Mondeh, Captain Julius Maada Bio den Captain Komba Kambo—from demma barracks insyd Kailahun District den launch a military coup insyd Freetown, which send President Momoh into exile insyd Guinea. De young soldiers established de National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) plus Strasser as ein chairman den Head of State of de country. Captain Solomon Musa, a close friend of Strasser den one of de leaders of de coup, become de deputy leader of de NPRC Junta. De coup be largely popular because e promise to bring peace, but de NPRC Junta immediately suspended de constitution, ban all political parties, limited freedom of speech den freedom of de press den enact a rule-by-decree policy, insyd which soldiers be granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial. De NPRC establish a Supreme Council, consisting of de highest-ranking soldiers insyd de Junta government.

On de same day de NPRC Junta take power, one of de coup leaders, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, be assassinated—reportedly by Major Sim Turay, de head of Sierra Leone Military Intelligence, den a close ally of de deposed president. A heavily armed military manhunt took place across Sierra Leone to find Turay den odas suspected to have participated insyd de assassination, forcing Turay to flee to Guinea.

De NPRC Junta fight de RUF rebels, recapture most of de RUF-held territories, den push de rebels back to de border plus Liberia. De NPRC Junta maintain relations plus de Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) den strengthen support for Sierra Leone–based ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) troops fighting insyd Liberia.

Insyd December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against de NPRC administration of Strasser be foiled; e dey aim at freeing from detention Colonel Yahya Kanu, Lt-Colonel Kahota M.S. Dumbuya den former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara. Seargent Mohamed Lamin Bangura den some junior army officers be identified as being behind de coup. Seventeen soldiers be executed, wey include Bangura, Kanu den Dumbuya. Several prominent members of de Momoh government who have been insyd detention at de Pa Demba Road prison, wey include former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara sana be executed.

On 5 July 1994, deputy NPRC leader Solomon Musa be arrested den sent into exile insyd Guinea. Musa be accused by Strasser, on de advice of high-ranking NPRC soldiers, dat he have become too powerful den be a threat to Strasser. Musa, who be a close ally den childhood friend of Strasser, deny de allegation den claim ein accusers be de threat. Strasser replace Musa as deputy NPRC chairman plus Captain Julius Maada Bio, den immediately promote him to brigadier.

Due to internal divisions between soldiers loyal to Musa den those who support Strasser ein decision to oust him, de NPRC ein campaign against de RUF become ineffectual. More den more of de country fall to RUF fighters, den by 1994 de RUF hold much of de diamond-rich Eastern Province den be at de edge of Freetown. Insyd response, de NPRC hire several hundred mercenaries from de private firm Executive Outcomes. Within a month, they have driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone ein borders den cleared de RUF from de Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone.

On 16 January 1996, after about four years insyd power, Strasser be arrested by ein own bodyguards insyd a coup lead by Bio den dey back by many high-ranking soldiers of de NPRC junta. Strasser be immediately flown into exile insyd Conakry, Guinea. Bio stated insyd a public broadcast dat ein support for returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elect civilian government den ein commitment to ending de civil war be ein motivations for de coup.

==== '''Return to civilian rule''' '''den first Kabbah Presidency (1996–1997)''' ====
Promises of a return to civilian rule be fulfilled by Bio, who handed power over to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of de Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), after de conclusion of elections insyd early 1996. President Kabbah take power plus a great promise of ending de civil war, open dialogues plus de then-defeated RUF den invite RUF-leader Sankoh for peace negotiations, signing de Abidjan Peace Accord on 30 November 1996.

Insyd January 1997, under international pressure, de Kabbah government ended demma contract plus Executive Outcomes even though a neutral monitoring force have not arrived. Dis dey create an opportunity for de RUF to regroup den renew military attacks. Sankoh be arrested insyd Nigeria, den by de end of March 1997 de peace accord have collapsed.

==== '''AFRC junta (1997–1998)''' ====
On 25 May 1997, a group of seventeen soldiers insyd de Sierra Leone army leda by Corporal Tamba Gborie freed den armed 600 prisoners from de Pademba Road Prison insyd Freetown. One of de prisoners, Major General Johnny Paul Koroma, emerge as de leader of de group. Calling einself de Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), de group launch a military coup den send President Kabbah into exile insyd Guinea. Koroma become head of state, plus Gborie as deputy-in-command of de AFRC. Koroma suspend de constitution, ban demonstrations, closed all private radio stations, den grant unlimited powers to soldiers.

Koroma invited de RUF rebels to join ein coup. Facing little resistance from army loyalists, five thousand rag-tag rebel fighters overran de capital. Koroma appeal to Nigeria for de release of Foday Sankoh, appointing de absent leader to de position of deputy chairman of de AFRC. De joint AFRC/RUF coalition government then proclaim de war have been won, den give de soldiers den rebels unlimited powers insyd a great wave of looting den reprisals against civilians insyd Freetown (dubbed &quot;Operation Pay Yourself&quot; by some of ein participants).

De AFRC Junta government no be recognized by any country—whereas President Kabbah ein government insyd exile insyd Conakry, Guinea be recognized by de United Nations, de African Union, de United States, de United Kingdom den ECOWAS as de legitimate government of Sierra Leone.

De Kamajors, a group of traditional fighters mostly from de Mende ethnic group under de command of Deputy Defence Minister Samuel Hinga Norman, dey remain loyal to President Kabbah den defended de Southern part Sierra Leone from de rebels. De Kamajors den rebels, wey include de RUF soldiers, regularly fight each oda, den human rights violations be committed by both sides.

ECOWAS, lead by Nigerian Head of State Sani Abacha, create a military force to defeat de AFRC/RUF junta insyd Freetown den to reinstate President Kabbah ein government. Many West-African countries send troops to reinstate de Kabbah Government, assembling a force largely from Nigeria but sana include soldiers from Guinea, Ghana, Togo, Gambia, Mali, Ivory Coast den Senegal.

After 10 months insydoffice, de AFRC junta government be ousted den driven out of Freetown by de Nigeria-led ECOMOG forces. De democratically elected government of President Kabbah be reinstated insyd March 1998. Koroma fled to de rebel strongholds insyd de east of de country.

==== '''President Kabbah''' '''ein return den de end of civil war (1998–2001)''' ====
Kabbah return to power plus Albert Joe Demby as vice-president. President Kabbah name Solomon Berewa as attorney general den Sama Banya as foreign minister. On 31 July 1998, President Kabbah disbanded de Sierra Leone military den introduce a proposal for a new military. On 12 October 1998, twenty-five soldiers—wey include Gborie, Brigadier Hassan Karim Conteh, Colonel Samuel Francis Koroma, Major Kula Samba den Colonel Abdul Karim Sesay—be executed by firing squad after they be convicted by court martial for orchestrating de 1997 coup. AFRC leader Johnny Paul Koroma be tried insyd absentia den sentenced to death.

ECOMOG be unable to achieve a tactical victory over de RUF, den de international community promote peace negotiations. De Lomé Peace Accord be signed on 7 July 1999 to end de civil war, granting amnesty for all combatants, den controversially granting Sankoh de position of vice president den chairman of de commission dat overseew de diamond mines. Insyd October 1999, de United Nations established de UNAMSIL peacekeeping force to help restore order den disarm de rebels. De first of de 6,000-member force begin arriving insyd December, den de UN Security Council vote insyd February 2000 to increase de force to 11,000, den later to 13,000. Insyd May, when nearly all Nigerian forces dey leave den UN forces be trying to disarm de RUF insyd eastern Sierra Leone, de RUF take over 500 peacekeepers hostage, some of de rebels using captured weapons den armoured personnel carriers to advance on de capital. De 75-day hostage crisis result insyd more fighting between de RUF den government forces as UN troops launch Operation Khukri to end de siege. De Operation be successful plus Indian den British Special Forces being de main contingents.

De situation insyd de country deteriorated to such an extent dat British troops be deployed insyd Operation Palliser, originally simply to evacuate foreign nationals. However, de British exceed demma original mandate, den take full military action to finally defeat de rebels den restore order. De British be de catalyst for de cease-fire dat ended de civil war. Elements of de British Army, together plus administrators den politicians, remain insyd Sierra Leone, helping to train de new armed forces, improve de infrastructure of de country den administer financial den material aid. Tony Blair, de prime minister of Britain at de time of de British intervention, be regarded as a hero by de people of Sierra Leone, many of whom are keen for more British involvement. Sierra Leoneans have been described as &quot;The World's Most Resilient People&quot;. Insyd 2004, Parliament pass a Local Government Act of 2004 which re-introduce local government councils back to Sierra Leone after thirty years. On 4 August 2006, insyd a broadcast to de nation, President Kabbah announced dat 2007 presidential den parliamentary elections will be held on 28 July 2007.</text>
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      <text bytes="81627" sha1="s7wd5tgk8tow4lgkbm4y3bz2h7pjefm" xml:space="preserve">'''Sierra Leone''' first become inhabited by indigenous African peoples at least 2,500 years ago. De Limba be de first tribe known to inhabit Sierra Leone. De dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de region from oda West African cultures, den e become a refuge for peoples escaping violence. Sierra Leone was named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra, who map de region insyd 1462. De Freetown estuary provided a good natural harbour for ships to shelter den replenish drinking water, den gain more international attention as coastal den trans-Atlantic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade.

Insyd de mid-16th century, de Mane people invaded, subjugated nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples, den militarised Sierra Leone. De Mane soon blended plus de local populations den de various chiefdoms den kingdoms remain insyd a continual state of conflict, plus many captives sold to European slave-traders. De Atlantic slave trade had a significant impact on Sierra Leone, as dis trade flourished insyd de 17th den 18th centuries, den later as a centre of anti-slavery efforts when de trade be abolished insyd 1807. British abolitionists had organised a colony for Black Loyalists at Freetown, den dis become de capital of British West Africa. A naval squadron was base there to intercept slave ships, den de colony quickly grew as Liberated Africans be released, join by Afro-Caribbean den African soldiers who had fought for Britain insyd de American Revolutionary War. De descendants of de black settlers be collectively referred to as de Creoles or Krios.

During de colonial era, de British den Creoles increased demma control over de surrounding area, securing peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted, suppressing slave-trading den inter-chiefdom war. Insyd 1895, Britain draw borders for Sierra Leone which they declare to be demma protectorate, leading to armed resistance den de Hut Tax War of 1898. Thereafter, there demma dissent den reforms as de Creoles sought political rights, trade unions form against colonial employers, den peasants sought greater justice from demma chiefs.

Sierra Leone has played a significant part insyd modern African political liberty den nationalism. Insyd de 1950s, a new constitution united de Crown Colony den Protectorate, which had previously been governed separately. Sierra Leone gain independence from de United Kingdom on 27 April 1961 den became a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Ethnic den linguistic divisions remain an obstacle to national unity, plus de Mende, Temne den Creoles as rival power blocs. Roughly half of de years since independence have been marked by autocratic governments or civil war.

== Early history ==
Archaeological finds show dat Sierra Leone has been inhabited continuously for at least 2,500 years, populate by successive movements of peoples from oda parts of Africa. De use of iron be introduced to Sierra Leone by de 9th century, den by de end of de 10th century agriculture was being practiced by coastal tribes.

Sierra Leone ein dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de land from oda African cultures den from de spread of Islam. Dis make e a refuge for people escaping subjugation by de Sahelian kingdoms, violence den jihads.

European contacts plus Sierra Leone be among de first insyd West Africa. Insyd 1462, Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra mapped de hills surrounding what be now Freetown Harbour, naming de oddly shaped formation ''Serra Lyoa'' (Lioness Mountain).

At dis time de country be inhabited by numerous politically independent native groups. Several different languages be spoken, but there was similarity of religion. Insyd de coastal rainforest belt there be Bulom-speakers between de Sherbro den Freetown estuaries, Loko-speakers north of de Freetown estuary to de Little Scarcies River, Temne-speakers find at de mouth of de Scarcies River, den Limba-speakers farther up de Scarcies. Insyd de hilly savannah north of all of these lands be de Susu den Fula tribes. De Susu trade regularly plus de coastal peoples along river valley routes, bringing salt, clothes woven by de Fula, iron work, den gold.

== European contact (15th century) ==
Portuguese ships begin visiting Sierra Leone regularly insyd de late 15th century, den for a while they maintained a fort on de north shore of de Freetown estuary. Dis estuary be one of de largest natural deep-water harbours insyd de world, den one of de few good harbours on West Africa ein surf-battered &quot;Windward Shore&quot; (Liberia to Senegal). E soon become a favourite destination of European mariners, to shelter den replenish drinking water. Some of de Portuguese sailors stay permanently, trading den intermarrying plus de local people.

==== '''Slavery''' ====
Slavery, den insyd particular de Atlantic slave trade, had a great effect on de region—socially, economically den politically—from de late 15th to de mid-19th centuries.

There had been lucrative trans-Saharan trade of slaves insyd West Africa from de 6th century. At ein peak (c. 1350) de Mali Empire surrounded de region of modern-day Sierra Leone den Liberia, though de slave trade may not have significantly penetrated de coastal rainforest. De peoples who migrate into Sierra Leone from dis time will have had greater contact plus de indigenous slave trade, either practicing it or escaping it.

When Europeans first arrive at Sierra Leone, slavery among de African peoples of de area be believe to be rare. According to historian Walter Rodney, de Portuguese mariners keep detailed reports, den so e be likely if slavery had been an important local institution dat de reports will have described it. There be mention of a very particular kind of slavery insyd de region, which was:&lt;blockquote&gt;a person insyd trouble insyd one kingdom can go to anoda den place himself under de protection of ein king, whereupon he become a &quot;slave&quot; of dat king, obliged to provide free labour den liable for sale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Rodney, such a person will likely have retain some rights den had some opportunity to rise insyd status as time passed.

De European colonization of de Americas soon lead to labor demands from nascent colonies; dis lead Europeans to seek a supply of slaves to transport to de Americas. Initially, European slavers launch raids on coastal villages to abduct Africans den sell them into slavery. However, they soon establish economic alliances plus local leaders, as many chiefs were willing to sell undesirable members of demma tribe to Europeans. Oda African chiefs launch raids on rival tribes insyd order to sell captives of such raids into slavery.

Dis early slaving essentially be an export business. De use of slaves as labourers by de local Africans appears to have developed only later. E may first have occurred under coastal chiefs insyd de late 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;De slave owners originally be white den foreigners, but de late eighteenth century see de emergence of powerful slave-trading chiefs, be said to own large numbers of 'domestic slaves'.&lt;/blockquote&gt;For example, insyd de late 18th century, William Cleveland, a Scottish leader insyd Africa had a large &quot;slave town&quot; on de mainland opposite de Banana Islands, whose inhabitants &quot;be employed insyd cultivating extensive rice fields, describe as being some of the largest insyd Africa at de time&quot;. De existence of an indigenous slave town be recorded by an English traveler insyd 1823. Known insyd de Fula language as a ''rounde'', e be connected plus de Sulima Susu ein capital city, Falaba. Ein inhabitants work at farming.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Rodney dey postulate two means by which slaving for export can have caused a local practice of using slaves for labour to develop:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# Not all war captives offer for sale will have been bought by de Portuguese, so demma captors had to find something else to do plus them. Rodney believe dat executing them be rare den that they will have been used for local labour.
# There be a time lag between de time a slave be captured den de time he or she be sold. Thus there will often have been a pool of slaves awaiting sale, who will have been put to work.&lt;/blockquote&gt;There be possible additional reasons for de adoption of slavery by de locals to meet demma labour requirements:

# De Europeans provided an example for imitation.
# Once slaving insyd any form be accepted, e may smash a moral barrier to exploitation den make ein adoption insyd oda forms seem a relatively minor matter.
# Export slaving entailed de construction of a coercive apparatus which could have been subsequently turned to other ends, such as policing a captive labour force.
# De sale of local produce (e.g., palm kernels) to Europeans opened a new sphere of economic activity. Insyd particular, e dey create an increased demand for agricultural labour. Slavery be a way of mobilising an agricultural work force.
Dis local African slavery be much less harsh den brutal than de slavery practiced by Europeans on, for example, de plantations of the United States, de West Indies, den Brazil. De local slavery has been described by anthropologist M. McCulloch:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Slaves be housed close to de fresh tracts of land they clear for demma masters. They be considered part of de household of demma owner, den enjoyed limited rights. E no be customary to sell them except for a serious offense, such as adultery plus de wife of a freeman. Small plots of land be given to them for demma own use, den they might retain de proceeds of crops they grow on these plots; by dis means e be possible for a slave to become de owner of anoda slave. Sometimes a slave marry insyd de household of ein master den rose to a position of trust; there be an instance of a slave taking charge of a chiefdom during de minority of de heir. Descendants of slaves often be practically indistinguishable from freemen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Slaves sometimes be sent on errands outside de kingdoms of demma masters den return voluntarily. Speaking specifically of de era around 1700, historian Christopher Fyfe relates dat, &quot;Slaves not taken insyd war usually be criminals. Insyd coastal areas, at least, e be rare for anyone to be sold without being charged plus a crime.&quot;

Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section be still present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describes a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section still be present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describe a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;A freeman heavily insyd debt, den facing de threat of de punishment of being sold, will approach a wealthier man or chief plus a plea to pay off ein debts 'while I sit on your lap'. Or he can give a son or some oda dependent of ein 'to be for you', de wealthy man or chief. Dis insyd effect mean dat de person so pawn be automatically reduce to a position of dependence, den if he be never redeemed, he or ein children eventually become part of de master ein extended family. By dis time, de children practically be indistinguishable from de real children of de master, since they grow up regarding one anoda as brothers.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Some observers consider de term &quot;slave&quot; to be more misleading than informative when describing de local practice. Abraham say dat insyd most cases, &quot;subject, servant, client, serf, pawn, dependent, or retainer&quot; will be more accurate. Domestic slavery be abolished insyd Sierra Leone insyd 1928. McCulloch reports dat at dat time, amongst Sierra Leone ein largest present-day ethnolinguistic group, de Mende, who then had about 560,000 people, about 15 per cent of de population (i.e., 84,000 people) be domestic slaves. He sana say dat &quot;singularly little change followed de 1928 decree; a fair number of slaves return to demma original homes, but de great majority remain insyd de villages insyd which demma former masters had placed them or demma parents.&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Export slavery remain a major business insyd Sierra Leone from de late 15th century to de mid-19th century. According to Fyfe, &quot;e be estimated insyd 1789 dat 74,000 slaves be exported annually from West Africa, about 38,000 by British firms.&quot; Insyd 1788, a proslavery European name Matthews estimated de annual total export from between de Nunez River (110 km north of Sierra Leone) den de Sherbro as 3,000. Participation insyd de Atlantic slave trade gradually be outlawed by various Western nations, beginning plus de United States den Britain insyd 1808.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Mane invasions (16th century) ==
Further information: Mane people

De Mane invasions of de mid-16th century had a profound impact on Sierra Leone. De Mane (sana call Mani) be members of de Mande language group. A warrior people, well-armed den well-organized, they live east den somewhat north of present-day Sierra Leone. Sometime insyd de early 16th century they begin moving south. According to some Mane who dey speak to a Portuguese writer (Dornelas) in de late 16th century, demma travels dey begin as a result of de expulsion of demma chief from de imperial city of Mandimansa, demma homeland.

There be conflicting accounts among historians of how these invasions happened. Some historians place demma first arrival at de coast east of Sierra Leone, at least as far as de River Cess den likely pppie. They advanced northwest along de coast toward Sierra Leone, conquering as they go. Odas contend dat they arrive on de coast near Sherbro Island. They incorporate large numbers of de people they conquered into demma army, plus de result dat de rank den file consist mostly of coastal peoples, while de Mane be ein commanding group.

By 1545, de Mane dey reach Cape Mount. Dema conquest of Sierra Leone occupy de ensuing 15 to 20 years, den result insyd de subjugation of all or nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples—who be known collectively as de Sapes—as far north as de Scarcies. De present demographics of Sierra Leone largely be a reflection of these two decades. De degree to which de Mane supplanted de original inhabitants vary from place to place. De Temne partly withstood de Mane onslaught, den keep demma language, but become ruled by a line of Mane kings. De present-day Loko den Mende be de result of a more complete submersion of de original culture: demma languages be similar, den both essentially Mande. Dis likely be due to conquest by de Mane invaders.

=== '''Aftermath''' ===
De Mane invasions militarised Sierra Leone. De Sapes had been un-warlike, but after de invasions, right until de late 19th century, bows, shields, den knives of de Mane type dey become ubiquitous insyd Sierra Leone, as had de Mane battle technique of using squadrons of archers fighting insyd formation, carrying de large-style shields. Villages become fortified. De usual method of erecting two or three concentric palisades, each 4–7 metres (12–20 ft) high, create a formidable obstacle to attackers—especially since, as some of de English observe insyd de 19th century, de thigh-thick logs planted insyd de earth to make de palisades often take root at de bottom den grow foliage at de top, so dat de defenders occupy a living wall of wood. A British officer who dey observe one of these fortifications around de time of de 1898 Hut Tax war ended ein description of it thus:&lt;blockquote&gt;No one who dey no see these fences can realize de immense strength of them. De outer fence at Hahu I measure insyd several places, den found e to be from 2 to 3 feet thick, den most of de logs, or rather trees, of which e be formed, had taken root den be throwing out leaves den shoots.&lt;/blockquote&gt;He sana say dat English artillery can not penetrate all three fences. At dat time, at least among de Mende, &quot;a typical settlement dey consist of walled towns den open villages or towns surrounding it.&quot;

After de invasions, de Mane sub-chiefs among whom e country dey divide begin fighting among themselves. Dis pattern of activity become permanent: even after de Mane dey blend plus de indigenous population—a process which be completed insyd de early 17th century—de various kingdoms insyd Sierra Leone remain insyd a fairly continual state of flux den conflict. Rodney believe dat a desire to take prisoners to sell as slaves to de Europeans be a major motivation to dis fighting, den may even have been a driving force behind de original Mane invasions. Historian Kenneth Little dey conclude dat de principal objective insyd de local wars, at least among de Mende, be plunder, not de acquisition of territory. Abraham cautions dat slave trading should not be exaggerated as a cause: de Africans have demma own reasons to fight, plus territorial den political ambitions present. Motivations likely change over time during de 350-year period.

De wars themselves no be exceptionally deadly. Set-piece battles be rare, den de fortified towns so strong dat demma capture seldom be attempted. Often de fighting dey consist of small ambushes.

Insyd these years, de political system be such dat each large village along plus ein satellite villages den settlements will be headed by a chief. De chief will have a private army of warriors. Sometimes several chiefs will group themselves into a confederacy, acknowledging one of themselves as king (or high chief). Each pay de king fealty. If one be attacked, de king will come to ein aid, den de king can adjudicate local disputes.

Despite demma many political divisions, de people of de country be united by cultural similarity. One component of dis be de Poro, an organisation common to many different kingdoms den ethnolinguistic groups. De Mende claim to be ein originators, den there be nothing to contradict dis. Possibly they import it. De Temne claim to dey import it from de Sherbro or Bulom. De Dutch geographer Olfert Dapper know of it insyd de 17th century. E often be described as a &quot;secret society&quot;, dis partly be true: ein rites be closed to non-members, den what happens insyd de &quot;Poro bush&quot; never be disclosed. However, ein membership be very broad: among de Mende, almost all men, den some women, be initiates. Insyd recent years e no dey (as far as is known) have a central organisation: autonomous chapters exist for each chiefdom or village. However, it is said dat insyd pre-Protectorate days there be a &quot;Grand Poro&quot; plus cross-chiefdom powers of making war den peace. E widely be agreed dat e has a restraining influence on de powers of de chiefs. Headed by a fearsome principal spirit, de ''Gbeni'', e plays a major role insyd de rite of passage of males from puberty to manhood. E imparts some education. Insyd some areas, e have supervisory powers over trade, den de banking system, which use iron bars as a medium of exchange. E no only be de important society insyd Sierra Leone: de ''Sande'' be a female-only analogue of it; there sana be de ''Humoi'' which regulates sex, den de ''Njayei'' den de ''Wunde''. De ''Kpa'' be a healing-arts collegium.

Besides de political impact, there be economic effects as well: trade plus de interior be interrupted, den thousands be sold as slaves to de Europeans. Insyd industry, a flourishing tradition insyd fine ivory carving be ended; however, improved ironworking techniques be introduced.&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== 1600–1787 ==
By de 17th century, Portuguese colonialism insyd West Africa begin to wane, den insyd Sierra Leone oda European colonial powers such as de English den Dutch begin to supplant demma influence insyd de region. Insyd 1628, a group of English merchants had established a factory insyd de vicinity of Sherbro Island, about 50 km (30 mi) south-east from present-day Freetown. Insyd addition to ivory den slaves, de merchants at de factory sana trade insyd camwood, a type of hard timber. De Portuguese missionary Baltasar Barreira minister insyd Sierra Leone until 1610. Jesuits, den later insyd de century, Capuchins, continue de mission. By 1700 it had closed, although priests occasionally visited.

Insyd 1663, de Royal African Company (RAC) be granted a royal charter from Charles II of England den soon established a factory on Sherbro Island den Tasso Island. During de Second Anglo-Dutch War, both factories be sacked by a Dutch Navy force insyd 1664. De factory be rebuilt, though e be sacked again by de French Navy during de War of de Spanish Succession insyd 1704 den pirates insyd 1719 den 1720. After de Dutch raid on de RAC factory at Tasso Island, e be relocated to de nearby Bunce Island, which be more defensible.

De Europeans make payments, called ''Cole'', for rent, tribute, den trading rights, to de king of an area. At this time de local military advantage still be on de side of de Africans, den there be a 1714 report of a king seizing RAC goods insyd retaliation for a breach of protocol. Local Afro-Portuguese merchants often act as middlemen, de Europeans advancing them goods to trade to de local people, most often for ivory. Insyd 1728, an overly aggressive RAC governor dey unite de Africans den Afro-Portuguese insyd hostility to him; they burn down de Bunce Island fort den e no be rebuilt until about 1750. During de time dat de Royal African Company be operating, de firm of Grant, Sargent [Wikidata] den Oswald provisioned de trading stations. When de RAC abandoned Bunce Island, Sargent den ein partners purchase ein factory insyd 1748, repair it, den dey use it to trade insyd timber. They expand to Batts, Bobs, Tasso, den Tumbu Islands den along de banks of de river, eventually becoming involve insyd de slave trade. De French sack it again insyd 1779, during de American Revolutionary War.

During de 17th century de Temne ethnolinguistic group be expanding. Around 1600, a Mani still dey rule de Loko kingdom (de area north of Port Loko Creek) den anoda rule de upper part of de south shore of de Freetown estuary. De north shore of de estuary be under a Ballom king, den de area just east of Freetown on de peninsula be held by a non-Mani plus a European name, Dom Phillip de Leon (who may have been a subordinate to ein Mani neighbour). By de mid-17th century dis situation dey change: Temne, not Bullom dey speak on de south shore, den ships stopping for water den firewood had to pay customs to de Temne king of Bureh who live at Bagos town on de point between de Rokel River den Port Loko Creek. (De king may  consider himself a Mani—to dis day, Temne chiefs have Mani-derived titles—but ein people be Temne. De Bureh king insyd place insyd 1690 be called Bai Tura, ''Bai'' being a Mani form.) De Temne thus dey expand insyd a wedge toward de sea at Freetown, den now dey separate de Bulom to de north from de Mani den oda Mande-speakers to de south den east.

Insyd dis period there be several reports of women occupying high positions. De king of de south shore use to leave one of ein wives to rule when he be absent, den insyd de Sherbro there be female chiefs. Insyd de early 18th century, a Bulom dey name Seniora Maria make ein own town near Cape Sierra Leone.

During de 17th century, Muslim Fula from de Upper Niger den Senegal rivers move into an area called Fouta Djallon (or Futa Jalon) insyd de mountainous region north of present-day Sierra Leone. They be to have an important impact on de peoples of Sierra Leone because they increase trade den sana produced secondary population movements insyd Sierra Leone. Though de Muslim Fula first cohabited peaceably plus de peoples already at Fouta Djallon, around 1725 they embark on a war of domination, forcing de migration of many Susu, Yalunka, den non-Muslim Fula.

Susu—some already convert to Islam—come south insyd Sierra Leone, insyd turn displacing Limba from north-west Sierra Leone den driving them insyd north-central Sierra Leone where they continue to live. Some Susu move as far south as de Temne town of Port Loko, only 60 km (37 mi) upriver from de Atlantic. Eventually a Muslim Susu family dey call Senko supplanted de town ein Temne rulers. Oda Susu dey move westward from Fouta Djallon, eventually dominating de Baga, Bulom, den Temne north of de Scarcies River.

De Yalunka insyd Fouta Djallon first accept Islam, then reject it den be driven out. They go into north-central Sierra Leone den founded demma capital at Falaba insyd de mountains near de source of de Rokel. E still not an important town, about 20 km (12 mi) south of de Guinea border. Oda Yalunka go somewhat farther south den settled amongst de Koranko, Kissi, den Limba.

Besides these groups, who be more-or-less unwilling emigrants, a considerable variety of Muslim adventurers go forth from Fouta Djallon. A Fula called Fula Mansa (''mansa'' meaning ''king'') become ruler of de Yoni country 100 km (62 mi) east of present-day Freetown. Some of ein Temne subjects fled south to de Banta country between de middle reaches of de Bagu den Jong rivers, where they become known as de Mabanta Temne.

Insyd 1652, de first slaves from Sierra Leone be transported to North America; they be sold to white plantation owners insyd de Sea Islands off de coast of de American South. During de 18th century, numerous slaves from Bunce Island be transported to de Southern Colonies, due insyd part to de business relationship between American slave trader Henry Laurens den de London-based firm of Grant, Sargent, Oswald &amp; Company, which oversaw a thriving slave trade from Bunce Island insyd Sierra Leone to North America.

De transatlantic slave trade continued to transport millions of enslaved Africans, wey include those from Sierra Leone, across de Atlantic during de 17th, 18th den 19th centuries; ultimately, roughly 12.5 million slaves where e dey bring to de Americas dis way. However, de rise of abolitionist movements insyd de Western world insyd de late 18th den early 19th centuries dey lead to various European den American governments passing legislation to abolish de slave trade. De slave trade insyd Sierra Leone undergo a marked decline during de 19th century, though domestic slavery will persist until de 20th century.

== De Province of Freedom (1787–1789) ==
Main article: Granville Town, Province of Freedom

==== '''Conception of''' '''de Province of Freedom (1787)''' ====
Insyd 1787, a plan be established to settle some of London ein &quot;Black Poor&quot; insyd Sierra Leone insyd what was called the &quot;Province of Freedom&quot;. This was organised by the Committee for de Relief of de Black Poor, found by British abolitionist Granville Sharp, which preferred it as a solution to continuing to financially support them insyd London. Many of de Black Poor be African Americans, who had been given demma freedom after seeking refuge with the British Army during the American Revolution, but also included other West Indian, African and Asian inhabitants of London.

De Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme be proposed by entomologist Henry Smeathman den draw interest from humanitarians like Granville Sharp saw it as a means of showing de pro-slavery lobby dat black people can contribute towards de running of de new colony of Sierra Leone. Government officials soon become involved insyd de scheme as well, although demma interest be spurred by de possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere. William Pitt de Younger, prime minister den leader of de Tory party, dey have an active interest insyd de Scheme, because he see it as a means to repatriate de Black Poor to Africa, since &quot;e be necessary they should be sent somewhere, den be no longer suffer to infest de streets of London&quot;.

==== '''Establishment, destruction''' '''den re-establishment (1789)''' ====
De area be first settled by 400 formerly enslaved Black Britons, who dey arrive off de coast of Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787, dey accompany by some English tradesmen. They established de Province of Freedom or Granville Town on land purchase from local Koya Temne subchief King Tom den regent Naimbanna II, a purchase which de Europeans understand to cede de land to de new settlers &quot;for ever&quot;. De established arrangement between Europeans den de Koya Temne do not include provisions for permanent settlement, den some historians question how well de Koya leaders understand de agreement. Half of de settlers insyd de new colony die insyd de first year. Several black settlers dey start working for local slave traders. De settlers dat dey remain forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliate, attacking de settlement, which be reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, den six white women. Black settlers be captured by unscrupulous traders den sold as slaves, den de remaining colonists be forced to arm themselves for demma own protection. King Tom ein successor King Jemmy dey attack den burn de colony insyd 1789.

Alexander Falconbridge be sent to Sierra Leone insyd 1791 to collect de remaining Black Poor settlers, den they re-establish Granville Town (later renamed Cline Town) near Fourah Bay. Although these 1787 settlers do not establish Freetown, which be founded insyd 1792, de bicentennial of Freetown be celebrated insyd 1987.

After establishing Granville Town, disease den hostility from de indigenous people eliminated de first group of colonists den destroyed demma settlement. A second Granville Town established by 64 remaining black den white 'Old settlers' under de leadership of St. George Bay Company leader, Alexander Falconbridge den de St. George Bay Company. Dis settlement be different from de Freetown settlement den colony founded insyd 1792 by Lt. John Clarkson den de Nova Scotian Settlers under de auspices of de Sierra Leone Company.

== Freetown Colony (1792–1808) ==
'''Conception of tde Freetown settlement (1791)'''

De basis for de Freetown Colony begin insyd 1791 plus Thomas Peters, an African American who had served insyd de Black Pioneers den settle insyd Nova Scotia as part of de Black Loyalist migration. Peters travel to England insyd 1791 to report grievances of de Black Loyalists who had been given poor land den faced discrimination. Peters meet plus British abolitionists den de directors of de Sierra Leone Company. He learn of de company ein plan for a new settlement at Sierra Leone. De directors be eager to allow de Nova Scotians to build a settlement there; de London-based den newly create Company had decided to create a new colony but before Peters ein arrival have no colonists. Lieutenant John Clarkson be sent to Nova Scotia to register immigrants to take to Sierra Leone for de purpose of starting a new settlement. Clarkson worked plus Peters to recruit 1,196 former American slaves from free African communities around Nova Scotia such as Birchtown. Most dey escape Virginia den South Carolina plantations. Some had been born insyd Africa before being enslaved den taken to America.

==== '''Settlement by Nova Scotians (1792)''' ====
De settlers dey sail insyd 15 ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia den arrived insyd St. George Bay between 26 February den 9 March 1792. Sixty-four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, den even Lieutenant Clarkson be ill during de voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson den some of de Nova Scotian 'captains' &quot;despatched on shore to clear or make roadway for demma landing&quot;. De Nova Scotians be to build Freetown on de former site of de first Granville Town which have become a &quot;jungle&quot; since ein destruction insyd 1789. (Though they built Freetown on Granville Town ein former site, demma settlement be no a rebirth of Granville Town, which had been re-established at Fourah Bay in 1791 by de remaining Old Settlers.) Clarkson told de men to clear de land until they reach a large cotton tree. After this difficult work had been done den de land cleared, all de settlers, men den women, disembarked den marched towards de thick forest den to de cotton tree, den demma preachers (all African Americans) begin singing:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Awake den Sing Of Moses den de Lamb
Wake! every heart den every tongue'

To praise de Saviour ein name

De day of Jubilee be come;

Return ye ransomed sinners home&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 11 March 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, dey pray den preach a sermon under de large Cotton Tree, den Reverend David George dey preach de first recorded Baptist service insyd Africa. De land be dedicated den christened 'Free Town' according to de instructions of de Sierra Leone Company Directors. Dis be de first thanksgiving service insyd de newly christened Free Town den be de beginning of de political entity of Sierra Leone. Later, John Clarkson will be sworn insyd as de first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts be erected before de rainy season. De Sierra Leone Company surveyors den de settlers built Freetown on de American grid pattern, plus parallel streets den wide roads, plus de largest being Water Street.

On 24 August 1792, de Black Poor or Old Settlers of de second Granville Town be incorporated into de new Sierra Leone Colony but remain at Granville Town. E survive being pillaged by de French insyd 1794, den be rebuilt by de Nova Scotian settlers. By 1798, Freetown had 300–400 houses plus architecture resembling dat of de American South, plus 3- to 4-foot stone foundations den wooden superstructures. Eventually dis style of housing (brought by de Nova Scotians) will be de model for de 'bod oses' of demma Creole descendants.

=== '''Settlement by Jamaican Maroons (1800)''' ===
Insyd 1800, de Nova Scotians rebel den e be de arrival of over 500 Jamaican Maroons which dey cause de rebellion to be suppressed. Thirty-four Nova Scotians be banished den sent to either to Sherbro Island or a penal colony at Gore. Some of these eventually be allowed back insyd Freetown. Following demma capture of de rebels, de Maroons be granted de land of de Nova Scotian rebels. Eventually de Jamaican Maroons insyd Sierra Leone have demma own district at de newly named Maroon Town.

De Maroons be a free community of blacks from Cudjoe ein Town (Trelawny Town) who have been resettled insyd Nova Scotia after surrendering to de British government dey follow de Second Maroon War of 1795–6. They have petitioned de British government for settlement elsewhere due to de climate insyd Nova Scotia.

==== '''Abolition and slaves-insyd-transit (1807 - 1830s)''' ====
Britain outlawed de slave trade throughout ein empire on 29 March 1807 plus de Slave Trade Act 1807, though de practice continue insyd de British Empire until e finally be abolished insyd de 1830s. De Royal Navy ein West Africa Squadron operating from Freetown take active measures to intercept den seize ships participating insyd de illegal Atlantic slave trade. De slaves dat dey hold on these vessels be released into Freetown den initially be called 'Captured negroes', 'Recaptives' or 'Liberated Africans'.

==== '''Formation of''' '''de Sierra Leone Creole ethnicity (1870 onwards)''' ====
De Sierra Leone Creole people (Krio: ''Krio people'') be descendants of de Black Poor, freed African Americans (Nova Scotian Black Loyalists), Afro-Caribbeans (Jamaican Maroons), den Liberated Africans who settled insyd de Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 den about 1885. De colony be established by de British, support by abolitionists, under de Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. De settlers called demma new settlement Freetown.

== Colonial era (1808–1961) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Colony den Protectorate

==== '''Establishment of''' '''de British Crown Colony (1808)''' ====
Insyd 1808, e British Crown Colony of Sierra Leone be founded, plus Freetown serving as de capital of British West Africa. De city ein population expanded rapidly plus freed slaves, who dey establish suburbs on de Freetown Peninsula. They be joined by West Indian den African soldiers who dey settle insyd Sierra Leone after fighting for Britain insyd de Napoleonic Wars.

'''Intervention''' '''den acquisition of de hinterland (1800s–1895)'''

Insyd de early 1800s, Sierra Leone be a small colony extending a few kilometres (a few miles) up de peninsula from Freetown. De bulk of de territory dat makes up present-day Sierra Leone still be de sovereign territory of indigenous peoples such as de Mende den Temne, den be little affected by de tiny population of de Colony. Over de course of de 19th century, dat gradually changed: de British den Creoles insyd de Freetown area dey increase demma involvement insyd—den demma control over—de surrounding territory by engaging insyd trade, which be promoted den dey increase through treaty-making den military expeditions.

Insyd demma treaties plus de native chiefs, de British largely be concerned plus securing local peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted. Typically, de British government dey agree to pay a chief a stipend insyd return for a commitment from him to keep de peace plus ein neighbours; oda specific commitments extract from a chief might include keeping roads open, allowing de British to collect customs duties, den submitting disputes plus ein neighbours to British adjudication. Insyd de decades following Britain ein prohibition of de slave trade insyd 1807, de treaties sometimes sana require chiefs to desist from slave-trading. Suppression of slave-trading den suppression of inter-chiefdom war dey go hand-in-hand because de trade thrived on de wars (and caused them). Thus, to de commercial reasons for pacification can be added anti-slavery ones.

When friendly persuasion fail to secure demma interests, de British no be more than (to borrow Carl von Clausewitz's phrase) &quot;continuing diplomacy by oda means&quot;. At least by de mid-1820s, de army den navy be going out from de Colony to attack chiefs whose behaviour do not conform to British dictates. Insyd 1826, Governor Turner led troops to de Bum–Kittam area, capture two stockaded towns, burn odas, den declare a blockade on de coast as far as Cape Mount. Dis partly be an anti-slaving exercise den partly to punish de chief for refusing territory to de British. Later dat year, acting-Governor Macaulay send out an expedition which go up de Jong river den dey burn Commenda, a town belonging to a related chief. Insyd 1829, de colonial authorities founded de Sierra Leone Police Corps. Insyd 1890, dis force be divided into de Civilian Police den de Frontier Police.

De British develope a modus operandi wey characterised demma interventions throughout de century: army or frontier police, plus naval support if possible, will bombard a town den then usually torch it after de defenders dey fly or been defeated. Where possible, local enemies of de party being attacked be invited by de British to accompany them as allies.

Further information: British den Creole intervention insyd de Sierra Leone hinterland insyd de 19th century

Insyd de 1880s, Britain ein intervention insyd de hinterland dey receive added impetus because of de &quot;Scramble for Africa&quot;: an intense competition between de European powers for territory insyd Africa. Insyd dis case, de rival be France. To forestall French incursion into what they had come to consider as demma own sphere, de British government renewed efforts to finalise a boundary agreement with France and on 1 January 1890 instructed Governor Hay insyd Sierra Leone to get from chiefs insyd de boundary area friendship treaties containing a clause forbidding them to treat plus anoda European power without British consent.

Consequently, insyd 1890 den 1891 Hay den two travelling commissioners, Garrett den Alldridge, dey go on extensive tours of what be now Sierra Leone wey obtain treaties from chiefs. Most of these no be, however, treaties of cession; they be insyd de form of cooperative agreements between two sovereign powers.

Insyd January 1895, a boundary agreement be signed insyd Paris, roughly fixing de line between French Guinea den Sierra Leone. De exact line be to be determined by surveyors. As Christopher Fyfe notes, &quot;De delimitation be made almost entirely insyd geographical terms—rivers, watersheds, parallels—not political. Samu chiefdom, for instance, be divided; de people on de frontier had to opt for farms on one side or villages on de oda.&quot;

More generally, de arbitrary lumping-together of disparate native peoples insyd geographical units decided by de colonial powers has been an ongoing source of trouble throughout Africa. These geographical units now dety attempt to function as nations but no be naturally nations, being composed insyd many cases of peoples who be traditional enemies. Insyd Sierra Leone, for example, de Mende, Temne den Creoles remain as rival power blocs between whom lines of fission easily emerge.

'''Establishment of''' '''de British Protectorate den further land acquisition (1895)'''

Insyd August 1895, an Order-in-Council dey issue insyd Britain authorising de Colony to make laws for de territory around it, extending out to de agreed-upon boundary (which corresponds closely to dat of present-day Sierra Leone). On 31 August 1896, a Proclamation dey issue insyd de Colony, wey dey declare dat territory to be a British Protectorate. De Colony remained a distinct political entity; de Protectorate dey govern from it.

Most of de chiefs whose territories de Protectorate subsumed do not enter into it voluntarily. Many sign treaties of friendship plus Britain, but these be often dey express as being between sovereign powers, plus there be no subordination to de British. Only a handful of chiefs dey sign treaties of cession, den insyd some cases e be unknown if de chiefs dey understand de implications of de treaty. Insyd more remote areas, no treaties had been signed at all. De creation of de Sierra Leone Protectorate be more insyd de nature of a unilateral acquisition of territory by de British.

Almost every chieftaincy insyd Sierra Leone dey respond to de British arrogation of power plus armed resistance. De Protectorate Ordinances (passed insyd de Colony insyd 1896 den 1897) abolish de title of King den replace it plus &quot;Paramount Chief&quot;. Chiefs den kings dey formerly been selected by de leading members of dema own communities; now all chiefs, even paramount ones, can be deposed or installed at de will of de Governor, den most of de judicial powers of de chiefs be removed den given to courts presided-over by British &quot;District Commissioners&quot;. De Governor decree dat a house tax of 5''s'' to 10''s'' be to be levied annually on every dwelling insyd de Protectorate. To de chiefs, these reductions insyd de power den prestige be unbearable.

During these conflicts, British officers dey use de practice of cutting de hands of people to account for bullets spent, similar to what dey occur under de regime Leopold II of Belgium insyd de Congo Free State. British doctor, John Lancelot Todd, who dey travel to West Africa on an LSTM expedition together plus Joseph Everett Dutton, write down de testimonies of British officers who dey involve insyd putting down rebellions insyd British Sierra Leone den dey practice cutting de hands of de people they shot. De exact number of living victims who dey end up mutilated be unknown.

==== '''Hut Tax War of 1898''' ====
Insyd 1898, two rebellions dey break out against British colonial rule insyd Sierra Leone insyd response to de introduction of a new hut tax by Governor Frederic Cardew. On 1 January 1898, Cardew introduce de hut tax as a way to pay for de colonial administration ein financial expenditures. However, de tax prove to be beyond de financial means of many insyd de colony, provoking discontent. Insyd February 1898, an attempt by colonial officials to arrest Temne chief Bai Bureh lead to him den rebels under ein command to revolt against British rule. Bureh ein forces dey launch attacks on British officials den Creole traders.

Despite de ongoing rebellion, Bureh dispatched two peace overtures to de British insyd April den June of dat year, aid by de mediation of Limba chief Almamy Suluku. Cardew dey reject both offers, as Bureh would not agree to surrender unconditionally. Bureh ein forces conducted a disciplined den skillfully execute guerrilla campaign which cause de British considerable difficulty. Hostilities begin insyd February; Bureh ein harassing tactics confounded de British at first but by May they gain ground. De rainy season interrupted hostilities until October, when British colonial forces resume de slow process of capturing rebel stockades. When most of these defences dey eliminate, Bureh be captured or surrendered (accounts differ) insyd November.

De second revolt insyd de southeast be a mass uprising, planned somehow to commence everywhere on 27 den 28 April, insyd which almost all &quot;outsiders&quot;—whether European or Creole—be seized den summarily executed. Although more fearsome than Bai Bureh ein rising, na e be amorphous, dey lack a definite strategy, den  be suppressed insyd most areas insyd two months. Some Mende rebels insyd de centre of de country no be beaten until November, however; den Mende king Nyagua ein son Maghi, insyd alliance plus some Kissi rebels, continued de revolt insyd de extreme east of de Protectorate until August 1899. De principal of de uprisings, Bureh, Nyagua den Kpana Lewis, be exiled to de Gold Coast on 30 July 1899. Nine months after de rebellion, de colonial government convicted den executed ninety-six rebels which had been found guilty of murder by hanging. Insyd 1905, Bureh be allowed by de British to return to Sierra Leone, where he continue reassume ein chieftaincy at de settlement of Kasseh.

=== Creole dissent insyd de high colonial period (1898–1956) ===
Insyd de early 19th century Freetown serve as de residence of de British governor who sana rule deGold Coast (now Ghana) den de Gambia settlements. Sierra Leone sana serve as de educational centre of British West Africa. Fourah Bay College, establish insyd 1827, rapidly become a magnet for English-speaking Africans on de west coast. For more than a century, e be de only European-style university insyd western Sub-Saharan Africa.

After de Hut Tax War there be no more large-scale military resistance to colonialism. Resistance den dissent dey continue, but take oda forms. Vocal political dissent come mainly from de Creoles, who be a sizeable middle den upper class of business-people den European-educated professionals such as doctors den lawyers. Insyd de mid-19th century they had enjoyed a period of considerable political influence, but in the late 19th century the government become much less open to them.

They continue to press for political rights, however, den dey operate a variety of newspapers which governors dey consider troublesome den demagogic. Insyd 1924, a new constitution be put insyd place, introducing elected representation (3 out of 22 members) for de first time, plus de first elections held on 28 October. Prominent among de Creoles demanding change be de bourgeois nationalist H.C. Bankole-Bright, General Secretary of de Sierra Leone Branch of de National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA), den de socialist I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson, founder of de West African Youth League (WAYL).

African resistance no be limited to political discussion. Sierra Leone develope an active trade union movement whose strikes often be accompanied by sympathetic rioting among de general population.

Besides de colonial employers, popular hostility be targeted against de tribal chiefs who de British dey transform into functionaries insyd de colonial system of indirect rule. Demma role be to provide policing, collect taxes, den obtain corvée labour (forced labour exacted from those unable to pay taxes) for de colonial government; insyd return, de government maintain them insyd a privileged position over de oda Africans. Chiefs not willing to play this role be replaced by more compliant ones. According to Kilson, de attitude of de Africans toward demma chiefs become ambivalent: frequently they respect de office but resented de exactions made by de individual occupying it. From de chiefs ein point of view, de dilemma of an honourable ruler dey face plus British ultimatums cannot have been easy.

Throughout de 20th century, there be numerous riots directed against tribal chiefs. These culminated insyd de Freetown riot of 1955, which be suppressed by a combined force of police den Royal Sierra Leone Regiment troops. After those riots, reforms be introduced: de forced-labour system be completely abolished den reductions be made insyd de powers of de chiefs.

Sierra Leone remain divided into a Colony den a Protectorate, plus separate den different political systems constitutionally defined for each. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate insyd 1947, when proposals be introduced to provide for a single political system. Most of de proposals come from de Protectorate. De Krio, led by Isaac Wallace-Johnson, oppose de proposals, de main effect of which will have been to diminish demma political power. E be due to de astute politics of Sir Milton Margai dat de educated Protectorate elite dey win over to join forces plus de paramount chiefs insyd de face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai use de same skills to win-over opposition leaders den moderate Krio elements for de achievement of independence.

Insyd November 1951, Margai dey overseew de drafting of a new constitution, which unite de separate Colonial den Protectorate legislatures den provide a framework for decolonization. Insyd 1953, Sierra Leone be granted local ministerial powers, den Margai be elected Chief Minister of Sierra Leone. De new constitution ensure Sierra Leone a parliamentary system insyd de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1957, Sierra Leone hold ein first parliamentary election. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), which be then de most-popular political party insyd de colony of Sierra Leone, win de most seats insyd Parliament. Margai sana be re-elected as Chief Minister by an overwhelming majority.

==== '''Sierra Leone insyd World War II''' ====
Main article: Sierra Leone insyd World War II

Throughout de war, Freetown serve as a critical convoy station for Allied ships.

== 1960 Independence Conference ==
On 20 April 1960, Sir Milton Margai dey lead de Sierra Leonean delegation insyd de negotiations for independence at de constitutional conferences hold plus Queen Elizabeth II den British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod, at Lancaster House insyd London. All twenty-four members of de Sierra Leonean delegation be prominent den well-respected politicians wey include Sir Milton ein younger brother lawyer Sir Albert Margai, trade unionist Siaka Stevens, SLPP-strongman Lamina Sankoh, Creole activist Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Paramount chief Ella Koblo Gulama, educationist Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, Dr John Karefa-Smart, Professor Kande Bureh, lawyer Sir Banja Tejan-Sie, former Freetown Mayor Eustace Henry Taylor Cummings, educationist Amadu Wurie, den Creole diplomat Hector Reginald Sylvanus Boltman.

On de conclusion of talks insyd London, Britain dey agree to grant Sierra Leone Independence on 27 April 1961. Stevens be de only delegate who refuse to sign Sierra Leone ein Declaration of Independence, on de grounds dat there had been a secret defence-pact between Sierra Leone den Britain; anoda point of contention by Stevens be de Sierra Leonean government ein position dat there will be no elections hold before independence which will effectively shut Stevens out of Sierra Leone ein political process. Upon demma return to Freetown on 4 May 1960, Stevens be promptly expelled from de People ein National Party (PNP).

== Opposition to de SLPP government ==
Insyd 1961, Siaka Stevens, a trade unionist den outspoken critic of de SLPP government, take advantage of de dissatisfaction plus de ruling SLPP among some prominent politicians from de Northern part of Sierra Leone. He form an alliance plus Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, Christian Alusine-Kamara Taylor, Mohamed.O.Bash-Taqi, Ibrahim Bash-Taqi, S.A.T. Koroma den C.A. Fofana, den form a new political party called de All People ein Congress (APC) insyd opposition of de SLPP government, wey use de northern part of Sierra Leone as demma political base.

== Early independence (1961–1968) ==
Main article: History of Sierra Leone (1961–78)

==== '''Sir Milton Margai administration (1961–1964)''' ====
On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai dey lead Sierra Leone to Independence from Britain den become de country ein first prime minister. Sierra Leone retain a parliamentary system of government den be a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1962, Sierra Leone hold ein first general election as an independent nation. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP) win plurality of seats insyd parliament den Sir Milton Margai be re-elected as prime minister. De years just after independence be prosperous, plus money from mineral resources being used for development den de founding of Njala University.

Margai be very popular among Sierra Leoneans during ein time insyd power. An important aspect of ein character ein self-effacement; he neither be corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of ein power or status. Ein government be based on de rule of law den de notion of separation of powers, plus multiparty political institutions den fairly viable representative structures. Margai use ein conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials plus a clear eye to satisfy various ethnic groups. Margai employ a brokerage style of politics by sharing political power between political groups den de paramount chiefs insyd de provinces.

==== '''Sir Albert Margai administration (1964–1967)''' ====
Upon Sir Milton Margai ein death insyd 1964, ein half-brother, Sir Albert Margai, be appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert ein leadership be briefly challenged by Sierra Leone ein Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who dey question Sir Albert ein succession to de SLPP leadership position. Kareefa-Smart received little support insyd Parliament insyd ein attempt to have Margai stripe of de SLPP leadership. Soon after Margai was sworn insyd as prime minister, he immediately dismiss several senior government officials who dey serve under ein elder brother ein government, as he view them as traitors den a threat to ein administration.

Unlike ein late brother, Sir Milton, Sir Albert Margai prove unpopular den dey resort to increasingly authoritarian actions insyd response to protests, wey include de enactment of several laws against de opposition All People ein Congress (APC) den an unsuccessful attempt to establish a one-party state. Unlike ein late brother, Sir Albert be opposed to de colonial legacy of allowing de country ein paramount chiefs executive powers, den he be seen as a threat to de existence of de ruling houses across de country—almost all of whom be strong supporters den key allies of de previous administration. Insyd 1967, riots break out insyd Freetown against Sir Albert ein policies. Insyd response, Margai declared a state of emergency across de country. He be accused of corruption den of a policy of affirmative action insyd favour of ein own Mende ethnic group

Sir Albert dey have de opportunity to perpetuate einself insyd power, but he elect not to do so even when de opportunities present themselves. He have de police den de army on ein side den nothing can have prevented him from achieving ein ambition to hold on to power, but he choose not to den called for free den fair elections.

==== '''Three military coups (1967–1968)''' ====
De APC narrowly dey win a small majority of seats insyd Parliament over de SLPP insyd a closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general election, den APC leader Siaka Stevens be sworn insyd as prime minister on 21 March 1967 insyd Freetown. Insyd hours of taking office, Stevens be ousted insyd a bloodless military coup dey lead by de commander of de army, Brigadier General David Lansana, a close ally of Sir Albert Margai who dey appoint Lansana to de position insyd 1964. Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest insyd Freetown den insisted de determination of office of de prime minister should await de election of de tribal representatives to de house. On 23 March, a group of senior military officers insyd de Sierra Leone Army lead by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith overrode dis action by seizing control of de government, arresting Lansana, den suspending de constitution. De group constituted einself as de National Reformation Council (NRC) plus Juxon-Smith as ein chairman den Governor-General. On 18 April 1968, a group of senior military officers who called themselves de Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM) lead by Brigadier General John Amadu Bangura overthraw de NRC junta. De ACRM juntas just arrest many senior NRC members. De democratic constitution be restored, den power be handed back to Stevens, who assume de office of prime minister.

== Stevens government den one-party state (1968–1985) ==
Stevens dey assume power insyd 1968 plus a great deal of hope den ambition. Much trust be placed upon him as he championed multi-party politics. Stevens dey campaign on a platform of bringing de tribes together under socialist principles. During ein first decade or so insyd power, Stevens dey renegotiate some of what he call &quot;useless prefinanced schemes&quot; contracted by ein predecessors, Albert Margai of de SLPP den Juxon-Smith of de NRC, which be said to have left de country insyd an economically deprive state. Stevens dey reorganize de country ein refinery, de government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, den a cement factory. He cancel Juxon-Smith ein construction of a church den mosque on de grounds of Victoria Park. Stevens begin efforts dat will later bridge de distance between de provinces den de city. Roads den hospitals be constructed insyd de provinces, den paramount chiefs den provincial peoples become a prominent force insyd Freetown.

Under pressure of several coup attempts—real den perceived—Stevens ein rule grow more den more authoritarian, den ein relationship plus some of ein ardent supporters deteriorated. He remove de SLPP from competitive politics insyd general elections, some believe, through de use of violence den intimidation. To maintain de support of de military, Stevens retain de popular John Amadu Bangura as de head of de Sierra Leone Armed Forces.

After de return to civilian rule, by-elections be held (beginning insyd autumn 1968) den an all-APC cabinet be appointed. Calm no be completely restored. Insyd November 1968, unrest insyd de provinces lead Stevens to declare a state of emergency.

Many senior officers insyd de Sierra Leone military be greatly disappointed plus Stevens ein policies, but none can openly confront Stevens. Brigadier General Bangura, who dey reinstated Stevens as prime minister, be widely considered de only person who can put de brakes on Stevens. De army be devoted to Bangura den it was believed, insyd sam quarters, dat dis make him potentially dangerous to Stevens. Insyd January 1970, Bangura be arrested den charge plus conspiracy den plotting to commit a coup against de Stevens government. After a trial dat last a few months, Bangura be convicted den sententenced to death. He be hanged on 29 March 1970 insyd Freetown. Stevens dey name a junior officer, Joseph Saidu Momoh, as de head of de Sierra Leone Military. Major General Momoh be a close ally den very loyal to Stevens.

On 23 March 1971, soldiers loyal to de executed Brigadier John Amadu Bangura hold a mutiny insyd Freetown den oda parts of de country insyd opposition of de Stevens government. Several soldiers be arrested for demma involvement insyd de mutiny, wey include Corporal Foday Sankoh who be convicted of treason den jailed for seven years at de Pademba Road Prison. At Stevens ein request to Guinean President Sekou Toure, a close ally, Guinean soldiers be stationed insyd Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1973 to help protect de government.

Insyd April 1971, a new republican constitution be adopted under which Stevens become president. Insyd de 1972 by-elections, de opposition SLPP complain of intimidation den procedural obstruction by de APC den militia. These problems become so severe dat de SLPP boycotted de 1973 general election; as a result de APC win 84 of de 85 elected seats.

Insyd de early 1970s, Siaka Stevens dey form ein own personal force known as de State Security Division (SSD), insyd order to protect him den to maintain ein hold on power. Many of de SSD officers be from de provinces, den be very loyal to Stevens. De SSD be very powerful den operate independently under Stevens ein direct command. De SSD officers guide Stevens den be deployed across Sierra Leone to put down any rebellion or demonstration against de Stevens government.

An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens fail insyd 1974. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army den government officials dey include Brigadier David Lansana, former cabinet minister Dr. Mohamed Sorie Forna, former cabinet minister den journalist Ibrahim Bash-Taqi den Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara be executed after they be convicted for attempting a coup. Insyd March 1976, Stevens be re-elected president, without opposition.

Insyd 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against de government disrupt Sierra Leone politics. However, de demonstrationbe quickly put down by de army den SSD officers. A general election be called later dat year insyd which corruption be again endemic. De APC win 74 seats den de SLPP win 15 seats.

Insyd May 1978, de Sierra Leone Parliament, dominated by close allies of President Steven ein APC administration, approved a new constitution, which make de country a one-party state. On 12 July 1978, official figures release by de government showed 97 per cent of Sierra Leoneans vote insyd favour of de one-party state. De SLPP, oda opposition parties den civil right groups say de referendum votes be massively rigged, den dat voters be intimidated by security forces loyal to Stevens. De 1978 constitution referendum make de APC the only legal political party; all oda political parties be banned, wey include de main opposition (de SLPP). Dis move lead to anoda major demonstration against de government insyd many parts of de country, which be put down by de army den de SSD officers.

De first elections under de new one-party constitution take place on 1 May 1982. Elections insyd about two-thirds of de constituencies be contested. Because of irregularities, de government cancel elections insyd 13 constituencies. By-elections take place on 4 June 1982. De new cabinet appoint by Stevens after de election include several prominent members of de disbanded SLPP who have defect to de APC, wey include de new Finance Minister Salia Jusu-Sheriff, a former leader of de SLPP. Jusu-Sheriff ein accession to de cabinet be viewed by many as a step toward making de APC a true national party.

Stevens, who have been head-of-state of Sierra Leone for 18 years, retired from dat position insyd November 1985 at de end of ein term, although he continue ein role as chairman of de ruling APC party. Many insyd de country dey expect Stevens to name ein vice president den loyal ally, Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, as ein successor. However, at de APC convention insyd August 1985, de APC name Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh as Stevens ein choice to succeed him as president. Momoh be very loyal to Stevens who dey appoint him to head of de military fifteen years earlier; Momoh den Stevens be both members of de minority Limba ethnic group. Momoh dey retire from de military den be elected president without opposition on 1 October 1985. A formal inauguration dey hold insyd January 1986, den new parliamentary elections be held insyd May 1986.

Siaka Stevens be generally criticised for dictatorial methods den government corruption, but he reduce de ethnic polarization insyd government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into ein all-dominant APC government. Anoda legacy of Stevens be dat for eighteen years while he be insyd power, he keep de country safe from civil war den armed rebellion.

Despite ein dictatorial governing style, Stevens regularly dey interact plus de people of Sierra Leone by making surprise visits. Stevens sana regularly make surprise visits to de poor merchants, where he be often seen buying ein own food at a local market plus ein security team keeping demma distance. Stevens often stand den wave to de Sierra Leonean people from an open car when travelling plus ein convoy.

== Momoh government and RUF rebellion (1985–1991) ==
President Momoh ein strong links plus de army den ein verbal attacks on corruption earn him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. Plus de lack of new faces insyd ein cabinet, however, criticisms soon arose dat Momoh be simply perpetuating de rule of Stevens. Momoh differ einself by integrating de powerful den independent State Security Force (SSD) into de Sierra Leone Police force.

De first years under de Momoh administration be characterised by corruption, which Momoh dey defuse by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise ein war against corruption, President Momoh announce a &quot;Code of Conduct for Political Leaders den Public Servants&quot;. After an alleged attempt to overthrow Momoh insyd March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials be arrested, wey include Vice-president Francis Minah, who be removed from office, convicted for plotting de coup, den executed by hanging plus five odas insyd 1989.

Insyd October 1990, due to mounting domestic den international pressure for reforms, President Momoh create a commission to review de 1978 one-party constitution. Base on de commission ein recommendations, a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system, guaranteeing fundamental human rights den de rule of law, den strengthening democratic structures, be approved by a 60% majority of de APC Parliament, ratify by referendum insyd September 1991 den become effective on 1 October. There be great suspicion dat President Momoh be not serious about ein promise of political reform, as APC rule continue to be increasingly marked by abuses of power.

Several senior government officials insyd Momoh ein administration resign to oppose de APC in upcoming elections. Salia Jusu Sheriff, Abass Bundu, J.B. Dauda den Sama Banya resuscitated de previously disbanded SLPP, while Thaimu Bangura, Edward Kargbo den Desmond Luke formed demma own respective political parties to challenge de ruling APC. However, de vast majority of government officials including Victor Bockarie Foh, Edward Turay, Hassan Gbassay Kanu den Osman Foday Yansaneh remain loyal to Momoh den de APC.

Meanwhile, an increasing burden be placed on de country by de rebellion insyd de eastern part of Sierra Leone.

== Civil war (1991–2002) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Civil War

De brutal civil wardysneighbouring Liberia play an undeniable role insyd de outbreak of fighting insyd Sierra Leone. Charles Taylor—leader of de National Patriotic Front of Liberia—reportedly help form de Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under de command of former Sierra Leonean army corporal Foday Sankoh, a critic of both de Stevens den Momoh administrations. Sankoh had been an ally of Brigadier General Bangura den be among those who mutinied following Bangura ein execution. Sankoh be British-trained den had undergone guerrilla training insyd Libya. Taylor ein aim was for de RUF to attack de bases of Nigerian-dominated peacekeeping troops insyd Sierra Leone who were opposed to ein rebel movement insyd Liberia. Sankoh ein RUF rebels dey enter de country insyd March 1991, den within a month controlled much of Eastern Sierra Leone, wey include de diamond-mining area insyd Kono District. De government of Sierra Leone, overwhelm by a crumbling economy den corruption, be unable to mount significant resistance.

At dis time, de Momoh government be crumbling. Several senior government officials dey resign to form opposition parties, while there be suspicions dat President Momoh no be serious about political reform. Abuses of power dey continue den de APC be alleged to have been hoarding arms den planning a violent campaign against de opposition parties ahead of multi-party general elections scheduled for late 1992. De state have been unable to play civil servants, leading to de looting of government property den a population of aimless youth when schools be closed.

==== '''NPRC Junta (1992–1996)''' ====
On 29 April 1992, twenty-five-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser lead a group of young Sierra Leone Army officers—wey include Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Seargent Solomon Musa, Lieutenant Tom Nyuma, Captain Komba Mondeh, Captain Julius Maada Bio den Captain Komba Kambo—from demma barracks insyd Kailahun District den launch a military coup insyd Freetown, which send President Momoh into exile insyd Guinea. De young soldiers established de National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) plus Strasser as ein chairman den Head of State of de country. Captain Solomon Musa, a close friend of Strasser den one of de leaders of de coup, become de deputy leader of de NPRC Junta. De coup be largely popular because e promise to bring peace, but de NPRC Junta immediately suspended de constitution, ban all political parties, limited freedom of speech den freedom of de press den enact a rule-by-decree policy, insyd which soldiers be granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial. De NPRC establish a Supreme Council, consisting of de highest-ranking soldiers insyd de Junta government.

On de same day de NPRC Junta take power, one of de coup leaders, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, be assassinated—reportedly by Major Sim Turay, de head of Sierra Leone Military Intelligence, den a close ally of de deposed president. A heavily armed military manhunt took place across Sierra Leone to find Turay den odas suspected to have participated insyd de assassination, forcing Turay to flee to Guinea.

De NPRC Junta fight de RUF rebels, recapture most of de RUF-held territories, den push de rebels back to de border plus Liberia. De NPRC Junta maintain relations plus de Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) den strengthen support for Sierra Leone–based ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) troops fighting insyd Liberia.

Insyd December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against de NPRC administration of Strasser be foiled; e dey aim at freeing from detention Colonel Yahya Kanu, Lt-Colonel Kahota M.S. Dumbuya den former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara. Seargent Mohamed Lamin Bangura den some junior army officers be identified as being behind de coup. Seventeen soldiers be executed, wey include Bangura, Kanu den Dumbuya. Several prominent members of de Momoh government who have been insyd detention at de Pa Demba Road prison, wey include former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara sana be executed.

On 5 July 1994, deputy NPRC leader Solomon Musa be arrested den sent into exile insyd Guinea. Musa be accused by Strasser, on de advice of high-ranking NPRC soldiers, dat he have become too powerful den be a threat to Strasser. Musa, who be a close ally den childhood friend of Strasser, deny de allegation den claim ein accusers be de threat. Strasser replace Musa as deputy NPRC chairman plus Captain Julius Maada Bio, den immediately promote him to brigadier.

Due to internal divisions between soldiers loyal to Musa den those who support Strasser ein decision to oust him, de NPRC ein campaign against de RUF become ineffectual. More den more of de country fall to RUF fighters, den by 1994 de RUF hold much of de diamond-rich Eastern Province den be at de edge of Freetown. Insyd response, de NPRC hire several hundred mercenaries from de private firm Executive Outcomes. Within a month, they have driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone ein borders den cleared de RUF from de Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone.

On 16 January 1996, after about four years insyd power, Strasser be arrested by ein own bodyguards insyd a coup lead by Bio den dey back by many high-ranking soldiers of de NPRC junta. Strasser be immediately flown into exile insyd Conakry, Guinea. Bio stated insyd a public broadcast dat ein support for returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elect civilian government den ein commitment to ending de civil war be ein motivations for de coup.

==== '''Return to civilian rule''' '''den first Kabbah Presidency (1996–1997)''' ====
Promises of a return to civilian rule be fulfilled by Bio, who handed power over to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of de Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), after de conclusion of elections insyd early 1996. President Kabbah take power plus a great promise of ending de civil war, open dialogues plus de then-defeated RUF den invite RUF-leader Sankoh for peace negotiations, signing de Abidjan Peace Accord on 30 November 1996.

Insyd January 1997, under international pressure, de Kabbah government ended demma contract plus Executive Outcomes even though a neutral monitoring force have not arrived. Dis dey create an opportunity for de RUF to regroup den renew military attacks. Sankoh be arrested insyd Nigeria, den by de end of March 1997 de peace accord have collapsed.

==== '''AFRC junta (1997–1998)''' ====
On 25 May 1997, a group of seventeen soldiers insyd de Sierra Leone army leda by Corporal Tamba Gborie freed den armed 600 prisoners from de Pademba Road Prison insyd Freetown. One of de prisoners, Major General Johnny Paul Koroma, emerge as de leader of de group. Calling einself de Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), de group launch a military coup den send President Kabbah into exile insyd Guinea. Koroma become head of state, plus Gborie as deputy-in-command of de AFRC. Koroma suspend de constitution, ban demonstrations, closed all private radio stations, den grant unlimited powers to soldiers.

Koroma invited de RUF rebels to join ein coup. Facing little resistance from army loyalists, five thousand rag-tag rebel fighters overran de capital. Koroma appeal to Nigeria for de release of Foday Sankoh, appointing de absent leader to de position of deputy chairman of de AFRC. De joint AFRC/RUF coalition government then proclaim de war have been won, den give de soldiers den rebels unlimited powers insyd a great wave of looting den reprisals against civilians insyd Freetown (dubbed &quot;Operation Pay Yourself&quot; by some of ein participants).

De AFRC Junta government no be recognized by any country—whereas President Kabbah ein government insyd exile insyd Conakry, Guinea be recognized by de United Nations, de African Union, de United States, de United Kingdom den ECOWAS as de legitimate government of Sierra Leone.

De Kamajors, a group of traditional fighters mostly from de Mende ethnic group under de command of Deputy Defence Minister Samuel Hinga Norman, dey remain loyal to President Kabbah den defended de Southern part Sierra Leone from de rebels. De Kamajors den rebels, wey include de RUF soldiers, regularly fight each oda, den human rights violations be committed by both sides.

ECOWAS, lead by Nigerian Head of State Sani Abacha, create a military force to defeat de AFRC/RUF junta insyd Freetown den to reinstate President Kabbah ein government. Many West-African countries send troops to reinstate de Kabbah Government, assembling a force largely from Nigeria but sana include soldiers from Guinea, Ghana, Togo, Gambia, Mali, Ivory Coast den Senegal.

After 10 months insydoffice, de AFRC junta government be ousted den driven out of Freetown by de Nigeria-led ECOMOG forces. De democratically elected government of President Kabbah be reinstated insyd March 1998. Koroma fled to de rebel strongholds insyd de east of de country.

==== '''President Kabbah''' '''ein return den de end of civil war (1998–2001)''' ====
Kabbah return to power plus Albert Joe Demby as vice-president. President Kabbah name Solomon Berewa as attorney general den Sama Banya as foreign minister. On 31 July 1998, President Kabbah disbanded de Sierra Leone military den introduce a proposal for a new military. On 12 October 1998, twenty-five soldiers—wey include Gborie, Brigadier Hassan Karim Conteh, Colonel Samuel Francis Koroma, Major Kula Samba den Colonel Abdul Karim Sesay—be executed by firing squad after they be convicted by court martial for orchestrating de 1997 coup. AFRC leader Johnny Paul Koroma be tried insyd absentia den sentenced to death.

ECOMOG be unable to achieve a tactical victory over de RUF, den de international community promote peace negotiations. De Lomé Peace Accord be signed on 7 July 1999 to end de civil war, granting amnesty for all combatants, den controversially granting Sankoh de position of vice president den chairman of de commission dat overseew de diamond mines. Insyd October 1999, de United Nations established de UNAMSIL peacekeeping force to help restore order den disarm de rebels. De first of de 6,000-member force begin arriving insyd December, den de UN Security Council vote insyd February 2000 to increase de force to 11,000, den later to 13,000. Insyd May, when nearly all Nigerian forces dey leave den UN forces be trying to disarm de RUF insyd eastern Sierra Leone, de RUF take over 500 peacekeepers hostage, some of de rebels using captured weapons den armoured personnel carriers to advance on de capital. De 75-day hostage crisis result insyd more fighting between de RUF den government forces as UN troops launch Operation Khukri to end de siege. De Operation be successful plus Indian den British Special Forces being de main contingents.

De situation insyd de country deteriorated to such an extent dat British troops be deployed insyd Operation Palliser, originally simply to evacuate foreign nationals. However, de British exceed demma original mandate, den take full military action to finally defeat de rebels den restore order. De British be de catalyst for de cease-fire dat ended de civil war. Elements of de British Army, together plus administrators den politicians, remain insyd Sierra Leone, helping to train de new armed forces, improve de infrastructure of de country den administer financial den material aid. Tony Blair, de prime minister of Britain at de time of de British intervention, be regarded as a hero by de people of Sierra Leone, many of whom are keen for more British involvement. Sierra Leoneans have been described as &quot;The World's Most Resilient People&quot;. Insyd 2004, Parliament pass a Local Government Act of 2004 which re-introduce local government councils back to Sierra Leone after thirty years. On 4 August 2006, insyd a broadcast to de nation, President Kabbah announced dat 2007 presidential den parliamentary elections will be held on 28 July 2007.

Between 1991 den 2001, about 50,000 people be killed insyd Sierra Leone ein civil war. Hundreds of thousands of people be forced from demma homes den many become refugees insyd Guinea den Liberia. Insyd 2001, UN forces move into rebel-held areas den begin to disarm rebel soldiers. By January 2002, President Kabbah declare de civil war officially over. Insyd May 2002, Kabbah be re-elected president by an overwhelming majority. By 2004, de disarmament process be complete. Sanso insyd 2004, a UN-backed war crimes court begin holding trials of senior leaders from both sides of de war. Insyd December 2005, UN peacekeeping forces depart from Sierra Leone.

== 2002 to present ==

==== '''Kabbah re-elected (2002–2007)''' ====
Elections be held insyd May 2002. President Kabbah be re-elected, den de SLPP win a majority of de parliamentary seats. Insyd June 2003, de UN ban on de sale of Sierra Leone diamonds expire den no be renewed. De UN disarmament den rehabilitation program for Sierra Leone ein fighters be completed insyd February 2004, by which time more than 70,000 former-combatants have been helped. UN forces return primary responsibility for security insyd de area around de capital to Sierra Leone ein police den armed forces insyd September 2004; e be de last part of de country to be turned over. Some UN peacekeepers remain to assist de Sierra Leone government until de end of 2005.

De 1999 Lomé Accord called for de establishment of a Truth den Reconciliation Commission, which will provide a forum for both victims den perpetrators of human rights violations during de conflict to tell demma stories den facilitate genuine reconciliation. Subsequently, de Sierra Leonean Government den de UN agreed to establish de Special Court for Sierra Leone to try those who &quot;bear de greatest responsibility for de commission of crimes against humanity, war crimes den serious violations of international humanitarian law, as well as crimes under relevant Sierra Leonean law within de territory of Sierra Leone since 30 November 1996.&quot; Both de Truth den Reconciliation Commission den de Special Court begin operating insyd de summer of 2002. De Truth den Reconciliation Commission released ein Final Report to de government insyd October 2004. Insyd June 2005, de government issue a White Paper on de commission ein final report which accept sam but not all of ein recommendations. Members of civil society groups dismissed de government ein response as too vague den continue to criticize de government for ein failure to follow-up on de report ein recommendations.</text>
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      <text bytes="82779" sha1="6sarwkekgu5ukqggmb0nn267mx5rlvp" xml:space="preserve">'''Sierra Leone''' first become inhabited by indigenous African peoples at least 2,500 years ago. De Limba be de first tribe known to inhabit Sierra Leone. De dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de region from oda West African cultures, den e become a refuge for peoples escaping violence. Sierra Leone was named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra, who map de region insyd 1462. De Freetown estuary provided a good natural harbour for ships to shelter den replenish drinking water, den gain more international attention as coastal den trans-Atlantic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade.

Insyd de mid-16th century, de Mane people invaded, subjugated nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples, den militarised Sierra Leone. De Mane soon blended plus de local populations den de various chiefdoms den kingdoms remain insyd a continual state of conflict, plus many captives sold to European slave-traders. De Atlantic slave trade had a significant impact on Sierra Leone, as dis trade flourished insyd de 17th den 18th centuries, den later as a centre of anti-slavery efforts when de trade be abolished insyd 1807. British abolitionists had organised a colony for Black Loyalists at Freetown, den dis become de capital of British West Africa. A naval squadron was base there to intercept slave ships, den de colony quickly grew as Liberated Africans be released, join by Afro-Caribbean den African soldiers who had fought for Britain insyd de American Revolutionary War. De descendants of de black settlers be collectively referred to as de Creoles or Krios.

During de colonial era, de British den Creoles increased demma control over de surrounding area, securing peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted, suppressing slave-trading den inter-chiefdom war. Insyd 1895, Britain draw borders for Sierra Leone which they declare to be demma protectorate, leading to armed resistance den de Hut Tax War of 1898. Thereafter, there demma dissent den reforms as de Creoles sought political rights, trade unions form against colonial employers, den peasants sought greater justice from demma chiefs.

Sierra Leone has played a significant part insyd modern African political liberty den nationalism. Insyd de 1950s, a new constitution united de Crown Colony den Protectorate, which had previously been governed separately. Sierra Leone gain independence from de United Kingdom on 27 April 1961 den became a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Ethnic den linguistic divisions remain an obstacle to national unity, plus de Mende, Temne den Creoles as rival power blocs. Roughly half of de years since independence have been marked by autocratic governments or civil war.

== Early history ==
Archaeological finds show dat Sierra Leone has been inhabited continuously for at least 2,500 years, populate by successive movements of peoples from oda parts of Africa. De use of iron be introduced to Sierra Leone by de 9th century, den by de end of de 10th century agriculture was being practiced by coastal tribes.

Sierra Leone ein dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de land from oda African cultures den from de spread of Islam. Dis make e a refuge for people escaping subjugation by de Sahelian kingdoms, violence den jihads.

European contacts plus Sierra Leone be among de first insyd West Africa. Insyd 1462, Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra mapped de hills surrounding what be now Freetown Harbour, naming de oddly shaped formation ''Serra Lyoa'' (Lioness Mountain).

At dis time de country be inhabited by numerous politically independent native groups. Several different languages be spoken, but there was similarity of religion. Insyd de coastal rainforest belt there be Bulom-speakers between de Sherbro den Freetown estuaries, Loko-speakers north of de Freetown estuary to de Little Scarcies River, Temne-speakers find at de mouth of de Scarcies River, den Limba-speakers farther up de Scarcies. Insyd de hilly savannah north of all of these lands be de Susu den Fula tribes. De Susu trade regularly plus de coastal peoples along river valley routes, bringing salt, clothes woven by de Fula, iron work, den gold.

== European contact (15th century) ==
Portuguese ships begin visiting Sierra Leone regularly insyd de late 15th century, den for a while they maintained a fort on de north shore of de Freetown estuary. Dis estuary be one of de largest natural deep-water harbours insyd de world, den one of de few good harbours on West Africa ein surf-battered &quot;Windward Shore&quot; (Liberia to Senegal). E soon become a favourite destination of European mariners, to shelter den replenish drinking water. Some of de Portuguese sailors stay permanently, trading den intermarrying plus de local people.

==== '''Slavery''' ====
Slavery, den insyd particular de Atlantic slave trade, had a great effect on de region—socially, economically den politically—from de late 15th to de mid-19th centuries.

There had been lucrative trans-Saharan trade of slaves insyd West Africa from de 6th century. At ein peak (c. 1350) de Mali Empire surrounded de region of modern-day Sierra Leone den Liberia, though de slave trade may not have significantly penetrated de coastal rainforest. De peoples who migrate into Sierra Leone from dis time will have had greater contact plus de indigenous slave trade, either practicing it or escaping it.

When Europeans first arrive at Sierra Leone, slavery among de African peoples of de area be believe to be rare. According to historian Walter Rodney, de Portuguese mariners keep detailed reports, den so e be likely if slavery had been an important local institution dat de reports will have described it. There be mention of a very particular kind of slavery insyd de region, which was:&lt;blockquote&gt;a person insyd trouble insyd one kingdom can go to anoda den place himself under de protection of ein king, whereupon he become a &quot;slave&quot; of dat king, obliged to provide free labour den liable for sale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Rodney, such a person will likely have retain some rights den had some opportunity to rise insyd status as time passed.

De European colonization of de Americas soon lead to labor demands from nascent colonies; dis lead Europeans to seek a supply of slaves to transport to de Americas. Initially, European slavers launch raids on coastal villages to abduct Africans den sell them into slavery. However, they soon establish economic alliances plus local leaders, as many chiefs were willing to sell undesirable members of demma tribe to Europeans. Oda African chiefs launch raids on rival tribes insyd order to sell captives of such raids into slavery.

Dis early slaving essentially be an export business. De use of slaves as labourers by de local Africans appears to have developed only later. E may first have occurred under coastal chiefs insyd de late 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;De slave owners originally be white den foreigners, but de late eighteenth century see de emergence of powerful slave-trading chiefs, be said to own large numbers of 'domestic slaves'.&lt;/blockquote&gt;For example, insyd de late 18th century, William Cleveland, a Scottish leader insyd Africa had a large &quot;slave town&quot; on de mainland opposite de Banana Islands, whose inhabitants &quot;be employed insyd cultivating extensive rice fields, describe as being some of the largest insyd Africa at de time&quot;. De existence of an indigenous slave town be recorded by an English traveler insyd 1823. Known insyd de Fula language as a ''rounde'', e be connected plus de Sulima Susu ein capital city, Falaba. Ein inhabitants work at farming.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Rodney dey postulate two means by which slaving for export can have caused a local practice of using slaves for labour to develop:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# Not all war captives offer for sale will have been bought by de Portuguese, so demma captors had to find something else to do plus them. Rodney believe dat executing them be rare den that they will have been used for local labour.
# There be a time lag between de time a slave be captured den de time he or she be sold. Thus there will often have been a pool of slaves awaiting sale, who will have been put to work.&lt;/blockquote&gt;There be possible additional reasons for de adoption of slavery by de locals to meet demma labour requirements:

# De Europeans provided an example for imitation.
# Once slaving insyd any form be accepted, e may smash a moral barrier to exploitation den make ein adoption insyd oda forms seem a relatively minor matter.
# Export slaving entailed de construction of a coercive apparatus which could have been subsequently turned to other ends, such as policing a captive labour force.
# De sale of local produce (e.g., palm kernels) to Europeans opened a new sphere of economic activity. Insyd particular, e dey create an increased demand for agricultural labour. Slavery be a way of mobilising an agricultural work force.
Dis local African slavery be much less harsh den brutal than de slavery practiced by Europeans on, for example, de plantations of the United States, de West Indies, den Brazil. De local slavery has been described by anthropologist M. McCulloch:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Slaves be housed close to de fresh tracts of land they clear for demma masters. They be considered part of de household of demma owner, den enjoyed limited rights. E no be customary to sell them except for a serious offense, such as adultery plus de wife of a freeman. Small plots of land be given to them for demma own use, den they might retain de proceeds of crops they grow on these plots; by dis means e be possible for a slave to become de owner of anoda slave. Sometimes a slave marry insyd de household of ein master den rose to a position of trust; there be an instance of a slave taking charge of a chiefdom during de minority of de heir. Descendants of slaves often be practically indistinguishable from freemen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Slaves sometimes be sent on errands outside de kingdoms of demma masters den return voluntarily. Speaking specifically of de era around 1700, historian Christopher Fyfe relates dat, &quot;Slaves not taken insyd war usually be criminals. Insyd coastal areas, at least, e be rare for anyone to be sold without being charged plus a crime.&quot;

Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section be still present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describes a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section still be present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describe a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;A freeman heavily insyd debt, den facing de threat of de punishment of being sold, will approach a wealthier man or chief plus a plea to pay off ein debts 'while I sit on your lap'. Or he can give a son or some oda dependent of ein 'to be for you', de wealthy man or chief. Dis insyd effect mean dat de person so pawn be automatically reduce to a position of dependence, den if he be never redeemed, he or ein children eventually become part of de master ein extended family. By dis time, de children practically be indistinguishable from de real children of de master, since they grow up regarding one anoda as brothers.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Some observers consider de term &quot;slave&quot; to be more misleading than informative when describing de local practice. Abraham say dat insyd most cases, &quot;subject, servant, client, serf, pawn, dependent, or retainer&quot; will be more accurate. Domestic slavery be abolished insyd Sierra Leone insyd 1928. McCulloch reports dat at dat time, amongst Sierra Leone ein largest present-day ethnolinguistic group, de Mende, who then had about 560,000 people, about 15 per cent of de population (i.e., 84,000 people) be domestic slaves. He sana say dat &quot;singularly little change followed de 1928 decree; a fair number of slaves return to demma original homes, but de great majority remain insyd de villages insyd which demma former masters had placed them or demma parents.&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Export slavery remain a major business insyd Sierra Leone from de late 15th century to de mid-19th century. According to Fyfe, &quot;e be estimated insyd 1789 dat 74,000 slaves be exported annually from West Africa, about 38,000 by British firms.&quot; Insyd 1788, a proslavery European name Matthews estimated de annual total export from between de Nunez River (110 km north of Sierra Leone) den de Sherbro as 3,000. Participation insyd de Atlantic slave trade gradually be outlawed by various Western nations, beginning plus de United States den Britain insyd 1808.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Mane invasions (16th century) ==
Further information: Mane people

De Mane invasions of de mid-16th century had a profound impact on Sierra Leone. De Mane (sana call Mani) be members of de Mande language group. A warrior people, well-armed den well-organized, they live east den somewhat north of present-day Sierra Leone. Sometime insyd de early 16th century they begin moving south. According to some Mane who dey speak to a Portuguese writer (Dornelas) in de late 16th century, demma travels dey begin as a result of de expulsion of demma chief from de imperial city of Mandimansa, demma homeland.

There be conflicting accounts among historians of how these invasions happened. Some historians place demma first arrival at de coast east of Sierra Leone, at least as far as de River Cess den likely pppie. They advanced northwest along de coast toward Sierra Leone, conquering as they go. Odas contend dat they arrive on de coast near Sherbro Island. They incorporate large numbers of de people they conquered into demma army, plus de result dat de rank den file consist mostly of coastal peoples, while de Mane be ein commanding group.

By 1545, de Mane dey reach Cape Mount. Dema conquest of Sierra Leone occupy de ensuing 15 to 20 years, den result insyd de subjugation of all or nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples—who be known collectively as de Sapes—as far north as de Scarcies. De present demographics of Sierra Leone largely be a reflection of these two decades. De degree to which de Mane supplanted de original inhabitants vary from place to place. De Temne partly withstood de Mane onslaught, den keep demma language, but become ruled by a line of Mane kings. De present-day Loko den Mende be de result of a more complete submersion of de original culture: demma languages be similar, den both essentially Mande. Dis likely be due to conquest by de Mane invaders.

=== '''Aftermath''' ===
De Mane invasions militarised Sierra Leone. De Sapes had been un-warlike, but after de invasions, right until de late 19th century, bows, shields, den knives of de Mane type dey become ubiquitous insyd Sierra Leone, as had de Mane battle technique of using squadrons of archers fighting insyd formation, carrying de large-style shields. Villages become fortified. De usual method of erecting two or three concentric palisades, each 4–7 metres (12–20 ft) high, create a formidable obstacle to attackers—especially since, as some of de English observe insyd de 19th century, de thigh-thick logs planted insyd de earth to make de palisades often take root at de bottom den grow foliage at de top, so dat de defenders occupy a living wall of wood. A British officer who dey observe one of these fortifications around de time of de 1898 Hut Tax war ended ein description of it thus:&lt;blockquote&gt;No one who dey no see these fences can realize de immense strength of them. De outer fence at Hahu I measure insyd several places, den found e to be from 2 to 3 feet thick, den most of de logs, or rather trees, of which e be formed, had taken root den be throwing out leaves den shoots.&lt;/blockquote&gt;He sana say dat English artillery can not penetrate all three fences. At dat time, at least among de Mende, &quot;a typical settlement dey consist of walled towns den open villages or towns surrounding it.&quot;

After de invasions, de Mane sub-chiefs among whom e country dey divide begin fighting among themselves. Dis pattern of activity become permanent: even after de Mane dey blend plus de indigenous population—a process which be completed insyd de early 17th century—de various kingdoms insyd Sierra Leone remain insyd a fairly continual state of flux den conflict. Rodney believe dat a desire to take prisoners to sell as slaves to de Europeans be a major motivation to dis fighting, den may even have been a driving force behind de original Mane invasions. Historian Kenneth Little dey conclude dat de principal objective insyd de local wars, at least among de Mende, be plunder, not de acquisition of territory. Abraham cautions dat slave trading should not be exaggerated as a cause: de Africans have demma own reasons to fight, plus territorial den political ambitions present. Motivations likely change over time during de 350-year period.

De wars themselves no be exceptionally deadly. Set-piece battles be rare, den de fortified towns so strong dat demma capture seldom be attempted. Often de fighting dey consist of small ambushes.

Insyd these years, de political system be such dat each large village along plus ein satellite villages den settlements will be headed by a chief. De chief will have a private army of warriors. Sometimes several chiefs will group themselves into a confederacy, acknowledging one of themselves as king (or high chief). Each pay de king fealty. If one be attacked, de king will come to ein aid, den de king can adjudicate local disputes.

Despite demma many political divisions, de people of de country be united by cultural similarity. One component of dis be de Poro, an organisation common to many different kingdoms den ethnolinguistic groups. De Mende claim to be ein originators, den there be nothing to contradict dis. Possibly they import it. De Temne claim to dey import it from de Sherbro or Bulom. De Dutch geographer Olfert Dapper know of it insyd de 17th century. E often be described as a &quot;secret society&quot;, dis partly be true: ein rites be closed to non-members, den what happens insyd de &quot;Poro bush&quot; never be disclosed. However, ein membership be very broad: among de Mende, almost all men, den some women, be initiates. Insyd recent years e no dey (as far as is known) have a central organisation: autonomous chapters exist for each chiefdom or village. However, it is said dat insyd pre-Protectorate days there be a &quot;Grand Poro&quot; plus cross-chiefdom powers of making war den peace. E widely be agreed dat e has a restraining influence on de powers of de chiefs. Headed by a fearsome principal spirit, de ''Gbeni'', e plays a major role insyd de rite of passage of males from puberty to manhood. E imparts some education. Insyd some areas, e have supervisory powers over trade, den de banking system, which use iron bars as a medium of exchange. E no only be de important society insyd Sierra Leone: de ''Sande'' be a female-only analogue of it; there sana be de ''Humoi'' which regulates sex, den de ''Njayei'' den de ''Wunde''. De ''Kpa'' be a healing-arts collegium.

Besides de political impact, there be economic effects as well: trade plus de interior be interrupted, den thousands be sold as slaves to de Europeans. Insyd industry, a flourishing tradition insyd fine ivory carving be ended; however, improved ironworking techniques be introduced.&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== 1600–1787 ==
By de 17th century, Portuguese colonialism insyd West Africa begin to wane, den insyd Sierra Leone oda European colonial powers such as de English den Dutch begin to supplant demma influence insyd de region. Insyd 1628, a group of English merchants had established a factory insyd de vicinity of Sherbro Island, about 50 km (30 mi) south-east from present-day Freetown. Insyd addition to ivory den slaves, de merchants at de factory sana trade insyd camwood, a type of hard timber. De Portuguese missionary Baltasar Barreira minister insyd Sierra Leone until 1610. Jesuits, den later insyd de century, Capuchins, continue de mission. By 1700 it had closed, although priests occasionally visited.

Insyd 1663, de Royal African Company (RAC) be granted a royal charter from Charles II of England den soon established a factory on Sherbro Island den Tasso Island. During de Second Anglo-Dutch War, both factories be sacked by a Dutch Navy force insyd 1664. De factory be rebuilt, though e be sacked again by de French Navy during de War of de Spanish Succession insyd 1704 den pirates insyd 1719 den 1720. After de Dutch raid on de RAC factory at Tasso Island, e be relocated to de nearby Bunce Island, which be more defensible.

De Europeans make payments, called ''Cole'', for rent, tribute, den trading rights, to de king of an area. At this time de local military advantage still be on de side of de Africans, den there be a 1714 report of a king seizing RAC goods insyd retaliation for a breach of protocol. Local Afro-Portuguese merchants often act as middlemen, de Europeans advancing them goods to trade to de local people, most often for ivory. Insyd 1728, an overly aggressive RAC governor dey unite de Africans den Afro-Portuguese insyd hostility to him; they burn down de Bunce Island fort den e no be rebuilt until about 1750. During de time dat de Royal African Company be operating, de firm of Grant, Sargent [Wikidata] den Oswald provisioned de trading stations. When de RAC abandoned Bunce Island, Sargent den ein partners purchase ein factory insyd 1748, repair it, den dey use it to trade insyd timber. They expand to Batts, Bobs, Tasso, den Tumbu Islands den along de banks of de river, eventually becoming involve insyd de slave trade. De French sack it again insyd 1779, during de American Revolutionary War.

During de 17th century de Temne ethnolinguistic group be expanding. Around 1600, a Mani still dey rule de Loko kingdom (de area north of Port Loko Creek) den anoda rule de upper part of de south shore of de Freetown estuary. De north shore of de estuary be under a Ballom king, den de area just east of Freetown on de peninsula be held by a non-Mani plus a European name, Dom Phillip de Leon (who may have been a subordinate to ein Mani neighbour). By de mid-17th century dis situation dey change: Temne, not Bullom dey speak on de south shore, den ships stopping for water den firewood had to pay customs to de Temne king of Bureh who live at Bagos town on de point between de Rokel River den Port Loko Creek. (De king may  consider himself a Mani—to dis day, Temne chiefs have Mani-derived titles—but ein people be Temne. De Bureh king insyd place insyd 1690 be called Bai Tura, ''Bai'' being a Mani form.) De Temne thus dey expand insyd a wedge toward de sea at Freetown, den now dey separate de Bulom to de north from de Mani den oda Mande-speakers to de south den east.

Insyd dis period there be several reports of women occupying high positions. De king of de south shore use to leave one of ein wives to rule when he be absent, den insyd de Sherbro there be female chiefs. Insyd de early 18th century, a Bulom dey name Seniora Maria make ein own town near Cape Sierra Leone.

During de 17th century, Muslim Fula from de Upper Niger den Senegal rivers move into an area called Fouta Djallon (or Futa Jalon) insyd de mountainous region north of present-day Sierra Leone. They be to have an important impact on de peoples of Sierra Leone because they increase trade den sana produced secondary population movements insyd Sierra Leone. Though de Muslim Fula first cohabited peaceably plus de peoples already at Fouta Djallon, around 1725 they embark on a war of domination, forcing de migration of many Susu, Yalunka, den non-Muslim Fula.

Susu—some already convert to Islam—come south insyd Sierra Leone, insyd turn displacing Limba from north-west Sierra Leone den driving them insyd north-central Sierra Leone where they continue to live. Some Susu move as far south as de Temne town of Port Loko, only 60 km (37 mi) upriver from de Atlantic. Eventually a Muslim Susu family dey call Senko supplanted de town ein Temne rulers. Oda Susu dey move westward from Fouta Djallon, eventually dominating de Baga, Bulom, den Temne north of de Scarcies River.

De Yalunka insyd Fouta Djallon first accept Islam, then reject it den be driven out. They go into north-central Sierra Leone den founded demma capital at Falaba insyd de mountains near de source of de Rokel. E still not an important town, about 20 km (12 mi) south of de Guinea border. Oda Yalunka go somewhat farther south den settled amongst de Koranko, Kissi, den Limba.

Besides these groups, who be more-or-less unwilling emigrants, a considerable variety of Muslim adventurers go forth from Fouta Djallon. A Fula called Fula Mansa (''mansa'' meaning ''king'') become ruler of de Yoni country 100 km (62 mi) east of present-day Freetown. Some of ein Temne subjects fled south to de Banta country between de middle reaches of de Bagu den Jong rivers, where they become known as de Mabanta Temne.

Insyd 1652, de first slaves from Sierra Leone be transported to North America; they be sold to white plantation owners insyd de Sea Islands off de coast of de American South. During de 18th century, numerous slaves from Bunce Island be transported to de Southern Colonies, due insyd part to de business relationship between American slave trader Henry Laurens den de London-based firm of Grant, Sargent, Oswald &amp; Company, which oversaw a thriving slave trade from Bunce Island insyd Sierra Leone to North America.

De transatlantic slave trade continued to transport millions of enslaved Africans, wey include those from Sierra Leone, across de Atlantic during de 17th, 18th den 19th centuries; ultimately, roughly 12.5 million slaves where e dey bring to de Americas dis way. However, de rise of abolitionist movements insyd de Western world insyd de late 18th den early 19th centuries dey lead to various European den American governments passing legislation to abolish de slave trade. De slave trade insyd Sierra Leone undergo a marked decline during de 19th century, though domestic slavery will persist until de 20th century.

== De Province of Freedom (1787–1789) ==
Main article: Granville Town, Province of Freedom

==== '''Conception of''' '''de Province of Freedom (1787)''' ====
Insyd 1787, a plan be established to settle some of London ein &quot;Black Poor&quot; insyd Sierra Leone insyd what was called the &quot;Province of Freedom&quot;. This was organised by the Committee for de Relief of de Black Poor, found by British abolitionist Granville Sharp, which preferred it as a solution to continuing to financially support them insyd London. Many of de Black Poor be African Americans, who had been given demma freedom after seeking refuge with the British Army during the American Revolution, but also included other West Indian, African and Asian inhabitants of London.

De Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme be proposed by entomologist Henry Smeathman den draw interest from humanitarians like Granville Sharp saw it as a means of showing de pro-slavery lobby dat black people can contribute towards de running of de new colony of Sierra Leone. Government officials soon become involved insyd de scheme as well, although demma interest be spurred by de possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere. William Pitt de Younger, prime minister den leader of de Tory party, dey have an active interest insyd de Scheme, because he see it as a means to repatriate de Black Poor to Africa, since &quot;e be necessary they should be sent somewhere, den be no longer suffer to infest de streets of London&quot;.

==== '''Establishment, destruction''' '''den re-establishment (1789)''' ====
De area be first settled by 400 formerly enslaved Black Britons, who dey arrive off de coast of Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787, dey accompany by some English tradesmen. They established de Province of Freedom or Granville Town on land purchase from local Koya Temne subchief King Tom den regent Naimbanna II, a purchase which de Europeans understand to cede de land to de new settlers &quot;for ever&quot;. De established arrangement between Europeans den de Koya Temne do not include provisions for permanent settlement, den some historians question how well de Koya leaders understand de agreement. Half of de settlers insyd de new colony die insyd de first year. Several black settlers dey start working for local slave traders. De settlers dat dey remain forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliate, attacking de settlement, which be reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, den six white women. Black settlers be captured by unscrupulous traders den sold as slaves, den de remaining colonists be forced to arm themselves for demma own protection. King Tom ein successor King Jemmy dey attack den burn de colony insyd 1789.

Alexander Falconbridge be sent to Sierra Leone insyd 1791 to collect de remaining Black Poor settlers, den they re-establish Granville Town (later renamed Cline Town) near Fourah Bay. Although these 1787 settlers do not establish Freetown, which be founded insyd 1792, de bicentennial of Freetown be celebrated insyd 1987.

After establishing Granville Town, disease den hostility from de indigenous people eliminated de first group of colonists den destroyed demma settlement. A second Granville Town established by 64 remaining black den white 'Old settlers' under de leadership of St. George Bay Company leader, Alexander Falconbridge den de St. George Bay Company. Dis settlement be different from de Freetown settlement den colony founded insyd 1792 by Lt. John Clarkson den de Nova Scotian Settlers under de auspices of de Sierra Leone Company.

== Freetown Colony (1792–1808) ==
'''Conception of tde Freetown settlement (1791)'''

De basis for de Freetown Colony begin insyd 1791 plus Thomas Peters, an African American who had served insyd de Black Pioneers den settle insyd Nova Scotia as part of de Black Loyalist migration. Peters travel to England insyd 1791 to report grievances of de Black Loyalists who had been given poor land den faced discrimination. Peters meet plus British abolitionists den de directors of de Sierra Leone Company. He learn of de company ein plan for a new settlement at Sierra Leone. De directors be eager to allow de Nova Scotians to build a settlement there; de London-based den newly create Company had decided to create a new colony but before Peters ein arrival have no colonists. Lieutenant John Clarkson be sent to Nova Scotia to register immigrants to take to Sierra Leone for de purpose of starting a new settlement. Clarkson worked plus Peters to recruit 1,196 former American slaves from free African communities around Nova Scotia such as Birchtown. Most dey escape Virginia den South Carolina plantations. Some had been born insyd Africa before being enslaved den taken to America.

==== '''Settlement by Nova Scotians (1792)''' ====
De settlers dey sail insyd 15 ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia den arrived insyd St. George Bay between 26 February den 9 March 1792. Sixty-four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, den even Lieutenant Clarkson be ill during de voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson den some of de Nova Scotian 'captains' &quot;despatched on shore to clear or make roadway for demma landing&quot;. De Nova Scotians be to build Freetown on de former site of de first Granville Town which have become a &quot;jungle&quot; since ein destruction insyd 1789. (Though they built Freetown on Granville Town ein former site, demma settlement be no a rebirth of Granville Town, which had been re-established at Fourah Bay in 1791 by de remaining Old Settlers.) Clarkson told de men to clear de land until they reach a large cotton tree. After this difficult work had been done den de land cleared, all de settlers, men den women, disembarked den marched towards de thick forest den to de cotton tree, den demma preachers (all African Americans) begin singing:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Awake den Sing Of Moses den de Lamb
Wake! every heart den every tongue'

To praise de Saviour ein name

De day of Jubilee be come;

Return ye ransomed sinners home&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 11 March 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, dey pray den preach a sermon under de large Cotton Tree, den Reverend David George dey preach de first recorded Baptist service insyd Africa. De land be dedicated den christened 'Free Town' according to de instructions of de Sierra Leone Company Directors. Dis be de first thanksgiving service insyd de newly christened Free Town den be de beginning of de political entity of Sierra Leone. Later, John Clarkson will be sworn insyd as de first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts be erected before de rainy season. De Sierra Leone Company surveyors den de settlers built Freetown on de American grid pattern, plus parallel streets den wide roads, plus de largest being Water Street.

On 24 August 1792, de Black Poor or Old Settlers of de second Granville Town be incorporated into de new Sierra Leone Colony but remain at Granville Town. E survive being pillaged by de French insyd 1794, den be rebuilt by de Nova Scotian settlers. By 1798, Freetown had 300–400 houses plus architecture resembling dat of de American South, plus 3- to 4-foot stone foundations den wooden superstructures. Eventually dis style of housing (brought by de Nova Scotians) will be de model for de 'bod oses' of demma Creole descendants.

=== '''Settlement by Jamaican Maroons (1800)''' ===
Insyd 1800, de Nova Scotians rebel den e be de arrival of over 500 Jamaican Maroons which dey cause de rebellion to be suppressed. Thirty-four Nova Scotians be banished den sent to either to Sherbro Island or a penal colony at Gore. Some of these eventually be allowed back insyd Freetown. Following demma capture of de rebels, de Maroons be granted de land of de Nova Scotian rebels. Eventually de Jamaican Maroons insyd Sierra Leone have demma own district at de newly named Maroon Town.

De Maroons be a free community of blacks from Cudjoe ein Town (Trelawny Town) who have been resettled insyd Nova Scotia after surrendering to de British government dey follow de Second Maroon War of 1795–6. They have petitioned de British government for settlement elsewhere due to de climate insyd Nova Scotia.

==== '''Abolition and slaves-insyd-transit (1807 - 1830s)''' ====
Britain outlawed de slave trade throughout ein empire on 29 March 1807 plus de Slave Trade Act 1807, though de practice continue insyd de British Empire until e finally be abolished insyd de 1830s. De Royal Navy ein West Africa Squadron operating from Freetown take active measures to intercept den seize ships participating insyd de illegal Atlantic slave trade. De slaves dat dey hold on these vessels be released into Freetown den initially be called 'Captured negroes', 'Recaptives' or 'Liberated Africans'.

==== '''Formation of''' '''de Sierra Leone Creole ethnicity (1870 onwards)''' ====
De Sierra Leone Creole people (Krio: ''Krio people'') be descendants of de Black Poor, freed African Americans (Nova Scotian Black Loyalists), Afro-Caribbeans (Jamaican Maroons), den Liberated Africans who settled insyd de Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 den about 1885. De colony be established by de British, support by abolitionists, under de Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. De settlers called demma new settlement Freetown.

== Colonial era (1808–1961) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Colony den Protectorate

==== '''Establishment of''' '''de British Crown Colony (1808)''' ====
Insyd 1808, e British Crown Colony of Sierra Leone be founded, plus Freetown serving as de capital of British West Africa. De city ein population expanded rapidly plus freed slaves, who dey establish suburbs on de Freetown Peninsula. They be joined by West Indian den African soldiers who dey settle insyd Sierra Leone after fighting for Britain insyd de Napoleonic Wars.

'''Intervention''' '''den acquisition of de hinterland (1800s–1895)'''

Insyd de early 1800s, Sierra Leone be a small colony extending a few kilometres (a few miles) up de peninsula from Freetown. De bulk of de territory dat makes up present-day Sierra Leone still be de sovereign territory of indigenous peoples such as de Mende den Temne, den be little affected by de tiny population of de Colony. Over de course of de 19th century, dat gradually changed: de British den Creoles insyd de Freetown area dey increase demma involvement insyd—den demma control over—de surrounding territory by engaging insyd trade, which be promoted den dey increase through treaty-making den military expeditions.

Insyd demma treaties plus de native chiefs, de British largely be concerned plus securing local peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted. Typically, de British government dey agree to pay a chief a stipend insyd return for a commitment from him to keep de peace plus ein neighbours; oda specific commitments extract from a chief might include keeping roads open, allowing de British to collect customs duties, den submitting disputes plus ein neighbours to British adjudication. Insyd de decades following Britain ein prohibition of de slave trade insyd 1807, de treaties sometimes sana require chiefs to desist from slave-trading. Suppression of slave-trading den suppression of inter-chiefdom war dey go hand-in-hand because de trade thrived on de wars (and caused them). Thus, to de commercial reasons for pacification can be added anti-slavery ones.

When friendly persuasion fail to secure demma interests, de British no be more than (to borrow Carl von Clausewitz's phrase) &quot;continuing diplomacy by oda means&quot;. At least by de mid-1820s, de army den navy be going out from de Colony to attack chiefs whose behaviour do not conform to British dictates. Insyd 1826, Governor Turner led troops to de Bum–Kittam area, capture two stockaded towns, burn odas, den declare a blockade on de coast as far as Cape Mount. Dis partly be an anti-slaving exercise den partly to punish de chief for refusing territory to de British. Later dat year, acting-Governor Macaulay send out an expedition which go up de Jong river den dey burn Commenda, a town belonging to a related chief. Insyd 1829, de colonial authorities founded de Sierra Leone Police Corps. Insyd 1890, dis force be divided into de Civilian Police den de Frontier Police.

De British develope a modus operandi wey characterised demma interventions throughout de century: army or frontier police, plus naval support if possible, will bombard a town den then usually torch it after de defenders dey fly or been defeated. Where possible, local enemies of de party being attacked be invited by de British to accompany them as allies.

Further information: British den Creole intervention insyd de Sierra Leone hinterland insyd de 19th century

Insyd de 1880s, Britain ein intervention insyd de hinterland dey receive added impetus because of de &quot;Scramble for Africa&quot;: an intense competition between de European powers for territory insyd Africa. Insyd dis case, de rival be France. To forestall French incursion into what they had come to consider as demma own sphere, de British government renewed efforts to finalise a boundary agreement with France and on 1 January 1890 instructed Governor Hay insyd Sierra Leone to get from chiefs insyd de boundary area friendship treaties containing a clause forbidding them to treat plus anoda European power without British consent.

Consequently, insyd 1890 den 1891 Hay den two travelling commissioners, Garrett den Alldridge, dey go on extensive tours of what be now Sierra Leone wey obtain treaties from chiefs. Most of these no be, however, treaties of cession; they be insyd de form of cooperative agreements between two sovereign powers.

Insyd January 1895, a boundary agreement be signed insyd Paris, roughly fixing de line between French Guinea den Sierra Leone. De exact line be to be determined by surveyors. As Christopher Fyfe notes, &quot;De delimitation be made almost entirely insyd geographical terms—rivers, watersheds, parallels—not political. Samu chiefdom, for instance, be divided; de people on de frontier had to opt for farms on one side or villages on de oda.&quot;

More generally, de arbitrary lumping-together of disparate native peoples insyd geographical units decided by de colonial powers has been an ongoing source of trouble throughout Africa. These geographical units now dety attempt to function as nations but no be naturally nations, being composed insyd many cases of peoples who be traditional enemies. Insyd Sierra Leone, for example, de Mende, Temne den Creoles remain as rival power blocs between whom lines of fission easily emerge.

'''Establishment of''' '''de British Protectorate den further land acquisition (1895)'''

Insyd August 1895, an Order-in-Council dey issue insyd Britain authorising de Colony to make laws for de territory around it, extending out to de agreed-upon boundary (which corresponds closely to dat of present-day Sierra Leone). On 31 August 1896, a Proclamation dey issue insyd de Colony, wey dey declare dat territory to be a British Protectorate. De Colony remained a distinct political entity; de Protectorate dey govern from it.

Most of de chiefs whose territories de Protectorate subsumed do not enter into it voluntarily. Many sign treaties of friendship plus Britain, but these be often dey express as being between sovereign powers, plus there be no subordination to de British. Only a handful of chiefs dey sign treaties of cession, den insyd some cases e be unknown if de chiefs dey understand de implications of de treaty. Insyd more remote areas, no treaties had been signed at all. De creation of de Sierra Leone Protectorate be more insyd de nature of a unilateral acquisition of territory by de British.

Almost every chieftaincy insyd Sierra Leone dey respond to de British arrogation of power plus armed resistance. De Protectorate Ordinances (passed insyd de Colony insyd 1896 den 1897) abolish de title of King den replace it plus &quot;Paramount Chief&quot;. Chiefs den kings dey formerly been selected by de leading members of dema own communities; now all chiefs, even paramount ones, can be deposed or installed at de will of de Governor, den most of de judicial powers of de chiefs be removed den given to courts presided-over by British &quot;District Commissioners&quot;. De Governor decree dat a house tax of 5''s'' to 10''s'' be to be levied annually on every dwelling insyd de Protectorate. To de chiefs, these reductions insyd de power den prestige be unbearable.

During these conflicts, British officers dey use de practice of cutting de hands of people to account for bullets spent, similar to what dey occur under de regime Leopold II of Belgium insyd de Congo Free State. British doctor, John Lancelot Todd, who dey travel to West Africa on an LSTM expedition together plus Joseph Everett Dutton, write down de testimonies of British officers who dey involve insyd putting down rebellions insyd British Sierra Leone den dey practice cutting de hands of de people they shot. De exact number of living victims who dey end up mutilated be unknown.

==== '''Hut Tax War of 1898''' ====
Insyd 1898, two rebellions dey break out against British colonial rule insyd Sierra Leone insyd response to de introduction of a new hut tax by Governor Frederic Cardew. On 1 January 1898, Cardew introduce de hut tax as a way to pay for de colonial administration ein financial expenditures. However, de tax prove to be beyond de financial means of many insyd de colony, provoking discontent. Insyd February 1898, an attempt by colonial officials to arrest Temne chief Bai Bureh lead to him den rebels under ein command to revolt against British rule. Bureh ein forces dey launch attacks on British officials den Creole traders.

Despite de ongoing rebellion, Bureh dispatched two peace overtures to de British insyd April den June of dat year, aid by de mediation of Limba chief Almamy Suluku. Cardew dey reject both offers, as Bureh would not agree to surrender unconditionally. Bureh ein forces conducted a disciplined den skillfully execute guerrilla campaign which cause de British considerable difficulty. Hostilities begin insyd February; Bureh ein harassing tactics confounded de British at first but by May they gain ground. De rainy season interrupted hostilities until October, when British colonial forces resume de slow process of capturing rebel stockades. When most of these defences dey eliminate, Bureh be captured or surrendered (accounts differ) insyd November.

De second revolt insyd de southeast be a mass uprising, planned somehow to commence everywhere on 27 den 28 April, insyd which almost all &quot;outsiders&quot;—whether European or Creole—be seized den summarily executed. Although more fearsome than Bai Bureh ein rising, na e be amorphous, dey lack a definite strategy, den  be suppressed insyd most areas insyd two months. Some Mende rebels insyd de centre of de country no be beaten until November, however; den Mende king Nyagua ein son Maghi, insyd alliance plus some Kissi rebels, continued de revolt insyd de extreme east of de Protectorate until August 1899. De principal of de uprisings, Bureh, Nyagua den Kpana Lewis, be exiled to de Gold Coast on 30 July 1899. Nine months after de rebellion, de colonial government convicted den executed ninety-six rebels which had been found guilty of murder by hanging. Insyd 1905, Bureh be allowed by de British to return to Sierra Leone, where he continue reassume ein chieftaincy at de settlement of Kasseh.

=== Creole dissent insyd de high colonial period (1898–1956) ===
Insyd de early 19th century Freetown serve as de residence of de British governor who sana rule deGold Coast (now Ghana) den de Gambia settlements. Sierra Leone sana serve as de educational centre of British West Africa. Fourah Bay College, establish insyd 1827, rapidly become a magnet for English-speaking Africans on de west coast. For more than a century, e be de only European-style university insyd western Sub-Saharan Africa.

After de Hut Tax War there be no more large-scale military resistance to colonialism. Resistance den dissent dey continue, but take oda forms. Vocal political dissent come mainly from de Creoles, who be a sizeable middle den upper class of business-people den European-educated professionals such as doctors den lawyers. Insyd de mid-19th century they had enjoyed a period of considerable political influence, but in the late 19th century the government become much less open to them.

They continue to press for political rights, however, den dey operate a variety of newspapers which governors dey consider troublesome den demagogic. Insyd 1924, a new constitution be put insyd place, introducing elected representation (3 out of 22 members) for de first time, plus de first elections held on 28 October. Prominent among de Creoles demanding change be de bourgeois nationalist H.C. Bankole-Bright, General Secretary of de Sierra Leone Branch of de National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA), den de socialist I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson, founder of de West African Youth League (WAYL).

African resistance no be limited to political discussion. Sierra Leone develope an active trade union movement whose strikes often be accompanied by sympathetic rioting among de general population.

Besides de colonial employers, popular hostility be targeted against de tribal chiefs who de British dey transform into functionaries insyd de colonial system of indirect rule. Demma role be to provide policing, collect taxes, den obtain corvée labour (forced labour exacted from those unable to pay taxes) for de colonial government; insyd return, de government maintain them insyd a privileged position over de oda Africans. Chiefs not willing to play this role be replaced by more compliant ones. According to Kilson, de attitude of de Africans toward demma chiefs become ambivalent: frequently they respect de office but resented de exactions made by de individual occupying it. From de chiefs ein point of view, de dilemma of an honourable ruler dey face plus British ultimatums cannot have been easy.

Throughout de 20th century, there be numerous riots directed against tribal chiefs. These culminated insyd de Freetown riot of 1955, which be suppressed by a combined force of police den Royal Sierra Leone Regiment troops. After those riots, reforms be introduced: de forced-labour system be completely abolished den reductions be made insyd de powers of de chiefs.

Sierra Leone remain divided into a Colony den a Protectorate, plus separate den different political systems constitutionally defined for each. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate insyd 1947, when proposals be introduced to provide for a single political system. Most of de proposals come from de Protectorate. De Krio, led by Isaac Wallace-Johnson, oppose de proposals, de main effect of which will have been to diminish demma political power. E be due to de astute politics of Sir Milton Margai dat de educated Protectorate elite dey win over to join forces plus de paramount chiefs insyd de face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai use de same skills to win-over opposition leaders den moderate Krio elements for de achievement of independence.

Insyd November 1951, Margai dey overseew de drafting of a new constitution, which unite de separate Colonial den Protectorate legislatures den provide a framework for decolonization. Insyd 1953, Sierra Leone be granted local ministerial powers, den Margai be elected Chief Minister of Sierra Leone. De new constitution ensure Sierra Leone a parliamentary system insyd de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1957, Sierra Leone hold ein first parliamentary election. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), which be then de most-popular political party insyd de colony of Sierra Leone, win de most seats insyd Parliament. Margai sana be re-elected as Chief Minister by an overwhelming majority.

==== '''Sierra Leone insyd World War II''' ====
Main article: Sierra Leone insyd World War II

Throughout de war, Freetown serve as a critical convoy station for Allied ships.

== 1960 Independence Conference ==
On 20 April 1960, Sir Milton Margai dey lead de Sierra Leonean delegation insyd de negotiations for independence at de constitutional conferences hold plus Queen Elizabeth II den British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod, at Lancaster House insyd London. All twenty-four members of de Sierra Leonean delegation be prominent den well-respected politicians wey include Sir Milton ein younger brother lawyer Sir Albert Margai, trade unionist Siaka Stevens, SLPP-strongman Lamina Sankoh, Creole activist Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Paramount chief Ella Koblo Gulama, educationist Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, Dr John Karefa-Smart, Professor Kande Bureh, lawyer Sir Banja Tejan-Sie, former Freetown Mayor Eustace Henry Taylor Cummings, educationist Amadu Wurie, den Creole diplomat Hector Reginald Sylvanus Boltman.

On de conclusion of talks insyd London, Britain dey agree to grant Sierra Leone Independence on 27 April 1961. Stevens be de only delegate who refuse to sign Sierra Leone ein Declaration of Independence, on de grounds dat there had been a secret defence-pact between Sierra Leone den Britain; anoda point of contention by Stevens be de Sierra Leonean government ein position dat there will be no elections hold before independence which will effectively shut Stevens out of Sierra Leone ein political process. Upon demma return to Freetown on 4 May 1960, Stevens be promptly expelled from de People ein National Party (PNP).

== Opposition to de SLPP government ==
Insyd 1961, Siaka Stevens, a trade unionist den outspoken critic of de SLPP government, take advantage of de dissatisfaction plus de ruling SLPP among some prominent politicians from de Northern part of Sierra Leone. He form an alliance plus Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, Christian Alusine-Kamara Taylor, Mohamed.O.Bash-Taqi, Ibrahim Bash-Taqi, S.A.T. Koroma den C.A. Fofana, den form a new political party called de All People ein Congress (APC) insyd opposition of de SLPP government, wey use de northern part of Sierra Leone as demma political base.

== Early independence (1961–1968) ==
Main article: History of Sierra Leone (1961–78)

==== '''Sir Milton Margai administration (1961–1964)''' ====
On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai dey lead Sierra Leone to Independence from Britain den become de country ein first prime minister. Sierra Leone retain a parliamentary system of government den be a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1962, Sierra Leone hold ein first general election as an independent nation. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP) win plurality of seats insyd parliament den Sir Milton Margai be re-elected as prime minister. De years just after independence be prosperous, plus money from mineral resources being used for development den de founding of Njala University.

Margai be very popular among Sierra Leoneans during ein time insyd power. An important aspect of ein character ein self-effacement; he neither be corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of ein power or status. Ein government be based on de rule of law den de notion of separation of powers, plus multiparty political institutions den fairly viable representative structures. Margai use ein conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials plus a clear eye to satisfy various ethnic groups. Margai employ a brokerage style of politics by sharing political power between political groups den de paramount chiefs insyd de provinces.

==== '''Sir Albert Margai administration (1964–1967)''' ====
Upon Sir Milton Margai ein death insyd 1964, ein half-brother, Sir Albert Margai, be appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert ein leadership be briefly challenged by Sierra Leone ein Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who dey question Sir Albert ein succession to de SLPP leadership position. Kareefa-Smart received little support insyd Parliament insyd ein attempt to have Margai stripe of de SLPP leadership. Soon after Margai was sworn insyd as prime minister, he immediately dismiss several senior government officials who dey serve under ein elder brother ein government, as he view them as traitors den a threat to ein administration.

Unlike ein late brother, Sir Milton, Sir Albert Margai prove unpopular den dey resort to increasingly authoritarian actions insyd response to protests, wey include de enactment of several laws against de opposition All People ein Congress (APC) den an unsuccessful attempt to establish a one-party state. Unlike ein late brother, Sir Albert be opposed to de colonial legacy of allowing de country ein paramount chiefs executive powers, den he be seen as a threat to de existence of de ruling houses across de country—almost all of whom be strong supporters den key allies of de previous administration. Insyd 1967, riots break out insyd Freetown against Sir Albert ein policies. Insyd response, Margai declared a state of emergency across de country. He be accused of corruption den of a policy of affirmative action insyd favour of ein own Mende ethnic group

Sir Albert dey have de opportunity to perpetuate einself insyd power, but he elect not to do so even when de opportunities present themselves. He have de police den de army on ein side den nothing can have prevented him from achieving ein ambition to hold on to power, but he choose not to den called for free den fair elections.

==== '''Three military coups (1967–1968)''' ====
De APC narrowly dey win a small majority of seats insyd Parliament over de SLPP insyd a closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general election, den APC leader Siaka Stevens be sworn insyd as prime minister on 21 March 1967 insyd Freetown. Insyd hours of taking office, Stevens be ousted insyd a bloodless military coup dey lead by de commander of de army, Brigadier General David Lansana, a close ally of Sir Albert Margai who dey appoint Lansana to de position insyd 1964. Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest insyd Freetown den insisted de determination of office of de prime minister should await de election of de tribal representatives to de house. On 23 March, a group of senior military officers insyd de Sierra Leone Army lead by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith overrode dis action by seizing control of de government, arresting Lansana, den suspending de constitution. De group constituted einself as de National Reformation Council (NRC) plus Juxon-Smith as ein chairman den Governor-General. On 18 April 1968, a group of senior military officers who called themselves de Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM) lead by Brigadier General John Amadu Bangura overthraw de NRC junta. De ACRM juntas just arrest many senior NRC members. De democratic constitution be restored, den power be handed back to Stevens, who assume de office of prime minister.

== Stevens government den one-party state (1968–1985) ==
Stevens dey assume power insyd 1968 plus a great deal of hope den ambition. Much trust be placed upon him as he championed multi-party politics. Stevens dey campaign on a platform of bringing de tribes together under socialist principles. During ein first decade or so insyd power, Stevens dey renegotiate some of what he call &quot;useless prefinanced schemes&quot; contracted by ein predecessors, Albert Margai of de SLPP den Juxon-Smith of de NRC, which be said to have left de country insyd an economically deprive state. Stevens dey reorganize de country ein refinery, de government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, den a cement factory. He cancel Juxon-Smith ein construction of a church den mosque on de grounds of Victoria Park. Stevens begin efforts dat will later bridge de distance between de provinces den de city. Roads den hospitals be constructed insyd de provinces, den paramount chiefs den provincial peoples become a prominent force insyd Freetown.

Under pressure of several coup attempts—real den perceived—Stevens ein rule grow more den more authoritarian, den ein relationship plus some of ein ardent supporters deteriorated. He remove de SLPP from competitive politics insyd general elections, some believe, through de use of violence den intimidation. To maintain de support of de military, Stevens retain de popular John Amadu Bangura as de head of de Sierra Leone Armed Forces.

After de return to civilian rule, by-elections be held (beginning insyd autumn 1968) den an all-APC cabinet be appointed. Calm no be completely restored. Insyd November 1968, unrest insyd de provinces lead Stevens to declare a state of emergency.

Many senior officers insyd de Sierra Leone military be greatly disappointed plus Stevens ein policies, but none can openly confront Stevens. Brigadier General Bangura, who dey reinstated Stevens as prime minister, be widely considered de only person who can put de brakes on Stevens. De army be devoted to Bangura den it was believed, insyd sam quarters, dat dis make him potentially dangerous to Stevens. Insyd January 1970, Bangura be arrested den charge plus conspiracy den plotting to commit a coup against de Stevens government. After a trial dat last a few months, Bangura be convicted den sententenced to death. He be hanged on 29 March 1970 insyd Freetown. Stevens dey name a junior officer, Joseph Saidu Momoh, as de head of de Sierra Leone Military. Major General Momoh be a close ally den very loyal to Stevens.

On 23 March 1971, soldiers loyal to de executed Brigadier John Amadu Bangura hold a mutiny insyd Freetown den oda parts of de country insyd opposition of de Stevens government. Several soldiers be arrested for demma involvement insyd de mutiny, wey include Corporal Foday Sankoh who be convicted of treason den jailed for seven years at de Pademba Road Prison. At Stevens ein request to Guinean President Sekou Toure, a close ally, Guinean soldiers be stationed insyd Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1973 to help protect de government.

Insyd April 1971, a new republican constitution be adopted under which Stevens become president. Insyd de 1972 by-elections, de opposition SLPP complain of intimidation den procedural obstruction by de APC den militia. These problems become so severe dat de SLPP boycotted de 1973 general election; as a result de APC win 84 of de 85 elected seats.

Insyd de early 1970s, Siaka Stevens dey form ein own personal force known as de State Security Division (SSD), insyd order to protect him den to maintain ein hold on power. Many of de SSD officers be from de provinces, den be very loyal to Stevens. De SSD be very powerful den operate independently under Stevens ein direct command. De SSD officers guide Stevens den be deployed across Sierra Leone to put down any rebellion or demonstration against de Stevens government.

An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens fail insyd 1974. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army den government officials dey include Brigadier David Lansana, former cabinet minister Dr. Mohamed Sorie Forna, former cabinet minister den journalist Ibrahim Bash-Taqi den Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara be executed after they be convicted for attempting a coup. Insyd March 1976, Stevens be re-elected president, without opposition.

Insyd 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against de government disrupt Sierra Leone politics. However, de demonstrationbe quickly put down by de army den SSD officers. A general election be called later dat year insyd which corruption be again endemic. De APC win 74 seats den de SLPP win 15 seats.

Insyd May 1978, de Sierra Leone Parliament, dominated by close allies of President Steven ein APC administration, approved a new constitution, which make de country a one-party state. On 12 July 1978, official figures release by de government showed 97 per cent of Sierra Leoneans vote insyd favour of de one-party state. De SLPP, oda opposition parties den civil right groups say de referendum votes be massively rigged, den dat voters be intimidated by security forces loyal to Stevens. De 1978 constitution referendum make de APC the only legal political party; all oda political parties be banned, wey include de main opposition (de SLPP). Dis move lead to anoda major demonstration against de government insyd many parts of de country, which be put down by de army den de SSD officers.

De first elections under de new one-party constitution take place on 1 May 1982. Elections insyd about two-thirds of de constituencies be contested. Because of irregularities, de government cancel elections insyd 13 constituencies. By-elections take place on 4 June 1982. De new cabinet appoint by Stevens after de election include several prominent members of de disbanded SLPP who have defect to de APC, wey include de new Finance Minister Salia Jusu-Sheriff, a former leader of de SLPP. Jusu-Sheriff ein accession to de cabinet be viewed by many as a step toward making de APC a true national party.

Stevens, who have been head-of-state of Sierra Leone for 18 years, retired from dat position insyd November 1985 at de end of ein term, although he continue ein role as chairman of de ruling APC party. Many insyd de country dey expect Stevens to name ein vice president den loyal ally, Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, as ein successor. However, at de APC convention insyd August 1985, de APC name Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh as Stevens ein choice to succeed him as president. Momoh be very loyal to Stevens who dey appoint him to head of de military fifteen years earlier; Momoh den Stevens be both members of de minority Limba ethnic group. Momoh dey retire from de military den be elected president without opposition on 1 October 1985. A formal inauguration dey hold insyd January 1986, den new parliamentary elections be held insyd May 1986.

Siaka Stevens be generally criticised for dictatorial methods den government corruption, but he reduce de ethnic polarization insyd government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into ein all-dominant APC government. Anoda legacy of Stevens be dat for eighteen years while he be insyd power, he keep de country safe from civil war den armed rebellion.

Despite ein dictatorial governing style, Stevens regularly dey interact plus de people of Sierra Leone by making surprise visits. Stevens sana regularly make surprise visits to de poor merchants, where he be often seen buying ein own food at a local market plus ein security team keeping demma distance. Stevens often stand den wave to de Sierra Leonean people from an open car when travelling plus ein convoy.

== Momoh government and RUF rebellion (1985–1991) ==
President Momoh ein strong links plus de army den ein verbal attacks on corruption earn him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. Plus de lack of new faces insyd ein cabinet, however, criticisms soon arose dat Momoh be simply perpetuating de rule of Stevens. Momoh differ einself by integrating de powerful den independent State Security Force (SSD) into de Sierra Leone Police force.

De first years under de Momoh administration be characterised by corruption, which Momoh dey defuse by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise ein war against corruption, President Momoh announce a &quot;Code of Conduct for Political Leaders den Public Servants&quot;. After an alleged attempt to overthrow Momoh insyd March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials be arrested, wey include Vice-president Francis Minah, who be removed from office, convicted for plotting de coup, den executed by hanging plus five odas insyd 1989.

Insyd October 1990, due to mounting domestic den international pressure for reforms, President Momoh create a commission to review de 1978 one-party constitution. Base on de commission ein recommendations, a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system, guaranteeing fundamental human rights den de rule of law, den strengthening democratic structures, be approved by a 60% majority of de APC Parliament, ratify by referendum insyd September 1991 den become effective on 1 October. There be great suspicion dat President Momoh be not serious about ein promise of political reform, as APC rule continue to be increasingly marked by abuses of power.

Several senior government officials insyd Momoh ein administration resign to oppose de APC in upcoming elections. Salia Jusu Sheriff, Abass Bundu, J.B. Dauda den Sama Banya resuscitated de previously disbanded SLPP, while Thaimu Bangura, Edward Kargbo den Desmond Luke formed demma own respective political parties to challenge de ruling APC. However, de vast majority of government officials including Victor Bockarie Foh, Edward Turay, Hassan Gbassay Kanu den Osman Foday Yansaneh remain loyal to Momoh den de APC.

Meanwhile, an increasing burden be placed on de country by de rebellion insyd de eastern part of Sierra Leone.

== Civil war (1991–2002) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Civil War

De brutal civil wardysneighbouring Liberia play an undeniable role insyd de outbreak of fighting insyd Sierra Leone. Charles Taylor—leader of de National Patriotic Front of Liberia—reportedly help form de Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under de command of former Sierra Leonean army corporal Foday Sankoh, a critic of both de Stevens den Momoh administrations. Sankoh had been an ally of Brigadier General Bangura den be among those who mutinied following Bangura ein execution. Sankoh be British-trained den had undergone guerrilla training insyd Libya. Taylor ein aim was for de RUF to attack de bases of Nigerian-dominated peacekeeping troops insyd Sierra Leone who were opposed to ein rebel movement insyd Liberia. Sankoh ein RUF rebels dey enter de country insyd March 1991, den within a month controlled much of Eastern Sierra Leone, wey include de diamond-mining area insyd Kono District. De government of Sierra Leone, overwhelm by a crumbling economy den corruption, be unable to mount significant resistance.

At dis time, de Momoh government be crumbling. Several senior government officials dey resign to form opposition parties, while there be suspicions dat President Momoh no be serious about political reform. Abuses of power dey continue den de APC be alleged to have been hoarding arms den planning a violent campaign against de opposition parties ahead of multi-party general elections scheduled for late 1992. De state have been unable to play civil servants, leading to de looting of government property den a population of aimless youth when schools be closed.

==== '''NPRC Junta (1992–1996)''' ====
On 29 April 1992, twenty-five-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser lead a group of young Sierra Leone Army officers—wey include Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Seargent Solomon Musa, Lieutenant Tom Nyuma, Captain Komba Mondeh, Captain Julius Maada Bio den Captain Komba Kambo—from demma barracks insyd Kailahun District den launch a military coup insyd Freetown, which send President Momoh into exile insyd Guinea. De young soldiers established de National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) plus Strasser as ein chairman den Head of State of de country. Captain Solomon Musa, a close friend of Strasser den one of de leaders of de coup, become de deputy leader of de NPRC Junta. De coup be largely popular because e promise to bring peace, but de NPRC Junta immediately suspended de constitution, ban all political parties, limited freedom of speech den freedom of de press den enact a rule-by-decree policy, insyd which soldiers be granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial. De NPRC establish a Supreme Council, consisting of de highest-ranking soldiers insyd de Junta government.

On de same day de NPRC Junta take power, one of de coup leaders, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, be assassinated—reportedly by Major Sim Turay, de head of Sierra Leone Military Intelligence, den a close ally of de deposed president. A heavily armed military manhunt took place across Sierra Leone to find Turay den odas suspected to have participated insyd de assassination, forcing Turay to flee to Guinea.

De NPRC Junta fight de RUF rebels, recapture most of de RUF-held territories, den push de rebels back to de border plus Liberia. De NPRC Junta maintain relations plus de Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) den strengthen support for Sierra Leone–based ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) troops fighting insyd Liberia.

Insyd December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against de NPRC administration of Strasser be foiled; e dey aim at freeing from detention Colonel Yahya Kanu, Lt-Colonel Kahota M.S. Dumbuya den former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara. Seargent Mohamed Lamin Bangura den some junior army officers be identified as being behind de coup. Seventeen soldiers be executed, wey include Bangura, Kanu den Dumbuya. Several prominent members of de Momoh government who have been insyd detention at de Pa Demba Road prison, wey include former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara sana be executed.

On 5 July 1994, deputy NPRC leader Solomon Musa be arrested den sent into exile insyd Guinea. Musa be accused by Strasser, on de advice of high-ranking NPRC soldiers, dat he have become too powerful den be a threat to Strasser. Musa, who be a close ally den childhood friend of Strasser, deny de allegation den claim ein accusers be de threat. Strasser replace Musa as deputy NPRC chairman plus Captain Julius Maada Bio, den immediately promote him to brigadier.

Due to internal divisions between soldiers loyal to Musa den those who support Strasser ein decision to oust him, de NPRC ein campaign against de RUF become ineffectual. More den more of de country fall to RUF fighters, den by 1994 de RUF hold much of de diamond-rich Eastern Province den be at de edge of Freetown. Insyd response, de NPRC hire several hundred mercenaries from de private firm Executive Outcomes. Within a month, they have driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone ein borders den cleared de RUF from de Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone.

On 16 January 1996, after about four years insyd power, Strasser be arrested by ein own bodyguards insyd a coup lead by Bio den dey back by many high-ranking soldiers of de NPRC junta. Strasser be immediately flown into exile insyd Conakry, Guinea. Bio stated insyd a public broadcast dat ein support for returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elect civilian government den ein commitment to ending de civil war be ein motivations for de coup.

==== '''Return to civilian rule''' '''den first Kabbah Presidency (1996–1997)''' ====
Promises of a return to civilian rule be fulfilled by Bio, who handed power over to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of de Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), after de conclusion of elections insyd early 1996. President Kabbah take power plus a great promise of ending de civil war, open dialogues plus de then-defeated RUF den invite RUF-leader Sankoh for peace negotiations, signing de Abidjan Peace Accord on 30 November 1996.

Insyd January 1997, under international pressure, de Kabbah government ended demma contract plus Executive Outcomes even though a neutral monitoring force have not arrived. Dis dey create an opportunity for de RUF to regroup den renew military attacks. Sankoh be arrested insyd Nigeria, den by de end of March 1997 de peace accord have collapsed.

==== '''AFRC junta (1997–1998)''' ====
On 25 May 1997, a group of seventeen soldiers insyd de Sierra Leone army leda by Corporal Tamba Gborie freed den armed 600 prisoners from de Pademba Road Prison insyd Freetown. One of de prisoners, Major General Johnny Paul Koroma, emerge as de leader of de group. Calling einself de Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), de group launch a military coup den send President Kabbah into exile insyd Guinea. Koroma become head of state, plus Gborie as deputy-in-command of de AFRC. Koroma suspend de constitution, ban demonstrations, closed all private radio stations, den grant unlimited powers to soldiers.

Koroma invited de RUF rebels to join ein coup. Facing little resistance from army loyalists, five thousand rag-tag rebel fighters overran de capital. Koroma appeal to Nigeria for de release of Foday Sankoh, appointing de absent leader to de position of deputy chairman of de AFRC. De joint AFRC/RUF coalition government then proclaim de war have been won, den give de soldiers den rebels unlimited powers insyd a great wave of looting den reprisals against civilians insyd Freetown (dubbed &quot;Operation Pay Yourself&quot; by some of ein participants).

De AFRC Junta government no be recognized by any country—whereas President Kabbah ein government insyd exile insyd Conakry, Guinea be recognized by de United Nations, de African Union, de United States, de United Kingdom den ECOWAS as de legitimate government of Sierra Leone.

De Kamajors, a group of traditional fighters mostly from de Mende ethnic group under de command of Deputy Defence Minister Samuel Hinga Norman, dey remain loyal to President Kabbah den defended de Southern part Sierra Leone from de rebels. De Kamajors den rebels, wey include de RUF soldiers, regularly fight each oda, den human rights violations be committed by both sides.

ECOWAS, lead by Nigerian Head of State Sani Abacha, create a military force to defeat de AFRC/RUF junta insyd Freetown den to reinstate President Kabbah ein government. Many West-African countries send troops to reinstate de Kabbah Government, assembling a force largely from Nigeria but sana include soldiers from Guinea, Ghana, Togo, Gambia, Mali, Ivory Coast den Senegal.

After 10 months insydoffice, de AFRC junta government be ousted den driven out of Freetown by de Nigeria-led ECOMOG forces. De democratically elected government of President Kabbah be reinstated insyd March 1998. Koroma fled to de rebel strongholds insyd de east of de country.

==== '''President Kabbah''' '''ein return den de end of civil war (1998–2001)''' ====
Kabbah return to power plus Albert Joe Demby as vice-president. President Kabbah name Solomon Berewa as attorney general den Sama Banya as foreign minister. On 31 July 1998, President Kabbah disbanded de Sierra Leone military den introduce a proposal for a new military. On 12 October 1998, twenty-five soldiers—wey include Gborie, Brigadier Hassan Karim Conteh, Colonel Samuel Francis Koroma, Major Kula Samba den Colonel Abdul Karim Sesay—be executed by firing squad after they be convicted by court martial for orchestrating de 1997 coup. AFRC leader Johnny Paul Koroma be tried insyd absentia den sentenced to death.

ECOMOG be unable to achieve a tactical victory over de RUF, den de international community promote peace negotiations. De Lomé Peace Accord be signed on 7 July 1999 to end de civil war, granting amnesty for all combatants, den controversially granting Sankoh de position of vice president den chairman of de commission dat overseew de diamond mines. Insyd October 1999, de United Nations established de UNAMSIL peacekeeping force to help restore order den disarm de rebels. De first of de 6,000-member force begin arriving insyd December, den de UN Security Council vote insyd February 2000 to increase de force to 11,000, den later to 13,000. Insyd May, when nearly all Nigerian forces dey leave den UN forces be trying to disarm de RUF insyd eastern Sierra Leone, de RUF take over 500 peacekeepers hostage, some of de rebels using captured weapons den armoured personnel carriers to advance on de capital. De 75-day hostage crisis result insyd more fighting between de RUF den government forces as UN troops launch Operation Khukri to end de siege. De Operation be successful plus Indian den British Special Forces being de main contingents.

De situation insyd de country deteriorated to such an extent dat British troops be deployed insyd Operation Palliser, originally simply to evacuate foreign nationals. However, de British exceed demma original mandate, den take full military action to finally defeat de rebels den restore order. De British be de catalyst for de cease-fire dat ended de civil war. Elements of de British Army, together plus administrators den politicians, remain insyd Sierra Leone, helping to train de new armed forces, improve de infrastructure of de country den administer financial den material aid. Tony Blair, de prime minister of Britain at de time of de British intervention, be regarded as a hero by de people of Sierra Leone, many of whom are keen for more British involvement. Sierra Leoneans have been described as &quot;The World's Most Resilient People&quot;. Insyd 2004, Parliament pass a Local Government Act of 2004 which re-introduce local government councils back to Sierra Leone after thirty years. On 4 August 2006, insyd a broadcast to de nation, President Kabbah announced dat 2007 presidential den parliamentary elections will be held on 28 July 2007.

Between 1991 den 2001, about 50,000 people be killed insyd Sierra Leone ein civil war. Hundreds of thousands of people be forced from demma homes den many become refugees insyd Guinea den Liberia. Insyd 2001, UN forces move into rebel-held areas den begin to disarm rebel soldiers. By January 2002, President Kabbah declare de civil war officially over. Insyd May 2002, Kabbah be re-elected president by an overwhelming majority. By 2004, de disarmament process be complete. Sanso insyd 2004, a UN-backed war crimes court begin holding trials of senior leaders from both sides of de war. Insyd December 2005, UN peacekeeping forces depart from Sierra Leone.

== 2002 to present ==

==== '''Kabbah re-elected (2002–2007)''' ====
Elections be held insyd May 2002. President Kabbah be re-elected, den de SLPP win a majority of de parliamentary seats. Insyd June 2003, de UN ban on de sale of Sierra Leone diamonds expire den no be renewed. De UN disarmament den rehabilitation program for Sierra Leone ein fighters be completed insyd February 2004, by which time more than 70,000 former-combatants have been helped. UN forces return primary responsibility for security insyd de area around de capital to Sierra Leone ein police den armed forces insyd September 2004; e be de last part of de country to be turned over. Some UN peacekeepers remain to assist de Sierra Leone government until de end of 2005.

De 1999 Lomé Accord called for de establishment of a Truth den Reconciliation Commission, which will provide a forum for both victims den perpetrators of human rights violations during de conflict to tell demma stories den facilitate genuine reconciliation. Subsequently, de Sierra Leonean Government den de UN agreed to establish de Special Court for Sierra Leone to try those who &quot;bear de greatest responsibility for de commission of crimes against humanity, war crimes den serious violations of international humanitarian law, as well as crimes under relevant Sierra Leonean law within de territory of Sierra Leone since 30 November 1996.&quot; Both de Truth den Reconciliation Commission den de Special Court begin operating insyd de summer of 2002. De Truth den Reconciliation Commission released ein Final Report to de government insyd October 2004. Insyd June 2005, de government issue a White Paper on de commission ein final report which accept sam but not all of ein recommendations. Members of civil society groups dismissed de government ein response as too vague den continue to criticize de government for ein failure to follow-up on de report ein recommendations.

Insyd March 2003, de Special Court for Sierra Leone issue ein first indictments. Foday Sankoh, already insyd custody, be indicted, along plus notorious RUF field commander Sam &quot;Mosquito&quot; Bockarie, Johnny Paul Koroma, den Hinga Norman (de Minister of Interior den former head of de Civil Defence Force), among several odas. Norman be arrested when de indictments be announced, while Bockarie den Koroma remain insyd hiding. On 5 May 2003, Bockarie be killed insyd Liberia, allegedly on orders from President Charles Taylor, who feared Bockarie ein testimony before de Special Court. Koroma sana be rumoured to have been killed, though ein death dey remain unconfirmed. Two of de accused, Foday Sankoh den Hinga Norman, have die while incarcerated. On 25 March 2006, plus de election of Liberian President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo permit de transfer of Charles Taylor—who have been living insyd exile insyd de Nigerian coastal town of Calobar—to Sierra Leone for prosecution. Two days later, Taylor attempt to flee Nigeria, but he be apprehended by Nigerian authorities den transferred to Freetown under UN guard.</text>
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      <text bytes="84380" sha1="m7ui88h67u9ke3eh77c21dzue01bhuz" xml:space="preserve">'''Sierra Leone''' first become inhabited by indigenous African peoples at least 2,500 years ago. De Limba be de first tribe known to inhabit Sierra Leone. De dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de region from oda West African cultures, den e become a refuge for peoples escaping violence. Sierra Leone was named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra, who map de region insyd 1462. De Freetown estuary provided a good natural harbour for ships to shelter den replenish drinking water, den gain more international attention as coastal den trans-Atlantic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade.

Insyd de mid-16th century, de Mane people invaded, subjugated nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples, den militarised Sierra Leone. De Mane soon blended plus de local populations den de various chiefdoms den kingdoms remain insyd a continual state of conflict, plus many captives sold to European slave-traders. De Atlantic slave trade had a significant impact on Sierra Leone, as dis trade flourished insyd de 17th den 18th centuries, den later as a centre of anti-slavery efforts when de trade be abolished insyd 1807. British abolitionists had organised a colony for Black Loyalists at Freetown, den dis become de capital of British West Africa. A naval squadron was base there to intercept slave ships, den de colony quickly grew as Liberated Africans be released, join by Afro-Caribbean den African soldiers who had fought for Britain insyd de American Revolutionary War. De descendants of de black settlers be collectively referred to as de Creoles or Krios.

During de colonial era, de British den Creoles increased demma control over de surrounding area, securing peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted, suppressing slave-trading den inter-chiefdom war. Insyd 1895, Britain draw borders for Sierra Leone which they declare to be demma protectorate, leading to armed resistance den de Hut Tax War of 1898. Thereafter, there demma dissent den reforms as de Creoles sought political rights, trade unions form against colonial employers, den peasants sought greater justice from demma chiefs.

Sierra Leone has played a significant part insyd modern African political liberty den nationalism. Insyd de 1950s, a new constitution united de Crown Colony den Protectorate, which had previously been governed separately. Sierra Leone gain independence from de United Kingdom on 27 April 1961 den became a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Ethnic den linguistic divisions remain an obstacle to national unity, plus de Mende, Temne den Creoles as rival power blocs. Roughly half of de years since independence have been marked by autocratic governments or civil war.

== Early history ==
Archaeological finds show dat Sierra Leone has been inhabited continuously for at least 2,500 years, populate by successive movements of peoples from oda parts of Africa. De use of iron be introduced to Sierra Leone by de 9th century, den by de end of de 10th century agriculture was being practiced by coastal tribes.

Sierra Leone ein dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de land from oda African cultures den from de spread of Islam. Dis make e a refuge for people escaping subjugation by de Sahelian kingdoms, violence den jihads.

European contacts plus Sierra Leone be among de first insyd West Africa. Insyd 1462, Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra mapped de hills surrounding what be now Freetown Harbour, naming de oddly shaped formation ''Serra Lyoa'' (Lioness Mountain).

At dis time de country be inhabited by numerous politically independent native groups. Several different languages be spoken, but there was similarity of religion. Insyd de coastal rainforest belt there be Bulom-speakers between de Sherbro den Freetown estuaries, Loko-speakers north of de Freetown estuary to de Little Scarcies River, Temne-speakers find at de mouth of de Scarcies River, den Limba-speakers farther up de Scarcies. Insyd de hilly savannah north of all of these lands be de Susu den Fula tribes. De Susu trade regularly plus de coastal peoples along river valley routes, bringing salt, clothes woven by de Fula, iron work, den gold.

== European contact (15th century) ==
Portuguese ships begin visiting Sierra Leone regularly insyd de late 15th century, den for a while they maintained a fort on de north shore of de Freetown estuary. Dis estuary be one of de largest natural deep-water harbours insyd de world, den one of de few good harbours on West Africa ein surf-battered &quot;Windward Shore&quot; (Liberia to Senegal). E soon become a favourite destination of European mariners, to shelter den replenish drinking water. Some of de Portuguese sailors stay permanently, trading den intermarrying plus de local people.

==== '''Slavery''' ====
Slavery, den insyd particular de Atlantic slave trade, had a great effect on de region—socially, economically den politically—from de late 15th to de mid-19th centuries.

There had been lucrative trans-Saharan trade of slaves insyd West Africa from de 6th century. At ein peak (c. 1350) de Mali Empire surrounded de region of modern-day Sierra Leone den Liberia, though de slave trade may not have significantly penetrated de coastal rainforest. De peoples who migrate into Sierra Leone from dis time will have had greater contact plus de indigenous slave trade, either practicing it or escaping it.

When Europeans first arrive at Sierra Leone, slavery among de African peoples of de area be believe to be rare. According to historian Walter Rodney, de Portuguese mariners keep detailed reports, den so e be likely if slavery had been an important local institution dat de reports will have described it. There be mention of a very particular kind of slavery insyd de region, which was:&lt;blockquote&gt;a person insyd trouble insyd one kingdom can go to anoda den place himself under de protection of ein king, whereupon he become a &quot;slave&quot; of dat king, obliged to provide free labour den liable for sale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Rodney, such a person will likely have retain some rights den had some opportunity to rise insyd status as time passed.

De European colonization of de Americas soon lead to labor demands from nascent colonies; dis lead Europeans to seek a supply of slaves to transport to de Americas. Initially, European slavers launch raids on coastal villages to abduct Africans den sell them into slavery. However, they soon establish economic alliances plus local leaders, as many chiefs were willing to sell undesirable members of demma tribe to Europeans. Oda African chiefs launch raids on rival tribes insyd order to sell captives of such raids into slavery.

Dis early slaving essentially be an export business. De use of slaves as labourers by de local Africans appears to have developed only later. E may first have occurred under coastal chiefs insyd de late 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;De slave owners originally be white den foreigners, but de late eighteenth century see de emergence of powerful slave-trading chiefs, be said to own large numbers of 'domestic slaves'.&lt;/blockquote&gt;For example, insyd de late 18th century, William Cleveland, a Scottish leader insyd Africa had a large &quot;slave town&quot; on de mainland opposite de Banana Islands, whose inhabitants &quot;be employed insyd cultivating extensive rice fields, describe as being some of the largest insyd Africa at de time&quot;. De existence of an indigenous slave town be recorded by an English traveler insyd 1823. Known insyd de Fula language as a ''rounde'', e be connected plus de Sulima Susu ein capital city, Falaba. Ein inhabitants work at farming.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Rodney dey postulate two means by which slaving for export can have caused a local practice of using slaves for labour to develop:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# Not all war captives offer for sale will have been bought by de Portuguese, so demma captors had to find something else to do plus them. Rodney believe dat executing them be rare den that they will have been used for local labour.
# There be a time lag between de time a slave be captured den de time he or she be sold. Thus there will often have been a pool of slaves awaiting sale, who will have been put to work.&lt;/blockquote&gt;There be possible additional reasons for de adoption of slavery by de locals to meet demma labour requirements:

# De Europeans provided an example for imitation.
# Once slaving insyd any form be accepted, e may smash a moral barrier to exploitation den make ein adoption insyd oda forms seem a relatively minor matter.
# Export slaving entailed de construction of a coercive apparatus which could have been subsequently turned to other ends, such as policing a captive labour force.
# De sale of local produce (e.g., palm kernels) to Europeans opened a new sphere of economic activity. Insyd particular, e dey create an increased demand for agricultural labour. Slavery be a way of mobilising an agricultural work force.
Dis local African slavery be much less harsh den brutal than de slavery practiced by Europeans on, for example, de plantations of the United States, de West Indies, den Brazil. De local slavery has been described by anthropologist M. McCulloch:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Slaves be housed close to de fresh tracts of land they clear for demma masters. They be considered part of de household of demma owner, den enjoyed limited rights. E no be customary to sell them except for a serious offense, such as adultery plus de wife of a freeman. Small plots of land be given to them for demma own use, den they might retain de proceeds of crops they grow on these plots; by dis means e be possible for a slave to become de owner of anoda slave. Sometimes a slave marry insyd de household of ein master den rose to a position of trust; there be an instance of a slave taking charge of a chiefdom during de minority of de heir. Descendants of slaves often be practically indistinguishable from freemen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Slaves sometimes be sent on errands outside de kingdoms of demma masters den return voluntarily. Speaking specifically of de era around 1700, historian Christopher Fyfe relates dat, &quot;Slaves not taken insyd war usually be criminals. Insyd coastal areas, at least, e be rare for anyone to be sold without being charged plus a crime.&quot;

Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section be still present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describes a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section still be present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describe a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;A freeman heavily insyd debt, den facing de threat of de punishment of being sold, will approach a wealthier man or chief plus a plea to pay off ein debts 'while I sit on your lap'. Or he can give a son or some oda dependent of ein 'to be for you', de wealthy man or chief. Dis insyd effect mean dat de person so pawn be automatically reduce to a position of dependence, den if he be never redeemed, he or ein children eventually become part of de master ein extended family. By dis time, de children practically be indistinguishable from de real children of de master, since they grow up regarding one anoda as brothers.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Some observers consider de term &quot;slave&quot; to be more misleading than informative when describing de local practice. Abraham say dat insyd most cases, &quot;subject, servant, client, serf, pawn, dependent, or retainer&quot; will be more accurate. Domestic slavery be abolished insyd Sierra Leone insyd 1928. McCulloch reports dat at dat time, amongst Sierra Leone ein largest present-day ethnolinguistic group, de Mende, who then had about 560,000 people, about 15 per cent of de population (i.e., 84,000 people) be domestic slaves. He sana say dat &quot;singularly little change followed de 1928 decree; a fair number of slaves return to demma original homes, but de great majority remain insyd de villages insyd which demma former masters had placed them or demma parents.&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Export slavery remain a major business insyd Sierra Leone from de late 15th century to de mid-19th century. According to Fyfe, &quot;e be estimated insyd 1789 dat 74,000 slaves be exported annually from West Africa, about 38,000 by British firms.&quot; Insyd 1788, a proslavery European name Matthews estimated de annual total export from between de Nunez River (110 km north of Sierra Leone) den de Sherbro as 3,000. Participation insyd de Atlantic slave trade gradually be outlawed by various Western nations, beginning plus de United States den Britain insyd 1808.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Mane invasions (16th century) ==
Further information: Mane people

De Mane invasions of de mid-16th century had a profound impact on Sierra Leone. De Mane (sana call Mani) be members of de Mande language group. A warrior people, well-armed den well-organized, they live east den somewhat north of present-day Sierra Leone. Sometime insyd de early 16th century they begin moving south. According to some Mane who dey speak to a Portuguese writer (Dornelas) in de late 16th century, demma travels dey begin as a result of de expulsion of demma chief from de imperial city of Mandimansa, demma homeland.

There be conflicting accounts among historians of how these invasions happened. Some historians place demma first arrival at de coast east of Sierra Leone, at least as far as de River Cess den likely pppie. They advanced northwest along de coast toward Sierra Leone, conquering as they go. Odas contend dat they arrive on de coast near Sherbro Island. They incorporate large numbers of de people they conquered into demma army, plus de result dat de rank den file consist mostly of coastal peoples, while de Mane be ein commanding group.

By 1545, de Mane dey reach Cape Mount. Dema conquest of Sierra Leone occupy de ensuing 15 to 20 years, den result insyd de subjugation of all or nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples—who be known collectively as de Sapes—as far north as de Scarcies. De present demographics of Sierra Leone largely be a reflection of these two decades. De degree to which de Mane supplanted de original inhabitants vary from place to place. De Temne partly withstood de Mane onslaught, den keep demma language, but become ruled by a line of Mane kings. De present-day Loko den Mende be de result of a more complete submersion of de original culture: demma languages be similar, den both essentially Mande. Dis likely be due to conquest by de Mane invaders.

=== '''Aftermath''' ===
De Mane invasions militarised Sierra Leone. De Sapes had been un-warlike, but after de invasions, right until de late 19th century, bows, shields, den knives of de Mane type dey become ubiquitous insyd Sierra Leone, as had de Mane battle technique of using squadrons of archers fighting insyd formation, carrying de large-style shields. Villages become fortified. De usual method of erecting two or three concentric palisades, each 4–7 metres (12–20 ft) high, create a formidable obstacle to attackers—especially since, as some of de English observe insyd de 19th century, de thigh-thick logs planted insyd de earth to make de palisades often take root at de bottom den grow foliage at de top, so dat de defenders occupy a living wall of wood. A British officer who dey observe one of these fortifications around de time of de 1898 Hut Tax war ended ein description of it thus:&lt;blockquote&gt;No one who dey no see these fences can realize de immense strength of them. De outer fence at Hahu I measure insyd several places, den found e to be from 2 to 3 feet thick, den most of de logs, or rather trees, of which e be formed, had taken root den be throwing out leaves den shoots.&lt;/blockquote&gt;He sana say dat English artillery can not penetrate all three fences. At dat time, at least among de Mende, &quot;a typical settlement dey consist of walled towns den open villages or towns surrounding it.&quot;

After de invasions, de Mane sub-chiefs among whom e country dey divide begin fighting among themselves. Dis pattern of activity become permanent: even after de Mane dey blend plus de indigenous population—a process which be completed insyd de early 17th century—de various kingdoms insyd Sierra Leone remain insyd a fairly continual state of flux den conflict. Rodney believe dat a desire to take prisoners to sell as slaves to de Europeans be a major motivation to dis fighting, den may even have been a driving force behind de original Mane invasions. Historian Kenneth Little dey conclude dat de principal objective insyd de local wars, at least among de Mende, be plunder, not de acquisition of territory. Abraham cautions dat slave trading should not be exaggerated as a cause: de Africans have demma own reasons to fight, plus territorial den political ambitions present. Motivations likely change over time during de 350-year period.

De wars themselves no be exceptionally deadly. Set-piece battles be rare, den de fortified towns so strong dat demma capture seldom be attempted. Often de fighting dey consist of small ambushes.

Insyd these years, de political system be such dat each large village along plus ein satellite villages den settlements will be headed by a chief. De chief will have a private army of warriors. Sometimes several chiefs will group themselves into a confederacy, acknowledging one of themselves as king (or high chief). Each pay de king fealty. If one be attacked, de king will come to ein aid, den de king can adjudicate local disputes.

Despite demma many political divisions, de people of de country be united by cultural similarity. One component of dis be de Poro, an organisation common to many different kingdoms den ethnolinguistic groups. De Mende claim to be ein originators, den there be nothing to contradict dis. Possibly they import it. De Temne claim to dey import it from de Sherbro or Bulom. De Dutch geographer Olfert Dapper know of it insyd de 17th century. E often be described as a &quot;secret society&quot;, dis partly be true: ein rites be closed to non-members, den what happens insyd de &quot;Poro bush&quot; never be disclosed. However, ein membership be very broad: among de Mende, almost all men, den some women, be initiates. Insyd recent years e no dey (as far as is known) have a central organisation: autonomous chapters exist for each chiefdom or village. However, it is said dat insyd pre-Protectorate days there be a &quot;Grand Poro&quot; plus cross-chiefdom powers of making war den peace. E widely be agreed dat e has a restraining influence on de powers of de chiefs. Headed by a fearsome principal spirit, de ''Gbeni'', e plays a major role insyd de rite of passage of males from puberty to manhood. E imparts some education. Insyd some areas, e have supervisory powers over trade, den de banking system, which use iron bars as a medium of exchange. E no only be de important society insyd Sierra Leone: de ''Sande'' be a female-only analogue of it; there sana be de ''Humoi'' which regulates sex, den de ''Njayei'' den de ''Wunde''. De ''Kpa'' be a healing-arts collegium.

Besides de political impact, there be economic effects as well: trade plus de interior be interrupted, den thousands be sold as slaves to de Europeans. Insyd industry, a flourishing tradition insyd fine ivory carving be ended; however, improved ironworking techniques be introduced.&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== 1600–1787 ==
By de 17th century, Portuguese colonialism insyd West Africa begin to wane, den insyd Sierra Leone oda European colonial powers such as de English den Dutch begin to supplant demma influence insyd de region. Insyd 1628, a group of English merchants had established a factory insyd de vicinity of Sherbro Island, about 50 km (30 mi) south-east from present-day Freetown. Insyd addition to ivory den slaves, de merchants at de factory sana trade insyd camwood, a type of hard timber. De Portuguese missionary Baltasar Barreira minister insyd Sierra Leone until 1610. Jesuits, den later insyd de century, Capuchins, continue de mission. By 1700 it had closed, although priests occasionally visited.

Insyd 1663, de Royal African Company (RAC) be granted a royal charter from Charles II of England den soon established a factory on Sherbro Island den Tasso Island. During de Second Anglo-Dutch War, both factories be sacked by a Dutch Navy force insyd 1664. De factory be rebuilt, though e be sacked again by de French Navy during de War of de Spanish Succession insyd 1704 den pirates insyd 1719 den 1720. After de Dutch raid on de RAC factory at Tasso Island, e be relocated to de nearby Bunce Island, which be more defensible.

De Europeans make payments, called ''Cole'', for rent, tribute, den trading rights, to de king of an area. At this time de local military advantage still be on de side of de Africans, den there be a 1714 report of a king seizing RAC goods insyd retaliation for a breach of protocol. Local Afro-Portuguese merchants often act as middlemen, de Europeans advancing them goods to trade to de local people, most often for ivory. Insyd 1728, an overly aggressive RAC governor dey unite de Africans den Afro-Portuguese insyd hostility to him; they burn down de Bunce Island fort den e no be rebuilt until about 1750. During de time dat de Royal African Company be operating, de firm of Grant, Sargent [Wikidata] den Oswald provisioned de trading stations. When de RAC abandoned Bunce Island, Sargent den ein partners purchase ein factory insyd 1748, repair it, den dey use it to trade insyd timber. They expand to Batts, Bobs, Tasso, den Tumbu Islands den along de banks of de river, eventually becoming involve insyd de slave trade. De French sack it again insyd 1779, during de American Revolutionary War.

During de 17th century de Temne ethnolinguistic group be expanding. Around 1600, a Mani still dey rule de Loko kingdom (de area north of Port Loko Creek) den anoda rule de upper part of de south shore of de Freetown estuary. De north shore of de estuary be under a Ballom king, den de area just east of Freetown on de peninsula be held by a non-Mani plus a European name, Dom Phillip de Leon (who may have been a subordinate to ein Mani neighbour). By de mid-17th century dis situation dey change: Temne, not Bullom dey speak on de south shore, den ships stopping for water den firewood had to pay customs to de Temne king of Bureh who live at Bagos town on de point between de Rokel River den Port Loko Creek. (De king may  consider himself a Mani—to dis day, Temne chiefs have Mani-derived titles—but ein people be Temne. De Bureh king insyd place insyd 1690 be called Bai Tura, ''Bai'' being a Mani form.) De Temne thus dey expand insyd a wedge toward de sea at Freetown, den now dey separate de Bulom to de north from de Mani den oda Mande-speakers to de south den east.

Insyd dis period there be several reports of women occupying high positions. De king of de south shore use to leave one of ein wives to rule when he be absent, den insyd de Sherbro there be female chiefs. Insyd de early 18th century, a Bulom dey name Seniora Maria make ein own town near Cape Sierra Leone.

During de 17th century, Muslim Fula from de Upper Niger den Senegal rivers move into an area called Fouta Djallon (or Futa Jalon) insyd de mountainous region north of present-day Sierra Leone. They be to have an important impact on de peoples of Sierra Leone because they increase trade den sana produced secondary population movements insyd Sierra Leone. Though de Muslim Fula first cohabited peaceably plus de peoples already at Fouta Djallon, around 1725 they embark on a war of domination, forcing de migration of many Susu, Yalunka, den non-Muslim Fula.

Susu—some already convert to Islam—come south insyd Sierra Leone, insyd turn displacing Limba from north-west Sierra Leone den driving them insyd north-central Sierra Leone where they continue to live. Some Susu move as far south as de Temne town of Port Loko, only 60 km (37 mi) upriver from de Atlantic. Eventually a Muslim Susu family dey call Senko supplanted de town ein Temne rulers. Oda Susu dey move westward from Fouta Djallon, eventually dominating de Baga, Bulom, den Temne north of de Scarcies River.

De Yalunka insyd Fouta Djallon first accept Islam, then reject it den be driven out. They go into north-central Sierra Leone den founded demma capital at Falaba insyd de mountains near de source of de Rokel. E still not an important town, about 20 km (12 mi) south of de Guinea border. Oda Yalunka go somewhat farther south den settled amongst de Koranko, Kissi, den Limba.

Besides these groups, who be more-or-less unwilling emigrants, a considerable variety of Muslim adventurers go forth from Fouta Djallon. A Fula called Fula Mansa (''mansa'' meaning ''king'') become ruler of de Yoni country 100 km (62 mi) east of present-day Freetown. Some of ein Temne subjects fled south to de Banta country between de middle reaches of de Bagu den Jong rivers, where they become known as de Mabanta Temne.

Insyd 1652, de first slaves from Sierra Leone be transported to North America; they be sold to white plantation owners insyd de Sea Islands off de coast of de American South. During de 18th century, numerous slaves from Bunce Island be transported to de Southern Colonies, due insyd part to de business relationship between American slave trader Henry Laurens den de London-based firm of Grant, Sargent, Oswald &amp; Company, which oversaw a thriving slave trade from Bunce Island insyd Sierra Leone to North America.

De transatlantic slave trade continued to transport millions of enslaved Africans, wey include those from Sierra Leone, across de Atlantic during de 17th, 18th den 19th centuries; ultimately, roughly 12.5 million slaves where e dey bring to de Americas dis way. However, de rise of abolitionist movements insyd de Western world insyd de late 18th den early 19th centuries dey lead to various European den American governments passing legislation to abolish de slave trade. De slave trade insyd Sierra Leone undergo a marked decline during de 19th century, though domestic slavery will persist until de 20th century.

== De Province of Freedom (1787–1789) ==
Main article: Granville Town, Province of Freedom

==== '''Conception of''' '''de Province of Freedom (1787)''' ====
Insyd 1787, a plan be established to settle some of London ein &quot;Black Poor&quot; insyd Sierra Leone insyd what was called the &quot;Province of Freedom&quot;. This was organised by the Committee for de Relief of de Black Poor, found by British abolitionist Granville Sharp, which preferred it as a solution to continuing to financially support them insyd London. Many of de Black Poor be African Americans, who had been given demma freedom after seeking refuge with the British Army during the American Revolution, but also included other West Indian, African and Asian inhabitants of London.

De Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme be proposed by entomologist Henry Smeathman den draw interest from humanitarians like Granville Sharp saw it as a means of showing de pro-slavery lobby dat black people can contribute towards de running of de new colony of Sierra Leone. Government officials soon become involved insyd de scheme as well, although demma interest be spurred by de possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere. William Pitt de Younger, prime minister den leader of de Tory party, dey have an active interest insyd de Scheme, because he see it as a means to repatriate de Black Poor to Africa, since &quot;e be necessary they should be sent somewhere, den be no longer suffer to infest de streets of London&quot;.

==== '''Establishment, destruction''' '''den re-establishment (1789)''' ====
De area be first settled by 400 formerly enslaved Black Britons, who dey arrive off de coast of Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787, dey accompany by some English tradesmen. They established de Province of Freedom or Granville Town on land purchase from local Koya Temne subchief King Tom den regent Naimbanna II, a purchase which de Europeans understand to cede de land to de new settlers &quot;for ever&quot;. De established arrangement between Europeans den de Koya Temne do not include provisions for permanent settlement, den some historians question how well de Koya leaders understand de agreement. Half of de settlers insyd de new colony die insyd de first year. Several black settlers dey start working for local slave traders. De settlers dat dey remain forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliate, attacking de settlement, which be reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, den six white women. Black settlers be captured by unscrupulous traders den sold as slaves, den de remaining colonists be forced to arm themselves for demma own protection. King Tom ein successor King Jemmy dey attack den burn de colony insyd 1789.

Alexander Falconbridge be sent to Sierra Leone insyd 1791 to collect de remaining Black Poor settlers, den they re-establish Granville Town (later renamed Cline Town) near Fourah Bay. Although these 1787 settlers do not establish Freetown, which be founded insyd 1792, de bicentennial of Freetown be celebrated insyd 1987.

After establishing Granville Town, disease den hostility from de indigenous people eliminated de first group of colonists den destroyed demma settlement. A second Granville Town established by 64 remaining black den white 'Old settlers' under de leadership of St. George Bay Company leader, Alexander Falconbridge den de St. George Bay Company. Dis settlement be different from de Freetown settlement den colony founded insyd 1792 by Lt. John Clarkson den de Nova Scotian Settlers under de auspices of de Sierra Leone Company.

== Freetown Colony (1792–1808) ==
'''Conception of tde Freetown settlement (1791)'''

De basis for de Freetown Colony begin insyd 1791 plus Thomas Peters, an African American who had served insyd de Black Pioneers den settle insyd Nova Scotia as part of de Black Loyalist migration. Peters travel to England insyd 1791 to report grievances of de Black Loyalists who had been given poor land den faced discrimination. Peters meet plus British abolitionists den de directors of de Sierra Leone Company. He learn of de company ein plan for a new settlement at Sierra Leone. De directors be eager to allow de Nova Scotians to build a settlement there; de London-based den newly create Company had decided to create a new colony but before Peters ein arrival have no colonists. Lieutenant John Clarkson be sent to Nova Scotia to register immigrants to take to Sierra Leone for de purpose of starting a new settlement. Clarkson worked plus Peters to recruit 1,196 former American slaves from free African communities around Nova Scotia such as Birchtown. Most dey escape Virginia den South Carolina plantations. Some had been born insyd Africa before being enslaved den taken to America.

==== '''Settlement by Nova Scotians (1792)''' ====
De settlers dey sail insyd 15 ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia den arrived insyd St. George Bay between 26 February den 9 March 1792. Sixty-four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, den even Lieutenant Clarkson be ill during de voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson den some of de Nova Scotian 'captains' &quot;despatched on shore to clear or make roadway for demma landing&quot;. De Nova Scotians be to build Freetown on de former site of de first Granville Town which have become a &quot;jungle&quot; since ein destruction insyd 1789. (Though they built Freetown on Granville Town ein former site, demma settlement be no a rebirth of Granville Town, which had been re-established at Fourah Bay in 1791 by de remaining Old Settlers.) Clarkson told de men to clear de land until they reach a large cotton tree. After this difficult work had been done den de land cleared, all de settlers, men den women, disembarked den marched towards de thick forest den to de cotton tree, den demma preachers (all African Americans) begin singing:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Awake den Sing Of Moses den de Lamb
Wake! every heart den every tongue'

To praise de Saviour ein name

De day of Jubilee be come;

Return ye ransomed sinners home&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 11 March 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, dey pray den preach a sermon under de large Cotton Tree, den Reverend David George dey preach de first recorded Baptist service insyd Africa. De land be dedicated den christened 'Free Town' according to de instructions of de Sierra Leone Company Directors. Dis be de first thanksgiving service insyd de newly christened Free Town den be de beginning of de political entity of Sierra Leone. Later, John Clarkson will be sworn insyd as de first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts be erected before de rainy season. De Sierra Leone Company surveyors den de settlers built Freetown on de American grid pattern, plus parallel streets den wide roads, plus de largest being Water Street.

On 24 August 1792, de Black Poor or Old Settlers of de second Granville Town be incorporated into de new Sierra Leone Colony but remain at Granville Town. E survive being pillaged by de French insyd 1794, den be rebuilt by de Nova Scotian settlers. By 1798, Freetown had 300–400 houses plus architecture resembling dat of de American South, plus 3- to 4-foot stone foundations den wooden superstructures. Eventually dis style of housing (brought by de Nova Scotians) will be de model for de 'bod oses' of demma Creole descendants.

=== '''Settlement by Jamaican Maroons (1800)''' ===
Insyd 1800, de Nova Scotians rebel den e be de arrival of over 500 Jamaican Maroons which dey cause de rebellion to be suppressed. Thirty-four Nova Scotians be banished den sent to either to Sherbro Island or a penal colony at Gore. Some of these eventually be allowed back insyd Freetown. Following demma capture of de rebels, de Maroons be granted de land of de Nova Scotian rebels. Eventually de Jamaican Maroons insyd Sierra Leone have demma own district at de newly named Maroon Town.

De Maroons be a free community of blacks from Cudjoe ein Town (Trelawny Town) who have been resettled insyd Nova Scotia after surrendering to de British government dey follow de Second Maroon War of 1795–6. They have petitioned de British government for settlement elsewhere due to de climate insyd Nova Scotia.

==== '''Abolition and slaves-insyd-transit (1807 - 1830s)''' ====
Britain outlawed de slave trade throughout ein empire on 29 March 1807 plus de Slave Trade Act 1807, though de practice continue insyd de British Empire until e finally be abolished insyd de 1830s. De Royal Navy ein West Africa Squadron operating from Freetown take active measures to intercept den seize ships participating insyd de illegal Atlantic slave trade. De slaves dat dey hold on these vessels be released into Freetown den initially be called 'Captured negroes', 'Recaptives' or 'Liberated Africans'.

==== '''Formation of''' '''de Sierra Leone Creole ethnicity (1870 onwards)''' ====
De Sierra Leone Creole people (Krio: ''Krio people'') be descendants of de Black Poor, freed African Americans (Nova Scotian Black Loyalists), Afro-Caribbeans (Jamaican Maroons), den Liberated Africans who settled insyd de Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 den about 1885. De colony be established by de British, support by abolitionists, under de Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. De settlers called demma new settlement Freetown.

== Colonial era (1808–1961) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Colony den Protectorate

==== '''Establishment of''' '''de British Crown Colony (1808)''' ====
Insyd 1808, e British Crown Colony of Sierra Leone be founded, plus Freetown serving as de capital of British West Africa. De city ein population expanded rapidly plus freed slaves, who dey establish suburbs on de Freetown Peninsula. They be joined by West Indian den African soldiers who dey settle insyd Sierra Leone after fighting for Britain insyd de Napoleonic Wars.

'''Intervention''' '''den acquisition of de hinterland (1800s–1895)'''

Insyd de early 1800s, Sierra Leone be a small colony extending a few kilometres (a few miles) up de peninsula from Freetown. De bulk of de territory dat makes up present-day Sierra Leone still be de sovereign territory of indigenous peoples such as de Mende den Temne, den be little affected by de tiny population of de Colony. Over de course of de 19th century, dat gradually changed: de British den Creoles insyd de Freetown area dey increase demma involvement insyd—den demma control over—de surrounding territory by engaging insyd trade, which be promoted den dey increase through treaty-making den military expeditions.

Insyd demma treaties plus de native chiefs, de British largely be concerned plus securing local peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted. Typically, de British government dey agree to pay a chief a stipend insyd return for a commitment from him to keep de peace plus ein neighbours; oda specific commitments extract from a chief might include keeping roads open, allowing de British to collect customs duties, den submitting disputes plus ein neighbours to British adjudication. Insyd de decades following Britain ein prohibition of de slave trade insyd 1807, de treaties sometimes sana require chiefs to desist from slave-trading. Suppression of slave-trading den suppression of inter-chiefdom war dey go hand-in-hand because de trade thrived on de wars (and caused them). Thus, to de commercial reasons for pacification can be added anti-slavery ones.

When friendly persuasion fail to secure demma interests, de British no be more than (to borrow Carl von Clausewitz's phrase) &quot;continuing diplomacy by oda means&quot;. At least by de mid-1820s, de army den navy be going out from de Colony to attack chiefs whose behaviour do not conform to British dictates. Insyd 1826, Governor Turner led troops to de Bum–Kittam area, capture two stockaded towns, burn odas, den declare a blockade on de coast as far as Cape Mount. Dis partly be an anti-slaving exercise den partly to punish de chief for refusing territory to de British. Later dat year, acting-Governor Macaulay send out an expedition which go up de Jong river den dey burn Commenda, a town belonging to a related chief. Insyd 1829, de colonial authorities founded de Sierra Leone Police Corps. Insyd 1890, dis force be divided into de Civilian Police den de Frontier Police.

De British develope a modus operandi wey characterised demma interventions throughout de century: army or frontier police, plus naval support if possible, will bombard a town den then usually torch it after de defenders dey fly or been defeated. Where possible, local enemies of de party being attacked be invited by de British to accompany them as allies.

Further information: British den Creole intervention insyd de Sierra Leone hinterland insyd de 19th century

Insyd de 1880s, Britain ein intervention insyd de hinterland dey receive added impetus because of de &quot;Scramble for Africa&quot;: an intense competition between de European powers for territory insyd Africa. Insyd dis case, de rival be France. To forestall French incursion into what they had come to consider as demma own sphere, de British government renewed efforts to finalise a boundary agreement with France and on 1 January 1890 instructed Governor Hay insyd Sierra Leone to get from chiefs insyd de boundary area friendship treaties containing a clause forbidding them to treat plus anoda European power without British consent.

Consequently, insyd 1890 den 1891 Hay den two travelling commissioners, Garrett den Alldridge, dey go on extensive tours of what be now Sierra Leone wey obtain treaties from chiefs. Most of these no be, however, treaties of cession; they be insyd de form of cooperative agreements between two sovereign powers.

Insyd January 1895, a boundary agreement be signed insyd Paris, roughly fixing de line between French Guinea den Sierra Leone. De exact line be to be determined by surveyors. As Christopher Fyfe notes, &quot;De delimitation be made almost entirely insyd geographical terms—rivers, watersheds, parallels—not political. Samu chiefdom, for instance, be divided; de people on de frontier had to opt for farms on one side or villages on de oda.&quot;

More generally, de arbitrary lumping-together of disparate native peoples insyd geographical units decided by de colonial powers has been an ongoing source of trouble throughout Africa. These geographical units now dety attempt to function as nations but no be naturally nations, being composed insyd many cases of peoples who be traditional enemies. Insyd Sierra Leone, for example, de Mende, Temne den Creoles remain as rival power blocs between whom lines of fission easily emerge.

'''Establishment of''' '''de British Protectorate den further land acquisition (1895)'''

Insyd August 1895, an Order-in-Council dey issue insyd Britain authorising de Colony to make laws for de territory around it, extending out to de agreed-upon boundary (which corresponds closely to dat of present-day Sierra Leone). On 31 August 1896, a Proclamation dey issue insyd de Colony, wey dey declare dat territory to be a British Protectorate. De Colony remained a distinct political entity; de Protectorate dey govern from it.

Most of de chiefs whose territories de Protectorate subsumed do not enter into it voluntarily. Many sign treaties of friendship plus Britain, but these be often dey express as being between sovereign powers, plus there be no subordination to de British. Only a handful of chiefs dey sign treaties of cession, den insyd some cases e be unknown if de chiefs dey understand de implications of de treaty. Insyd more remote areas, no treaties had been signed at all. De creation of de Sierra Leone Protectorate be more insyd de nature of a unilateral acquisition of territory by de British.

Almost every chieftaincy insyd Sierra Leone dey respond to de British arrogation of power plus armed resistance. De Protectorate Ordinances (passed insyd de Colony insyd 1896 den 1897) abolish de title of King den replace it plus &quot;Paramount Chief&quot;. Chiefs den kings dey formerly been selected by de leading members of dema own communities; now all chiefs, even paramount ones, can be deposed or installed at de will of de Governor, den most of de judicial powers of de chiefs be removed den given to courts presided-over by British &quot;District Commissioners&quot;. De Governor decree dat a house tax of 5''s'' to 10''s'' be to be levied annually on every dwelling insyd de Protectorate. To de chiefs, these reductions insyd de power den prestige be unbearable.

During these conflicts, British officers dey use de practice of cutting de hands of people to account for bullets spent, similar to what dey occur under de regime Leopold II of Belgium insyd de Congo Free State. British doctor, John Lancelot Todd, who dey travel to West Africa on an LSTM expedition together plus Joseph Everett Dutton, write down de testimonies of British officers who dey involve insyd putting down rebellions insyd British Sierra Leone den dey practice cutting de hands of de people they shot. De exact number of living victims who dey end up mutilated be unknown.

==== '''Hut Tax War of 1898''' ====
Insyd 1898, two rebellions dey break out against British colonial rule insyd Sierra Leone insyd response to de introduction of a new hut tax by Governor Frederic Cardew. On 1 January 1898, Cardew introduce de hut tax as a way to pay for de colonial administration ein financial expenditures. However, de tax prove to be beyond de financial means of many insyd de colony, provoking discontent. Insyd February 1898, an attempt by colonial officials to arrest Temne chief Bai Bureh lead to him den rebels under ein command to revolt against British rule. Bureh ein forces dey launch attacks on British officials den Creole traders.

Despite de ongoing rebellion, Bureh dispatched two peace overtures to de British insyd April den June of dat year, aid by de mediation of Limba chief Almamy Suluku. Cardew dey reject both offers, as Bureh would not agree to surrender unconditionally. Bureh ein forces conducted a disciplined den skillfully execute guerrilla campaign which cause de British considerable difficulty. Hostilities begin insyd February; Bureh ein harassing tactics confounded de British at first but by May they gain ground. De rainy season interrupted hostilities until October, when British colonial forces resume de slow process of capturing rebel stockades. When most of these defences dey eliminate, Bureh be captured or surrendered (accounts differ) insyd November.

De second revolt insyd de southeast be a mass uprising, planned somehow to commence everywhere on 27 den 28 April, insyd which almost all &quot;outsiders&quot;—whether European or Creole—be seized den summarily executed. Although more fearsome than Bai Bureh ein rising, na e be amorphous, dey lack a definite strategy, den  be suppressed insyd most areas insyd two months. Some Mende rebels insyd de centre of de country no be beaten until November, however; den Mende king Nyagua ein son Maghi, insyd alliance plus some Kissi rebels, continued de revolt insyd de extreme east of de Protectorate until August 1899. De principal of de uprisings, Bureh, Nyagua den Kpana Lewis, be exiled to de Gold Coast on 30 July 1899. Nine months after de rebellion, de colonial government convicted den executed ninety-six rebels which had been found guilty of murder by hanging. Insyd 1905, Bureh be allowed by de British to return to Sierra Leone, where he continue reassume ein chieftaincy at de settlement of Kasseh.

=== Creole dissent insyd de high colonial period (1898–1956) ===
Insyd de early 19th century Freetown serve as de residence of de British governor who sana rule deGold Coast (now Ghana) den de Gambia settlements. Sierra Leone sana serve as de educational centre of British West Africa. Fourah Bay College, establish insyd 1827, rapidly become a magnet for English-speaking Africans on de west coast. For more than a century, e be de only European-style university insyd western Sub-Saharan Africa.

After de Hut Tax War there be no more large-scale military resistance to colonialism. Resistance den dissent dey continue, but take oda forms. Vocal political dissent come mainly from de Creoles, who be a sizeable middle den upper class of business-people den European-educated professionals such as doctors den lawyers. Insyd de mid-19th century they had enjoyed a period of considerable political influence, but in the late 19th century the government become much less open to them.

They continue to press for political rights, however, den dey operate a variety of newspapers which governors dey consider troublesome den demagogic. Insyd 1924, a new constitution be put insyd place, introducing elected representation (3 out of 22 members) for de first time, plus de first elections held on 28 October. Prominent among de Creoles demanding change be de bourgeois nationalist H.C. Bankole-Bright, General Secretary of de Sierra Leone Branch of de National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA), den de socialist I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson, founder of de West African Youth League (WAYL).

African resistance no be limited to political discussion. Sierra Leone develope an active trade union movement whose strikes often be accompanied by sympathetic rioting among de general population.

Besides de colonial employers, popular hostility be targeted against de tribal chiefs who de British dey transform into functionaries insyd de colonial system of indirect rule. Demma role be to provide policing, collect taxes, den obtain corvée labour (forced labour exacted from those unable to pay taxes) for de colonial government; insyd return, de government maintain them insyd a privileged position over de oda Africans. Chiefs not willing to play this role be replaced by more compliant ones. According to Kilson, de attitude of de Africans toward demma chiefs become ambivalent: frequently they respect de office but resented de exactions made by de individual occupying it. From de chiefs ein point of view, de dilemma of an honourable ruler dey face plus British ultimatums cannot have been easy.

Throughout de 20th century, there be numerous riots directed against tribal chiefs. These culminated insyd de Freetown riot of 1955, which be suppressed by a combined force of police den Royal Sierra Leone Regiment troops. After those riots, reforms be introduced: de forced-labour system be completely abolished den reductions be made insyd de powers of de chiefs.

Sierra Leone remain divided into a Colony den a Protectorate, plus separate den different political systems constitutionally defined for each. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate insyd 1947, when proposals be introduced to provide for a single political system. Most of de proposals come from de Protectorate. De Krio, led by Isaac Wallace-Johnson, oppose de proposals, de main effect of which will have been to diminish demma political power. E be due to de astute politics of Sir Milton Margai dat de educated Protectorate elite dey win over to join forces plus de paramount chiefs insyd de face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai use de same skills to win-over opposition leaders den moderate Krio elements for de achievement of independence.

Insyd November 1951, Margai dey overseew de drafting of a new constitution, which unite de separate Colonial den Protectorate legislatures den provide a framework for decolonization. Insyd 1953, Sierra Leone be granted local ministerial powers, den Margai be elected Chief Minister of Sierra Leone. De new constitution ensure Sierra Leone a parliamentary system insyd de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1957, Sierra Leone hold ein first parliamentary election. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), which be then de most-popular political party insyd de colony of Sierra Leone, win de most seats insyd Parliament. Margai sana be re-elected as Chief Minister by an overwhelming majority.

==== '''Sierra Leone insyd World War II''' ====
Main article: Sierra Leone insyd World War II

Throughout de war, Freetown serve as a critical convoy station for Allied ships.

== 1960 Independence Conference ==
On 20 April 1960, Sir Milton Margai dey lead de Sierra Leonean delegation insyd de negotiations for independence at de constitutional conferences hold plus Queen Elizabeth II den British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod, at Lancaster House insyd London. All twenty-four members of de Sierra Leonean delegation be prominent den well-respected politicians wey include Sir Milton ein younger brother lawyer Sir Albert Margai, trade unionist Siaka Stevens, SLPP-strongman Lamina Sankoh, Creole activist Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Paramount chief Ella Koblo Gulama, educationist Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, Dr John Karefa-Smart, Professor Kande Bureh, lawyer Sir Banja Tejan-Sie, former Freetown Mayor Eustace Henry Taylor Cummings, educationist Amadu Wurie, den Creole diplomat Hector Reginald Sylvanus Boltman.

On de conclusion of talks insyd London, Britain dey agree to grant Sierra Leone Independence on 27 April 1961. Stevens be de only delegate who refuse to sign Sierra Leone ein Declaration of Independence, on de grounds dat there had been a secret defence-pact between Sierra Leone den Britain; anoda point of contention by Stevens be de Sierra Leonean government ein position dat there will be no elections hold before independence which will effectively shut Stevens out of Sierra Leone ein political process. Upon demma return to Freetown on 4 May 1960, Stevens be promptly expelled from de People ein National Party (PNP).

== Opposition to de SLPP government ==
Insyd 1961, Siaka Stevens, a trade unionist den outspoken critic of de SLPP government, take advantage of de dissatisfaction plus de ruling SLPP among some prominent politicians from de Northern part of Sierra Leone. He form an alliance plus Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, Christian Alusine-Kamara Taylor, Mohamed.O.Bash-Taqi, Ibrahim Bash-Taqi, S.A.T. Koroma den C.A. Fofana, den form a new political party called de All People ein Congress (APC) insyd opposition of de SLPP government, wey use de northern part of Sierra Leone as demma political base.

== Early independence (1961–1968) ==
Main article: History of Sierra Leone (1961–78)

==== '''Sir Milton Margai administration (1961–1964)''' ====
On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai dey lead Sierra Leone to Independence from Britain den become de country ein first prime minister. Sierra Leone retain a parliamentary system of government den be a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1962, Sierra Leone hold ein first general election as an independent nation. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP) win plurality of seats insyd parliament den Sir Milton Margai be re-elected as prime minister. De years just after independence be prosperous, plus money from mineral resources being used for development den de founding of Njala University.

Margai be very popular among Sierra Leoneans during ein time insyd power. An important aspect of ein character ein self-effacement; he neither be corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of ein power or status. Ein government be based on de rule of law den de notion of separation of powers, plus multiparty political institutions den fairly viable representative structures. Margai use ein conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials plus a clear eye to satisfy various ethnic groups. Margai employ a brokerage style of politics by sharing political power between political groups den de paramount chiefs insyd de provinces.

==== '''Sir Albert Margai administration (1964–1967)''' ====
Upon Sir Milton Margai ein death insyd 1964, ein half-brother, Sir Albert Margai, be appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert ein leadership be briefly challenged by Sierra Leone ein Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who dey question Sir Albert ein succession to de SLPP leadership position. Kareefa-Smart received little support insyd Parliament insyd ein attempt to have Margai stripe of de SLPP leadership. Soon after Margai was sworn insyd as prime minister, he immediately dismiss several senior government officials who dey serve under ein elder brother ein government, as he view them as traitors den a threat to ein administration.

Unlike ein late brother, Sir Milton, Sir Albert Margai prove unpopular den dey resort to increasingly authoritarian actions insyd response to protests, wey include de enactment of several laws against de opposition All People ein Congress (APC) den an unsuccessful attempt to establish a one-party state. Unlike ein late brother, Sir Albert be opposed to de colonial legacy of allowing de country ein paramount chiefs executive powers, den he be seen as a threat to de existence of de ruling houses across de country—almost all of whom be strong supporters den key allies of de previous administration. Insyd 1967, riots break out insyd Freetown against Sir Albert ein policies. Insyd response, Margai declared a state of emergency across de country. He be accused of corruption den of a policy of affirmative action insyd favour of ein own Mende ethnic group

Sir Albert dey have de opportunity to perpetuate einself insyd power, but he elect not to do so even when de opportunities present themselves. He have de police den de army on ein side den nothing can have prevented him from achieving ein ambition to hold on to power, but he choose not to den called for free den fair elections.

==== '''Three military coups (1967–1968)''' ====
De APC narrowly dey win a small majority of seats insyd Parliament over de SLPP insyd a closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general election, den APC leader Siaka Stevens be sworn insyd as prime minister on 21 March 1967 insyd Freetown. Insyd hours of taking office, Stevens be ousted insyd a bloodless military coup dey lead by de commander of de army, Brigadier General David Lansana, a close ally of Sir Albert Margai who dey appoint Lansana to de position insyd 1964. Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest insyd Freetown den insisted de determination of office of de prime minister should await de election of de tribal representatives to de house. On 23 March, a group of senior military officers insyd de Sierra Leone Army lead by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith overrode dis action by seizing control of de government, arresting Lansana, den suspending de constitution. De group constituted einself as de National Reformation Council (NRC) plus Juxon-Smith as ein chairman den Governor-General. On 18 April 1968, a group of senior military officers who called themselves de Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM) lead by Brigadier General John Amadu Bangura overthraw de NRC junta. De ACRM juntas just arrest many senior NRC members. De democratic constitution be restored, den power be handed back to Stevens, who assume de office of prime minister.

== Stevens government den one-party state (1968–1985) ==
Stevens dey assume power insyd 1968 plus a great deal of hope den ambition. Much trust be placed upon him as he championed multi-party politics. Stevens dey campaign on a platform of bringing de tribes together under socialist principles. During ein first decade or so insyd power, Stevens dey renegotiate some of what he call &quot;useless prefinanced schemes&quot; contracted by ein predecessors, Albert Margai of de SLPP den Juxon-Smith of de NRC, which be said to have left de country insyd an economically deprive state. Stevens dey reorganize de country ein refinery, de government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, den a cement factory. He cancel Juxon-Smith ein construction of a church den mosque on de grounds of Victoria Park. Stevens begin efforts dat will later bridge de distance between de provinces den de city. Roads den hospitals be constructed insyd de provinces, den paramount chiefs den provincial peoples become a prominent force insyd Freetown.

Under pressure of several coup attempts—real den perceived—Stevens ein rule grow more den more authoritarian, den ein relationship plus some of ein ardent supporters deteriorated. He remove de SLPP from competitive politics insyd general elections, some believe, through de use of violence den intimidation. To maintain de support of de military, Stevens retain de popular John Amadu Bangura as de head of de Sierra Leone Armed Forces.

After de return to civilian rule, by-elections be held (beginning insyd autumn 1968) den an all-APC cabinet be appointed. Calm no be completely restored. Insyd November 1968, unrest insyd de provinces lead Stevens to declare a state of emergency.

Many senior officers insyd de Sierra Leone military be greatly disappointed plus Stevens ein policies, but none can openly confront Stevens. Brigadier General Bangura, who dey reinstated Stevens as prime minister, be widely considered de only person who can put de brakes on Stevens. De army be devoted to Bangura den it was believed, insyd sam quarters, dat dis make him potentially dangerous to Stevens. Insyd January 1970, Bangura be arrested den charge plus conspiracy den plotting to commit a coup against de Stevens government. After a trial dat last a few months, Bangura be convicted den sententenced to death. He be hanged on 29 March 1970 insyd Freetown. Stevens dey name a junior officer, Joseph Saidu Momoh, as de head of de Sierra Leone Military. Major General Momoh be a close ally den very loyal to Stevens.

On 23 March 1971, soldiers loyal to de executed Brigadier John Amadu Bangura hold a mutiny insyd Freetown den oda parts of de country insyd opposition of de Stevens government. Several soldiers be arrested for demma involvement insyd de mutiny, wey include Corporal Foday Sankoh who be convicted of treason den jailed for seven years at de Pademba Road Prison. At Stevens ein request to Guinean President Sekou Toure, a close ally, Guinean soldiers be stationed insyd Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1973 to help protect de government.

Insyd April 1971, a new republican constitution be adopted under which Stevens become president. Insyd de 1972 by-elections, de opposition SLPP complain of intimidation den procedural obstruction by de APC den militia. These problems become so severe dat de SLPP boycotted de 1973 general election; as a result de APC win 84 of de 85 elected seats.

Insyd de early 1970s, Siaka Stevens dey form ein own personal force known as de State Security Division (SSD), insyd order to protect him den to maintain ein hold on power. Many of de SSD officers be from de provinces, den be very loyal to Stevens. De SSD be very powerful den operate independently under Stevens ein direct command. De SSD officers guide Stevens den be deployed across Sierra Leone to put down any rebellion or demonstration against de Stevens government.

An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens fail insyd 1974. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army den government officials dey include Brigadier David Lansana, former cabinet minister Dr. Mohamed Sorie Forna, former cabinet minister den journalist Ibrahim Bash-Taqi den Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara be executed after they be convicted for attempting a coup. Insyd March 1976, Stevens be re-elected president, without opposition.

Insyd 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against de government disrupt Sierra Leone politics. However, de demonstrationbe quickly put down by de army den SSD officers. A general election be called later dat year insyd which corruption be again endemic. De APC win 74 seats den de SLPP win 15 seats.

Insyd May 1978, de Sierra Leone Parliament, dominated by close allies of President Steven ein APC administration, approved a new constitution, which make de country a one-party state. On 12 July 1978, official figures release by de government showed 97 per cent of Sierra Leoneans vote insyd favour of de one-party state. De SLPP, oda opposition parties den civil right groups say de referendum votes be massively rigged, den dat voters be intimidated by security forces loyal to Stevens. De 1978 constitution referendum make de APC the only legal political party; all oda political parties be banned, wey include de main opposition (de SLPP). Dis move lead to anoda major demonstration against de government insyd many parts of de country, which be put down by de army den de SSD officers.

De first elections under de new one-party constitution take place on 1 May 1982. Elections insyd about two-thirds of de constituencies be contested. Because of irregularities, de government cancel elections insyd 13 constituencies. By-elections take place on 4 June 1982. De new cabinet appoint by Stevens after de election include several prominent members of de disbanded SLPP who have defect to de APC, wey include de new Finance Minister Salia Jusu-Sheriff, a former leader of de SLPP. Jusu-Sheriff ein accession to de cabinet be viewed by many as a step toward making de APC a true national party.

Stevens, who have been head-of-state of Sierra Leone for 18 years, retired from dat position insyd November 1985 at de end of ein term, although he continue ein role as chairman of de ruling APC party. Many insyd de country dey expect Stevens to name ein vice president den loyal ally, Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, as ein successor. However, at de APC convention insyd August 1985, de APC name Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh as Stevens ein choice to succeed him as president. Momoh be very loyal to Stevens who dey appoint him to head of de military fifteen years earlier; Momoh den Stevens be both members of de minority Limba ethnic group. Momoh dey retire from de military den be elected president without opposition on 1 October 1985. A formal inauguration dey hold insyd January 1986, den new parliamentary elections be held insyd May 1986.

Siaka Stevens be generally criticised for dictatorial methods den government corruption, but he reduce de ethnic polarization insyd government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into ein all-dominant APC government. Anoda legacy of Stevens be dat for eighteen years while he be insyd power, he keep de country safe from civil war den armed rebellion.

Despite ein dictatorial governing style, Stevens regularly dey interact plus de people of Sierra Leone by making surprise visits. Stevens sana regularly make surprise visits to de poor merchants, where he be often seen buying ein own food at a local market plus ein security team keeping demma distance. Stevens often stand den wave to de Sierra Leonean people from an open car when travelling plus ein convoy.

== Momoh government and RUF rebellion (1985–1991) ==
President Momoh ein strong links plus de army den ein verbal attacks on corruption earn him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. Plus de lack of new faces insyd ein cabinet, however, criticisms soon arose dat Momoh be simply perpetuating de rule of Stevens. Momoh differ einself by integrating de powerful den independent State Security Force (SSD) into de Sierra Leone Police force.

De first years under de Momoh administration be characterised by corruption, which Momoh dey defuse by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise ein war against corruption, President Momoh announce a &quot;Code of Conduct for Political Leaders den Public Servants&quot;. After an alleged attempt to overthrow Momoh insyd March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials be arrested, wey include Vice-president Francis Minah, who be removed from office, convicted for plotting de coup, den executed by hanging plus five odas insyd 1989.

Insyd October 1990, due to mounting domestic den international pressure for reforms, President Momoh create a commission to review de 1978 one-party constitution. Base on de commission ein recommendations, a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system, guaranteeing fundamental human rights den de rule of law, den strengthening democratic structures, be approved by a 60% majority of de APC Parliament, ratify by referendum insyd September 1991 den become effective on 1 October. There be great suspicion dat President Momoh be not serious about ein promise of political reform, as APC rule continue to be increasingly marked by abuses of power.

Several senior government officials insyd Momoh ein administration resign to oppose de APC in upcoming elections. Salia Jusu Sheriff, Abass Bundu, J.B. Dauda den Sama Banya resuscitated de previously disbanded SLPP, while Thaimu Bangura, Edward Kargbo den Desmond Luke formed demma own respective political parties to challenge de ruling APC. However, de vast majority of government officials including Victor Bockarie Foh, Edward Turay, Hassan Gbassay Kanu den Osman Foday Yansaneh remain loyal to Momoh den de APC.

Meanwhile, an increasing burden be placed on de country by de rebellion insyd de eastern part of Sierra Leone.

== Civil war (1991–2002) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Civil War

De brutal civil wardysneighbouring Liberia play an undeniable role insyd de outbreak of fighting insyd Sierra Leone. Charles Taylor—leader of de National Patriotic Front of Liberia—reportedly help form de Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under de command of former Sierra Leonean army corporal Foday Sankoh, a critic of both de Stevens den Momoh administrations. Sankoh had been an ally of Brigadier General Bangura den be among those who mutinied following Bangura ein execution. Sankoh be British-trained den had undergone guerrilla training insyd Libya. Taylor ein aim was for de RUF to attack de bases of Nigerian-dominated peacekeeping troops insyd Sierra Leone who were opposed to ein rebel movement insyd Liberia. Sankoh ein RUF rebels dey enter de country insyd March 1991, den within a month controlled much of Eastern Sierra Leone, wey include de diamond-mining area insyd Kono District. De government of Sierra Leone, overwhelm by a crumbling economy den corruption, be unable to mount significant resistance.

At dis time, de Momoh government be crumbling. Several senior government officials dey resign to form opposition parties, while there be suspicions dat President Momoh no be serious about political reform. Abuses of power dey continue den de APC be alleged to have been hoarding arms den planning a violent campaign against de opposition parties ahead of multi-party general elections scheduled for late 1992. De state have been unable to play civil servants, leading to de looting of government property den a population of aimless youth when schools be closed.

==== '''NPRC Junta (1992–1996)''' ====
On 29 April 1992, twenty-five-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser lead a group of young Sierra Leone Army officers—wey include Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Seargent Solomon Musa, Lieutenant Tom Nyuma, Captain Komba Mondeh, Captain Julius Maada Bio den Captain Komba Kambo—from demma barracks insyd Kailahun District den launch a military coup insyd Freetown, which send President Momoh into exile insyd Guinea. De young soldiers established de National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) plus Strasser as ein chairman den Head of State of de country. Captain Solomon Musa, a close friend of Strasser den one of de leaders of de coup, become de deputy leader of de NPRC Junta. De coup be largely popular because e promise to bring peace, but de NPRC Junta immediately suspended de constitution, ban all political parties, limited freedom of speech den freedom of de press den enact a rule-by-decree policy, insyd which soldiers be granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial. De NPRC establish a Supreme Council, consisting of de highest-ranking soldiers insyd de Junta government.

On de same day de NPRC Junta take power, one of de coup leaders, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, be assassinated—reportedly by Major Sim Turay, de head of Sierra Leone Military Intelligence, den a close ally of de deposed president. A heavily armed military manhunt took place across Sierra Leone to find Turay den odas suspected to have participated insyd de assassination, forcing Turay to flee to Guinea.

De NPRC Junta fight de RUF rebels, recapture most of de RUF-held territories, den push de rebels back to de border plus Liberia. De NPRC Junta maintain relations plus de Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) den strengthen support for Sierra Leone–based ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) troops fighting insyd Liberia.

Insyd December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against de NPRC administration of Strasser be foiled; e dey aim at freeing from detention Colonel Yahya Kanu, Lt-Colonel Kahota M.S. Dumbuya den former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara. Seargent Mohamed Lamin Bangura den some junior army officers be identified as being behind de coup. Seventeen soldiers be executed, wey include Bangura, Kanu den Dumbuya. Several prominent members of de Momoh government who have been insyd detention at de Pa Demba Road prison, wey include former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara sana be executed.

On 5 July 1994, deputy NPRC leader Solomon Musa be arrested den sent into exile insyd Guinea. Musa be accused by Strasser, on de advice of high-ranking NPRC soldiers, dat he have become too powerful den be a threat to Strasser. Musa, who be a close ally den childhood friend of Strasser, deny de allegation den claim ein accusers be de threat. Strasser replace Musa as deputy NPRC chairman plus Captain Julius Maada Bio, den immediately promote him to brigadier.

Due to internal divisions between soldiers loyal to Musa den those who support Strasser ein decision to oust him, de NPRC ein campaign against de RUF become ineffectual. More den more of de country fall to RUF fighters, den by 1994 de RUF hold much of de diamond-rich Eastern Province den be at de edge of Freetown. Insyd response, de NPRC hire several hundred mercenaries from de private firm Executive Outcomes. Within a month, they have driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone ein borders den cleared de RUF from de Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone.

On 16 January 1996, after about four years insyd power, Strasser be arrested by ein own bodyguards insyd a coup lead by Bio den dey back by many high-ranking soldiers of de NPRC junta. Strasser be immediately flown into exile insyd Conakry, Guinea. Bio stated insyd a public broadcast dat ein support for returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elect civilian government den ein commitment to ending de civil war be ein motivations for de coup.

==== '''Return to civilian rule''' '''den first Kabbah Presidency (1996–1997)''' ====
Promises of a return to civilian rule be fulfilled by Bio, who handed power over to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of de Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), after de conclusion of elections insyd early 1996. President Kabbah take power plus a great promise of ending de civil war, open dialogues plus de then-defeated RUF den invite RUF-leader Sankoh for peace negotiations, signing de Abidjan Peace Accord on 30 November 1996.

Insyd January 1997, under international pressure, de Kabbah government ended demma contract plus Executive Outcomes even though a neutral monitoring force have not arrived. Dis dey create an opportunity for de RUF to regroup den renew military attacks. Sankoh be arrested insyd Nigeria, den by de end of March 1997 de peace accord have collapsed.

==== '''AFRC junta (1997–1998)''' ====
On 25 May 1997, a group of seventeen soldiers insyd de Sierra Leone army leda by Corporal Tamba Gborie freed den armed 600 prisoners from de Pademba Road Prison insyd Freetown. One of de prisoners, Major General Johnny Paul Koroma, emerge as de leader of de group. Calling einself de Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), de group launch a military coup den send President Kabbah into exile insyd Guinea. Koroma become head of state, plus Gborie as deputy-in-command of de AFRC. Koroma suspend de constitution, ban demonstrations, closed all private radio stations, den grant unlimited powers to soldiers.

Koroma invited de RUF rebels to join ein coup. Facing little resistance from army loyalists, five thousand rag-tag rebel fighters overran de capital. Koroma appeal to Nigeria for de release of Foday Sankoh, appointing de absent leader to de position of deputy chairman of de AFRC. De joint AFRC/RUF coalition government then proclaim de war have been won, den give de soldiers den rebels unlimited powers insyd a great wave of looting den reprisals against civilians insyd Freetown (dubbed &quot;Operation Pay Yourself&quot; by some of ein participants).

De AFRC Junta government no be recognized by any country—whereas President Kabbah ein government insyd exile insyd Conakry, Guinea be recognized by de United Nations, de African Union, de United States, de United Kingdom den ECOWAS as de legitimate government of Sierra Leone.

De Kamajors, a group of traditional fighters mostly from de Mende ethnic group under de command of Deputy Defence Minister Samuel Hinga Norman, dey remain loyal to President Kabbah den defended de Southern part Sierra Leone from de rebels. De Kamajors den rebels, wey include de RUF soldiers, regularly fight each oda, den human rights violations be committed by both sides.

ECOWAS, lead by Nigerian Head of State Sani Abacha, create a military force to defeat de AFRC/RUF junta insyd Freetown den to reinstate President Kabbah ein government. Many West-African countries send troops to reinstate de Kabbah Government, assembling a force largely from Nigeria but sana include soldiers from Guinea, Ghana, Togo, Gambia, Mali, Ivory Coast den Senegal.

After 10 months insydoffice, de AFRC junta government be ousted den driven out of Freetown by de Nigeria-led ECOMOG forces. De democratically elected government of President Kabbah be reinstated insyd March 1998. Koroma fled to de rebel strongholds insyd de east of de country.

==== '''President Kabbah''' '''ein return den de end of civil war (1998–2001)''' ====
Kabbah return to power plus Albert Joe Demby as vice-president. President Kabbah name Solomon Berewa as attorney general den Sama Banya as foreign minister. On 31 July 1998, President Kabbah disbanded de Sierra Leone military den introduce a proposal for a new military. On 12 October 1998, twenty-five soldiers—wey include Gborie, Brigadier Hassan Karim Conteh, Colonel Samuel Francis Koroma, Major Kula Samba den Colonel Abdul Karim Sesay—be executed by firing squad after they be convicted by court martial for orchestrating de 1997 coup. AFRC leader Johnny Paul Koroma be tried insyd absentia den sentenced to death.

ECOMOG be unable to achieve a tactical victory over de RUF, den de international community promote peace negotiations. De Lomé Peace Accord be signed on 7 July 1999 to end de civil war, granting amnesty for all combatants, den controversially granting Sankoh de position of vice president den chairman of de commission dat overseew de diamond mines. Insyd October 1999, de United Nations established de UNAMSIL peacekeeping force to help restore order den disarm de rebels. De first of de 6,000-member force begin arriving insyd December, den de UN Security Council vote insyd February 2000 to increase de force to 11,000, den later to 13,000. Insyd May, when nearly all Nigerian forces dey leave den UN forces be trying to disarm de RUF insyd eastern Sierra Leone, de RUF take over 500 peacekeepers hostage, some of de rebels using captured weapons den armoured personnel carriers to advance on de capital. De 75-day hostage crisis result insyd more fighting between de RUF den government forces as UN troops launch Operation Khukri to end de siege. De Operation be successful plus Indian den British Special Forces being de main contingents.

De situation insyd de country deteriorated to such an extent dat British troops be deployed insyd Operation Palliser, originally simply to evacuate foreign nationals. However, de British exceed demma original mandate, den take full military action to finally defeat de rebels den restore order. De British be de catalyst for de cease-fire dat ended de civil war. Elements of de British Army, together plus administrators den politicians, remain insyd Sierra Leone, helping to train de new armed forces, improve de infrastructure of de country den administer financial den material aid. Tony Blair, de prime minister of Britain at de time of de British intervention, be regarded as a hero by de people of Sierra Leone, many of whom are keen for more British involvement. Sierra Leoneans have been described as &quot;The World's Most Resilient People&quot;. Insyd 2004, Parliament pass a Local Government Act of 2004 which re-introduce local government councils back to Sierra Leone after thirty years. On 4 August 2006, insyd a broadcast to de nation, President Kabbah announced dat 2007 presidential den parliamentary elections will be held on 28 July 2007.

Between 1991 den 2001, about 50,000 people be killed insyd Sierra Leone ein civil war. Hundreds of thousands of people be forced from demma homes den many become refugees insyd Guinea den Liberia. Insyd 2001, UN forces move into rebel-held areas den begin to disarm rebel soldiers. By January 2002, President Kabbah declare de civil war officially over. Insyd May 2002, Kabbah be re-elected president by an overwhelming majority. By 2004, de disarmament process be complete. Sanso insyd 2004, a UN-backed war crimes court begin holding trials of senior leaders from both sides of de war. Insyd December 2005, UN peacekeeping forces depart from Sierra Leone.

== 2002 to present ==

==== '''Kabbah re-elected (2002–2007)''' ====
Elections be held insyd May 2002. President Kabbah be re-elected, den de SLPP win a majority of de parliamentary seats. Insyd June 2003, de UN ban on de sale of Sierra Leone diamonds expire den no be renewed. De UN disarmament den rehabilitation program for Sierra Leone ein fighters be completed insyd February 2004, by which time more than 70,000 former-combatants have been helped. UN forces return primary responsibility for security insyd de area around de capital to Sierra Leone ein police den armed forces insyd September 2004; e be de last part of de country to be turned over. Some UN peacekeepers remain to assist de Sierra Leone government until de end of 2005.

De 1999 Lomé Accord called for de establishment of a Truth den Reconciliation Commission, which will provide a forum for both victims den perpetrators of human rights violations during de conflict to tell demma stories den facilitate genuine reconciliation. Subsequently, de Sierra Leonean Government den de UN agreed to establish de Special Court for Sierra Leone to try those who &quot;bear de greatest responsibility for de commission of crimes against humanity, war crimes den serious violations of international humanitarian law, as well as crimes under relevant Sierra Leonean law within de territory of Sierra Leone since 30 November 1996.&quot; Both de Truth den Reconciliation Commission den de Special Court begin operating insyd de summer of 2002. De Truth den Reconciliation Commission released ein Final Report to de government insyd October 2004. Insyd June 2005, de government issue a White Paper on de commission ein final report which accept sam but not all of ein recommendations. Members of civil society groups dismissed de government ein response as too vague den continue to criticize de government for ein failure to follow-up on de report ein recommendations.

Insyd March 2003, de Special Court for Sierra Leone issue ein first indictments. Foday Sankoh, already insyd custody, be indicted, along plus notorious RUF field commander Sam &quot;Mosquito&quot; Bockarie, Johnny Paul Koroma, den Hinga Norman (de Minister of Interior den former head of de Civil Defence Force), among several odas. Norman be arrested when de indictments be announced, while Bockarie den Koroma remain insyd hiding. On 5 May 2003, Bockarie be killed insyd Liberia, allegedly on orders from President Charles Taylor, who feared Bockarie ein testimony before de Special Court. Koroma sana be rumoured to have been killed, though ein death dey remain unconfirmed. Two of de accused, Foday Sankoh den Hinga Norman, have die while incarcerated. On 25 March 2006, plus de election of Liberian President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo permit de transfer of Charles Taylor—who have been living insyd exile insyd de Nigerian coastal town of Calobar—to Sierra Leone for prosecution. Two days later, Taylor attempt to flee Nigeria, but he be apprehended by Nigerian authorities den transferred to Freetown under UN guard.

==== '''Koroma''' '''ein government (2007–2018)''' ====
Insyd August 2007, Sierra Leone hold presidential den parliamentary elections. They have a good turnout den be initially judged by official observers to be &quot;free, fair den credible&quot;. However, no presidential candidate win de 50% plus one vote majority stipulated insyd de constitution on de first round of voting. A run-off election be held insyd September 2007, den Ernest Bai Koroma, de candidate of de APC, be elected president den sworn insyd de same day. Insyd ein inauguration address at de national stadium insyd Freetown, President Koroma dey promise to fight corruption den de mismanagement of de country ein resources.

By 2007, there have been an increase insyd de number of drug cartels, many from Colombia, using Sierra Leone as a base to ship drugs to Europe. E be feared dat dis might lead to increased corruption den violence den turn de country, like neighbouring Guinea-Bissau, into a narco state. President Koroma quickly amend de existing legislation against drug trafficking—inherited at independence insyd 1961—to address de international concerns, increasing punishment for offenders insyd terms of prohibitive fines, lengthier prison terms, den provision for extradition of offenders want elsewhere, wey include de United States.

Insyd 2008, an aircraft carrying almost 700 kg of cocaine be caught at Freetown ein airport den 19 people, wey include customs officials, be arrested, den de minister for transport be suspended.

Insyd 2014, de country be impacted by de 2014 Ebola virus epidemic insyd Sierra Leone.</text>
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      <text bytes="85274" sha1="bumpx07r7nagz12ewkopu6tq06ilmc4" xml:space="preserve">'''Sierra Leone''' first become inhabited by indigenous African peoples at least 2,500 years ago. De Limba be de first tribe known to inhabit Sierra Leone. De dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de region from oda West African cultures, den e become a refuge for peoples escaping violence. Sierra Leone was named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra, who map de region insyd 1462. De Freetown estuary provided a good natural harbour for ships to shelter den replenish drinking water, den gain more international attention as coastal den trans-Atlantic trade supplanted trans-Saharan trade.

Insyd de mid-16th century, de Mane people invaded, subjugated nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples, den militarised Sierra Leone. De Mane soon blended plus de local populations den de various chiefdoms den kingdoms remain insyd a continual state of conflict, plus many captives sold to European slave-traders. De Atlantic slave trade had a significant impact on Sierra Leone, as dis trade flourished insyd de 17th den 18th centuries, den later as a centre of anti-slavery efforts when de trade be abolished insyd 1807. British abolitionists had organised a colony for Black Loyalists at Freetown, den dis become de capital of British West Africa. A naval squadron was base there to intercept slave ships, den de colony quickly grew as Liberated Africans be released, join by Afro-Caribbean den African soldiers who had fought for Britain insyd de American Revolutionary War. De descendants of de black settlers be collectively referred to as de Creoles or Krios.

During de colonial era, de British den Creoles increased demma control over de surrounding area, securing peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted, suppressing slave-trading den inter-chiefdom war. Insyd 1895, Britain draw borders for Sierra Leone which they declare to be demma protectorate, leading to armed resistance den de Hut Tax War of 1898. Thereafter, there demma dissent den reforms as de Creoles sought political rights, trade unions form against colonial employers, den peasants sought greater justice from demma chiefs.

Sierra Leone has played a significant part insyd modern African political liberty den nationalism. Insyd de 1950s, a new constitution united de Crown Colony den Protectorate, which had previously been governed separately. Sierra Leone gain independence from de United Kingdom on 27 April 1961 den became a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Ethnic den linguistic divisions remain an obstacle to national unity, plus de Mende, Temne den Creoles as rival power blocs. Roughly half of de years since independence have been marked by autocratic governments or civil war.

== Early history ==
Archaeological finds show dat Sierra Leone has been inhabited continuously for at least 2,500 years, populate by successive movements of peoples from oda parts of Africa. De use of iron be introduced to Sierra Leone by de 9th century, den by de end of de 10th century agriculture was being practiced by coastal tribes.

Sierra Leone ein dense tropical rainforest partially isolated de land from oda African cultures den from de spread of Islam. Dis make e a refuge for people escaping subjugation by de Sahelian kingdoms, violence den jihads.

European contacts plus Sierra Leone be among de first insyd West Africa. Insyd 1462, Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra mapped de hills surrounding what be now Freetown Harbour, naming de oddly shaped formation ''Serra Lyoa'' (Lioness Mountain).

At dis time de country be inhabited by numerous politically independent native groups. Several different languages be spoken, but there was similarity of religion. Insyd de coastal rainforest belt there be Bulom-speakers between de Sherbro den Freetown estuaries, Loko-speakers north of de Freetown estuary to de Little Scarcies River, Temne-speakers find at de mouth of de Scarcies River, den Limba-speakers farther up de Scarcies. Insyd de hilly savannah north of all of these lands be de Susu den Fula tribes. De Susu trade regularly plus de coastal peoples along river valley routes, bringing salt, clothes woven by de Fula, iron work, den gold.

== European contact (15th century) ==
Portuguese ships begin visiting Sierra Leone regularly insyd de late 15th century, den for a while they maintained a fort on de north shore of de Freetown estuary. Dis estuary be one of de largest natural deep-water harbours insyd de world, den one of de few good harbours on West Africa ein surf-battered &quot;Windward Shore&quot; (Liberia to Senegal). E soon become a favourite destination of European mariners, to shelter den replenish drinking water. Some of de Portuguese sailors stay permanently, trading den intermarrying plus de local people.

==== '''Slavery''' ====
Slavery, den insyd particular de Atlantic slave trade, had a great effect on de region—socially, economically den politically—from de late 15th to de mid-19th centuries.

There had been lucrative trans-Saharan trade of slaves insyd West Africa from de 6th century. At ein peak (c. 1350) de Mali Empire surrounded de region of modern-day Sierra Leone den Liberia, though de slave trade may not have significantly penetrated de coastal rainforest. De peoples who migrate into Sierra Leone from dis time will have had greater contact plus de indigenous slave trade, either practicing it or escaping it.

When Europeans first arrive at Sierra Leone, slavery among de African peoples of de area be believe to be rare. According to historian Walter Rodney, de Portuguese mariners keep detailed reports, den so e be likely if slavery had been an important local institution dat de reports will have described it. There be mention of a very particular kind of slavery insyd de region, which was:&lt;blockquote&gt;a person insyd trouble insyd one kingdom can go to anoda den place himself under de protection of ein king, whereupon he become a &quot;slave&quot; of dat king, obliged to provide free labour den liable for sale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Rodney, such a person will likely have retain some rights den had some opportunity to rise insyd status as time passed.

De European colonization of de Americas soon lead to labor demands from nascent colonies; dis lead Europeans to seek a supply of slaves to transport to de Americas. Initially, European slavers launch raids on coastal villages to abduct Africans den sell them into slavery. However, they soon establish economic alliances plus local leaders, as many chiefs were willing to sell undesirable members of demma tribe to Europeans. Oda African chiefs launch raids on rival tribes insyd order to sell captives of such raids into slavery.

Dis early slaving essentially be an export business. De use of slaves as labourers by de local Africans appears to have developed only later. E may first have occurred under coastal chiefs insyd de late 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;De slave owners originally be white den foreigners, but de late eighteenth century see de emergence of powerful slave-trading chiefs, be said to own large numbers of 'domestic slaves'.&lt;/blockquote&gt;For example, insyd de late 18th century, William Cleveland, a Scottish leader insyd Africa had a large &quot;slave town&quot; on de mainland opposite de Banana Islands, whose inhabitants &quot;be employed insyd cultivating extensive rice fields, describe as being some of the largest insyd Africa at de time&quot;. De existence of an indigenous slave town be recorded by an English traveler insyd 1823. Known insyd de Fula language as a ''rounde'', e be connected plus de Sulima Susu ein capital city, Falaba. Ein inhabitants work at farming.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Rodney dey postulate two means by which slaving for export can have caused a local practice of using slaves for labour to develop:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# Not all war captives offer for sale will have been bought by de Portuguese, so demma captors had to find something else to do plus them. Rodney believe dat executing them be rare den that they will have been used for local labour.
# There be a time lag between de time a slave be captured den de time he or she be sold. Thus there will often have been a pool of slaves awaiting sale, who will have been put to work.&lt;/blockquote&gt;There be possible additional reasons for de adoption of slavery by de locals to meet demma labour requirements:

# De Europeans provided an example for imitation.
# Once slaving insyd any form be accepted, e may smash a moral barrier to exploitation den make ein adoption insyd oda forms seem a relatively minor matter.
# Export slaving entailed de construction of a coercive apparatus which could have been subsequently turned to other ends, such as policing a captive labour force.
# De sale of local produce (e.g., palm kernels) to Europeans opened a new sphere of economic activity. Insyd particular, e dey create an increased demand for agricultural labour. Slavery be a way of mobilising an agricultural work force.
Dis local African slavery be much less harsh den brutal than de slavery practiced by Europeans on, for example, de plantations of the United States, de West Indies, den Brazil. De local slavery has been described by anthropologist M. McCulloch:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Slaves be housed close to de fresh tracts of land they clear for demma masters. They be considered part of de household of demma owner, den enjoyed limited rights. E no be customary to sell them except for a serious offense, such as adultery plus de wife of a freeman. Small plots of land be given to them for demma own use, den they might retain de proceeds of crops they grow on these plots; by dis means e be possible for a slave to become de owner of anoda slave. Sometimes a slave marry insyd de household of ein master den rose to a position of trust; there be an instance of a slave taking charge of a chiefdom during de minority of de heir. Descendants of slaves often be practically indistinguishable from freemen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Slaves sometimes be sent on errands outside de kingdoms of demma masters den return voluntarily. Speaking specifically of de era around 1700, historian Christopher Fyfe relates dat, &quot;Slaves not taken insyd war usually be criminals. Insyd coastal areas, at least, e be rare for anyone to be sold without being charged plus a crime.&quot;

Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section be still present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describes a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Voluntary dependence reminiscent of dat describe insyd de early Portuguese documents mention at de beginning of dis section still be present insyd de 19th century. E be called ''pawning''; Arthur Abraham describe a typical variety:&lt;blockquote&gt;A freeman heavily insyd debt, den facing de threat of de punishment of being sold, will approach a wealthier man or chief plus a plea to pay off ein debts 'while I sit on your lap'. Or he can give a son or some oda dependent of ein 'to be for you', de wealthy man or chief. Dis insyd effect mean dat de person so pawn be automatically reduce to a position of dependence, den if he be never redeemed, he or ein children eventually become part of de master ein extended family. By dis time, de children practically be indistinguishable from de real children of de master, since they grow up regarding one anoda as brothers.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Some observers consider de term &quot;slave&quot; to be more misleading than informative when describing de local practice. Abraham say dat insyd most cases, &quot;subject, servant, client, serf, pawn, dependent, or retainer&quot; will be more accurate. Domestic slavery be abolished insyd Sierra Leone insyd 1928. McCulloch reports dat at dat time, amongst Sierra Leone ein largest present-day ethnolinguistic group, de Mende, who then had about 560,000 people, about 15 per cent of de population (i.e., 84,000 people) be domestic slaves. He sana say dat &quot;singularly little change followed de 1928 decree; a fair number of slaves return to demma original homes, but de great majority remain insyd de villages insyd which demma former masters had placed them or demma parents.&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Export slavery remain a major business insyd Sierra Leone from de late 15th century to de mid-19th century. According to Fyfe, &quot;e be estimated insyd 1789 dat 74,000 slaves be exported annually from West Africa, about 38,000 by British firms.&quot; Insyd 1788, a proslavery European name Matthews estimated de annual total export from between de Nunez River (110 km north of Sierra Leone) den de Sherbro as 3,000. Participation insyd de Atlantic slave trade gradually be outlawed by various Western nations, beginning plus de United States den Britain insyd 1808.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Mane invasions (16th century) ==
Further information: Mane people

De Mane invasions of de mid-16th century had a profound impact on Sierra Leone. De Mane (sana call Mani) be members of de Mande language group. A warrior people, well-armed den well-organized, they live east den somewhat north of present-day Sierra Leone. Sometime insyd de early 16th century they begin moving south. According to some Mane who dey speak to a Portuguese writer (Dornelas) in de late 16th century, demma travels dey begin as a result of de expulsion of demma chief from de imperial city of Mandimansa, demma homeland.

There be conflicting accounts among historians of how these invasions happened. Some historians place demma first arrival at de coast east of Sierra Leone, at least as far as de River Cess den likely pppie. They advanced northwest along de coast toward Sierra Leone, conquering as they go. Odas contend dat they arrive on de coast near Sherbro Island. They incorporate large numbers of de people they conquered into demma army, plus de result dat de rank den file consist mostly of coastal peoples, while de Mane be ein commanding group.

By 1545, de Mane dey reach Cape Mount. Dema conquest of Sierra Leone occupy de ensuing 15 to 20 years, den result insyd de subjugation of all or nearly all of de indigenous coastal peoples—who be known collectively as de Sapes—as far north as de Scarcies. De present demographics of Sierra Leone largely be a reflection of these two decades. De degree to which de Mane supplanted de original inhabitants vary from place to place. De Temne partly withstood de Mane onslaught, den keep demma language, but become ruled by a line of Mane kings. De present-day Loko den Mende be de result of a more complete submersion of de original culture: demma languages be similar, den both essentially Mande. Dis likely be due to conquest by de Mane invaders.

=== '''Aftermath''' ===
De Mane invasions militarised Sierra Leone. De Sapes had been un-warlike, but after de invasions, right until de late 19th century, bows, shields, den knives of de Mane type dey become ubiquitous insyd Sierra Leone, as had de Mane battle technique of using squadrons of archers fighting insyd formation, carrying de large-style shields. Villages become fortified. De usual method of erecting two or three concentric palisades, each 4–7 metres (12–20 ft) high, create a formidable obstacle to attackers—especially since, as some of de English observe insyd de 19th century, de thigh-thick logs planted insyd de earth to make de palisades often take root at de bottom den grow foliage at de top, so dat de defenders occupy a living wall of wood. A British officer who dey observe one of these fortifications around de time of de 1898 Hut Tax war ended ein description of it thus:&lt;blockquote&gt;No one who dey no see these fences can realize de immense strength of them. De outer fence at Hahu I measure insyd several places, den found e to be from 2 to 3 feet thick, den most of de logs, or rather trees, of which e be formed, had taken root den be throwing out leaves den shoots.&lt;/blockquote&gt;He sana say dat English artillery can not penetrate all three fences. At dat time, at least among de Mende, &quot;a typical settlement dey consist of walled towns den open villages or towns surrounding it.&quot;

After de invasions, de Mane sub-chiefs among whom e country dey divide begin fighting among themselves. Dis pattern of activity become permanent: even after de Mane dey blend plus de indigenous population—a process which be completed insyd de early 17th century—de various kingdoms insyd Sierra Leone remain insyd a fairly continual state of flux den conflict. Rodney believe dat a desire to take prisoners to sell as slaves to de Europeans be a major motivation to dis fighting, den may even have been a driving force behind de original Mane invasions. Historian Kenneth Little dey conclude dat de principal objective insyd de local wars, at least among de Mende, be plunder, not de acquisition of territory. Abraham cautions dat slave trading should not be exaggerated as a cause: de Africans have demma own reasons to fight, plus territorial den political ambitions present. Motivations likely change over time during de 350-year period.

De wars themselves no be exceptionally deadly. Set-piece battles be rare, den de fortified towns so strong dat demma capture seldom be attempted. Often de fighting dey consist of small ambushes.

Insyd these years, de political system be such dat each large village along plus ein satellite villages den settlements will be headed by a chief. De chief will have a private army of warriors. Sometimes several chiefs will group themselves into a confederacy, acknowledging one of themselves as king (or high chief). Each pay de king fealty. If one be attacked, de king will come to ein aid, den de king can adjudicate local disputes.

Despite demma many political divisions, de people of de country be united by cultural similarity. One component of dis be de Poro, an organisation common to many different kingdoms den ethnolinguistic groups. De Mende claim to be ein originators, den there be nothing to contradict dis. Possibly they import it. De Temne claim to dey import it from de Sherbro or Bulom. De Dutch geographer Olfert Dapper know of it insyd de 17th century. E often be described as a &quot;secret society&quot;, dis partly be true: ein rites be closed to non-members, den what happens insyd de &quot;Poro bush&quot; never be disclosed. However, ein membership be very broad: among de Mende, almost all men, den some women, be initiates. Insyd recent years e no dey (as far as is known) have a central organisation: autonomous chapters exist for each chiefdom or village. However, it is said dat insyd pre-Protectorate days there be a &quot;Grand Poro&quot; plus cross-chiefdom powers of making war den peace. E widely be agreed dat e has a restraining influence on de powers of de chiefs. Headed by a fearsome principal spirit, de ''Gbeni'', e plays a major role insyd de rite of passage of males from puberty to manhood. E imparts some education. Insyd some areas, e have supervisory powers over trade, den de banking system, which use iron bars as a medium of exchange. E no only be de important society insyd Sierra Leone: de ''Sande'' be a female-only analogue of it; there sana be de ''Humoi'' which regulates sex, den de ''Njayei'' den de ''Wunde''. De ''Kpa'' be a healing-arts collegium.

Besides de political impact, there be economic effects as well: trade plus de interior be interrupted, den thousands be sold as slaves to de Europeans. Insyd industry, a flourishing tradition insyd fine ivory carving be ended; however, improved ironworking techniques be introduced.&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== 1600–1787 ==
By de 17th century, Portuguese colonialism insyd West Africa begin to wane, den insyd Sierra Leone oda European colonial powers such as de English den Dutch begin to supplant demma influence insyd de region. Insyd 1628, a group of English merchants had established a factory insyd de vicinity of Sherbro Island, about 50 km (30 mi) south-east from present-day Freetown. Insyd addition to ivory den slaves, de merchants at de factory sana trade insyd camwood, a type of hard timber. De Portuguese missionary Baltasar Barreira minister insyd Sierra Leone until 1610. Jesuits, den later insyd de century, Capuchins, continue de mission. By 1700 it had closed, although priests occasionally visited.

Insyd 1663, de Royal African Company (RAC) be granted a royal charter from Charles II of England den soon established a factory on Sherbro Island den Tasso Island. During de Second Anglo-Dutch War, both factories be sacked by a Dutch Navy force insyd 1664. De factory be rebuilt, though e be sacked again by de French Navy during de War of de Spanish Succession insyd 1704 den pirates insyd 1719 den 1720. After de Dutch raid on de RAC factory at Tasso Island, e be relocated to de nearby Bunce Island, which be more defensible.

De Europeans make payments, called ''Cole'', for rent, tribute, den trading rights, to de king of an area. At this time de local military advantage still be on de side of de Africans, den there be a 1714 report of a king seizing RAC goods insyd retaliation for a breach of protocol. Local Afro-Portuguese merchants often act as middlemen, de Europeans advancing them goods to trade to de local people, most often for ivory. Insyd 1728, an overly aggressive RAC governor dey unite de Africans den Afro-Portuguese insyd hostility to him; they burn down de Bunce Island fort den e no be rebuilt until about 1750. During de time dat de Royal African Company be operating, de firm of Grant, Sargent [Wikidata] den Oswald provisioned de trading stations. When de RAC abandoned Bunce Island, Sargent den ein partners purchase ein factory insyd 1748, repair it, den dey use it to trade insyd timber. They expand to Batts, Bobs, Tasso, den Tumbu Islands den along de banks of de river, eventually becoming involve insyd de slave trade. De French sack it again insyd 1779, during de American Revolutionary War.

During de 17th century de Temne ethnolinguistic group be expanding. Around 1600, a Mani still dey rule de Loko kingdom (de area north of Port Loko Creek) den anoda rule de upper part of de south shore of de Freetown estuary. De north shore of de estuary be under a Ballom king, den de area just east of Freetown on de peninsula be held by a non-Mani plus a European name, Dom Phillip de Leon (who may have been a subordinate to ein Mani neighbour). By de mid-17th century dis situation dey change: Temne, not Bullom dey speak on de south shore, den ships stopping for water den firewood had to pay customs to de Temne king of Bureh who live at Bagos town on de point between de Rokel River den Port Loko Creek. (De king may  consider himself a Mani—to dis day, Temne chiefs have Mani-derived titles—but ein people be Temne. De Bureh king insyd place insyd 1690 be called Bai Tura, ''Bai'' being a Mani form.) De Temne thus dey expand insyd a wedge toward de sea at Freetown, den now dey separate de Bulom to de north from de Mani den oda Mande-speakers to de south den east.

Insyd dis period there be several reports of women occupying high positions. De king of de south shore use to leave one of ein wives to rule when he be absent, den insyd de Sherbro there be female chiefs. Insyd de early 18th century, a Bulom dey name Seniora Maria make ein own town near Cape Sierra Leone.

During de 17th century, Muslim Fula from de Upper Niger den Senegal rivers move into an area called Fouta Djallon (or Futa Jalon) insyd de mountainous region north of present-day Sierra Leone. They be to have an important impact on de peoples of Sierra Leone because they increase trade den sana produced secondary population movements insyd Sierra Leone. Though de Muslim Fula first cohabited peaceably plus de peoples already at Fouta Djallon, around 1725 they embark on a war of domination, forcing de migration of many Susu, Yalunka, den non-Muslim Fula.

Susu—some already convert to Islam—come south insyd Sierra Leone, insyd turn displacing Limba from north-west Sierra Leone den driving them insyd north-central Sierra Leone where they continue to live. Some Susu move as far south as de Temne town of Port Loko, only 60 km (37 mi) upriver from de Atlantic. Eventually a Muslim Susu family dey call Senko supplanted de town ein Temne rulers. Oda Susu dey move westward from Fouta Djallon, eventually dominating de Baga, Bulom, den Temne north of de Scarcies River.

De Yalunka insyd Fouta Djallon first accept Islam, then reject it den be driven out. They go into north-central Sierra Leone den founded demma capital at Falaba insyd de mountains near de source of de Rokel. E still not an important town, about 20 km (12 mi) south of de Guinea border. Oda Yalunka go somewhat farther south den settled amongst de Koranko, Kissi, den Limba.

Besides these groups, who be more-or-less unwilling emigrants, a considerable variety of Muslim adventurers go forth from Fouta Djallon. A Fula called Fula Mansa (''mansa'' meaning ''king'') become ruler of de Yoni country 100 km (62 mi) east of present-day Freetown. Some of ein Temne subjects fled south to de Banta country between de middle reaches of de Bagu den Jong rivers, where they become known as de Mabanta Temne.

Insyd 1652, de first slaves from Sierra Leone be transported to North America; they be sold to white plantation owners insyd de Sea Islands off de coast of de American South. During de 18th century, numerous slaves from Bunce Island be transported to de Southern Colonies, due insyd part to de business relationship between American slave trader Henry Laurens den de London-based firm of Grant, Sargent, Oswald &amp; Company, which oversaw a thriving slave trade from Bunce Island insyd Sierra Leone to North America.

De transatlantic slave trade continued to transport millions of enslaved Africans, wey include those from Sierra Leone, across de Atlantic during de 17th, 18th den 19th centuries; ultimately, roughly 12.5 million slaves where e dey bring to de Americas dis way. However, de rise of abolitionist movements insyd de Western world insyd de late 18th den early 19th centuries dey lead to various European den American governments passing legislation to abolish de slave trade. De slave trade insyd Sierra Leone undergo a marked decline during de 19th century, though domestic slavery will persist until de 20th century.

== De Province of Freedom (1787–1789) ==
Main article: Granville Town, Province of Freedom

==== '''Conception of''' '''de Province of Freedom (1787)''' ====
Insyd 1787, a plan be established to settle some of London ein &quot;Black Poor&quot; insyd Sierra Leone insyd what was called the &quot;Province of Freedom&quot;. This was organised by the Committee for de Relief of de Black Poor, found by British abolitionist Granville Sharp, which preferred it as a solution to continuing to financially support them insyd London. Many of de Black Poor be African Americans, who had been given demma freedom after seeking refuge with the British Army during the American Revolution, but also included other West Indian, African and Asian inhabitants of London.

De Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme be proposed by entomologist Henry Smeathman den draw interest from humanitarians like Granville Sharp saw it as a means of showing de pro-slavery lobby dat black people can contribute towards de running of de new colony of Sierra Leone. Government officials soon become involved insyd de scheme as well, although demma interest be spurred by de possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere. William Pitt de Younger, prime minister den leader of de Tory party, dey have an active interest insyd de Scheme, because he see it as a means to repatriate de Black Poor to Africa, since &quot;e be necessary they should be sent somewhere, den be no longer suffer to infest de streets of London&quot;.

==== '''Establishment, destruction''' '''den re-establishment (1789)''' ====
De area be first settled by 400 formerly enslaved Black Britons, who dey arrive off de coast of Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787, dey accompany by some English tradesmen. They established de Province of Freedom or Granville Town on land purchase from local Koya Temne subchief King Tom den regent Naimbanna II, a purchase which de Europeans understand to cede de land to de new settlers &quot;for ever&quot;. De established arrangement between Europeans den de Koya Temne do not include provisions for permanent settlement, den some historians question how well de Koya leaders understand de agreement. Half of de settlers insyd de new colony die insyd de first year. Several black settlers dey start working for local slave traders. De settlers dat dey remain forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliate, attacking de settlement, which be reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, den six white women. Black settlers be captured by unscrupulous traders den sold as slaves, den de remaining colonists be forced to arm themselves for demma own protection. King Tom ein successor King Jemmy dey attack den burn de colony insyd 1789.

Alexander Falconbridge be sent to Sierra Leone insyd 1791 to collect de remaining Black Poor settlers, den they re-establish Granville Town (later renamed Cline Town) near Fourah Bay. Although these 1787 settlers do not establish Freetown, which be founded insyd 1792, de bicentennial of Freetown be celebrated insyd 1987.

After establishing Granville Town, disease den hostility from de indigenous people eliminated de first group of colonists den destroyed demma settlement. A second Granville Town established by 64 remaining black den white 'Old settlers' under de leadership of St. George Bay Company leader, Alexander Falconbridge den de St. George Bay Company. Dis settlement be different from de Freetown settlement den colony founded insyd 1792 by Lt. John Clarkson den de Nova Scotian Settlers under de auspices of de Sierra Leone Company.

== Freetown Colony (1792–1808) ==
'''Conception of tde Freetown settlement (1791)'''

De basis for de Freetown Colony begin insyd 1791 plus Thomas Peters, an African American who had served insyd de Black Pioneers den settle insyd Nova Scotia as part of de Black Loyalist migration. Peters travel to England insyd 1791 to report grievances of de Black Loyalists who had been given poor land den faced discrimination. Peters meet plus British abolitionists den de directors of de Sierra Leone Company. He learn of de company ein plan for a new settlement at Sierra Leone. De directors be eager to allow de Nova Scotians to build a settlement there; de London-based den newly create Company had decided to create a new colony but before Peters ein arrival have no colonists. Lieutenant John Clarkson be sent to Nova Scotia to register immigrants to take to Sierra Leone for de purpose of starting a new settlement. Clarkson worked plus Peters to recruit 1,196 former American slaves from free African communities around Nova Scotia such as Birchtown. Most dey escape Virginia den South Carolina plantations. Some had been born insyd Africa before being enslaved den taken to America.

==== '''Settlement by Nova Scotians (1792)''' ====
De settlers dey sail insyd 15 ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia den arrived insyd St. George Bay between 26 February den 9 March 1792. Sixty-four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, den even Lieutenant Clarkson be ill during de voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson den some of de Nova Scotian 'captains' &quot;despatched on shore to clear or make roadway for demma landing&quot;. De Nova Scotians be to build Freetown on de former site of de first Granville Town which have become a &quot;jungle&quot; since ein destruction insyd 1789. (Though they built Freetown on Granville Town ein former site, demma settlement be no a rebirth of Granville Town, which had been re-established at Fourah Bay in 1791 by de remaining Old Settlers.) Clarkson told de men to clear de land until they reach a large cotton tree. After this difficult work had been done den de land cleared, all de settlers, men den women, disembarked den marched towards de thick forest den to de cotton tree, den demma preachers (all African Americans) begin singing:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Awake den Sing Of Moses den de Lamb
Wake! every heart den every tongue'

To praise de Saviour ein name

De day of Jubilee be come;

Return ye ransomed sinners home&lt;/blockquote&gt;On 11 March 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, dey pray den preach a sermon under de large Cotton Tree, den Reverend David George dey preach de first recorded Baptist service insyd Africa. De land be dedicated den christened 'Free Town' according to de instructions of de Sierra Leone Company Directors. Dis be de first thanksgiving service insyd de newly christened Free Town den be de beginning of de political entity of Sierra Leone. Later, John Clarkson will be sworn insyd as de first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts be erected before de rainy season. De Sierra Leone Company surveyors den de settlers built Freetown on de American grid pattern, plus parallel streets den wide roads, plus de largest being Water Street.

On 24 August 1792, de Black Poor or Old Settlers of de second Granville Town be incorporated into de new Sierra Leone Colony but remain at Granville Town. E survive being pillaged by de French insyd 1794, den be rebuilt by de Nova Scotian settlers. By 1798, Freetown had 300–400 houses plus architecture resembling dat of de American South, plus 3- to 4-foot stone foundations den wooden superstructures. Eventually dis style of housing (brought by de Nova Scotians) will be de model for de 'bod oses' of demma Creole descendants.

=== '''Settlement by Jamaican Maroons (1800)''' ===
Insyd 1800, de Nova Scotians rebel den e be de arrival of over 500 Jamaican Maroons which dey cause de rebellion to be suppressed. Thirty-four Nova Scotians be banished den sent to either to Sherbro Island or a penal colony at Gore. Some of these eventually be allowed back insyd Freetown. Following demma capture of de rebels, de Maroons be granted de land of de Nova Scotian rebels. Eventually de Jamaican Maroons insyd Sierra Leone have demma own district at de newly named Maroon Town.

De Maroons be a free community of blacks from Cudjoe ein Town (Trelawny Town) who have been resettled insyd Nova Scotia after surrendering to de British government dey follow de Second Maroon War of 1795–6. They have petitioned de British government for settlement elsewhere due to de climate insyd Nova Scotia.

==== '''Abolition and slaves-insyd-transit (1807 - 1830s)''' ====
Britain outlawed de slave trade throughout ein empire on 29 March 1807 plus de Slave Trade Act 1807, though de practice continue insyd de British Empire until e finally be abolished insyd de 1830s. De Royal Navy ein West Africa Squadron operating from Freetown take active measures to intercept den seize ships participating insyd de illegal Atlantic slave trade. De slaves dat dey hold on these vessels be released into Freetown den initially be called 'Captured negroes', 'Recaptives' or 'Liberated Africans'.

==== '''Formation of''' '''de Sierra Leone Creole ethnicity (1870 onwards)''' ====
De Sierra Leone Creole people (Krio: ''Krio people'') be descendants of de Black Poor, freed African Americans (Nova Scotian Black Loyalists), Afro-Caribbeans (Jamaican Maroons), den Liberated Africans who settled insyd de Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 den about 1885. De colony be established by de British, support by abolitionists, under de Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. De settlers called demma new settlement Freetown.

== Colonial era (1808–1961) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Colony den Protectorate

==== '''Establishment of''' '''de British Crown Colony (1808)''' ====
Insyd 1808, e British Crown Colony of Sierra Leone be founded, plus Freetown serving as de capital of British West Africa. De city ein population expanded rapidly plus freed slaves, who dey establish suburbs on de Freetown Peninsula. They be joined by West Indian den African soldiers who dey settle insyd Sierra Leone after fighting for Britain insyd de Napoleonic Wars.

'''Intervention''' '''den acquisition of de hinterland (1800s–1895)'''

Insyd de early 1800s, Sierra Leone be a small colony extending a few kilometres (a few miles) up de peninsula from Freetown. De bulk of de territory dat makes up present-day Sierra Leone still be de sovereign territory of indigenous peoples such as de Mende den Temne, den be little affected by de tiny population of de Colony. Over de course of de 19th century, dat gradually changed: de British den Creoles insyd de Freetown area dey increase demma involvement insyd—den demma control over—de surrounding territory by engaging insyd trade, which be promoted den dey increase through treaty-making den military expeditions.

Insyd demma treaties plus de native chiefs, de British largely be concerned plus securing local peace so dat commerce will not be interrupted. Typically, de British government dey agree to pay a chief a stipend insyd return for a commitment from him to keep de peace plus ein neighbours; oda specific commitments extract from a chief might include keeping roads open, allowing de British to collect customs duties, den submitting disputes plus ein neighbours to British adjudication. Insyd de decades following Britain ein prohibition of de slave trade insyd 1807, de treaties sometimes sana require chiefs to desist from slave-trading. Suppression of slave-trading den suppression of inter-chiefdom war dey go hand-in-hand because de trade thrived on de wars (and caused them). Thus, to de commercial reasons for pacification can be added anti-slavery ones.

When friendly persuasion fail to secure demma interests, de British no be more than (to borrow Carl von Clausewitz's phrase) &quot;continuing diplomacy by oda means&quot;. At least by de mid-1820s, de army den navy be going out from de Colony to attack chiefs whose behaviour do not conform to British dictates. Insyd 1826, Governor Turner led troops to de Bum–Kittam area, capture two stockaded towns, burn odas, den declare a blockade on de coast as far as Cape Mount. Dis partly be an anti-slaving exercise den partly to punish de chief for refusing territory to de British. Later dat year, acting-Governor Macaulay send out an expedition which go up de Jong river den dey burn Commenda, a town belonging to a related chief. Insyd 1829, de colonial authorities founded de Sierra Leone Police Corps. Insyd 1890, dis force be divided into de Civilian Police den de Frontier Police.

De British develope a modus operandi wey characterised demma interventions throughout de century: army or frontier police, plus naval support if possible, will bombard a town den then usually torch it after de defenders dey fly or been defeated. Where possible, local enemies of de party being attacked be invited by de British to accompany them as allies.

Further information: British den Creole intervention insyd de Sierra Leone hinterland insyd de 19th century

Insyd de 1880s, Britain ein intervention insyd de hinterland dey receive added impetus because of de &quot;Scramble for Africa&quot;: an intense competition between de European powers for territory insyd Africa. Insyd dis case, de rival be France. To forestall French incursion into what they had come to consider as demma own sphere, de British government renewed efforts to finalise a boundary agreement with France and on 1 January 1890 instructed Governor Hay insyd Sierra Leone to get from chiefs insyd de boundary area friendship treaties containing a clause forbidding them to treat plus anoda European power without British consent.

Consequently, insyd 1890 den 1891 Hay den two travelling commissioners, Garrett den Alldridge, dey go on extensive tours of what be now Sierra Leone wey obtain treaties from chiefs. Most of these no be, however, treaties of cession; they be insyd de form of cooperative agreements between two sovereign powers.

Insyd January 1895, a boundary agreement be signed insyd Paris, roughly fixing de line between French Guinea den Sierra Leone. De exact line be to be determined by surveyors. As Christopher Fyfe notes, &quot;De delimitation be made almost entirely insyd geographical terms—rivers, watersheds, parallels—not political. Samu chiefdom, for instance, be divided; de people on de frontier had to opt for farms on one side or villages on de oda.&quot;

More generally, de arbitrary lumping-together of disparate native peoples insyd geographical units decided by de colonial powers has been an ongoing source of trouble throughout Africa. These geographical units now dety attempt to function as nations but no be naturally nations, being composed insyd many cases of peoples who be traditional enemies. Insyd Sierra Leone, for example, de Mende, Temne den Creoles remain as rival power blocs between whom lines of fission easily emerge.

'''Establishment of''' '''de British Protectorate den further land acquisition (1895)'''

Insyd August 1895, an Order-in-Council dey issue insyd Britain authorising de Colony to make laws for de territory around it, extending out to de agreed-upon boundary (which corresponds closely to dat of present-day Sierra Leone). On 31 August 1896, a Proclamation dey issue insyd de Colony, wey dey declare dat territory to be a British Protectorate. De Colony remained a distinct political entity; de Protectorate dey govern from it.

Most of de chiefs whose territories de Protectorate subsumed do not enter into it voluntarily. Many sign treaties of friendship plus Britain, but these be often dey express as being between sovereign powers, plus there be no subordination to de British. Only a handful of chiefs dey sign treaties of cession, den insyd some cases e be unknown if de chiefs dey understand de implications of de treaty. Insyd more remote areas, no treaties had been signed at all. De creation of de Sierra Leone Protectorate be more insyd de nature of a unilateral acquisition of territory by de British.

Almost every chieftaincy insyd Sierra Leone dey respond to de British arrogation of power plus armed resistance. De Protectorate Ordinances (passed insyd de Colony insyd 1896 den 1897) abolish de title of King den replace it plus &quot;Paramount Chief&quot;. Chiefs den kings dey formerly been selected by de leading members of dema own communities; now all chiefs, even paramount ones, can be deposed or installed at de will of de Governor, den most of de judicial powers of de chiefs be removed den given to courts presided-over by British &quot;District Commissioners&quot;. De Governor decree dat a house tax of 5''s'' to 10''s'' be to be levied annually on every dwelling insyd de Protectorate. To de chiefs, these reductions insyd de power den prestige be unbearable.

During these conflicts, British officers dey use de practice of cutting de hands of people to account for bullets spent, similar to what dey occur under de regime Leopold II of Belgium insyd de Congo Free State. British doctor, John Lancelot Todd, who dey travel to West Africa on an LSTM expedition together plus Joseph Everett Dutton, write down de testimonies of British officers who dey involve insyd putting down rebellions insyd British Sierra Leone den dey practice cutting de hands of de people they shot. De exact number of living victims who dey end up mutilated be unknown.

==== '''Hut Tax War of 1898''' ====
Insyd 1898, two rebellions dey break out against British colonial rule insyd Sierra Leone insyd response to de introduction of a new hut tax by Governor Frederic Cardew. On 1 January 1898, Cardew introduce de hut tax as a way to pay for de colonial administration ein financial expenditures. However, de tax prove to be beyond de financial means of many insyd de colony, provoking discontent. Insyd February 1898, an attempt by colonial officials to arrest Temne chief Bai Bureh lead to him den rebels under ein command to revolt against British rule. Bureh ein forces dey launch attacks on British officials den Creole traders.

Despite de ongoing rebellion, Bureh dispatched two peace overtures to de British insyd April den June of dat year, aid by de mediation of Limba chief Almamy Suluku. Cardew dey reject both offers, as Bureh would not agree to surrender unconditionally. Bureh ein forces conducted a disciplined den skillfully execute guerrilla campaign which cause de British considerable difficulty. Hostilities begin insyd February; Bureh ein harassing tactics confounded de British at first but by May they gain ground. De rainy season interrupted hostilities until October, when British colonial forces resume de slow process of capturing rebel stockades. When most of these defences dey eliminate, Bureh be captured or surrendered (accounts differ) insyd November.

De second revolt insyd de southeast be a mass uprising, planned somehow to commence everywhere on 27 den 28 April, insyd which almost all &quot;outsiders&quot;—whether European or Creole—be seized den summarily executed. Although more fearsome than Bai Bureh ein rising, na e be amorphous, dey lack a definite strategy, den  be suppressed insyd most areas insyd two months. Some Mende rebels insyd de centre of de country no be beaten until November, however; den Mende king Nyagua ein son Maghi, insyd alliance plus some Kissi rebels, continued de revolt insyd de extreme east of de Protectorate until August 1899. De principal of de uprisings, Bureh, Nyagua den Kpana Lewis, be exiled to de Gold Coast on 30 July 1899. Nine months after de rebellion, de colonial government convicted den executed ninety-six rebels which had been found guilty of murder by hanging. Insyd 1905, Bureh be allowed by de British to return to Sierra Leone, where he continue reassume ein chieftaincy at de settlement of Kasseh.

=== Creole dissent insyd de high colonial period (1898–1956) ===
Insyd de early 19th century Freetown serve as de residence of de British governor who sana rule deGold Coast (now Ghana) den de Gambia settlements. Sierra Leone sana serve as de educational centre of British West Africa. Fourah Bay College, establish insyd 1827, rapidly become a magnet for English-speaking Africans on de west coast. For more than a century, e be de only European-style university insyd western Sub-Saharan Africa.

After de Hut Tax War there be no more large-scale military resistance to colonialism. Resistance den dissent dey continue, but take oda forms. Vocal political dissent come mainly from de Creoles, who be a sizeable middle den upper class of business-people den European-educated professionals such as doctors den lawyers. Insyd de mid-19th century they had enjoyed a period of considerable political influence, but in the late 19th century the government become much less open to them.

They continue to press for political rights, however, den dey operate a variety of newspapers which governors dey consider troublesome den demagogic. Insyd 1924, a new constitution be put insyd place, introducing elected representation (3 out of 22 members) for de first time, plus de first elections held on 28 October. Prominent among de Creoles demanding change be de bourgeois nationalist H.C. Bankole-Bright, General Secretary of de Sierra Leone Branch of de National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA), den de socialist I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson, founder of de West African Youth League (WAYL).

African resistance no be limited to political discussion. Sierra Leone develope an active trade union movement whose strikes often be accompanied by sympathetic rioting among de general population.

Besides de colonial employers, popular hostility be targeted against de tribal chiefs who de British dey transform into functionaries insyd de colonial system of indirect rule. Demma role be to provide policing, collect taxes, den obtain corvée labour (forced labour exacted from those unable to pay taxes) for de colonial government; insyd return, de government maintain them insyd a privileged position over de oda Africans. Chiefs not willing to play this role be replaced by more compliant ones. According to Kilson, de attitude of de Africans toward demma chiefs become ambivalent: frequently they respect de office but resented de exactions made by de individual occupying it. From de chiefs ein point of view, de dilemma of an honourable ruler dey face plus British ultimatums cannot have been easy.

Throughout de 20th century, there be numerous riots directed against tribal chiefs. These culminated insyd de Freetown riot of 1955, which be suppressed by a combined force of police den Royal Sierra Leone Regiment troops. After those riots, reforms be introduced: de forced-labour system be completely abolished den reductions be made insyd de powers of de chiefs.

Sierra Leone remain divided into a Colony den a Protectorate, plus separate den different political systems constitutionally defined for each. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate insyd 1947, when proposals be introduced to provide for a single political system. Most of de proposals come from de Protectorate. De Krio, led by Isaac Wallace-Johnson, oppose de proposals, de main effect of which will have been to diminish demma political power. E be due to de astute politics of Sir Milton Margai dat de educated Protectorate elite dey win over to join forces plus de paramount chiefs insyd de face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai use de same skills to win-over opposition leaders den moderate Krio elements for de achievement of independence.

Insyd November 1951, Margai dey overseew de drafting of a new constitution, which unite de separate Colonial den Protectorate legislatures den provide a framework for decolonization. Insyd 1953, Sierra Leone be granted local ministerial powers, den Margai be elected Chief Minister of Sierra Leone. De new constitution ensure Sierra Leone a parliamentary system insyd de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1957, Sierra Leone hold ein first parliamentary election. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), which be then de most-popular political party insyd de colony of Sierra Leone, win de most seats insyd Parliament. Margai sana be re-elected as Chief Minister by an overwhelming majority.

==== '''Sierra Leone insyd World War II''' ====
Main article: Sierra Leone insyd World War II

Throughout de war, Freetown serve as a critical convoy station for Allied ships.

== 1960 Independence Conference ==
On 20 April 1960, Sir Milton Margai dey lead de Sierra Leonean delegation insyd de negotiations for independence at de constitutional conferences hold plus Queen Elizabeth II den British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod, at Lancaster House insyd London. All twenty-four members of de Sierra Leonean delegation be prominent den well-respected politicians wey include Sir Milton ein younger brother lawyer Sir Albert Margai, trade unionist Siaka Stevens, SLPP-strongman Lamina Sankoh, Creole activist Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Paramount chief Ella Koblo Gulama, educationist Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, Dr John Karefa-Smart, Professor Kande Bureh, lawyer Sir Banja Tejan-Sie, former Freetown Mayor Eustace Henry Taylor Cummings, educationist Amadu Wurie, den Creole diplomat Hector Reginald Sylvanus Boltman.

On de conclusion of talks insyd London, Britain dey agree to grant Sierra Leone Independence on 27 April 1961. Stevens be de only delegate who refuse to sign Sierra Leone ein Declaration of Independence, on de grounds dat there had been a secret defence-pact between Sierra Leone den Britain; anoda point of contention by Stevens be de Sierra Leonean government ein position dat there will be no elections hold before independence which will effectively shut Stevens out of Sierra Leone ein political process. Upon demma return to Freetown on 4 May 1960, Stevens be promptly expelled from de People ein National Party (PNP).

== Opposition to de SLPP government ==
Insyd 1961, Siaka Stevens, a trade unionist den outspoken critic of de SLPP government, take advantage of de dissatisfaction plus de ruling SLPP among some prominent politicians from de Northern part of Sierra Leone. He form an alliance plus Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, Christian Alusine-Kamara Taylor, Mohamed.O.Bash-Taqi, Ibrahim Bash-Taqi, S.A.T. Koroma den C.A. Fofana, den form a new political party called de All People ein Congress (APC) insyd opposition of de SLPP government, wey use de northern part of Sierra Leone as demma political base.

== Early independence (1961–1968) ==
Main article: History of Sierra Leone (1961–78)

==== '''Sir Milton Margai administration (1961–1964)''' ====
On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai dey lead Sierra Leone to Independence from Britain den become de country ein first prime minister. Sierra Leone retain a parliamentary system of government den be a member of de Commonwealth of Nations. Insyd May 1962, Sierra Leone hold ein first general election as an independent nation. De Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP) win plurality of seats insyd parliament den Sir Milton Margai be re-elected as prime minister. De years just after independence be prosperous, plus money from mineral resources being used for development den de founding of Njala University.

Margai be very popular among Sierra Leoneans during ein time insyd power. An important aspect of ein character ein self-effacement; he neither be corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of ein power or status. Ein government be based on de rule of law den de notion of separation of powers, plus multiparty political institutions den fairly viable representative structures. Margai use ein conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials plus a clear eye to satisfy various ethnic groups. Margai employ a brokerage style of politics by sharing political power between political groups den de paramount chiefs insyd de provinces.

==== '''Sir Albert Margai administration (1964–1967)''' ====
Upon Sir Milton Margai ein death insyd 1964, ein half-brother, Sir Albert Margai, be appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert ein leadership be briefly challenged by Sierra Leone ein Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who dey question Sir Albert ein succession to de SLPP leadership position. Kareefa-Smart received little support insyd Parliament insyd ein attempt to have Margai stripe of de SLPP leadership. Soon after Margai was sworn insyd as prime minister, he immediately dismiss several senior government officials who dey serve under ein elder brother ein government, as he view them as traitors den a threat to ein administration.

Unlike ein late brother, Sir Milton, Sir Albert Margai prove unpopular den dey resort to increasingly authoritarian actions insyd response to protests, wey include de enactment of several laws against de opposition All People ein Congress (APC) den an unsuccessful attempt to establish a one-party state. Unlike ein late brother, Sir Albert be opposed to de colonial legacy of allowing de country ein paramount chiefs executive powers, den he be seen as a threat to de existence of de ruling houses across de country—almost all of whom be strong supporters den key allies of de previous administration. Insyd 1967, riots break out insyd Freetown against Sir Albert ein policies. Insyd response, Margai declared a state of emergency across de country. He be accused of corruption den of a policy of affirmative action insyd favour of ein own Mende ethnic group

Sir Albert dey have de opportunity to perpetuate einself insyd power, but he elect not to do so even when de opportunities present themselves. He have de police den de army on ein side den nothing can have prevented him from achieving ein ambition to hold on to power, but he choose not to den called for free den fair elections.

==== '''Three military coups (1967–1968)''' ====
De APC narrowly dey win a small majority of seats insyd Parliament over de SLPP insyd a closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general election, den APC leader Siaka Stevens be sworn insyd as prime minister on 21 March 1967 insyd Freetown. Insyd hours of taking office, Stevens be ousted insyd a bloodless military coup dey lead by de commander of de army, Brigadier General David Lansana, a close ally of Sir Albert Margai who dey appoint Lansana to de position insyd 1964. Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest insyd Freetown den insisted de determination of office of de prime minister should await de election of de tribal representatives to de house. On 23 March, a group of senior military officers insyd de Sierra Leone Army lead by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith overrode dis action by seizing control of de government, arresting Lansana, den suspending de constitution. De group constituted einself as de National Reformation Council (NRC) plus Juxon-Smith as ein chairman den Governor-General. On 18 April 1968, a group of senior military officers who called themselves de Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM) lead by Brigadier General John Amadu Bangura overthraw de NRC junta. De ACRM juntas just arrest many senior NRC members. De democratic constitution be restored, den power be handed back to Stevens, who assume de office of prime minister.

== Stevens government den one-party state (1968–1985) ==
Stevens dey assume power insyd 1968 plus a great deal of hope den ambition. Much trust be placed upon him as he championed multi-party politics. Stevens dey campaign on a platform of bringing de tribes together under socialist principles. During ein first decade or so insyd power, Stevens dey renegotiate some of what he call &quot;useless prefinanced schemes&quot; contracted by ein predecessors, Albert Margai of de SLPP den Juxon-Smith of de NRC, which be said to have left de country insyd an economically deprive state. Stevens dey reorganize de country ein refinery, de government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, den a cement factory. He cancel Juxon-Smith ein construction of a church den mosque on de grounds of Victoria Park. Stevens begin efforts dat will later bridge de distance between de provinces den de city. Roads den hospitals be constructed insyd de provinces, den paramount chiefs den provincial peoples become a prominent force insyd Freetown.

Under pressure of several coup attempts—real den perceived—Stevens ein rule grow more den more authoritarian, den ein relationship plus some of ein ardent supporters deteriorated. He remove de SLPP from competitive politics insyd general elections, some believe, through de use of violence den intimidation. To maintain de support of de military, Stevens retain de popular John Amadu Bangura as de head of de Sierra Leone Armed Forces.

After de return to civilian rule, by-elections be held (beginning insyd autumn 1968) den an all-APC cabinet be appointed. Calm no be completely restored. Insyd November 1968, unrest insyd de provinces lead Stevens to declare a state of emergency.

Many senior officers insyd de Sierra Leone military be greatly disappointed plus Stevens ein policies, but none can openly confront Stevens. Brigadier General Bangura, who dey reinstated Stevens as prime minister, be widely considered de only person who can put de brakes on Stevens. De army be devoted to Bangura den it was believed, insyd sam quarters, dat dis make him potentially dangerous to Stevens. Insyd January 1970, Bangura be arrested den charge plus conspiracy den plotting to commit a coup against de Stevens government. After a trial dat last a few months, Bangura be convicted den sententenced to death. He be hanged on 29 March 1970 insyd Freetown. Stevens dey name a junior officer, Joseph Saidu Momoh, as de head of de Sierra Leone Military. Major General Momoh be a close ally den very loyal to Stevens.

On 23 March 1971, soldiers loyal to de executed Brigadier John Amadu Bangura hold a mutiny insyd Freetown den oda parts of de country insyd opposition of de Stevens government. Several soldiers be arrested for demma involvement insyd de mutiny, wey include Corporal Foday Sankoh who be convicted of treason den jailed for seven years at de Pademba Road Prison. At Stevens ein request to Guinean President Sekou Toure, a close ally, Guinean soldiers be stationed insyd Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1973 to help protect de government.

Insyd April 1971, a new republican constitution be adopted under which Stevens become president. Insyd de 1972 by-elections, de opposition SLPP complain of intimidation den procedural obstruction by de APC den militia. These problems become so severe dat de SLPP boycotted de 1973 general election; as a result de APC win 84 of de 85 elected seats.

Insyd de early 1970s, Siaka Stevens dey form ein own personal force known as de State Security Division (SSD), insyd order to protect him den to maintain ein hold on power. Many of de SSD officers be from de provinces, den be very loyal to Stevens. De SSD be very powerful den operate independently under Stevens ein direct command. De SSD officers guide Stevens den be deployed across Sierra Leone to put down any rebellion or demonstration against de Stevens government.

An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens fail insyd 1974. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army den government officials dey include Brigadier David Lansana, former cabinet minister Dr. Mohamed Sorie Forna, former cabinet minister den journalist Ibrahim Bash-Taqi den Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara be executed after they be convicted for attempting a coup. Insyd March 1976, Stevens be re-elected president, without opposition.

Insyd 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against de government disrupt Sierra Leone politics. However, de demonstrationbe quickly put down by de army den SSD officers. A general election be called later dat year insyd which corruption be again endemic. De APC win 74 seats den de SLPP win 15 seats.

Insyd May 1978, de Sierra Leone Parliament, dominated by close allies of President Steven ein APC administration, approved a new constitution, which make de country a one-party state. On 12 July 1978, official figures release by de government showed 97 per cent of Sierra Leoneans vote insyd favour of de one-party state. De SLPP, oda opposition parties den civil right groups say de referendum votes be massively rigged, den dat voters be intimidated by security forces loyal to Stevens. De 1978 constitution referendum make de APC the only legal political party; all oda political parties be banned, wey include de main opposition (de SLPP). Dis move lead to anoda major demonstration against de government insyd many parts of de country, which be put down by de army den de SSD officers.

De first elections under de new one-party constitution take place on 1 May 1982. Elections insyd about two-thirds of de constituencies be contested. Because of irregularities, de government cancel elections insyd 13 constituencies. By-elections take place on 4 June 1982. De new cabinet appoint by Stevens after de election include several prominent members of de disbanded SLPP who have defect to de APC, wey include de new Finance Minister Salia Jusu-Sheriff, a former leader of de SLPP. Jusu-Sheriff ein accession to de cabinet be viewed by many as a step toward making de APC a true national party.

Stevens, who have been head-of-state of Sierra Leone for 18 years, retired from dat position insyd November 1985 at de end of ein term, although he continue ein role as chairman of de ruling APC party. Many insyd de country dey expect Stevens to name ein vice president den loyal ally, Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, as ein successor. However, at de APC convention insyd August 1985, de APC name Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh as Stevens ein choice to succeed him as president. Momoh be very loyal to Stevens who dey appoint him to head of de military fifteen years earlier; Momoh den Stevens be both members of de minority Limba ethnic group. Momoh dey retire from de military den be elected president without opposition on 1 October 1985. A formal inauguration dey hold insyd January 1986, den new parliamentary elections be held insyd May 1986.

Siaka Stevens be generally criticised for dictatorial methods den government corruption, but he reduce de ethnic polarization insyd government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into ein all-dominant APC government. Anoda legacy of Stevens be dat for eighteen years while he be insyd power, he keep de country safe from civil war den armed rebellion.

Despite ein dictatorial governing style, Stevens regularly dey interact plus de people of Sierra Leone by making surprise visits. Stevens sana regularly make surprise visits to de poor merchants, where he be often seen buying ein own food at a local market plus ein security team keeping demma distance. Stevens often stand den wave to de Sierra Leonean people from an open car when travelling plus ein convoy.

== Momoh government and RUF rebellion (1985–1991) ==
President Momoh ein strong links plus de army den ein verbal attacks on corruption earn him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. Plus de lack of new faces insyd ein cabinet, however, criticisms soon arose dat Momoh be simply perpetuating de rule of Stevens. Momoh differ einself by integrating de powerful den independent State Security Force (SSD) into de Sierra Leone Police force.

De first years under de Momoh administration be characterised by corruption, which Momoh dey defuse by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise ein war against corruption, President Momoh announce a &quot;Code of Conduct for Political Leaders den Public Servants&quot;. After an alleged attempt to overthrow Momoh insyd March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials be arrested, wey include Vice-president Francis Minah, who be removed from office, convicted for plotting de coup, den executed by hanging plus five odas insyd 1989.

Insyd October 1990, due to mounting domestic den international pressure for reforms, President Momoh create a commission to review de 1978 one-party constitution. Base on de commission ein recommendations, a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system, guaranteeing fundamental human rights den de rule of law, den strengthening democratic structures, be approved by a 60% majority of de APC Parliament, ratify by referendum insyd September 1991 den become effective on 1 October. There be great suspicion dat President Momoh be not serious about ein promise of political reform, as APC rule continue to be increasingly marked by abuses of power.

Several senior government officials insyd Momoh ein administration resign to oppose de APC in upcoming elections. Salia Jusu Sheriff, Abass Bundu, J.B. Dauda den Sama Banya resuscitated de previously disbanded SLPP, while Thaimu Bangura, Edward Kargbo den Desmond Luke formed demma own respective political parties to challenge de ruling APC. However, de vast majority of government officials including Victor Bockarie Foh, Edward Turay, Hassan Gbassay Kanu den Osman Foday Yansaneh remain loyal to Momoh den de APC.

Meanwhile, an increasing burden be placed on de country by de rebellion insyd de eastern part of Sierra Leone.

== Civil war (1991–2002) ==
Main article: Sierra Leone Civil War

De brutal civil wardysneighbouring Liberia play an undeniable role insyd de outbreak of fighting insyd Sierra Leone. Charles Taylor—leader of de National Patriotic Front of Liberia—reportedly help form de Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under de command of former Sierra Leonean army corporal Foday Sankoh, a critic of both de Stevens den Momoh administrations. Sankoh had been an ally of Brigadier General Bangura den be among those who mutinied following Bangura ein execution. Sankoh be British-trained den had undergone guerrilla training insyd Libya. Taylor ein aim was for de RUF to attack de bases of Nigerian-dominated peacekeeping troops insyd Sierra Leone who were opposed to ein rebel movement insyd Liberia. Sankoh ein RUF rebels dey enter de country insyd March 1991, den within a month controlled much of Eastern Sierra Leone, wey include de diamond-mining area insyd Kono District. De government of Sierra Leone, overwhelm by a crumbling economy den corruption, be unable to mount significant resistance.

At dis time, de Momoh government be crumbling. Several senior government officials dey resign to form opposition parties, while there be suspicions dat President Momoh no be serious about political reform. Abuses of power dey continue den de APC be alleged to have been hoarding arms den planning a violent campaign against de opposition parties ahead of multi-party general elections scheduled for late 1992. De state have been unable to play civil servants, leading to de looting of government property den a population of aimless youth when schools be closed.

==== '''NPRC Junta (1992–1996)''' ====
On 29 April 1992, twenty-five-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser lead a group of young Sierra Leone Army officers—wey include Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Seargent Solomon Musa, Lieutenant Tom Nyuma, Captain Komba Mondeh, Captain Julius Maada Bio den Captain Komba Kambo—from demma barracks insyd Kailahun District den launch a military coup insyd Freetown, which send President Momoh into exile insyd Guinea. De young soldiers established de National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) plus Strasser as ein chairman den Head of State of de country. Captain Solomon Musa, a close friend of Strasser den one of de leaders of de coup, become de deputy leader of de NPRC Junta. De coup be largely popular because e promise to bring peace, but de NPRC Junta immediately suspended de constitution, ban all political parties, limited freedom of speech den freedom of de press den enact a rule-by-decree policy, insyd which soldiers be granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial. De NPRC establish a Supreme Council, consisting of de highest-ranking soldiers insyd de Junta government.

On de same day de NPRC Junta take power, one of de coup leaders, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, be assassinated—reportedly by Major Sim Turay, de head of Sierra Leone Military Intelligence, den a close ally of de deposed president. A heavily armed military manhunt took place across Sierra Leone to find Turay den odas suspected to have participated insyd de assassination, forcing Turay to flee to Guinea.

De NPRC Junta fight de RUF rebels, recapture most of de RUF-held territories, den push de rebels back to de border plus Liberia. De NPRC Junta maintain relations plus de Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) den strengthen support for Sierra Leone–based ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) troops fighting insyd Liberia.

Insyd December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against de NPRC administration of Strasser be foiled; e dey aim at freeing from detention Colonel Yahya Kanu, Lt-Colonel Kahota M.S. Dumbuya den former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara. Seargent Mohamed Lamin Bangura den some junior army officers be identified as being behind de coup. Seventeen soldiers be executed, wey include Bangura, Kanu den Dumbuya. Several prominent members of de Momoh government who have been insyd detention at de Pa Demba Road prison, wey include former inspector-general of police Bambay Kamara sana be executed.

On 5 July 1994, deputy NPRC leader Solomon Musa be arrested den sent into exile insyd Guinea. Musa be accused by Strasser, on de advice of high-ranking NPRC soldiers, dat he have become too powerful den be a threat to Strasser. Musa, who be a close ally den childhood friend of Strasser, deny de allegation den claim ein accusers be de threat. Strasser replace Musa as deputy NPRC chairman plus Captain Julius Maada Bio, den immediately promote him to brigadier.

Due to internal divisions between soldiers loyal to Musa den those who support Strasser ein decision to oust him, de NPRC ein campaign against de RUF become ineffectual. More den more of de country fall to RUF fighters, den by 1994 de RUF hold much of de diamond-rich Eastern Province den be at de edge of Freetown. Insyd response, de NPRC hire several hundred mercenaries from de private firm Executive Outcomes. Within a month, they have driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone ein borders den cleared de RUF from de Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone.

On 16 January 1996, after about four years insyd power, Strasser be arrested by ein own bodyguards insyd a coup lead by Bio den dey back by many high-ranking soldiers of de NPRC junta. Strasser be immediately flown into exile insyd Conakry, Guinea. Bio stated insyd a public broadcast dat ein support for returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elect civilian government den ein commitment to ending de civil war be ein motivations for de coup.

==== '''Return to civilian rule''' '''den first Kabbah Presidency (1996–1997)''' ====
Promises of a return to civilian rule be fulfilled by Bio, who handed power over to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of de Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), after de conclusion of elections insyd early 1996. President Kabbah take power plus a great promise of ending de civil war, open dialogues plus de then-defeated RUF den invite RUF-leader Sankoh for peace negotiations, signing de Abidjan Peace Accord on 30 November 1996.

Insyd January 1997, under international pressure, de Kabbah government ended demma contract plus Executive Outcomes even though a neutral monitoring force have not arrived. Dis dey create an opportunity for de RUF to regroup den renew military attacks. Sankoh be arrested insyd Nigeria, den by de end of March 1997 de peace accord have collapsed.

==== '''AFRC junta (1997–1998)''' ====
On 25 May 1997, a group of seventeen soldiers insyd de Sierra Leone army leda by Corporal Tamba Gborie freed den armed 600 prisoners from de Pademba Road Prison insyd Freetown. One of de prisoners, Major General Johnny Paul Koroma, emerge as de leader of de group. Calling einself de Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), de group launch a military coup den send President Kabbah into exile insyd Guinea. Koroma become head of state, plus Gborie as deputy-in-command of de AFRC. Koroma suspend de constitution, ban demonstrations, closed all private radio stations, den grant unlimited powers to soldiers.

Koroma invited de RUF rebels to join ein coup. Facing little resistance from army loyalists, five thousand rag-tag rebel fighters overran de capital. Koroma appeal to Nigeria for de release of Foday Sankoh, appointing de absent leader to de position of deputy chairman of de AFRC. De joint AFRC/RUF coalition government then proclaim de war have been won, den give de soldiers den rebels unlimited powers insyd a great wave of looting den reprisals against civilians insyd Freetown (dubbed &quot;Operation Pay Yourself&quot; by some of ein participants).

De AFRC Junta government no be recognized by any country—whereas President Kabbah ein government insyd exile insyd Conakry, Guinea be recognized by de United Nations, de African Union, de United States, de United Kingdom den ECOWAS as de legitimate government of Sierra Leone.

De Kamajors, a group of traditional fighters mostly from de Mende ethnic group under de command of Deputy Defence Minister Samuel Hinga Norman, dey remain loyal to President Kabbah den defended de Southern part Sierra Leone from de rebels. De Kamajors den rebels, wey include de RUF soldiers, regularly fight each oda, den human rights violations be committed by both sides.

ECOWAS, lead by Nigerian Head of State Sani Abacha, create a military force to defeat de AFRC/RUF junta insyd Freetown den to reinstate President Kabbah ein government. Many West-African countries send troops to reinstate de Kabbah Government, assembling a force largely from Nigeria but sana include soldiers from Guinea, Ghana, Togo, Gambia, Mali, Ivory Coast den Senegal.

After 10 months insydoffice, de AFRC junta government be ousted den driven out of Freetown by de Nigeria-led ECOMOG forces. De democratically elected government of President Kabbah be reinstated insyd March 1998. Koroma fled to de rebel strongholds insyd de east of de country.

==== '''President Kabbah''' '''ein return den de end of civil war (1998–2001)''' ====
Kabbah return to power plus Albert Joe Demby as vice-president. President Kabbah name Solomon Berewa as attorney general den Sama Banya as foreign minister. On 31 July 1998, President Kabbah disbanded de Sierra Leone military den introduce a proposal for a new military. On 12 October 1998, twenty-five soldiers—wey include Gborie, Brigadier Hassan Karim Conteh, Colonel Samuel Francis Koroma, Major Kula Samba den Colonel Abdul Karim Sesay—be executed by firing squad after they be convicted by court martial for orchestrating de 1997 coup. AFRC leader Johnny Paul Koroma be tried insyd absentia den sentenced to death.

ECOMOG be unable to achieve a tactical victory over de RUF, den de international community promote peace negotiations. De Lomé Peace Accord be signed on 7 July 1999 to end de civil war, granting amnesty for all combatants, den controversially granting Sankoh de position of vice president den chairman of de commission dat overseew de diamond mines. Insyd October 1999, de United Nations established de UNAMSIL peacekeeping force to help restore order den disarm de rebels. De first of de 6,000-member force begin arriving insyd December, den de UN Security Council vote insyd February 2000 to increase de force to 11,000, den later to 13,000. Insyd May, when nearly all Nigerian forces dey leave den UN forces be trying to disarm de RUF insyd eastern Sierra Leone, de RUF take over 500 peacekeepers hostage, some of de rebels using captured weapons den armoured personnel carriers to advance on de capital. De 75-day hostage crisis result insyd more fighting between de RUF den government forces as UN troops launch Operation Khukri to end de siege. De Operation be successful plus Indian den British Special Forces being de main contingents.

De situation insyd de country deteriorated to such an extent dat British troops be deployed insyd Operation Palliser, originally simply to evacuate foreign nationals. However, de British exceed demma original mandate, den take full military action to finally defeat de rebels den restore order. De British be de catalyst for de cease-fire dat ended de civil war. Elements of de British Army, together plus administrators den politicians, remain insyd Sierra Leone, helping to train de new armed forces, improve de infrastructure of de country den administer financial den material aid. Tony Blair, de prime minister of Britain at de time of de British intervention, be regarded as a hero by de people of Sierra Leone, many of whom are keen for more British involvement. Sierra Leoneans have been described as &quot;The World's Most Resilient People&quot;. Insyd 2004, Parliament pass a Local Government Act of 2004 which re-introduce local government councils back to Sierra Leone after thirty years. On 4 August 2006, insyd a broadcast to de nation, President Kabbah announced dat 2007 presidential den parliamentary elections will be held on 28 July 2007.

Between 1991 den 2001, about 50,000 people be killed insyd Sierra Leone ein civil war. Hundreds of thousands of people be forced from demma homes den many become refugees insyd Guinea den Liberia. Insyd 2001, UN forces move into rebel-held areas den begin to disarm rebel soldiers. By January 2002, President Kabbah declare de civil war officially over. Insyd May 2002, Kabbah be re-elected president by an overwhelming majority. By 2004, de disarmament process be complete. Sanso insyd 2004, a UN-backed war crimes court begin holding trials of senior leaders from both sides of de war. Insyd December 2005, UN peacekeeping forces depart from Sierra Leone.

== 2002 to present ==

==== '''Kabbah re-elected (2002–2007)''' ====
Elections be held insyd May 2002. President Kabbah be re-elected, den de SLPP win a majority of de parliamentary seats. Insyd June 2003, de UN ban on de sale of Sierra Leone diamonds expire den no be renewed. De UN disarmament den rehabilitation program for Sierra Leone ein fighters be completed insyd February 2004, by which time more than 70,000 former-combatants have been helped. UN forces return primary responsibility for security insyd de area around de capital to Sierra Leone ein police den armed forces insyd September 2004; e be de last part of de country to be turned over. Some UN peacekeepers remain to assist de Sierra Leone government until de end of 2005.

De 1999 Lomé Accord called for de establishment of a Truth den Reconciliation Commission, which will provide a forum for both victims den perpetrators of human rights violations during de conflict to tell demma stories den facilitate genuine reconciliation. Subsequently, de Sierra Leonean Government den de UN agreed to establish de Special Court for Sierra Leone to try those who &quot;bear de greatest responsibility for de commission of crimes against humanity, war crimes den serious violations of international humanitarian law, as well as crimes under relevant Sierra Leonean law within de territory of Sierra Leone since 30 November 1996.&quot; Both de Truth den Reconciliation Commission den de Special Court begin operating insyd de summer of 2002. De Truth den Reconciliation Commission released ein Final Report to de government insyd October 2004. Insyd June 2005, de government issue a White Paper on de commission ein final report which accept sam but not all of ein recommendations. Members of civil society groups dismissed de government ein response as too vague den continue to criticize de government for ein failure to follow-up on de report ein recommendations.

Insyd March 2003, de Special Court for Sierra Leone issue ein first indictments. Foday Sankoh, already insyd custody, be indicted, along plus notorious RUF field commander Sam &quot;Mosquito&quot; Bockarie, Johnny Paul Koroma, den Hinga Norman (de Minister of Interior den former head of de Civil Defence Force), among several odas. Norman be arrested when de indictments be announced, while Bockarie den Koroma remain insyd hiding. On 5 May 2003, Bockarie be killed insyd Liberia, allegedly on orders from President Charles Taylor, who feared Bockarie ein testimony before de Special Court. Koroma sana be rumoured to have been killed, though ein death dey remain unconfirmed. Two of de accused, Foday Sankoh den Hinga Norman, have die while incarcerated. On 25 March 2006, plus de election of Liberian President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo permit de transfer of Charles Taylor—who have been living insyd exile insyd de Nigerian coastal town of Calobar—to Sierra Leone for prosecution. Two days later, Taylor attempt to flee Nigeria, but he be apprehended by Nigerian authorities den transferred to Freetown under UN guard.

==== '''Koroma''' '''ein government (2007–2018)''' ====
Insyd August 2007, Sierra Leone hold presidential den parliamentary elections. They have a good turnout den be initially judged by official observers to be &quot;free, fair den credible&quot;. However, no presidential candidate win de 50% plus one vote majority stipulated insyd de constitution on de first round of voting. A run-off election be held insyd September 2007, den Ernest Bai Koroma, de candidate of de APC, be elected president den sworn insyd de same day. Insyd ein inauguration address at de national stadium insyd Freetown, President Koroma dey promise to fight corruption den de mismanagement of de country ein resources.

By 2007, there have been an increase insyd de number of drug cartels, many from Colombia, using Sierra Leone as a base to ship drugs to Europe. E be feared dat dis might lead to increased corruption den violence den turn de country, like neighbouring Guinea-Bissau, into a narco state. President Koroma quickly amend de existing legislation against drug trafficking—inherited at independence insyd 1961—to address de international concerns, increasing punishment for offenders insyd terms of prohibitive fines, lengthier prison terms, den provision for extradition of offenders want elsewhere, wey include de United States.

Insyd 2008, an aircraft carrying almost 700 kg of cocaine be caught at Freetown ein airport den 19 people, wey include customs officials, be arrested, den de minister for transport be suspended.

Insyd 2014, de country be impacted by de 2014 Ebola virus epidemic insyd Sierra Leone.

==== '''Julius Maada Bio presidency (2018-present)''' ====
Insyd 2018, Sierra Leone hold a general election. President Koroma, who have served maximum two terms, no be able to seek re-election. De presidential election, insyd which neither candidate dey reach de required threshold of 55%, go to a second round of voting, insyd which Julius Maada Bio be elected plus 51% of de vote against de candidate of ruling All People ein Congress (APC). On 4 April 2018, opposition candidate Julius Maada Bio of Sierra Leone People ein Party (SLPP), be sworn insyd as president.

== Sanso see ==

* History of Africa
* History of West Africa
* Chiefdoms of Sierra Leone
* List of colonial heads of Sierra Leone
* List of heads of state of Sierra Leone
* List of heads of government of Sierra Leone
* President of Sierra Leone
* Politics of Sierra Leone
* Freetown history and timeline

== References ==</text>
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    <title>Role of IOM in North African Migrant Repatriation</title>
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        <username>Yambutigra</username>
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      <text bytes="1353" sha1="f8bv1eu43wnm88jzed9eie8hagn58ac" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
IOM dey  help displaced people wey edey  run from wahala, violence, and disaster find a better place to stay or go back home if dem wish. Dem  dey work closely with governments, regional groups like EU Agency for Asylum, UN bodies like UNHCR, and NGOs to give correct support to Member  States and people wey need am. IOM dey support refugee resettlement for everywhere, relocation for Europe and other humanitarian admission by dey  process cases and help with selection missions. Dem also dey provide health activities before migration, movement aid for inside country and across borders, and support before dem leave and when dem arrive. All these ways wey dem dey work together na wetin make IOM fit support people wey need am well. IOM dey make sure say individuals and families fit make better choices, dem dey fit travel and get the care wey dem  need, as dem dey move safely and with respect to their final destination, and dey ready to blend well with new communities. To help solve the issue of displacement, IOM dey also support people wey want go back home. One of the strong solutions, voluntary repatriation  need correct commitment from their original country plus any other stakeholders make sure say  dem fit go back home safely and int&lt;ref&gt;Resettlement, relocation and complementary pathways
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== References ==</text>
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    <title>Algerian Deportation and Repatriation of Sub-Saharan Migrants</title>
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      <text bytes="1113" sha1="shquswoh1eks1ln3qecbildf4y0brj9" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
Algeria don start dey send plenty sub-Saharan African migrants go Niger. Dem begin di waka over di weekend as 60 buses land for Assamaka, wetin be remote town for northern Niger. Expert Zagazola Makama wey sabi counterterrorism talk say di buses, wey Algeria security dey follow, carry plenty migrants from different African countries wey dey live for Algeria. Niger officials for Assamaka confirm say dem don land, and dem talk say na one of di biggest return wey dem don see for years. “Dis just be di beginning. We dey prepare to take plenty more in di coming days,” one local official wey wan remain anonymous talk. Makama talk say dem expect up to 400 buses soon, as dem dey plan big repatriation. Di report come talk say di mass deportation dey happen as tension don rise between Algeria and di Alliance of Sahel States (AES), wey include Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso. &lt;ref&gt;[https://businessday.ng/news/article/algeria-begins-mass-deportation-of-sub-saharan-migrants-to-niger/ Algeria begins mass deportation of Sub-Saharan migrants to Niger - Businessday NG]&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Menelik II</title>
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        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
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      <comment>I don add de header 'Personal life plus death'</comment>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be:
# One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
# One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
# E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be:</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be:
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be:
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
#* One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
#* One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be:
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.                                                          Menelik get only one pikin wey dem sabi, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, but e die without wife and pikin when e just be about fifteen years old, leaving just two daughters behind. Di first daughter, Woizero Shoaregga, first marry Dejazmatch Wodajo Gobena, wey be Ras Gobena Dachi pikin. Dem get one son, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, but di pikin no fit join succession because e be dwarf. For 1892, twenty-five-year-old Woizero Shoaregga marry again, dis time to forty-two-year-old Ras Mikael from Wollo. Dem born two pikin: one daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey go marry at twelve to old Ras Bezabih Tekle Haymanot from Gojjam, but she go die one year later when she dey born; and one son, Lij{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Child.|group=nb}} Iyasu, wey suppose take over as emperor after Menelik die for 1913, but e no ever wear crown and dem go push am out for powerful nobles to support Menelik younger daughter Zewditu for 1916.</text>
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      <id>67377</id>
      <parentid>67376</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-30T20:08:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
        <id>3104</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I don add de header 'References'</comment>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.                                                          
Menelik get only one pikin wey dem sabi, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, but e die without wife and pikin when e just be about fifteen years old, leaving just two daughters behind. Di first daughter, Woizero Shoaregga, first marry Dejazmatch Wodajo Gobena, wey be Ras Gobena Dachi pikin. Dem get one son, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, but di pikin no fit join succession because e be dwarf. For 1892, twenty-five-year-old Woizero Shoaregga marry again, dis time to forty-two-year-old Ras Mikael from Wollo. Dem born two pikin: one daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey go marry at twelve to old Ras Bezabih Tekle Haymanot from Gojjam, but she go die one year later when she dey born; and one son, Lij{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Child.|group=nb}} Iyasu, wey suppose take over as emperor after Menelik die for 1913, but e no ever wear crown and dem go push am out for powerful nobles to support Menelik younger daughter Zewditu for 1916.

== References ==</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.                                                          
Menelik get only one pikin wey dem sabi, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, but e die without wife and pikin when e just be about fifteen years old, leaving just two daughters behind. Di first daughter, Woizero Shoaregga, first marry Dejazmatch Wodajo Gobena, wey be Ras Gobena Dachi pikin. Dem get one son, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, but di pikin no fit join succession because e be dwarf. For 1892, twenty-five-year-old Woizero Shoaregga marry again, dis time to forty-two-year-old Ras Mikael from Wollo. Dem born two pikin: one daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey go marry at twelve to old Ras Bezabih Tekle Haymanot from Gojjam, but she go die one year later when she dey born; and one son, Lij{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Child.|group=nb}} Iyasu, wey suppose take over as emperor after Menelik die for 1913, but e no ever wear crown and dem go push am out for powerful nobles to support Menelik younger daughter Zewditu for 1916.

Menelik pikin wey be Zewditu Menelik, get long and wahala life. She marry four times, and come be empress wey una no fit forget, first woman wey hold dat title for Ethiopia since Queen of Sheba. She dey only ten years wen Menelik carry am go marry Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, wey be fifteen years old pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, for 1886. For May 1888, Ras Araya Selassie waka come die and Zewditu turn widow for twelve years. She marry two more guys for small time, Gwangul Zegeye and Wube Atnaf Seged, before she marry Gugsa Welle for 1900. Gugsa Welle be Empress Taytu Betul paddy, wey be Menelik third wife. Zewditu get plenty pikin, but none survive to grow old. Menelik die for 1913, and him grandson Iyasu come claim de throne cause him be senior. But dem suspect say Iyasu fit be secret convert wey don change to Islam, wey be di religion of im papa side people. If dem put Muslim for di throne, e go get kasala for Ethiopia for future. So Iyasu no fit wear di crown; dem remove am for 1916, give im aunt, Zewditu. But Zewditu (wey be 40 years old dat time) no get pikin (all di pikin wey she born, die small) and di nobles no want her husband and im family take power and carry di throne. So dem pick Zewditu's cousin, Ras Tafari Makonnen, to be di next in line for di throne pluis regent of di empire. Zewditu get ceremonial work to do plus fit influence people, but di real power dey for di hands of regent Ras Tafari Makonnen, wey take over from am as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.

== References ==</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.                                                          
Menelik get only one pikin wey dem sabi, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, but e die without wife and pikin when e just be about fifteen years old, leaving just two daughters behind. Di first daughter, Woizero Shoaregga, first marry Dejazmatch Wodajo Gobena, wey be Ras Gobena Dachi pikin. Dem get one son, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, but di pikin no fit join succession because e be dwarf. For 1892, twenty-five-year-old Woizero Shoaregga marry again, dis time to forty-two-year-old Ras Mikael from Wollo. Dem born two pikin: one daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey go marry at twelve to old Ras Bezabih Tekle Haymanot from Gojjam, but she go die one year later when she dey born; and one son, Lij{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Child.|group=nb}} Iyasu, wey suppose take over as emperor after Menelik die for 1913, but e no ever wear crown and dem go push am out for powerful nobles to support Menelik younger daughter Zewditu for 1916.

Menelik pikin wey be Zewditu Menelik, get long and wahala life. She marry four times, and come be empress wey una no fit forget, first woman wey hold dat title for Ethiopia since Queen of Sheba. She dey only ten years wen Menelik carry am go marry Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, wey be fifteen years old pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, for 1886. For May 1888, Ras Araya Selassie waka come die and Zewditu turn widow for twelve years. She marry two more guys for small time, Gwangul Zegeye and Wube Atnaf Seged, before she marry Gugsa Welle for 1900. Gugsa Welle be Empress Taytu Betul paddy, wey be Menelik third wife. Zewditu get plenty pikin, but none survive to grow old. Menelik die for 1913, and him grandson Iyasu come claim de throne cause him be senior. But dem suspect say Iyasu fit be secret convert wey don change to Islam, wey be di religion of im papa side people. If dem put Muslim for di throne, e go get kasala for Ethiopia for future. So Iyasu no fit wear di crown; dem remove am for 1916, give im aunt, Zewditu. But Zewditu (wey be 40 years old dat time) no get pikin (all di pikin wey she born, die small) and di nobles no want her husband and im family take power and carry di throne. So dem pick Zewditu's cousin, Ras Tafari Makonnen, to be di next in line for di throne pluis regent of di empire. Zewditu get ceremonial work to do plus fit influence people, but di real power dey for di hands of regent Ras Tafari Makonnen, wey take over from am as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.

No be only di three pikin dem wey dem sabi, Menelik dey hear say e get some other pikin dem too. Dem include Ras Birru Wolde Gabriel&lt;ref&gt;British Documents on Foreign Affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. Part II, from the First to the Second World War. Series G, Africa, University Publications of America 1997 p. 249&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Shireff, Bare Feet and Bandoliers, Pen and Sword Military 2009, p. 293&lt;/ref&gt; plus Dejazmach Kebede Tessema.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; Na di last one people dey talk say e be di natural grandfather of Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam,&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Spector, Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews, OUP 2005 p. 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; di communists leader of di Derg wey finally push out di monarchy plus collect power for Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991.

== References ==</text>
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      <id>67381</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-30T21:09:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
        <id>3104</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I don add de sub-header 'Sickness, death plus who go take over'</comment>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.                                                          
Menelik get only one pikin wey dem sabi, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, but e die without wife and pikin when e just be about fifteen years old, leaving just two daughters behind. Di first daughter, Woizero Shoaregga, first marry Dejazmatch Wodajo Gobena, wey be Ras Gobena Dachi pikin. Dem get one son, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, but di pikin no fit join succession because e be dwarf. For 1892, twenty-five-year-old Woizero Shoaregga marry again, dis time to forty-two-year-old Ras Mikael from Wollo. Dem born two pikin: one daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey go marry at twelve to old Ras Bezabih Tekle Haymanot from Gojjam, but she go die one year later when she dey born; and one son, Lij{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Child.|group=nb}} Iyasu, wey suppose take over as emperor after Menelik die for 1913, but e no ever wear crown and dem go push am out for powerful nobles to support Menelik younger daughter Zewditu for 1916.

Menelik pikin wey be Zewditu Menelik, get long and wahala life. She marry four times, and come be empress wey una no fit forget, first woman wey hold dat title for Ethiopia since Queen of Sheba. She dey only ten years wen Menelik carry am go marry Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, wey be fifteen years old pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, for 1886. For May 1888, Ras Araya Selassie waka come die and Zewditu turn widow for twelve years. She marry two more guys for small time, Gwangul Zegeye and Wube Atnaf Seged, before she marry Gugsa Welle for 1900. Gugsa Welle be Empress Taytu Betul paddy, wey be Menelik third wife. Zewditu get plenty pikin, but none survive to grow old. Menelik die for 1913, and him grandson Iyasu come claim de throne cause him be senior. But dem suspect say Iyasu fit be secret convert wey don change to Islam, wey be di religion of im papa side people. If dem put Muslim for di throne, e go get kasala for Ethiopia for future. So Iyasu no fit wear di crown; dem remove am for 1916, give im aunt, Zewditu. But Zewditu (wey be 40 years old dat time) no get pikin (all di pikin wey she born, die small) and di nobles no want her husband and im family take power and carry di throne. So dem pick Zewditu's cousin, Ras Tafari Makonnen, to be di next in line for di throne pluis regent of di empire. Zewditu get ceremonial work to do plus fit influence people, but di real power dey for di hands of regent Ras Tafari Makonnen, wey take over from am as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.

No be only di three pikin dem wey dem sabi, Menelik dey hear say e get some other pikin dem too. Dem include Ras Birru Wolde Gabriel&lt;ref&gt;British Documents on Foreign Affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. Part II, from the First to the Second World War. Series G, Africa, University Publications of America 1997 p. 249&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Shireff, Bare Feet and Bandoliers, Pen and Sword Military 2009, p. 293&lt;/ref&gt; plus Dejazmach Kebede Tessema.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; Na di last one people dey talk say e be di natural grandfather of Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam,&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Spector, Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews, OUP 2005 p. 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; di communists leader of di Derg wey finally push out di monarchy plus collect power for Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991.

===== Sickness, death plus who go take over =====

== References ==</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.                                                          
Menelik get only one pikin wey dem sabi, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, but e die without wife and pikin when e just be about fifteen years old, leaving just two daughters behind. Di first daughter, Woizero Shoaregga, first marry Dejazmatch Wodajo Gobena, wey be Ras Gobena Dachi pikin. Dem get one son, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, but di pikin no fit join succession because e be dwarf. For 1892, twenty-five-year-old Woizero Shoaregga marry again, dis time to forty-two-year-old Ras Mikael from Wollo. Dem born two pikin: one daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey go marry at twelve to old Ras Bezabih Tekle Haymanot from Gojjam, but she go die one year later when she dey born; and one son, Lij{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Child.|group=nb}} Iyasu, wey suppose take over as emperor after Menelik die for 1913, but e no ever wear crown and dem go push am out for powerful nobles to support Menelik younger daughter Zewditu for 1916.

Menelik pikin wey be Zewditu Menelik, get long and wahala life. She marry four times, and come be empress wey una no fit forget, first woman wey hold dat title for Ethiopia since Queen of Sheba. She dey only ten years wen Menelik carry am go marry Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, wey be fifteen years old pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, for 1886. For May 1888, Ras Araya Selassie waka come die and Zewditu turn widow for twelve years. She marry two more guys for small time, Gwangul Zegeye and Wube Atnaf Seged, before she marry Gugsa Welle for 1900. Gugsa Welle be Empress Taytu Betul paddy, wey be Menelik third wife. Zewditu get plenty pikin, but none survive to grow old. Menelik die for 1913, and him grandson Iyasu come claim de throne cause him be senior. But dem suspect say Iyasu fit be secret convert wey don change to Islam, wey be di religion of im papa side people. If dem put Muslim for di throne, e go get kasala for Ethiopia for future. So Iyasu no fit wear di crown; dem remove am for 1916, give im aunt, Zewditu. But Zewditu (wey be 40 years old dat time) no get pikin (all di pikin wey she born, die small) and di nobles no want her husband and im family take power and carry di throne. So dem pick Zewditu's cousin, Ras Tafari Makonnen, to be di next in line for di throne pluis regent of di empire. Zewditu get ceremonial work to do plus fit influence people, but di real power dey for di hands of regent Ras Tafari Makonnen, wey take over from am as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.

No be only di three pikin dem wey dem sabi, Menelik dey hear say e get some other pikin dem too. Dem include Ras Birru Wolde Gabriel&lt;ref&gt;British Documents on Foreign Affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. Part II, from the First to the Second World War. Series G, Africa, University Publications of America 1997 p. 249&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Shireff, Bare Feet and Bandoliers, Pen and Sword Military 2009, p. 293&lt;/ref&gt; plus Dejazmach Kebede Tessema.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; Na di last one people dey talk say e be di natural grandfather of Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam,&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Spector, Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews, OUP 2005 p. 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; di communists leader of di Derg wey finally push out di monarchy plus collect power for Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991.

===== Sickness, death plus who go take over =====
[[File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:Mausoleum_of_Menelik_II|Menelik's Mausoleum]]{{#tag:ref|The [[crypt]]s of Menilek (''center''), Taytu Betul (''left''), and Zewditu (''right'').|group=nb}}]]
For 27 October 1909, Menelik get big stroke wey scatter am, and e “mind and spirit don die”. After that, Menelik no fit rule again, plus Empress Taytu&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 1986&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; take charge like boss, till dem appoint Ras Bitwaddad Tesemma as regent.&lt;ref&gt;Marcus, ''Menelik II'', p. 241.&lt;/ref&gt; But e no last reach one year before e die, and dem come form council of regency – wey dem no let de empress join – for March 1910.

== References ==</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.                                                          
Menelik get only one pikin wey dem sabi, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, but e die without wife and pikin when e just be about fifteen years old, leaving just two daughters behind. Di first daughter, Woizero Shoaregga, first marry Dejazmatch Wodajo Gobena, wey be Ras Gobena Dachi pikin. Dem get one son, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, but di pikin no fit join succession because e be dwarf. For 1892, twenty-five-year-old Woizero Shoaregga marry again, dis time to forty-two-year-old Ras Mikael from Wollo. Dem born two pikin: one daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey go marry at twelve to old Ras Bezabih Tekle Haymanot from Gojjam, but she go die one year later when she dey born; and one son, Lij{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Child.|group=nb}} Iyasu, wey suppose take over as emperor after Menelik die for 1913, but e no ever wear crown and dem go push am out for powerful nobles to support Menelik younger daughter Zewditu for 1916.

Menelik pikin wey be Zewditu Menelik, get long and wahala life. She marry four times, and come be empress wey una no fit forget, first woman wey hold dat title for Ethiopia since Queen of Sheba. She dey only ten years wen Menelik carry am go marry Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, wey be fifteen years old pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, for 1886. For May 1888, Ras Araya Selassie waka come die and Zewditu turn widow for twelve years. She marry two more guys for small time, Gwangul Zegeye and Wube Atnaf Seged, before she marry Gugsa Welle for 1900. Gugsa Welle be Empress Taytu Betul paddy, wey be Menelik third wife. Zewditu get plenty pikin, but none survive to grow old. Menelik die for 1913, and him grandson Iyasu come claim de throne cause him be senior. But dem suspect say Iyasu fit be secret convert wey don change to Islam, wey be di religion of im papa side people. If dem put Muslim for di throne, e go get kasala for Ethiopia for future. So Iyasu no fit wear di crown; dem remove am for 1916, give im aunt, Zewditu. But Zewditu (wey be 40 years old dat time) no get pikin (all di pikin wey she born, die small) and di nobles no want her husband and im family take power and carry di throne. So dem pick Zewditu's cousin, Ras Tafari Makonnen, to be di next in line for di throne pluis regent of di empire. Zewditu get ceremonial work to do plus fit influence people, but di real power dey for di hands of regent Ras Tafari Makonnen, wey take over from am as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.

No be only di three pikin dem wey dem sabi, Menelik dey hear say e get some other pikin dem too. Dem include Ras Birru Wolde Gabriel&lt;ref&gt;British Documents on Foreign Affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. Part II, from the First to the Second World War. Series G, Africa, University Publications of America 1997 p. 249&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Shireff, Bare Feet and Bandoliers, Pen and Sword Military 2009, p. 293&lt;/ref&gt; plus Dejazmach Kebede Tessema.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; Na di last one people dey talk say e be di natural grandfather of Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam,&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Spector, Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews, OUP 2005 p. 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; di communists leader of di Derg wey finally push out di monarchy plus collect power for Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991.

===== Sickness, death plus who go take over =====
[[File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:Mausoleum_of_Menelik_II|Menelik's Mausoleum]]{{#tag:ref|The [[crypt]]s of Menilek (''center''), Taytu Betul (''left''), and Zewditu (''right'').|group=nb}}]]
For 27 October 1909, Menelik get big stroke wey scatter am, and e “mind and spirit don die”. After that, Menelik no fit rule again, plus Empress Taytu&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 1986&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; take charge like boss, till dem appoint Ras Bitwaddad Tesemma as regent.&lt;ref&gt;Marcus, ''Menelik II'', p. 241.&lt;/ref&gt; But e no last reach one year before e die, and dem come form council of regency – wey dem no let de empress join – for March 1910.

For early morning wey be 12 December 1913, Menelik die. Dem bury am sharp-sharp without any announcement or ceremony&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 19862&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; for Se'el Bet Kidane Meheret Church, inside Imperial Palace grounds. For 1916, dem go rebury Menelik for di specially built church for Ba'eta Le Mariam Monastery wey dey Addis Ababa.

After Menelik die, dem council wey dey rule still dey run Ethiopia. Lij Iyasu no ever wear di crown as Emperor, and finally, Empress Zewditu waka enter di throne wey Menelik leave on 27 September 1916.

== References ==</text>
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      <comment>I don add de header 'Legacy'</comment>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.                                                          
Menelik get only one pikin wey dem sabi, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, but e die without wife and pikin when e just be about fifteen years old, leaving just two daughters behind. Di first daughter, Woizero Shoaregga, first marry Dejazmatch Wodajo Gobena, wey be Ras Gobena Dachi pikin. Dem get one son, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, but di pikin no fit join succession because e be dwarf. For 1892, twenty-five-year-old Woizero Shoaregga marry again, dis time to forty-two-year-old Ras Mikael from Wollo. Dem born two pikin: one daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey go marry at twelve to old Ras Bezabih Tekle Haymanot from Gojjam, but she go die one year later when she dey born; and one son, Lij{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Child.|group=nb}} Iyasu, wey suppose take over as emperor after Menelik die for 1913, but e no ever wear crown and dem go push am out for powerful nobles to support Menelik younger daughter Zewditu for 1916.

Menelik pikin wey be Zewditu Menelik, get long and wahala life. She marry four times, and come be empress wey una no fit forget, first woman wey hold dat title for Ethiopia since Queen of Sheba. She dey only ten years wen Menelik carry am go marry Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, wey be fifteen years old pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, for 1886. For May 1888, Ras Araya Selassie waka come die and Zewditu turn widow for twelve years. She marry two more guys for small time, Gwangul Zegeye and Wube Atnaf Seged, before she marry Gugsa Welle for 1900. Gugsa Welle be Empress Taytu Betul paddy, wey be Menelik third wife. Zewditu get plenty pikin, but none survive to grow old. Menelik die for 1913, and him grandson Iyasu come claim de throne cause him be senior. But dem suspect say Iyasu fit be secret convert wey don change to Islam, wey be di religion of im papa side people. If dem put Muslim for di throne, e go get kasala for Ethiopia for future. So Iyasu no fit wear di crown; dem remove am for 1916, give im aunt, Zewditu. But Zewditu (wey be 40 years old dat time) no get pikin (all di pikin wey she born, die small) and di nobles no want her husband and im family take power and carry di throne. So dem pick Zewditu's cousin, Ras Tafari Makonnen, to be di next in line for di throne pluis regent of di empire. Zewditu get ceremonial work to do plus fit influence people, but di real power dey for di hands of regent Ras Tafari Makonnen, wey take over from am as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.

No be only di three pikin dem wey dem sabi, Menelik dey hear say e get some other pikin dem too. Dem include Ras Birru Wolde Gabriel&lt;ref&gt;British Documents on Foreign Affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. Part II, from the First to the Second World War. Series G, Africa, University Publications of America 1997 p. 249&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Shireff, Bare Feet and Bandoliers, Pen and Sword Military 2009, p. 293&lt;/ref&gt; plus Dejazmach Kebede Tessema.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; Na di last one people dey talk say e be di natural grandfather of Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam,&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Spector, Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews, OUP 2005 p. 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; di communists leader of di Derg wey finally push out di monarchy plus collect power for Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991.

===== Sickness, death plus who go take over =====
[[File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:Mausoleum_of_Menelik_II|Menelik's Mausoleum]]{{#tag:ref|The [[crypt]]s of Menilek (''center''), Taytu Betul (''left''), and Zewditu (''right'').|group=nb}}]]
For 27 October 1909, Menelik get big stroke wey scatter am, and e “mind and spirit don die”. After that, Menelik no fit rule again, plus Empress Taytu&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 1986&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; take charge like boss, till dem appoint Ras Bitwaddad Tesemma as regent.&lt;ref&gt;Marcus, ''Menelik II'', p. 241.&lt;/ref&gt; But e no last reach one year before e die, and dem come form council of regency – wey dem no let de empress join – for March 1910.

For early morning wey be 12 December 1913, Menelik die. Dem bury am sharp-sharp without any announcement or ceremony&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 19862&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; for Se'el Bet Kidane Meheret Church, inside Imperial Palace grounds. For 1916, dem go rebury Menelik for di specially built church for Ba'eta Le Mariam Monastery wey dey Addis Ababa.

After Menelik die, dem council wey dey rule still dey run Ethiopia. Lij Iyasu no ever wear di crown as Emperor, and finally, Empress Zewditu waka enter di throne wey Menelik leave on 27 September 1916.

== Legacy ==

== References ==</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.                                                          
Menelik get only one pikin wey dem sabi, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, but e die without wife and pikin when e just be about fifteen years old, leaving just two daughters behind. Di first daughter, Woizero Shoaregga, first marry Dejazmatch Wodajo Gobena, wey be Ras Gobena Dachi pikin. Dem get one son, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, but di pikin no fit join succession because e be dwarf. For 1892, twenty-five-year-old Woizero Shoaregga marry again, dis time to forty-two-year-old Ras Mikael from Wollo. Dem born two pikin: one daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey go marry at twelve to old Ras Bezabih Tekle Haymanot from Gojjam, but she go die one year later when she dey born; and one son, Lij{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Child.|group=nb}} Iyasu, wey suppose take over as emperor after Menelik die for 1913, but e no ever wear crown and dem go push am out for powerful nobles to support Menelik younger daughter Zewditu for 1916.

Menelik pikin wey be Zewditu Menelik, get long and wahala life. She marry four times, and come be empress wey una no fit forget, first woman wey hold dat title for Ethiopia since Queen of Sheba. She dey only ten years wen Menelik carry am go marry Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, wey be fifteen years old pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, for 1886. For May 1888, Ras Araya Selassie waka come die and Zewditu turn widow for twelve years. She marry two more guys for small time, Gwangul Zegeye and Wube Atnaf Seged, before she marry Gugsa Welle for 1900. Gugsa Welle be Empress Taytu Betul paddy, wey be Menelik third wife. Zewditu get plenty pikin, but none survive to grow old. Menelik die for 1913, and him grandson Iyasu come claim de throne cause him be senior. But dem suspect say Iyasu fit be secret convert wey don change to Islam, wey be di religion of im papa side people. If dem put Muslim for di throne, e go get kasala for Ethiopia for future. So Iyasu no fit wear di crown; dem remove am for 1916, give im aunt, Zewditu. But Zewditu (wey be 40 years old dat time) no get pikin (all di pikin wey she born, die small) and di nobles no want her husband and im family take power and carry di throne. So dem pick Zewditu's cousin, Ras Tafari Makonnen, to be di next in line for di throne pluis regent of di empire. Zewditu get ceremonial work to do plus fit influence people, but di real power dey for di hands of regent Ras Tafari Makonnen, wey take over from am as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.

No be only di three pikin dem wey dem sabi, Menelik dey hear say e get some other pikin dem too. Dem include Ras Birru Wolde Gabriel&lt;ref&gt;British Documents on Foreign Affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. Part II, from the First to the Second World War. Series G, Africa, University Publications of America 1997 p. 249&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Shireff, Bare Feet and Bandoliers, Pen and Sword Military 2009, p. 293&lt;/ref&gt; plus Dejazmach Kebede Tessema.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; Na di last one people dey talk say e be di natural grandfather of Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam,&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Spector, Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews, OUP 2005 p. 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; di communists leader of di Derg wey finally push out di monarchy plus collect power for Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991.

===== Sickness, death plus who go take over =====
[[File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:Mausoleum_of_Menelik_II|Menelik's Mausoleum]]{{#tag:ref|The [[crypt]]s of Menilek (''center''), Taytu Betul (''left''), and Zewditu (''right'').|group=nb}}]]
For 27 October 1909, Menelik get big stroke wey scatter am, and e “mind and spirit don die”. After that, Menelik no fit rule again, plus Empress Taytu&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 1986&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; take charge like boss, till dem appoint Ras Bitwaddad Tesemma as regent.&lt;ref&gt;Marcus, ''Menelik II'', p. 241.&lt;/ref&gt; But e no last reach one year before e die, and dem come form council of regency – wey dem no let de empress join – for March 1910.

For early morning wey be 12 December 1913, Menelik die. Dem bury am sharp-sharp without any announcement or ceremony&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 19862&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; for Se'el Bet Kidane Meheret Church, inside Imperial Palace grounds. For 1916, dem go rebury Menelik for di specially built church for Ba'eta Le Mariam Monastery wey dey Addis Ababa.

After Menelik die, dem council wey dey rule still dey run Ethiopia. Lij Iyasu no ever wear di crown as Emperor, and finally, Empress Zewditu waka enter di throne wey Menelik leave on 27 September 1916.

== Legacy ==
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II_(2141756150).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II_(2141756150).jpg|thumb|Equestrian [[:en:Statue_of_Menelik_II|statue of Emperor Menelik II]], de victor of [[:en:Adwa|Adwa]]. De statue was erected by Emperor [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]] plus dedicated on de day before his coronation for 1930, in memory of his predecessor.]]
Adwa Victory Day dem dey celebrate am for March every year, plus e go still inspire Pan-African movements everywhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Legacy of the Battle of Adwa|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/3232/The-Legacy-of-the-Battle-of-Adwa|access-date=2021-10-07|website=www.ezega.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though people sabi Menelik as the one wey start modern Ethiopia, e still get plenty wahala wey follow am because as e army dey do bad things to civilians and fighters wen dem dey take land join am empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=[[Awol Allo]]|date=1 March 2019|title=How a major anti-colonial victory divided Ethiopia|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/3/1/how-a-major-anti-colonial-victory-divided-ethiopia|website=Aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plenti historians dey call am genocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA3&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|title='A place of ghosts:' Ethiopia opens controversial palace to a divided public|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-place-of-ghosts-ethiopia-opens-controversial-palace-to-a-divided-public/2019/10/11/4ddd2d9c-ead5-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html|agency=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria2&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; According to Awol Allo:

{{blockquote|The historical figure that masterminded the victory at Adwa, Emperor Menelik II, also presided over some of the most brutal atrocities committed against the various groups in the southern part of the country, particularly the [[Oromos]], as they resisted his southward expansion. For Oromos, Menelik II is devil incarnate and is beyond redemption. Perhaps, the association of Adwa with Menelik II is the single most important reason behind Oromo ambivalence towards this historical event.&lt;ref name=Allo/&gt;}}

== References ==</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.                                                          
Menelik get only one pikin wey dem sabi, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, but e die without wife and pikin when e just be about fifteen years old, leaving just two daughters behind. Di first daughter, Woizero Shoaregga, first marry Dejazmatch Wodajo Gobena, wey be Ras Gobena Dachi pikin. Dem get one son, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, but di pikin no fit join succession because e be dwarf. For 1892, twenty-five-year-old Woizero Shoaregga marry again, dis time to forty-two-year-old Ras Mikael from Wollo. Dem born two pikin: one daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey go marry at twelve to old Ras Bezabih Tekle Haymanot from Gojjam, but she go die one year later when she dey born; and one son, Lij{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Child.|group=nb}} Iyasu, wey suppose take over as emperor after Menelik die for 1913, but e no ever wear crown and dem go push am out for powerful nobles to support Menelik younger daughter Zewditu for 1916.

Menelik pikin wey be Zewditu Menelik, get long and wahala life. She marry four times, and come be empress wey una no fit forget, first woman wey hold dat title for Ethiopia since Queen of Sheba. She dey only ten years wen Menelik carry am go marry Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, wey be fifteen years old pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, for 1886. For May 1888, Ras Araya Selassie waka come die and Zewditu turn widow for twelve years. She marry two more guys for small time, Gwangul Zegeye and Wube Atnaf Seged, before she marry Gugsa Welle for 1900. Gugsa Welle be Empress Taytu Betul paddy, wey be Menelik third wife. Zewditu get plenty pikin, but none survive to grow old. Menelik die for 1913, and him grandson Iyasu come claim de throne cause him be senior. But dem suspect say Iyasu fit be secret convert wey don change to Islam, wey be di religion of im papa side people. If dem put Muslim for di throne, e go get kasala for Ethiopia for future. So Iyasu no fit wear di crown; dem remove am for 1916, give im aunt, Zewditu. But Zewditu (wey be 40 years old dat time) no get pikin (all di pikin wey she born, die small) and di nobles no want her husband and im family take power and carry di throne. So dem pick Zewditu's cousin, Ras Tafari Makonnen, to be di next in line for di throne pluis regent of di empire. Zewditu get ceremonial work to do plus fit influence people, but di real power dey for di hands of regent Ras Tafari Makonnen, wey take over from am as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.

No be only di three pikin dem wey dem sabi, Menelik dey hear say e get some other pikin dem too. Dem include Ras Birru Wolde Gabriel&lt;ref&gt;British Documents on Foreign Affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. Part II, from the First to the Second World War. Series G, Africa, University Publications of America 1997 p. 249&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Shireff, Bare Feet and Bandoliers, Pen and Sword Military 2009, p. 293&lt;/ref&gt; plus Dejazmach Kebede Tessema.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; Na di last one people dey talk say e be di natural grandfather of Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam,&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Spector, Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews, OUP 2005 p. 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; di communists leader of di Derg wey finally push out di monarchy plus collect power for Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991.

===== Sickness, death plus who go take over =====
[[File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:Mausoleum_of_Menelik_II|Menelik's Mausoleum]]{{#tag:ref|The [[crypt]]s of Menilek (''center''), Taytu Betul (''left''), and Zewditu (''right'').|group=nb}}]]
For 27 October 1909, Menelik get big stroke wey scatter am, and e “mind and spirit don die”. After that, Menelik no fit rule again, plus Empress Taytu&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 1986&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; take charge like boss, till dem appoint Ras Bitwaddad Tesemma as regent.&lt;ref&gt;Marcus, ''Menelik II'', p. 241.&lt;/ref&gt; But e no last reach one year before e die, and dem come form council of regency – wey dem no let de empress join – for March 1910.

For early morning wey be 12 December 1913, Menelik die. Dem bury am sharp-sharp without any announcement or ceremony&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 19862&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; for Se'el Bet Kidane Meheret Church, inside Imperial Palace grounds. For 1916, dem go rebury Menelik for di specially built church for Ba'eta Le Mariam Monastery wey dey Addis Ababa.

After Menelik die, dem council wey dey rule still dey run Ethiopia. Lij Iyasu no ever wear di crown as Emperor, and finally, Empress Zewditu waka enter di throne wey Menelik leave on 27 September 1916.

== Legacy ==
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II_(2141756150).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II_(2141756150).jpg|thumb|Equestrian [[:en:Statue_of_Menelik_II|statue of Emperor Menelik II]], de victor of [[:en:Adwa|Adwa]]. De statue was erected by Emperor [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]] plus dedicated on de day before his coronation for 1930, in memory of his predecessor.]]
Adwa Victory Day dem dey celebrate am for March every year, plus e go still inspire Pan-African movements everywhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Legacy of the Battle of Adwa|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/3232/The-Legacy-of-the-Battle-of-Adwa|access-date=2021-10-07|website=www.ezega.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though people sabi Menelik as the one wey start modern Ethiopia, e still get plenty wahala wey follow am because as e army dey do bad things to civilians and fighters wen dem dey take land join am empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=[[Awol Allo]]|date=1 March 2019|title=How a major anti-colonial victory divided Ethiopia|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/3/1/how-a-major-anti-colonial-victory-divided-ethiopia|website=Aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plenti historians dey call am genocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA3&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|title='A place of ghosts:' Ethiopia opens controversial palace to a divided public|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-place-of-ghosts-ethiopia-opens-controversial-palace-to-a-divided-public/2019/10/11/4ddd2d9c-ead5-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html|agency=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria2&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; According to Awol Allo:

{{blockquote|The historical figure that masterminded the victory at Adwa, Emperor Menelik II, also presided over some of the most brutal atrocities committed against the various groups in the southern part of the country, particularly the [[Oromos]], as they resisted his southward expansion. For Oromos, Menelik II is devil incarnate and is beyond redemption. Perhaps, the association of Adwa with Menelik II is the single most important reason behind Oromo ambivalence towards this historical event.&lt;ref name=Allo/&gt;}}De way Menelik dey shine after him beat Italy fit explain one kind Serb story wey wahala no dey here, wey Mary E. Durham, the English anthropologist, yarn. Dem talk say Menelik plus de Serb king of Montenegro be like family, just because dem name dey resemble - de Ethiopian title Negus plus de village name Njegushi wey Montenegrin royal family come from:

== References ==</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.                                                          
Menelik get only one pikin wey dem sabi, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, but e die without wife and pikin when e just be about fifteen years old, leaving just two daughters behind. Di first daughter, Woizero Shoaregga, first marry Dejazmatch Wodajo Gobena, wey be Ras Gobena Dachi pikin. Dem get one son, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, but di pikin no fit join succession because e be dwarf. For 1892, twenty-five-year-old Woizero Shoaregga marry again, dis time to forty-two-year-old Ras Mikael from Wollo. Dem born two pikin: one daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey go marry at twelve to old Ras Bezabih Tekle Haymanot from Gojjam, but she go die one year later when she dey born; and one son, Lij{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Child.|group=nb}} Iyasu, wey suppose take over as emperor after Menelik die for 1913, but e no ever wear crown and dem go push am out for powerful nobles to support Menelik younger daughter Zewditu for 1916.

Menelik pikin wey be Zewditu Menelik, get long and wahala life. She marry four times, and come be empress wey una no fit forget, first woman wey hold dat title for Ethiopia since Queen of Sheba. She dey only ten years wen Menelik carry am go marry Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, wey be fifteen years old pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, for 1886. For May 1888, Ras Araya Selassie waka come die and Zewditu turn widow for twelve years. She marry two more guys for small time, Gwangul Zegeye and Wube Atnaf Seged, before she marry Gugsa Welle for 1900. Gugsa Welle be Empress Taytu Betul paddy, wey be Menelik third wife. Zewditu get plenty pikin, but none survive to grow old. Menelik die for 1913, and him grandson Iyasu come claim de throne cause him be senior. But dem suspect say Iyasu fit be secret convert wey don change to Islam, wey be di religion of im papa side people. If dem put Muslim for di throne, e go get kasala for Ethiopia for future. So Iyasu no fit wear di crown; dem remove am for 1916, give im aunt, Zewditu. But Zewditu (wey be 40 years old dat time) no get pikin (all di pikin wey she born, die small) and di nobles no want her husband and im family take power and carry di throne. So dem pick Zewditu's cousin, Ras Tafari Makonnen, to be di next in line for di throne pluis regent of di empire. Zewditu get ceremonial work to do plus fit influence people, but di real power dey for di hands of regent Ras Tafari Makonnen, wey take over from am as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.

No be only di three pikin dem wey dem sabi, Menelik dey hear say e get some other pikin dem too. Dem include Ras Birru Wolde Gabriel&lt;ref&gt;British Documents on Foreign Affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. Part II, from the First to the Second World War. Series G, Africa, University Publications of America 1997 p. 249&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Shireff, Bare Feet and Bandoliers, Pen and Sword Military 2009, p. 293&lt;/ref&gt; plus Dejazmach Kebede Tessema.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; Na di last one people dey talk say e be di natural grandfather of Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam,&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Spector, Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews, OUP 2005 p. 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; di communists leader of di Derg wey finally push out di monarchy plus collect power for Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991.

===== Sickness, death plus who go take over =====
[[File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:Mausoleum_of_Menelik_II|Menelik's Mausoleum]]{{#tag:ref|The [[crypt]]s of Menilek (''center''), Taytu Betul (''left''), and Zewditu (''right'').|group=nb}}]]
For 27 October 1909, Menelik get big stroke wey scatter am, and e “mind and spirit don die”. After that, Menelik no fit rule again, plus Empress Taytu&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 1986&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; take charge like boss, till dem appoint Ras Bitwaddad Tesemma as regent.&lt;ref&gt;Marcus, ''Menelik II'', p. 241.&lt;/ref&gt; But e no last reach one year before e die, and dem come form council of regency – wey dem no let de empress join – for March 1910.

For early morning wey be 12 December 1913, Menelik die. Dem bury am sharp-sharp without any announcement or ceremony&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 19862&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; for Se'el Bet Kidane Meheret Church, inside Imperial Palace grounds. For 1916, dem go rebury Menelik for di specially built church for Ba'eta Le Mariam Monastery wey dey Addis Ababa.

After Menelik die, dem council wey dey rule still dey run Ethiopia. Lij Iyasu no ever wear di crown as Emperor, and finally, Empress Zewditu waka enter di throne wey Menelik leave on 27 September 1916.

== Legacy ==
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II_(2141756150).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II_(2141756150).jpg|thumb|Equestrian [[:en:Statue_of_Menelik_II|statue of Emperor Menelik II]], de victor of [[:en:Adwa|Adwa]]. De statue was erected by Emperor [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]] plus dedicated on de day before his coronation for 1930, in memory of his predecessor.]]
Adwa Victory Day dem dey celebrate am for March every year, plus e go still inspire Pan-African movements everywhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Legacy of the Battle of Adwa|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/3232/The-Legacy-of-the-Battle-of-Adwa|access-date=2021-10-07|website=www.ezega.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though people sabi Menelik as the one wey start modern Ethiopia, e still get plenty wahala wey follow am because as e army dey do bad things to civilians and fighters wen dem dey take land join am empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=[[Awol Allo]]|date=1 March 2019|title=How a major anti-colonial victory divided Ethiopia|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/3/1/how-a-major-anti-colonial-victory-divided-ethiopia|website=Aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plenti historians dey call am genocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA3&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|title='A place of ghosts:' Ethiopia opens controversial palace to a divided public|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-place-of-ghosts-ethiopia-opens-controversial-palace-to-a-divided-public/2019/10/11/4ddd2d9c-ead5-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html|agency=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria2&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; According to Awol Allo:

{{blockquote|The historical figure that masterminded the victory at Adwa, Emperor Menelik II, also presided over some of the most brutal atrocities committed against the various groups in the southern part of the country, particularly the [[Oromos]], as they resisted his southward expansion. For Oromos, Menelik II is devil incarnate and is beyond redemption. Perhaps, the association of Adwa with Menelik II is the single most important reason behind Oromo ambivalence towards this historical event.&lt;ref name=Allo/&gt;}}De way Menelik dey shine after him beat Italy fit explain one kind Serb story wey wahala no dey here, wey Mary E. Durham, the English anthropologist, yarn. Dem talk say Menelik plus de Serb king of Montenegro be like family, just because dem name dey resemble - de Ethiopian title Negus plus de village name Njegushi wey Montenegrin royal family come from: 

When these Herzegovinese people waka go Montenegro, plenty of dem go even far pass and settle for the mountain of Abyssinia. Among dem, one branch from Petrovich family wey fit Njegushi, from there Menelik come dey, wey dey carry Negus title plus e be distant cousin to Prince Nikola of Montenegro. This mix of Slav blood wey dey inside, na im make the Abyssinians get fine body and high level of civilization, compare to other African tribes wey dey around.&lt;ref name=&quot;Durham&quot;&gt;[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41499/41499-h/41499-h.htm Durham, Mary Edith, ''Through the Lands of the Serb'', Ch.1.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik dey show as di leader of Ethiopian civilization for di New Frontier season pass of di 4X game Civilization VI.

== References ==</text>
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      <comment>I don add de header 'Check am too'</comment>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.                                                          
Menelik get only one pikin wey dem sabi, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, but e die without wife and pikin when e just be about fifteen years old, leaving just two daughters behind. Di first daughter, Woizero Shoaregga, first marry Dejazmatch Wodajo Gobena, wey be Ras Gobena Dachi pikin. Dem get one son, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, but di pikin no fit join succession because e be dwarf. For 1892, twenty-five-year-old Woizero Shoaregga marry again, dis time to forty-two-year-old Ras Mikael from Wollo. Dem born two pikin: one daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey go marry at twelve to old Ras Bezabih Tekle Haymanot from Gojjam, but she go die one year later when she dey born; and one son, Lij{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Child.|group=nb}} Iyasu, wey suppose take over as emperor after Menelik die for 1913, but e no ever wear crown and dem go push am out for powerful nobles to support Menelik younger daughter Zewditu for 1916.

Menelik pikin wey be Zewditu Menelik, get long and wahala life. She marry four times, and come be empress wey una no fit forget, first woman wey hold dat title for Ethiopia since Queen of Sheba. She dey only ten years wen Menelik carry am go marry Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, wey be fifteen years old pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, for 1886. For May 1888, Ras Araya Selassie waka come die and Zewditu turn widow for twelve years. She marry two more guys for small time, Gwangul Zegeye and Wube Atnaf Seged, before she marry Gugsa Welle for 1900. Gugsa Welle be Empress Taytu Betul paddy, wey be Menelik third wife. Zewditu get plenty pikin, but none survive to grow old. Menelik die for 1913, and him grandson Iyasu come claim de throne cause him be senior. But dem suspect say Iyasu fit be secret convert wey don change to Islam, wey be di religion of im papa side people. If dem put Muslim for di throne, e go get kasala for Ethiopia for future. So Iyasu no fit wear di crown; dem remove am for 1916, give im aunt, Zewditu. But Zewditu (wey be 40 years old dat time) no get pikin (all di pikin wey she born, die small) and di nobles no want her husband and im family take power and carry di throne. So dem pick Zewditu's cousin, Ras Tafari Makonnen, to be di next in line for di throne pluis regent of di empire. Zewditu get ceremonial work to do plus fit influence people, but di real power dey for di hands of regent Ras Tafari Makonnen, wey take over from am as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.

No be only di three pikin dem wey dem sabi, Menelik dey hear say e get some other pikin dem too. Dem include Ras Birru Wolde Gabriel&lt;ref&gt;British Documents on Foreign Affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. Part II, from the First to the Second World War. Series G, Africa, University Publications of America 1997 p. 249&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Shireff, Bare Feet and Bandoliers, Pen and Sword Military 2009, p. 293&lt;/ref&gt; plus Dejazmach Kebede Tessema.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; Na di last one people dey talk say e be di natural grandfather of Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam,&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Spector, Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews, OUP 2005 p. 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; di communists leader of di Derg wey finally push out di monarchy plus collect power for Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991.

===== Sickness, death plus who go take over =====
[[File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:Mausoleum_of_Menelik_II|Menelik's Mausoleum]]{{#tag:ref|The [[crypt]]s of Menilek (''center''), Taytu Betul (''left''), and Zewditu (''right'').|group=nb}}]]
For 27 October 1909, Menelik get big stroke wey scatter am, and e “mind and spirit don die”. After that, Menelik no fit rule again, plus Empress Taytu&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 1986&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; take charge like boss, till dem appoint Ras Bitwaddad Tesemma as regent.&lt;ref&gt;Marcus, ''Menelik II'', p. 241.&lt;/ref&gt; But e no last reach one year before e die, and dem come form council of regency – wey dem no let de empress join – for March 1910.

For early morning wey be 12 December 1913, Menelik die. Dem bury am sharp-sharp without any announcement or ceremony&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 19862&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; for Se'el Bet Kidane Meheret Church, inside Imperial Palace grounds. For 1916, dem go rebury Menelik for di specially built church for Ba'eta Le Mariam Monastery wey dey Addis Ababa.

After Menelik die, dem council wey dey rule still dey run Ethiopia. Lij Iyasu no ever wear di crown as Emperor, and finally, Empress Zewditu waka enter di throne wey Menelik leave on 27 September 1916.

== Legacy ==
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II_(2141756150).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II_(2141756150).jpg|thumb|Equestrian [[:en:Statue_of_Menelik_II|statue of Emperor Menelik II]], de victor of [[:en:Adwa|Adwa]]. De statue was erected by Emperor [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]] plus dedicated on de day before his coronation for 1930, in memory of his predecessor.]]
Adwa Victory Day dem dey celebrate am for March every year, plus e go still inspire Pan-African movements everywhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Legacy of the Battle of Adwa|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/3232/The-Legacy-of-the-Battle-of-Adwa|access-date=2021-10-07|website=www.ezega.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though people sabi Menelik as the one wey start modern Ethiopia, e still get plenty wahala wey follow am because as e army dey do bad things to civilians and fighters wen dem dey take land join am empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=[[Awol Allo]]|date=1 March 2019|title=How a major anti-colonial victory divided Ethiopia|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/3/1/how-a-major-anti-colonial-victory-divided-ethiopia|website=Aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plenti historians dey call am genocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA3&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|title='A place of ghosts:' Ethiopia opens controversial palace to a divided public|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-place-of-ghosts-ethiopia-opens-controversial-palace-to-a-divided-public/2019/10/11/4ddd2d9c-ead5-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html|agency=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria2&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; According to Awol Allo:&lt;blockquote&gt;Di historical person wey gats hand for di win wey dem get for Adwa, Emperor Menelik II, also dey run plenty serious wahala wey he do to different groups for di south side of di country, especially di Oromos, as dem dey fight am make e no expand south. For Oromos, Menelik II be devil wey no fit change. Abeg, di way dem link Adwa wey Menelik II dey, na di main reason why Oromos dey feel somehow about dis historical matter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|title='A place of ghosts:' Ethiopia opens controversial palace to a divided public|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-place-of-ghosts-ethiopia-opens-controversial-palace-to-a-divided-public/2019/10/11/4ddd2d9c-ead5-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html|agency=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;De way Menelik dey shine after him beat Italy fit explain one kind Serb story wey wahala no dey here, wey Mary E. Durham, the English anthropologist, yarn. Dem talk say Menelik plus de Serb king of Montenegro be like family, just because dem name dey resemble - de Ethiopian title Negus plus de village name Njegushi wey Montenegrin royal family come from: 

When these Herzegovinese people waka go Montenegro, plenty of dem go even far pass and settle for the mountain of Abyssinia. Among dem, one branch from Petrovich family wey fit Njegushi, from there Menelik come dey, wey dey carry Negus title plus e be distant cousin to Prince Nikola of Montenegro. This mix of Slav blood wey dey inside, na im make the Abyssinians get fine body and high level of civilization, compare to other African tribes wey dey around.&lt;ref name=&quot;Durham&quot;&gt;[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41499/41499-h/41499-h.htm Durham, Mary Edith, ''Through the Lands of the Serb'', Ch.1.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik dey show as di leader of Ethiopian civilization for di New Frontier season pass of di 4X game Civilization VI.

== Check am too ==

== References ==</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.                                                          
Menelik get only one pikin wey dem sabi, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, but e die without wife and pikin when e just be about fifteen years old, leaving just two daughters behind. Di first daughter, Woizero Shoaregga, first marry Dejazmatch Wodajo Gobena, wey be Ras Gobena Dachi pikin. Dem get one son, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, but di pikin no fit join succession because e be dwarf. For 1892, twenty-five-year-old Woizero Shoaregga marry again, dis time to forty-two-year-old Ras Mikael from Wollo. Dem born two pikin: one daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey go marry at twelve to old Ras Bezabih Tekle Haymanot from Gojjam, but she go die one year later when she dey born; and one son, Lij{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Child.|group=nb}} Iyasu, wey suppose take over as emperor after Menelik die for 1913, but e no ever wear crown and dem go push am out for powerful nobles to support Menelik younger daughter Zewditu for 1916.

Menelik pikin wey be Zewditu Menelik, get long and wahala life. She marry four times, and come be empress wey una no fit forget, first woman wey hold dat title for Ethiopia since Queen of Sheba. She dey only ten years wen Menelik carry am go marry Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, wey be fifteen years old pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, for 1886. For May 1888, Ras Araya Selassie waka come die and Zewditu turn widow for twelve years. She marry two more guys for small time, Gwangul Zegeye and Wube Atnaf Seged, before she marry Gugsa Welle for 1900. Gugsa Welle be Empress Taytu Betul paddy, wey be Menelik third wife. Zewditu get plenty pikin, but none survive to grow old. Menelik die for 1913, and him grandson Iyasu come claim de throne cause him be senior. But dem suspect say Iyasu fit be secret convert wey don change to Islam, wey be di religion of im papa side people. If dem put Muslim for di throne, e go get kasala for Ethiopia for future. So Iyasu no fit wear di crown; dem remove am for 1916, give im aunt, Zewditu. But Zewditu (wey be 40 years old dat time) no get pikin (all di pikin wey she born, die small) and di nobles no want her husband and im family take power and carry di throne. So dem pick Zewditu's cousin, Ras Tafari Makonnen, to be di next in line for di throne pluis regent of di empire. Zewditu get ceremonial work to do plus fit influence people, but di real power dey for di hands of regent Ras Tafari Makonnen, wey take over from am as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.

No be only di three pikin dem wey dem sabi, Menelik dey hear say e get some other pikin dem too. Dem include Ras Birru Wolde Gabriel&lt;ref&gt;British Documents on Foreign Affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. Part II, from the First to the Second World War. Series G, Africa, University Publications of America 1997 p. 249&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Shireff, Bare Feet and Bandoliers, Pen and Sword Military 2009, p. 293&lt;/ref&gt; plus Dejazmach Kebede Tessema.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; Na di last one people dey talk say e be di natural grandfather of Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam,&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Spector, Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews, OUP 2005 p. 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; di communists leader of di Derg wey finally push out di monarchy plus collect power for Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991.

===== Sickness, death plus who go take over =====
[[File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:Mausoleum_of_Menelik_II|Menelik's Mausoleum]]{{#tag:ref|The [[crypt]]s of Menilek (''center''), Taytu Betul (''left''), and Zewditu (''right'').|group=nb}}]]
For 27 October 1909, Menelik get big stroke wey scatter am, and e “mind and spirit don die”. After that, Menelik no fit rule again, plus Empress Taytu&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 1986&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; take charge like boss, till dem appoint Ras Bitwaddad Tesemma as regent.&lt;ref&gt;Marcus, ''Menelik II'', p. 241.&lt;/ref&gt; But e no last reach one year before e die, and dem come form council of regency – wey dem no let de empress join – for March 1910.

For early morning wey be 12 December 1913, Menelik die. Dem bury am sharp-sharp without any announcement or ceremony&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 19862&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; for Se'el Bet Kidane Meheret Church, inside Imperial Palace grounds. For 1916, dem go rebury Menelik for di specially built church for Ba'eta Le Mariam Monastery wey dey Addis Ababa.

After Menelik die, dem council wey dey rule still dey run Ethiopia. Lij Iyasu no ever wear di crown as Emperor, and finally, Empress Zewditu waka enter di throne wey Menelik leave on 27 September 1916.

== Legacy ==
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II_(2141756150).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II_(2141756150).jpg|thumb|Equestrian [[:en:Statue_of_Menelik_II|statue of Emperor Menelik II]], de victor of [[:en:Adwa|Adwa]]. De statue was erected by Emperor [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]] plus dedicated on de day before his coronation for 1930, in memory of his predecessor.]]
Adwa Victory Day dem dey celebrate am for March every year, plus e go still inspire Pan-African movements everywhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Legacy of the Battle of Adwa|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/3232/The-Legacy-of-the-Battle-of-Adwa|access-date=2021-10-07|website=www.ezega.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though people sabi Menelik as the one wey start modern Ethiopia, e still get plenty wahala wey follow am because as e army dey do bad things to civilians and fighters wen dem dey take land join am empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=[[Awol Allo]]|date=1 March 2019|title=How a major anti-colonial victory divided Ethiopia|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/3/1/how-a-major-anti-colonial-victory-divided-ethiopia|website=Aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plenti historians dey call am genocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA3&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|title='A place of ghosts:' Ethiopia opens controversial palace to a divided public|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-place-of-ghosts-ethiopia-opens-controversial-palace-to-a-divided-public/2019/10/11/4ddd2d9c-ead5-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html|agency=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria2&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; According to Awol Allo:&lt;blockquote&gt;Di historical person wey gats hand for di win wey dem get for Adwa, Emperor Menelik II, also dey run plenty serious wahala wey he do to different groups for di south side of di country, especially di Oromos, as dem dey fight am make e no expand south. For Oromos, Menelik II be devil wey no fit change. Abeg, di way dem link Adwa wey Menelik II dey, na di main reason why Oromos dey feel somehow about dis historical matter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|title='A place of ghosts:' Ethiopia opens controversial palace to a divided public|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-place-of-ghosts-ethiopia-opens-controversial-palace-to-a-divided-public/2019/10/11/4ddd2d9c-ead5-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html|agency=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;De way Menelik dey shine after him beat Italy fit explain one kind Serb story wey wahala no dey here, wey Mary E. Durham, the English anthropologist, yarn. Dem talk say Menelik plus de Serb king of Montenegro be like family, just because dem name dey resemble - de Ethiopian title Negus plus de village name Njegushi wey Montenegrin royal family come from: 

When these Herzegovinese people waka go Montenegro, plenty of dem go even far pass and settle for the mountain of Abyssinia. Among dem, one branch from Petrovich family wey fit Njegushi, from there Menelik come dey, wey dey carry Negus title plus e be distant cousin to Prince Nikola of Montenegro. This mix of Slav blood wey dey inside, na im make the Abyssinians get fine body and high level of civilization, compare to other African tribes wey dey around.&lt;ref name=&quot;Durham&quot;&gt;[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41499/41499-h/41499-h.htm Durham, Mary Edith, ''Through the Lands of the Serb'', Ch.1.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik dey show as di leader of Ethiopian civilization for di New Frontier season pass of di 4X game Civilization VI.

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:Ilemi_Triangle|Ilemi Triangle]]
* [[:en:Paul_Merab|Paul Merab]]
* [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|1890s African rinderpest epizootic]]
* [[:en:First_Italo-Ethiopian_War|First Italo-Ethiopian War]]

== References ==</text>
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        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
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      <comment>I don add de references</comment>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.                                                          
Menelik get only one pikin wey dem sabi, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, but e die without wife and pikin when e just be about fifteen years old, leaving just two daughters behind. Di first daughter, Woizero Shoaregga, first marry Dejazmatch Wodajo Gobena, wey be Ras Gobena Dachi pikin. Dem get one son, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, but di pikin no fit join succession because e be dwarf. For 1892, twenty-five-year-old Woizero Shoaregga marry again, dis time to forty-two-year-old Ras Mikael from Wollo. Dem born two pikin: one daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey go marry at twelve to old Ras Bezabih Tekle Haymanot from Gojjam, but she go die one year later when she dey born; and one son, Lij{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Child.|group=nb}} Iyasu, wey suppose take over as emperor after Menelik die for 1913, but e no ever wear crown and dem go push am out for powerful nobles to support Menelik younger daughter Zewditu for 1916.

Menelik pikin wey be Zewditu Menelik, get long and wahala life. She marry four times, and come be empress wey una no fit forget, first woman wey hold dat title for Ethiopia since Queen of Sheba. She dey only ten years wen Menelik carry am go marry Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, wey be fifteen years old pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, for 1886. For May 1888, Ras Araya Selassie waka come die and Zewditu turn widow for twelve years. She marry two more guys for small time, Gwangul Zegeye and Wube Atnaf Seged, before she marry Gugsa Welle for 1900. Gugsa Welle be Empress Taytu Betul paddy, wey be Menelik third wife. Zewditu get plenty pikin, but none survive to grow old. Menelik die for 1913, and him grandson Iyasu come claim de throne cause him be senior. But dem suspect say Iyasu fit be secret convert wey don change to Islam, wey be di religion of im papa side people. If dem put Muslim for di throne, e go get kasala for Ethiopia for future. So Iyasu no fit wear di crown; dem remove am for 1916, give im aunt, Zewditu. But Zewditu (wey be 40 years old dat time) no get pikin (all di pikin wey she born, die small) and di nobles no want her husband and im family take power and carry di throne. So dem pick Zewditu's cousin, Ras Tafari Makonnen, to be di next in line for di throne pluis regent of di empire. Zewditu get ceremonial work to do plus fit influence people, but di real power dey for di hands of regent Ras Tafari Makonnen, wey take over from am as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.

No be only di three pikin dem wey dem sabi, Menelik dey hear say e get some other pikin dem too. Dem include Ras Birru Wolde Gabriel&lt;ref&gt;British Documents on Foreign Affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. Part II, from the First to the Second World War. Series G, Africa, University Publications of America 1997 p. 249&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Shireff, Bare Feet and Bandoliers, Pen and Sword Military 2009, p. 293&lt;/ref&gt; plus Dejazmach Kebede Tessema.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; Na di last one people dey talk say e be di natural grandfather of Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam,&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Spector, Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews, OUP 2005 p. 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; di communists leader of di Derg wey finally push out di monarchy plus collect power for Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991.

===== Sickness, death plus who go take over =====
[[File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:Mausoleum_of_Menelik_II|Menelik's Mausoleum]]{{#tag:ref|The [[crypt]]s of Menilek (''center''), Taytu Betul (''left''), and Zewditu (''right'').|group=nb}}]]
For 27 October 1909, Menelik get big stroke wey scatter am, and e “mind and spirit don die”. After that, Menelik no fit rule again, plus Empress Taytu&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 1986&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; take charge like boss, till dem appoint Ras Bitwaddad Tesemma as regent.&lt;ref&gt;Marcus, ''Menelik II'', p. 241.&lt;/ref&gt; But e no last reach one year before e die, and dem come form council of regency – wey dem no let de empress join – for March 1910.

For early morning wey be 12 December 1913, Menelik die. Dem bury am sharp-sharp without any announcement or ceremony&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 19862&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; for Se'el Bet Kidane Meheret Church, inside Imperial Palace grounds. For 1916, dem go rebury Menelik for di specially built church for Ba'eta Le Mariam Monastery wey dey Addis Ababa.

After Menelik die, dem council wey dey rule still dey run Ethiopia. Lij Iyasu no ever wear di crown as Emperor, and finally, Empress Zewditu waka enter di throne wey Menelik leave on 27 September 1916.

== Legacy ==
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II_(2141756150).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II_(2141756150).jpg|thumb|Equestrian [[:en:Statue_of_Menelik_II|statue of Emperor Menelik II]], de victor of [[:en:Adwa|Adwa]]. De statue was erected by Emperor [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]] plus dedicated on de day before his coronation for 1930, in memory of his predecessor.]]
Adwa Victory Day dem dey celebrate am for March every year, plus e go still inspire Pan-African movements everywhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Legacy of the Battle of Adwa|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/3232/The-Legacy-of-the-Battle-of-Adwa|access-date=2021-10-07|website=www.ezega.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though people sabi Menelik as the one wey start modern Ethiopia, e still get plenty wahala wey follow am because as e army dey do bad things to civilians and fighters wen dem dey take land join am empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=[[Awol Allo]]|date=1 March 2019|title=How a major anti-colonial victory divided Ethiopia|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/3/1/how-a-major-anti-colonial-victory-divided-ethiopia|website=Aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plenti historians dey call am genocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA3&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|title='A place of ghosts:' Ethiopia opens controversial palace to a divided public|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-place-of-ghosts-ethiopia-opens-controversial-palace-to-a-divided-public/2019/10/11/4ddd2d9c-ead5-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html|agency=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria2&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; According to Awol Allo:&lt;blockquote&gt;Di historical person wey gats hand for di win wey dem get for Adwa, Emperor Menelik II, also dey run plenty serious wahala wey he do to different groups for di south side of di country, especially di Oromos, as dem dey fight am make e no expand south. For Oromos, Menelik II be devil wey no fit change. Abeg, di way dem link Adwa wey Menelik II dey, na di main reason why Oromos dey feel somehow about dis historical matter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|title='A place of ghosts:' Ethiopia opens controversial palace to a divided public|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-place-of-ghosts-ethiopia-opens-controversial-palace-to-a-divided-public/2019/10/11/4ddd2d9c-ead5-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html|agency=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;De way Menelik dey shine after him beat Italy fit explain one kind Serb story wey wahala no dey here, wey Mary E. Durham, the English anthropologist, yarn. Dem talk say Menelik plus de Serb king of Montenegro be like family, just because dem name dey resemble - de Ethiopian title Negus plus de village name Njegushi wey Montenegrin royal family come from: 

When these Herzegovinese people waka go Montenegro, plenty of dem go even far pass and settle for the mountain of Abyssinia. Among dem, one branch from Petrovich family wey fit Njegushi, from there Menelik come dey, wey dey carry Negus title plus e be distant cousin to Prince Nikola of Montenegro. This mix of Slav blood wey dey inside, na im make the Abyssinians get fine body and high level of civilization, compare to other African tribes wey dey around.&lt;ref name=&quot;Durham&quot;&gt;[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41499/41499-h/41499-h.htm Durham, Mary Edith, ''Through the Lands of the Serb'', Ch.1.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik dey show as di leader of Ethiopian civilization for di New Frontier season pass of di 4X game Civilization VI.

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:Ilemi_Triangle|Ilemi Triangle]]
* [[:en:Paul_Merab|Paul Merab]]
* [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|1890s African rinderpest epizootic]]
* [[:en:First_Italo-Ethiopian_War|First Italo-Ethiopian War]]

== References ==
;Footnotes
{{reflist|group=nb}}

;Citations
{{reflist|refs=

&lt;ref name=&quot;International_Crisis_Group_2009&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title= Ethiopia: ethnic federalism and its discontents | website= [[International Crisis Group]] |date = 2009-09-04 | url = https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/153-ethiopia-ethnic-federalism-and-its-discontents.pdf | access-date = 2021-10-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210528100056/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/153-ethiopia-ethnic-federalism-and-its-discontents.pdf |archive-date= 2021-05-28 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

== References ==</text>
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'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.                                                          
Menelik get only one pikin wey dem sabi, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, but e die without wife and pikin when e just be about fifteen years old, leaving just two daughters behind. Di first daughter, Woizero Shoaregga, first marry Dejazmatch Wodajo Gobena, wey be Ras Gobena Dachi pikin. Dem get one son, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, but di pikin no fit join succession because e be dwarf. For 1892, twenty-five-year-old Woizero Shoaregga marry again, dis time to forty-two-year-old Ras Mikael from Wollo. Dem born two pikin: one daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey go marry at twelve to old Ras Bezabih Tekle Haymanot from Gojjam, but she go die one year later when she dey born; and one son, Lij{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Child.|group=nb}} Iyasu, wey suppose take over as emperor after Menelik die for 1913, but e no ever wear crown and dem go push am out for powerful nobles to support Menelik younger daughter Zewditu for 1916.

Menelik pikin wey be Zewditu Menelik, get long and wahala life. She marry four times, and come be empress wey una no fit forget, first woman wey hold dat title for Ethiopia since Queen of Sheba. She dey only ten years wen Menelik carry am go marry Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, wey be fifteen years old pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, for 1886. For May 1888, Ras Araya Selassie waka come die and Zewditu turn widow for twelve years. She marry two more guys for small time, Gwangul Zegeye and Wube Atnaf Seged, before she marry Gugsa Welle for 1900. Gugsa Welle be Empress Taytu Betul paddy, wey be Menelik third wife. Zewditu get plenty pikin, but none survive to grow old. Menelik die for 1913, and him grandson Iyasu come claim de throne cause him be senior. But dem suspect say Iyasu fit be secret convert wey don change to Islam, wey be di religion of im papa side people. If dem put Muslim for di throne, e go get kasala for Ethiopia for future. So Iyasu no fit wear di crown; dem remove am for 1916, give im aunt, Zewditu. But Zewditu (wey be 40 years old dat time) no get pikin (all di pikin wey she born, die small) and di nobles no want her husband and im family take power and carry di throne. So dem pick Zewditu's cousin, Ras Tafari Makonnen, to be di next in line for di throne pluis regent of di empire. Zewditu get ceremonial work to do plus fit influence people, but di real power dey for di hands of regent Ras Tafari Makonnen, wey take over from am as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.

No be only di three pikin dem wey dem sabi, Menelik dey hear say e get some other pikin dem too. Dem include Ras Birru Wolde Gabriel&lt;ref&gt;British Documents on Foreign Affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. Part II, from the First to the Second World War. Series G, Africa, University Publications of America 1997 p. 249&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Shireff, Bare Feet and Bandoliers, Pen and Sword Military 2009, p. 293&lt;/ref&gt; plus Dejazmach Kebede Tessema.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; Na di last one people dey talk say e be di natural grandfather of Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam,&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Spector, Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews, OUP 2005 p. 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; di communists leader of di Derg wey finally push out di monarchy plus collect power for Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991.

===== Sickness, death plus who go take over =====
[[File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:Mausoleum_of_Menelik_II|Menelik's Mausoleum]]{{#tag:ref|The [[crypt]]s of Menilek (''center''), Taytu Betul (''left''), and Zewditu (''right'').|group=nb}}]]
For 27 October 1909, Menelik get big stroke wey scatter am, and e “mind and spirit don die”. After that, Menelik no fit rule again, plus Empress Taytu&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 1986&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; take charge like boss, till dem appoint Ras Bitwaddad Tesemma as regent.&lt;ref&gt;Marcus, ''Menelik II'', p. 241.&lt;/ref&gt; But e no last reach one year before e die, and dem come form council of regency – wey dem no let de empress join – for March 1910.

For early morning wey be 12 December 1913, Menelik die. Dem bury am sharp-sharp without any announcement or ceremony&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 19862&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; for Se'el Bet Kidane Meheret Church, inside Imperial Palace grounds. For 1916, dem go rebury Menelik for di specially built church for Ba'eta Le Mariam Monastery wey dey Addis Ababa.

After Menelik die, dem council wey dey rule still dey run Ethiopia. Lij Iyasu no ever wear di crown as Emperor, and finally, Empress Zewditu waka enter di throne wey Menelik leave on 27 September 1916.

== Legacy ==
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II_(2141756150).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II_(2141756150).jpg|thumb|Equestrian [[:en:Statue_of_Menelik_II|statue of Emperor Menelik II]], de victor of [[:en:Adwa|Adwa]]. De statue was erected by Emperor [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]] plus dedicated on de day before his coronation for 1930, in memory of his predecessor.]]
Adwa Victory Day dem dey celebrate am for March every year, plus e go still inspire Pan-African movements everywhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Legacy of the Battle of Adwa|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/3232/The-Legacy-of-the-Battle-of-Adwa|access-date=2021-10-07|website=www.ezega.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though people sabi Menelik as the one wey start modern Ethiopia, e still get plenty wahala wey follow am because as e army dey do bad things to civilians and fighters wen dem dey take land join am empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=[[Awol Allo]]|date=1 March 2019|title=How a major anti-colonial victory divided Ethiopia|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/3/1/how-a-major-anti-colonial-victory-divided-ethiopia|website=Aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plenti historians dey call am genocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA3&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|title='A place of ghosts:' Ethiopia opens controversial palace to a divided public|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-place-of-ghosts-ethiopia-opens-controversial-palace-to-a-divided-public/2019/10/11/4ddd2d9c-ead5-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html|agency=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria2&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; According to Awol Allo:&lt;blockquote&gt;Di historical person wey gats hand for di win wey dem get for Adwa, Emperor Menelik II, also dey run plenty serious wahala wey he do to different groups for di south side of di country, especially di Oromos, as dem dey fight am make e no expand south. For Oromos, Menelik II be devil wey no fit change. Abeg, di way dem link Adwa wey Menelik II dey, na di main reason why Oromos dey feel somehow about dis historical matter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|title='A place of ghosts:' Ethiopia opens controversial palace to a divided public|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-place-of-ghosts-ethiopia-opens-controversial-palace-to-a-divided-public/2019/10/11/4ddd2d9c-ead5-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html|agency=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;De way Menelik dey shine after him beat Italy fit explain one kind Serb story wey wahala no dey here, wey Mary E. Durham, the English anthropologist, yarn. Dem talk say Menelik plus de Serb king of Montenegro be like family, just because dem name dey resemble - de Ethiopian title Negus plus de village name Njegushi wey Montenegrin royal family come from: 

When these Herzegovinese people waka go Montenegro, plenty of dem go even far pass and settle for the mountain of Abyssinia. Among dem, one branch from Petrovich family wey fit Njegushi, from there Menelik come dey, wey dey carry Negus title plus e be distant cousin to Prince Nikola of Montenegro. This mix of Slav blood wey dey inside, na im make the Abyssinians get fine body and high level of civilization, compare to other African tribes wey dey around.&lt;ref name=&quot;Durham&quot;&gt;[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41499/41499-h/41499-h.htm Durham, Mary Edith, ''Through the Lands of the Serb'', Ch.1.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik dey show as di leader of Ethiopian civilization for di New Frontier season pass of di 4X game Civilization VI.

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:Ilemi_Triangle|Ilemi Triangle]]
* [[:en:Paul_Merab|Paul Merab]]
* [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|1890s African rinderpest epizootic]]
* [[:en:First_Italo-Ethiopian_War|First Italo-Ethiopian War]]


== References ==</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.                                                          
Menelik get only one pikin wey dem sabi, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, but e die without wife and pikin when e just be about fifteen years old, leaving just two daughters behind. Di first daughter, Woizero Shoaregga, first marry Dejazmatch Wodajo Gobena, wey be Ras Gobena Dachi pikin. Dem get one son, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, but di pikin no fit join succession because e be dwarf. For 1892, twenty-five-year-old Woizero Shoaregga marry again, dis time to forty-two-year-old Ras Mikael from Wollo. Dem born two pikin: one daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey go marry at twelve to old Ras Bezabih Tekle Haymanot from Gojjam, but she go die one year later when she dey born; and one son, Lij{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Child.|group=nb}} Iyasu, wey suppose take over as emperor after Menelik die for 1913, but e no ever wear crown and dem go push am out for powerful nobles to support Menelik younger daughter Zewditu for 1916.

Menelik pikin wey be Zewditu Menelik, get long and wahala life. She marry four times, and come be empress wey una no fit forget, first woman wey hold dat title for Ethiopia since Queen of Sheba. She dey only ten years wen Menelik carry am go marry Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, wey be fifteen years old pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, for 1886. For May 1888, Ras Araya Selassie waka come die and Zewditu turn widow for twelve years. She marry two more guys for small time, Gwangul Zegeye and Wube Atnaf Seged, before she marry Gugsa Welle for 1900. Gugsa Welle be Empress Taytu Betul paddy, wey be Menelik third wife. Zewditu get plenty pikin, but none survive to grow old. Menelik die for 1913, and him grandson Iyasu come claim de throne cause him be senior. But dem suspect say Iyasu fit be secret convert wey don change to Islam, wey be di religion of im papa side people. If dem put Muslim for di throne, e go get kasala for Ethiopia for future. So Iyasu no fit wear di crown; dem remove am for 1916, give im aunt, Zewditu. But Zewditu (wey be 40 years old dat time) no get pikin (all di pikin wey she born, die small) and di nobles no want her husband and im family take power and carry di throne. So dem pick Zewditu's cousin, Ras Tafari Makonnen, to be di next in line for di throne pluis regent of di empire. Zewditu get ceremonial work to do plus fit influence people, but di real power dey for di hands of regent Ras Tafari Makonnen, wey take over from am as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.

No be only di three pikin dem wey dem sabi, Menelik dey hear say e get some other pikin dem too. Dem include Ras Birru Wolde Gabriel&lt;ref&gt;British Documents on Foreign Affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. Part II, from the First to the Second World War. Series G, Africa, University Publications of America 1997 p. 249&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Shireff, Bare Feet and Bandoliers, Pen and Sword Military 2009, p. 293&lt;/ref&gt; plus Dejazmach Kebede Tessema.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; Na di last one people dey talk say e be di natural grandfather of Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam,&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Spector, Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews, OUP 2005 p. 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; di communists leader of di Derg wey finally push out di monarchy plus collect power for Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991.

===== Sickness, death plus who go take over =====
[[File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:Mausoleum_of_Menelik_II|Menelik's Mausoleum]]{{#tag:ref|The [[crypt]]s of Menilek (''center''), Taytu Betul (''left''), and Zewditu (''right'').|group=nb}}]]
For 27 October 1909, Menelik get big stroke wey scatter am, and e “mind and spirit don die”. After that, Menelik no fit rule again, plus Empress Taytu&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 1986&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; take charge like boss, till dem appoint Ras Bitwaddad Tesemma as regent.&lt;ref&gt;Marcus, ''Menelik II'', p. 241.&lt;/ref&gt; But e no last reach one year before e die, and dem come form council of regency – wey dem no let de empress join – for March 1910.

For early morning wey be 12 December 1913, Menelik die. Dem bury am sharp-sharp without any announcement or ceremony&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 19862&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; for Se'el Bet Kidane Meheret Church, inside Imperial Palace grounds. For 1916, dem go rebury Menelik for di specially built church for Ba'eta Le Mariam Monastery wey dey Addis Ababa.

After Menelik die, dem council wey dey rule still dey run Ethiopia. Lij Iyasu no ever wear di crown as Emperor, and finally, Empress Zewditu waka enter di throne wey Menelik leave on 27 September 1916.

== Legacy ==
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II_(2141756150).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II_(2141756150).jpg|thumb|Equestrian [[:en:Statue_of_Menelik_II|statue of Emperor Menelik II]], de victor of [[:en:Adwa|Adwa]]. De statue was erected by Emperor [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]] plus dedicated on de day before his coronation for 1930, in memory of his predecessor.]]
Adwa Victory Day dem dey celebrate am for March every year, plus e go still inspire Pan-African movements everywhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Legacy of the Battle of Adwa|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/3232/The-Legacy-of-the-Battle-of-Adwa|access-date=2021-10-07|website=www.ezega.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though people sabi Menelik as the one wey start modern Ethiopia, e still get plenty wahala wey follow am because as e army dey do bad things to civilians and fighters wen dem dey take land join am empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=[[Awol Allo]]|date=1 March 2019|title=How a major anti-colonial victory divided Ethiopia|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/3/1/how-a-major-anti-colonial-victory-divided-ethiopia|website=Aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plenti historians dey call am genocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA3&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|title='A place of ghosts:' Ethiopia opens controversial palace to a divided public|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-place-of-ghosts-ethiopia-opens-controversial-palace-to-a-divided-public/2019/10/11/4ddd2d9c-ead5-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html|agency=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria2&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; According to Awol Allo:&lt;blockquote&gt;Di historical person wey gats hand for di win wey dem get for Adwa, Emperor Menelik II, also dey run plenty serious wahala wey he do to different groups for di south side of di country, especially di Oromos, as dem dey fight am make e no expand south. For Oromos, Menelik II be devil wey no fit change. Abeg, di way dem link Adwa wey Menelik II dey, na di main reason why Oromos dey feel somehow about dis historical matter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|title='A place of ghosts:' Ethiopia opens controversial palace to a divided public|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-place-of-ghosts-ethiopia-opens-controversial-palace-to-a-divided-public/2019/10/11/4ddd2d9c-ead5-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html|agency=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;De way Menelik dey shine after him beat Italy fit explain one kind Serb story wey wahala no dey here, wey Mary E. Durham, the English anthropologist, yarn. Dem talk say Menelik plus de Serb king of Montenegro be like family, just because dem name dey resemble - de Ethiopian title Negus plus de village name Njegushi wey Montenegrin royal family come from: 

When these Herzegovinese people waka go Montenegro, plenty of dem go even far pass and settle for the mountain of Abyssinia. Among dem, one branch from Petrovich family wey fit Njegushi, from there Menelik come dey, wey dey carry Negus title plus e be distant cousin to Prince Nikola of Montenegro. This mix of Slav blood wey dey inside, na im make the Abyssinians get fine body and high level of civilization, compare to other African tribes wey dey around.&lt;ref name=&quot;Durham&quot;&gt;[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41499/41499-h/41499-h.htm Durham, Mary Edith, ''Through the Lands of the Serb'', Ch.1.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik dey show as di leader of Ethiopian civilization for di New Frontier season pass of di 4X game Civilization VI.

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:Ilemi_Triangle|Ilemi Triangle]]
* [[:en:Paul_Merab|Paul Merab]]
* [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|1890s African rinderpest epizootic]]
* [[:en:First_Italo-Ethiopian_War|First Italo-Ethiopian War]]


== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

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{{Databox}}
'''Menelik II''' ({{langx|gez|ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ}} {{Transliteration|sem|''dagmawi mənilək''}}{{#tag:ref|''Dagmawi'' means &quot;the second&quot;.|group=nb}}; Horse wey dem dey call Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው abba daññäw); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), dem don baptize am as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም sahlä maryam). E be king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Ethiopia {{#tag:ref|''Nəgusä Nägäst''.|group=nb}} from 1889 till e die for 1913.When e reach di peak of him power inside an outside, him don almost finish di whole territorial expansion and di make of modern empire-state by 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19912&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik turn Ethiopian Empire go beta level: him put important things wey go modernize the country, with help from some big minister dem. Outside, Menilik carry Ethiopian soldiers fight Italian attackers for the First Italo-Ethiopian War; after he win big for the Battle of Adwa, obodo wey dey outside show respect for Ethiopia independence, dem come send diplomats go his palace and talk about wetin go be Ethiopia border with the kingdoms wey dey near am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zewde, Bahru 19913&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru.&lt;/ref&gt;Menelik carry him area go south and east, enter Oromo, Kaffa, Sidama, Wolayta and other kingdoms or people dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 192&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Later for him reign, Menelik set up di first cabinet of ministers to help run di empire, appointing people wey him trust and wey everybody sabi well to fill di first ministries.&lt;ref&gt;Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis ministers go dey around long after e die, dem go still chop demma posts even when Lij Iyasu dey reign (wey dem help come down) and go enter Empress Zewditu reign too.

== Ein early life ==
Menelik be di pikin of di Shewan Amhara king, Negus Haile Melekot, and e fit be from di palace girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt; E born for Angolalla and dem give am di name Sahle Maryam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menelik12&quot;&gt;T. Etefa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TtmAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT197 ''Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation'']: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; E papa, wen e dey 18, e don put Ejigayehu belle, then e just waka pass;&lt;ref&gt;Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2&lt;/ref&gt; plus e no even sabi say Menelik don born.&lt;ref&gt;Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19&lt;/ref&gt; De boy sabi enjoy respect for di royal house and him gree do di traditional church school.&lt;ref&gt;Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1855, di Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II, come invade di semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early for di battles wey follow, Haile Malakot die, and Menelik dey capture, carried go di emperor mountain palace, Amba Magdela. But Tewodros treat di young prince well, even gave am marriage to him daughter, Altash Tewodros, wey Menelik accept.

When dem lock up Menelik, him uncle, Haile Mikael, become Shum{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to [[Governor]].|group=nb}} of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros wey give am title Meridazmach.{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Supreme General.|group=nb}} But Meridazmach Haile Mikael come dey fight Tewodros and dem replace am with Ato Bezabeh, wey no be royal.{{#tag:ref|Equivalent to Sir or Mr.|group=nb}} Ato Bezabeh come dey fight too, come declare himself Negus of Shewa. As Shewan royals wey dey prison for Magdela no dey mind as long as one of dem dey rule, dis common man don vex dem. Dem plan make Menelik run from Magdela; with help from Mohammed Ali and Queen Worqitu of Wollo, he run early morning on 1 July 1865, leave him wife, come back to Shewa. Tewodros no like am, come kill 29 Oromo hostages and beat 12 Amhara important people to death with bamboo sticks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|publisher=Red Sea Press|year=1995|isbn=1-56902-010-8|location=Lawrenceville|pages=24ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== King of Shewa ==
[[File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik,_king_of_Shewa_1877.png|thumb|Dem carve picture wey show Menelik like king of Shewa, 1877]]
Bezabeh try raise army wey go fight Menelik, e no work; plenty Shewans come gather for de flag of Negus Haile Melekot pikin and even Bezabeh own soldiers run go join de prince wey dey return. Menelik enter Ankober come talk say na him be Negus.

As Menelik dey take back im family Shewan crown, e also wan claim di imperial throne, as direct pikin of Emperor Lebna Dengel. But for dis time, e no really try show dat claim; Author Harold Marcus talk say na because Menelik no get confident plus experience, plus say &quot;e no fit destroy di man wey treat am like son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold|title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|location=Oxford|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no wan join the 1868 Expedition wey go Abyssinia, so e allow him rival Kassai to chop gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the British. When Tewodros die by suicide, Menelik arrange big celebration for him death even though e dey sad inside. Wen one British diplomat ask am why e do am, e reply say &quot;to make the people happy ... as for me, I for just waka go bush to cry for ... [him] early death ... I don lose de person wey teach me, and na him I sabi love with true heart always.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

After, more wahala come – people for Wollo dey rebel, second wife Befana dey plot to push am out for ruler position, military yawa against Arsi Oromo for southeast – all this one dey hold Menelik back from facing Kassai direct until Kassai go bring Abuna from Egypt wey crown am Emperor Yohannes IV.

Menelik be wise guy wey sabi how to build im power. E dey throw big three-day party for locals make dem like am, e no dey waste time to build pally pally with Muslims (like Muhammad Ali from Wollo), and e dey find joint wey go fit give am guns and political backup like the French and Italians. For 1876, one Italian group waka go Ethiopia led by Marchese Orazio Antinori wey talk say Menelik be &quot;very friendly, and serious weapons fan, wey sabi how dem work well well&quot;. Another Italian talk say Menelik get de mind of small pikin; anything fit catch im attention ... E show say e get big brain plus sabi how to handle machine matter. Menelik dey talk sharp and quick. E no dey vex, Chiarini talk say, 'e dey listen calm, sabi, and with sense... E get mind wey dey see wetin go happen and e be true soldier, e love weapons pass anything.' Di visitors too confirm say people like am well well, and e dey always dey around dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Menelik sabi politics plus military well well, e make moves wey later go help am as e dey expand e empire.

== Succession ==
For 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV dem kill am for war wey dem dey call Mahdist State for Battle of Gallabat (Metemma).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Menelek II.|page=128|volume=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; As e dey breathe last, Yohannes talk say make im pikin, Dejazemach Mengesha Yohannes, be im heir. On 25 March, when Menelik hear say Yohannes don die, e just claim say im be emperor right away.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mockler, p. 89&quot;&gt;Mockler, p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik talk say as Yohannes family dey claim say dem fit trace dem roots go King Solomon and Queen of Sheba through di women for dem line, him claim dey base on direct male lineage wey no break. Dis one make di Shewa family matter dey stand equal to di elder Gondar family for di dynasty. Menelik, and later him pikin Zewditu, go be di last Ethiopian kings wey fit claim say dem get direct male lineage from King Solomon and di Queen of Sheba (Lij Iyasu and Emperor Haile Selassie dey follow female line, Iyasu through him mama Shewarega Menelik, plus Haile Selassie through him papa mama, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

At de end, Menelik fit gather plenty of Ethiopian nobility to follow am. For 3 November 1889, dem crown am Emperor in front of big crowd wey get plenty dignitaries plus clergy, by Abuna Mattewos, wey be Bishop of Shewa, for Church of Mary on Mount Entoto.&lt;ref&gt;Mockler, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; De new Emperor Menelik II sharp-sharp waka go tour the north with strong force. Him collect de loyalty from local officials for Lasta, Yejju, Gojjam, Wollo, den Begemder.

== Dem dey conquer di neighboring states plus dem don beat di Italians ==

===== Conquests =====
{{main|Menelik II's conquests}}
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_1_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1879–89]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_2_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1889–96]]
[[File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_campaign_map_3_3-es.svg|thumb|Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904]]
Dem dey talk say Menelik na di man wey start modern Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;A35&quot;&gt;By Michael B. Lentakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C&amp;dq=%22Menelik+II+is+the+actual+founder+of+the+modern+Ethopian+Empire.%22&amp;pg=PA8 Ethiopia: A View from Within]. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A37&quot;&gt;Joel Augustus Rogers [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3wMAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22the+emperor+menelik+unifier+of+modern+Ethiopia%22 The Real Facts about Ethiopia]. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Before Menelik chop colonial conquest,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gnamo|first1=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfjYAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=menelik+conquest&amp;pg=PA151|title=Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo|date=23 January 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004265486|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia and di Adal Sultanate don suffer plenty battles, di latest one na for 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ethiopian+adal+war&amp;pg=PA270|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=27 March 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;During dat time, di way dem dey fight no change much. For 16th century, di Portuguese Bermudes mark say dem kill plenty people and do bad things to civilians plus soldiers (like torture, mass killing, plus big slavery) for de time of di Gadaa conquests wey Aba Gedas lead for places wey dey north of Genale river (Bali, Amhara, Gafat, Damot, Adal).&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-2&quot;&gt;Richard Pankhurst [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA284 The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books&quot;], 1997. p. 284.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D3-3&quot;&gt;J. Bermudez [https://books.google.com/books?id=b0_uAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neighbours+%22only+to+destroy+and+depopulate%22+%22slay+all+the+men%22+%22kill+the+old+women%22++%22keep+the+young%22+%22use+and+service%22+conquer&amp;pg=PA229 The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books&quot;], 1543. p. 229.&lt;/ref&gt; War for di area no be small matter, e involve sabi get cattle and slaves, conquer more land, control trade routes, follow rituals, or collect trophies wey go show say man be man.&lt;ref name=&quot;D7&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22importance+of+warfare+as+a+form+of+intertribal+relations+in+Greater+Ethiopia%22+cattle+slaves+territory+%22trade+routes%22+%22ritual+requirements%22+%22virtually+all%22+%22hostile+contact%22+trophies+masculinity&amp;pg=PA43 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D11&quot;&gt;W. G. Clarence-Smith [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hfl5rpXM1sC&amp;dq=%22Kaffa+the+state+was+actively+involved+in+the+harvesting+of+captives.+As+Kaffa+expanded+after+1800+skirmishes+with+other+Omotic+states+like+Kullo+and+Walamo%22&amp;pg=PA107 The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century]. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA13&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D15&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus [[iarchive:historyofethiopi00marc/page/55|&lt;!-- quote=&quot;Slaves were often provided by Oromo and Sidamo rulers who raided their neighbors or who enslaved their own people for even minor crimes&quot;. --&gt; A History of Ethiopia]]. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA12&quot;&gt;Prof. Feqadu Lamessa [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/july282013/oromo-truths-fl.php History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia]. Salem-News.com (2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik show Ras Mengesha Yohannes some kindness, e even make am prince for im own Tigray, but dem no treat am well as revolt upon revolt come rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; For 1898, Menelik handle wahala wey Ras Mengesha start (wey die for 1906).&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; After this, Menelik shift hin focus to make sure hin power strong, and small, make everywhere for him country dey open for outside influences.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; League of Nations for 1920 talk say after Menelik forces invade where no be Abyssinia like Somalis, Harari, Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella, dem people wey dey there become slave plus dem dey pay serious tax under Gabbar system wey make plenty people waka go.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations18205Ethiopia.pdf|title=Ethiopia: land of slavery &amp; brutality|date=180|publisher=League of Nations|pages=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik gather plenty northern areas through wetin dem dey call political agreement. Only Gojjam no join, dem dey give tribute to Shewan Kingdom after dem lose for the Battle of Embabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA5&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington [https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&amp;dq=%22menilik+defeated+and+captured+the+negus+of+Gojjam%22&amp;pg=PA506 Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set] (2013) p. 506 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Most western plus central areas like Jimma, Welega Province plus Chebo just surrender to Menelik people without wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Aba+Jifar+of+Jimma+submitted+to+Menelik|title=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA|publisher=Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle|year=1979|page=715}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local soldiers like Ras Gobana Dacche, Ras Mikael Ali, Habtegyorgis Dinegde, Balcha Aba Nefso join Menelik army wey dey push go south to collect more lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA6&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Mikael%27s+artillery%22+%22machine-gunners%22&amp;pg=PA196 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 196 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA7&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fFyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22went+to+arsi+with+Ras+Gobena+on+one+of+his+many+attempts+to+conquer%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA8&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze [https://books.google.com/books?id=gzwoedwOkQMC&amp;dq=%22Menelik+had+guaranteed+Jimma+autonomy+in+1882%22&amp;pg=PA208 Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia] (2000) p. 208 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA9&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2jjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22If+Habte-Girogis+is+with+us+and+Teferi+is+very+young%22 Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)] (1994) p. 370 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA10&quot;&gt;John Markakis [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;dq=%22minister+of+war,+fitawrari+habte+giorgis%22+%22the+old+warlord%27s+army+of+some+16,000+men%22+%22vast+estates,+stores%22+weapons+%22and+other+sources+of+wealth%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2wp28ma_MAhVI6RQKHavvBewQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22minister%20of%20war%2C%20fitawrari%20habte%20giorgis%22%20%22the%20old%20warlord's%20army%20of%20some%2016%2C000%20men%22%20%22vast%20estates%2C%20stores%22%20weapons%20%22and%20other%20sources%20of%20wealth%22&amp;f=false Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers] (2011) p. 109 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D16&quot;&gt;Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&amp;dq=%22Abba+Jifar+II+of+Jimma%22+%22Ras+Mikael%22+%22Fitawrari+Gabayahu%22+%22Hayla-Maryam+Wale%22+Makonnen+%22ras+walda-giyorgis%22&amp;pg=PA415 &quot;Between the Jaws of Hyenas&quot;: A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

For around 1870s, Menelik waka from Shewa to join all di lands plus people of South, East, and West make dem one empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Young 1998 1922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=John Young |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis period wey dem call 'Agar Maqnat' be like say dem dey cultivate land.&lt;ref&gt;Tibebu, ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974'', p.40&lt;/ref&gt; Di people wey Menelik carry join am na di southerners – Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta plus plenty other groups.{{rp|2}} Historian Raymond Jonas talk say di way Menelik take conquer Emirate of Harar no easy, e be 'brutal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p_8XB-OeMMC&amp;dq=the+shoan+occupation+of+harar+was+brutal+and+menelik&amp;pg=PA76|title=The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire|date=15 November 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674062795|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For places dem join peace like Jimma, Leka, plus Wolega, dem still dey follow dia own way no wahala; but for areas wey dem join after war, di new rulers no go touch di people religion plus dem treat dem lawfully den justly.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22not+violating+their+customers+and+religious+beliefs+and+treating+them+lawfully+and+justly.%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books&quot;]: 2000. p. 69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-1&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22former+order+has+been+preserved%22+%22do+not+interfere+in+their+self-government%22 Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books&quot;], 2000. p. 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D17&quot;&gt;Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich [http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=16 December 2017}} samizdat 1993&lt;/ref&gt; But for di places wey dem take soldier power, Menelik army do plenty bad things to civilians and fighters, like torture, kill people anyhow, den enslave plenty pipo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; Big wahala happen wey dem do de Dizi people plus Kaficho Kingdom people.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Haberland, &quot;Amharic Manuscript&quot;, pp. 241ff&lt;/ref&gt; E be say some people fit talk say de number wey die cause de war, hunger plus those bad things don pass millions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceY&quot;&gt;Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;Eshete Gemeda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aUcbtM9k_fgC&amp;dq=million+of+Oromo&amp;pg=PA186 African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective], p. 186&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68&lt;/ref&gt; Dem try different ways wey Menelik plus Belgian king Leopold II go fit join hand more than once.&lt;ref&gt;Jesman, 1959: [https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/58/231/145/50676?redirectedFrom=PDF Leopold II and Ethiopia]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Foundation of Addis Ababa =====
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II's_Humble_Palace,_Addis_Abeba,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De [[:en:Menelik_Palace|Menelik Palace]] for [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]]]]
For long time, Ethiopia no get proper capital; instead, dem dey move royal camp around. At one point, Menelik camp dey for Mount Entoto, but for 1886, while Menelik dey fight for Harar, Empress Taytu Betul camp for hot spring wey dey south of Mount Entoto. She decide say she go build house there and from 1887, na im be her permanent base wey she name Addis Ababa (new flower). Menelik generals all get land nearby to build demma own houses, plus for 1889, work start for new royal palace.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14&lt;/ref&gt; De city grow fast, and by 1910, the place get around 70,000 people wey dey live there steady, plus 50,000 more wey dey come den go.&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture,  New Africa Press 2013 p. 264&lt;/ref&gt; Na only for 1917, after Menelik die, railway from Djibouti fit reach de city.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon Addis Getahun &amp; Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

===== De Great Famine (1888–1892) =====
Babylon wey Menelik dey rule, di wahala wey happen from 1888 to 1892 na di worst famine for di area. E don kill about one-third of people wey dey there, wey dem sabi say dey be roughly 12 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;Peter Gill [https://books.google.com.et/books?id=lzZpOyYE1DYC&amp;pg=PT41&amp;dq=%22The+Great+Famine+that+resulted+may+have+killed+a+third+of+Ethiopia%27s+population,+then+put+at+12+million.%22+worst&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi02bK1mOTNAhXJ1xQKHdWVDPwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20Great%20Famine%20that%20resulted%20may%20have%20killed%20a%20third%20of%20Ethiopia's%20population%2C%20then%20put%20at%2012%20million.%22%20worst&amp;f=false ''Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid''] OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala come from rinderpest, wey be bad virus wey dey affect cow, e don finish plenty of di national cattle, over 90% don die. Di local cows no sabi dis sickness before, so dem no fit fight am off.&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNHaXJyldXkC&amp;dq=rinderpest+%2290+percent+of+the+cattle+of+Ethiopia+perished%22+%22no+prior+exposure%22+%22unexposed+native+cattle+populations%22+%22unable+to+fight%22+%22not+more+than+7+or+8+percent%22&amp;pg=PA257 ''Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges''] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Wuchale Treaty =====
{{main|Treaty of Wuchale}}
[[File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abyssinia1891map-excerpt1.jpg|thumb|Abyssinia (Ethiopia) for one 1891 map, wey show dem national borders before de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]]]
For 2 May 1889, as Menelik dey fight for throne against Ras Mengesha Yohannes, wey be natural pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, e sign treaty with Italy for Wuchale (dem dey call am Uccialli for Italian) for Wollo province. Dem agree say Ethiopia plus Italy go fit settle how boundary go be between Eritrea plus Ethiopia. Like, dem both agree say Arafali, Halai, Segeneiti, plus Asmara dey insyde Italian border. Plus, Italians promise say dem no go disturb Ethiopian traders plus go allow Ethiopian goods to pass safely, especially military weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Wuchale|url=http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601015943/http://www.snem.tk/documents/wuchale.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De treaty also make sure say Ethiopian government go own the Monastery of Debre Bizen but go no use am for military matter.

But, e get two versions of de treaty, one dey Italian plus another dey Amharic. Menelik no sabi say de Italian version dey give Italy more power pass wetin dem agree. De Italians think say dem don sharp Menelik trick into say make e pledge loyalty to Italy. But as Menelik find out say dem don change am, e reject de treaty. Dem try give am bribe with two million rounds of ammunition but e no gree. Den dem go meet Ras Mengesha from Tigray try start kwikwi war, but Ras Mengesha know say Ethiopia independence dey risk, so e no wan be Italian puppet. So, de Italians prepare to attack Ethiopia with army led by Oreste Baratieri. Later, dem declare war den start to invade Ethiopia.

===== Italo-Ethiopian War =====
{{main|First Italo-Ethiopian War}}Menelik no gree with Article 17 of di treaty, so e cause di Battle of Adwa. Before di Italians fit start dem invasion, some Eritreans don dey rebel try to push dem Italians comot from Eritrea den stop dem from entering Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Haggai|first1=Erlich|title=Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897|date=1997|publisher=African World Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di rebellion no work wey well. But some Eritreans still manage sneak go Ethiopian camp and dey join fight di Italians for Adwa.

For 17 September 1895, Menelik don order all the Ethiopian nobles make dem bring dem banners come out plus gather dem feudal boys, talk say: &quot;One enemy don land from sea. E don break through our borders, wan destroy our land and our faith. I fit allow am take my things and I dey negotiate with am long time make e no shed blood. But the enemy no wan hear. E dey undermine our land and our people like mole. Enough! With God help, I go defend my forefathers inheritance plus push de invader back with force. Make every man wey get strength follow me. And if you no get strength, just pray for us.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Menelik opponent, General Oreste Baratieri, no take de size of de Ethiopian force serious, e predict say Menelik fit only gather 30,000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Musée_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_national_d'Ethiopie-Canon_de_la_bataille_d'Adwa_(1).jpg|thumb| cannon wey  Menelik don use at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]] on display at de [[:en:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia|National Museum of Ethiopia]]]]
Even though dem Italian people talk say Ethiopia be barbaric place wey the men no fit match white soldiers, na lie be dat! Ethiopians dey well armed, dem get plenty modern rifles and Hotchkiss guns plus ammunition wey pass wetin Italian get.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik make sure say him infantry den artillerymen sabi how to use dem well, so dem get big advantage sekof Hotchkiss artillery fit fire faster pass Italian one. For 1887, one British big man, Gerald Portal, dey talk say after e see the Ethiopian warriors dey show for front am, e notice say di Ethiopians get plenty courage, dem no fear die, and dem get strong national pride wey make dem look down on any body wey no be born like dem, wey dem dey call Abyssinian [Ethiopian].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC2&quot; /&gt;

Di emperor self carry im army go attack Italian force wey Major Toselli lead for 7 December 1895 for Boota Hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrogant Armies2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Ethiopians jam 350 Eritrean irregulars for di left side, dem tumbled under di Ethiopian wahala, naim make Toselli send two companies of Italian infantry wey stop di Ethiopian push.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=207}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just as Toselli dey happy for im supposed win, di main Ethiopian attack come drop for im right side, make Toselli order retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di emperor best general, Ras Makonnen, don take over di road wey go back to Eritrea, and launch heavy surprise attack wey scatter di Italians.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt; Di Battle of Amba Alagi end with 2,150 Italian men, 1,000 men and 20 officers don loss dem life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot; /&gt;

Ras Makonnen no waste time, him follow up de win wey he beat General Arimondi, make de Italians retreat to the fort for Mekele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ras Makonnen come lay siege for de fort, plus for morning of 7 January 1896, the people wey dey defend de fort see big red tent among de besiegers, e mean say de emperor don show face.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January 1896, de emperor elite Shoan infantry capture the fort well, and dem brush off desperate Italian wey wan take back de well.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 January 1896, the fort commander, Major Galliano, wey him men dey suffer dehydration, raise white flag surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Galliano and him men fit march out, drop their weapons, den go free.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik talk say he free the Italians 'to show my Christian faith,' say the wahala wey he get na with the Italian government led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi wey dey try conquer him nation, no be de ordinary Italian soldiers wey dem force join the fight.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik dey show plenty kindness to di defenders of Fort Mekele, e fit be like e dey do some mind game. E don talk to French and Russian diplomats, so e sabi say di war and Crispi no dey sweet for Italy. One of di main things wey Crispi dey use for his propaganda na di wahala wey dem dey talk say dem do di Italian POWs. For Menelik eye, allowing di Italian POWs make dem go free and no touch dem na di best way to clear dis propaganda and scatter support for Crispi.
[[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Emperor Menelik II at de [[:en:Battle_of_Adwa|Battle of Adwa]]. ''[[:en:Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'', 1898]]
Crispi don send another 15,000 men go Horn of Africa and tell di main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, make e finish di 'barbarians'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Baratieri dey waste time, Menelik gats pull back on 17 February 1896 as him big army dey finish food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Crispi send one insulting telegram dey call Baratieri coward, on 28 February 1896, di Italians decide say dem go fight Menelik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=James|title=Arrogant Armies|date=2005|publisher=Castle Books|pages=210–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 1896, di two armies meet for Adwa. Di Ethiopians come out  with victory.

As victory land for Adwa and dem don scatter Italian army, Eritrea dey Menelik hand but him no gree occupy am. E be like say Menelik sabi pass wetin Europe people dey think. Him see say if e attack, Italians go bring all dem strength come disturb him country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.L.|title=The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa|date=1988|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-0113-0|edition=1|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, instead, him wan fix the peace wey Italians don scatter with demma wahala seven years ago. Wen him sign de treaty, Menelik show say e dey sharp for politics as e promise each nation wetin dem go fit gain and make sure sey na him country go benefit, no be another. After all, dem finally agree for Treaty of Addis Ababa. Italy gree recognize Ethiopia independence, as dem talk for Article 3 of de treaty. France den Britain too sign am. plus if one nation try to reject am, de other two go no gree, sekof no country wan make any other country gain more power.

== Developments for de time wey Menelik's  de reign ==

===== Foreign policy =====
[[File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_1909,_Edward_Hertslet_(Map_of_Africa_by_treaty,_3rd_edition).jpg|right|thumb|After de Treaty wey[[:en:Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa|Treaty of Addis Ababa]]   sign for 1896, Europeans sabi say Ethiopia dey. Menelik come finalize signing treaties with dem Europeans to mark di border of modern Ethiopia by 1904.]]
After Menelik win for de First Italo-Ethiopian War, European people no waste time to change how dem dey relate with Ethiopian Empire. Delegation from UK and France—wey dem get obodo next to Ethiopia—come enter Ethiopian capital sharp sharp to negotiate their own treaties with dis new powerhouse. As dem quickly take advantage of Italy wahala, French influence burst up well well and France become one of the biggest European powers for Menelik court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 1896, French diplomatic team land for Addis Ababa, and on 20 March 1897, dem sign treaty wey dem describe as &quot;véritable traité d'alliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt; E for turn, as French wahala dey grow for Ethiopia, London people dey fear say French go fit take control of Blue Nile plus push British commot from Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Harold G. |year=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One night before Adwa battle, two Sudanese guys from Mahdiyya come meet Menelik for him camp wey dey Adwa. Dem wan talk how dem go join force fight Italians. For July 1896, one Ethiopian representative dey Abdallahi ibn Muhammad court for Omdurman. British dey fear say Menelik go support Mahdists revolt, so dem send diplomatic team go Ethiopia, den on 14 May 1897, dem sign Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty. Menelik tell British say he no go support Mahdists and he call dem enemy of him country, as he go gree give dem part of Haud area wey dey northeast, wey be traditional Somali grazing land. For December 1897, Ras Makonnen lead expedition go fight Mahdists to take de gold area wey dem dey call Benishangul-Gumuz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Ronald|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=663}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f71M3BC6TtIC&amp;q=pg=PA118|title=The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism|date=2005|publisher=B&amp;T Database Management|isbn=9780875864150|pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Introducing new technology =====
[[File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa-Djibouti_train_leaving,_c._1912..jpg|left|thumb|For 1894, Menelik gree make dem build de [[:en:Ethio-Djibouti_Railways|Ethio-Djibouti Railways]]]]
Menelik dey feel this modern vibes well well, and like Tewodros II wey come before am, e get strong mind to bring all de Western tech and sabi wey go help Ethiopia. After di big powers rush come establish relations after Ethiopia win Adwa, more and more white people start dey come Ethiopia for trade, farming, hunting, plus to look for mineral deals.&lt;ref&gt;See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual 	and Kingship,” ''West 86th'' 26 no. 1, 61-79.https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_&lt;/ref&gt; Menelik be de one wey start di first modern bank for Ethiopia, di Bank of Abyssinia, him bring di first modern postal system come, sign agreement  start work wey build di Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with di French. E also carry electricity come Addis Ababa, plus telephone, telegraph, motor car, plus modern plumbing. E try but no fit bring coin make dem replace di Maria Theresa thaler.

For 1894, Menelik gree give pass to build railway wey go carry people from Djibouti port go im capital. But in 1902, France come talk say dem wan control de railway wey dey for Ethiopian land, so e come stop dem for four years from extending the railway past Dire Dawa. But for 1906, when France, UK, plus Italy gree wey dem go join body for de matter, Menelik come show say him still dey fully get control over everything for im empire.

One gist dey go say, Menelik hear say dem dey use electric chairs to carry out punishment for criminals during 1890s. E order 3 for him kingdom. When di chairs land, Menelik come find out say e no go fit work, since Ethiopia no get electric power system yet. Instead make e waste him money, Menelik come use one chair as him throne, send di other one to him second (Lique Mekwas) or Abate Ba-Yalew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Van Paassen|first1=Pierre|title=Days of Our Years|date=1939|publisher=London: Heinemann|page=315|quote=We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi [palace] in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik’s days, the great Negus [Emperor] used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.}}&lt;/ref&gt; But recent research don show say this story no really hold water and e fit be say na Canadian journalist form am during di 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 September 2010|title=The Emperor's electric chair|url=http://mikedashhistory.com/2010/09/09/the-emperors-electric-chair/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=mikedashhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal life plus death ==
Di British journalist Augustus B. Wylde talk say after e meet Menelik: &quot;I see am as person wey get plenty kind heart, e dey sharp plus wise, plus e sabi plenty tings, but when e come to England and di resources, e no too sabi; di info wey e get about our country no come from correct sources, na people wey no too like us; dem no wan make Englishmen do any business or diplomacy with Abyssinia [Ethiopia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

After Count Gleichen meet am, e write say: &quot;Menelik dey nice plus e get respect; e dey polite den kind, plus e dey simple for hin behavior, e gree make you feel say e wan tackle matter sharp-sharp, no time for sweet talk or waka round like some big chiefs for East... E also dey try make sure say e fit connect with him people anytime, ready to hear wetin dem dey talk. Na so e dey work well, sekof everybody wey dey under am dey show real love for am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lord Edward Gleichen|Count Gleichen]], ''With the Mission to Menelik, 1897'', Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Ahmed &quot;Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906&quot; ''The Journal of Ethiopian Studies'', Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Wives ===
[[File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taitu_Betul_v_d.jpg|left|thumb|Taytu Betul, de third wife of Menelik]]
Menelik don marry three times but e no fit born any legit pikin for any of him wives. But e dey talk say, e don born plenty pikin with women wey no be him wives, plus he don recognize three of dem as him own pikin.

For 1864, Menelik marry Woizero Altash Tewodros, but dem divorce for 1865; dem no born any pikin. Altash Tewodros be daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. As Menelik dey hold for Tewodros side, na then dem marry. De marriage scatter when Menelik run come out, leave am. Later, she fit marry Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos from Adwa.

For 1865, dat year he waka comot from him first wife, Menelik commot marry di older noblewoman Woizero Bafena Wolde Michael. Dis marriage no born pikin, and dem dey together for seventeen years before dem scatter in 1882. Menelik really like him wife, but she no get real love for am. Woizero Befana don born plenty pikin from before, and she dey more worry about dem than her current husband. For long time, people dey suspect say she dey connect with Emperor Yohannes IV wey wan take her pikin take replace Menelik for Shewa throne. At last, she enter one plan to remove Menelik while he be King of Shewa. When di plan no work, Woizero Befana dey separate from Menelik, but him still dey feel for her. Dem try to bring dem back together, but when him family plus courtiers suggest new young wives for di king, him go dey sad talk say, &quot;You wan make me look these women like how I dey look Befana?&quot; This one show say he still dey admire her beauty plus him dey miss her.

At long last, Menelik fit divorce im traitor wife for 1882, plus for 1883, e marry Taytu Betul. Dis new wife don marry four times before, so Menelik be her fifth husband. Dem tie the knot for full communion church service, so di marriage be valid and no fit break, unlike di ones wey Menelik get before. Di marriage no gree produce pikin, but e go last till im die. When Menelik take reign, Taytu Betul go become empress consort, she go be di strongest consort wey Ethiopian monarch get since Empress Mentewab. She dey enjoy big influence on Menelik and im court till di end, thanks to her family background. Empress Taytu Betul be noblewoman with royal blood, from one of di leading families for Semien, Yejju for modern Wollo, and Begemder. Her papa brother, Dejazmatch Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, don rule Tigray and plenty northern Ethiopia. She den her uncle Ras Wube na two of di most powerful people among Ras Gugsa Mursa descendants, wey be ruler from Oromo side of Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes sabi extend im power for north Ethiopia because of Taytu connections wey her family get for Begemider, Semien, plus Yejju; she dey advise am well well, plus she carry 5,000 troops go Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA3&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22emperor+Yohannes+and+the+broadening+of+his+power+base%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA21&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=her+cannoneers Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; From 1906, Taytu Betul be dey run things for Menelik when e dey sick. Menelik and Taytu Betul own 70,000 slaves together.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAME&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author2=Gorman, editor|author3=Anthony|author4=consultants, Andrew Newman, historical|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1438126760|location=New York|page=516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abba Jifar II too dey carry over 10,000 slaves plus him  allow him soldiers make dem capture people wey they fight with him plus him neighboring tribes. This kind matter don dey happen between tribes for Ethiopia for plenty years.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA132&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Afar+made+slaves+of+Amhara%22+%22slaves+were+acquired+by+conquering+other+peoples%2C+by+taking+captives+in+war%2C+or+in+slave-raiding+expeditions%22&amp;pg=PA56 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA14&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla%27s+most+esteemed+adversaries+in+war+have+in+fact+been+other+Gallinya-speaking+communities%22&amp;pg=PA136 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA15&quot;&gt;Donald N. Levine [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC&amp;dq=%22Galla+captives+being+sold+by+other+Galla%22&amp;pg=PA156 Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society]. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;

Taytu dey join political marriages wey her Yejju plus Semien family dem do with important Shewan big men like Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye, wey be Governor for Kaffa, Ras Mekonen wey dey run Harar, plus Menelik first daughter Zewditu Menelik wey come be Nigeste Negestat of di empire after dem comot Lij Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot;&gt;Chris Prouty [https://books.google.com/books?id=8bItAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22yejju%2C+ras+gugsa+wele%22 Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910]. Ravens Educational &amp; Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books&lt;/ref&gt; Taytu step daughter, Zewditu, marry am nephew Ras Gugsa Welle wey dey manage Begemider till about di 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MenelikA4&quot; /&gt;

===== Natural children =====
[[File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Abyssinia_Vanity_Fair_1897-07-29.jpg|thumb|Menelik caricatured by ''Glick'' for ''[[:en:Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1897]]
Before e marry Taytu Betul, Menelik don get plenty pikin for outside. From dem, e pick three special pikin (two girls and one boy) wey e go fit call im own. Dis be dem:

# One pikin, Woizero Shoaregga Menelik, wey born for 1867.{{#tag:ref|Also spelled &quot;Shoaregga&quot; and &quot;Shewa Regga&quot;.|group=nb}} She go marry two times and her pikin dem be: 
#* One pikin, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, wey born from di first marriage; dem no go fit consider am for di throne because e small like dwarf.
#* One pikin, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey marry when she just 12 years, but she come die after she born pikin one year later.
#* E be one pikin, wey dem dey call am Emperor Iyasu V. E take over when Menelik die for 1913, but dem no crown am; for 1916, some strong nobles come push am out.
# One pikin, Woizero (later Empress) Zewditu Menelik, wey born for 1876, chop life till e die for 1930.{{#tag:ref|Eventually Empress of Ethiopia.|group=nb}} She marry four times, get pikin but nobody fit survive reach big person stage. Dem declare her Empress for her own right for 1916, but na just figurehead; real power dey for Ras Tafari Makonnen hand, wey later take over as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.
# One pikin, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, wey born for 1873. E die no marry and no get pikin when e dey like fifteen years old.                                                          
Menelik get only one pikin wey dem sabi, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, but e die without wife and pikin when e just be about fifteen years old, leaving just two daughters behind. Di first daughter, Woizero Shoaregga, first marry Dejazmatch Wodajo Gobena, wey be Ras Gobena Dachi pikin. Dem get one son, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, but di pikin no fit join succession because e be dwarf. For 1892, twenty-five-year-old Woizero Shoaregga marry again, dis time to forty-two-year-old Ras Mikael from Wollo. Dem born two pikin: one daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, wey go marry at twelve to old Ras Bezabih Tekle Haymanot from Gojjam, but she go die one year later when she dey born; and one son, Lij{{#tag:ref|Roughly equivalent to Child.|group=nb}} Iyasu, wey suppose take over as emperor after Menelik die for 1913, but e no ever wear crown and dem go push am out for powerful nobles to support Menelik younger daughter Zewditu for 1916.

Menelik pikin wey be Zewditu Menelik, get long and wahala life. She marry four times, and come be empress wey una no fit forget, first woman wey hold dat title for Ethiopia since Queen of Sheba. She dey only ten years wen Menelik carry am go marry Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, wey be fifteen years old pikin of Emperor Yohannes IV, for 1886. For May 1888, Ras Araya Selassie waka come die and Zewditu turn widow for twelve years. She marry two more guys for small time, Gwangul Zegeye and Wube Atnaf Seged, before she marry Gugsa Welle for 1900. Gugsa Welle be Empress Taytu Betul paddy, wey be Menelik third wife. Zewditu get plenty pikin, but none survive to grow old. Menelik die for 1913, and him grandson Iyasu come claim de throne cause him be senior. But dem suspect say Iyasu fit be secret convert wey don change to Islam, wey be di religion of im papa side people. If dem put Muslim for di throne, e go get kasala for Ethiopia for future. So Iyasu no fit wear di crown; dem remove am for 1916, give im aunt, Zewditu. But Zewditu (wey be 40 years old dat time) no get pikin (all di pikin wey she born, die small) and di nobles no want her husband and im family take power and carry di throne. So dem pick Zewditu's cousin, Ras Tafari Makonnen, to be di next in line for di throne pluis regent of di empire. Zewditu get ceremonial work to do plus fit influence people, but di real power dey for di hands of regent Ras Tafari Makonnen, wey take over from am as Emperor Haile Selassie for 1930.

No be only di three pikin dem wey dem sabi, Menelik dey hear say e get some other pikin dem too. Dem include Ras Birru Wolde Gabriel&lt;ref&gt;British Documents on Foreign Affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. Part II, from the First to the Second World War. Series G, Africa, University Publications of America 1997 p. 249&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Shireff, Bare Feet and Bandoliers, Pen and Sword Military 2009, p. 293&lt;/ref&gt; plus Dejazmach Kebede Tessema.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; Na di last one people dey talk say e be di natural grandfather of Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam,&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Spector, Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews, OUP 2005 p. 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84&lt;/ref&gt; di communists leader of di Derg wey finally push out di monarchy plus collect power for Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991.

===== Sickness, death plus who go take over =====
[[File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_II_Mausoleum.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:Mausoleum_of_Menelik_II|Menelik's Mausoleum]]{{#tag:ref|The [[crypt]]s of Menilek (''center''), Taytu Betul (''left''), and Zewditu (''right'').|group=nb}}]]
For 27 October 1909, Menelik get big stroke wey scatter am, and e “mind and spirit don die”. After that, Menelik no fit rule again, plus Empress Taytu&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 1986&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; take charge like boss, till dem appoint Ras Bitwaddad Tesemma as regent.&lt;ref&gt;Marcus, ''Menelik II'', p. 241.&lt;/ref&gt; But e no last reach one year before e die, and dem come form council of regency – wey dem no let de empress join – for March 1910.

For early morning wey be 12 December 1913, Menelik die. Dem bury am sharp-sharp without any announcement or ceremony&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris Prouty 19862&quot;&gt;( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II)&lt;/ref&gt; for Se'el Bet Kidane Meheret Church, inside Imperial Palace grounds. For 1916, dem go rebury Menelik for di specially built church for Ba'eta Le Mariam Monastery wey dey Addis Ababa.

After Menelik die, dem council wey dey rule still dey run Ethiopia. Lij Iyasu no ever wear di crown as Emperor, and finally, Empress Zewditu waka enter di throne wey Menelik leave on 27 September 1916.

== Legacy ==
[[File:Emperor_Menelik_II_(2141756150).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Menelik_II_(2141756150).jpg|thumb|Equestrian [[:en:Statue_of_Menelik_II|statue of Emperor Menelik II]], de victor of [[:en:Adwa|Adwa]]. De statue was erected by Emperor [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]] plus dedicated on de day before his coronation for 1930, in memory of his predecessor.]]
Adwa Victory Day dem dey celebrate am for March every year, plus e go still inspire Pan-African movements everywhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Legacy of the Battle of Adwa|url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/3232/The-Legacy-of-the-Battle-of-Adwa|access-date=2021-10-07|website=www.ezega.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though people sabi Menelik as the one wey start modern Ethiopia, e still get plenty wahala wey follow am because as e army dey do bad things to civilians and fighters wen dem dey take land join am empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=[[Awol Allo]]|date=1 March 2019|title=How a major anti-colonial victory divided Ethiopia|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/3/1/how-a-major-anti-colonial-victory-divided-ethiopia|website=Aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plenti historians dey call am genocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA3&quot;&gt;Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|title='A place of ghosts:' Ethiopia opens controversial palace to a divided public|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-place-of-ghosts-ethiopia-opens-controversial-palace-to-a-divided-public/2019/10/11/4ddd2d9c-ead5-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html|agency=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mekuria2&quot;&gt;Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review&lt;/ref&gt; According to Awol Allo:&lt;blockquote&gt;Di historical person wey gats hand for di win wey dem get for Adwa, Emperor Menelik II, also dey run plenty serious wahala wey he do to different groups for di south side of di country, especially di Oromos, as dem dey fight am make e no expand south. For Oromos, Menelik II be devil wey no fit change. Abeg, di way dem link Adwa wey Menelik II dey, na di main reason why Oromos dey feel somehow about dis historical matter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|title='A place of ghosts:' Ethiopia opens controversial palace to a divided public|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-place-of-ghosts-ethiopia-opens-controversial-palace-to-a-divided-public/2019/10/11/4ddd2d9c-ead5-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html|agency=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;De way Menelik dey shine after him beat Italy fit explain one kind Serb story wey wahala no dey here, wey Mary E. Durham, the English anthropologist, yarn. Dem talk say Menelik plus de Serb king of Montenegro be like family, just because dem name dey resemble - de Ethiopian title Negus plus de village name Njegushi wey Montenegrin royal family come from: 

When these Herzegovinese people waka go Montenegro, plenty of dem go even far pass and settle for the mountain of Abyssinia. Among dem, one branch from Petrovich family wey fit Njegushi, from there Menelik come dey, wey dey carry Negus title plus e be distant cousin to Prince Nikola of Montenegro. This mix of Slav blood wey dey inside, na im make the Abyssinians get fine body and high level of civilization, compare to other African tribes wey dey around.&lt;ref name=&quot;Durham&quot;&gt;[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41499/41499-h/41499-h.htm Durham, Mary Edith, ''Through the Lands of the Serb'', Ch.1.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Menelik dey show as di leader of Ethiopian civilization for di New Frontier season pass of di 4X game Civilization VI.

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:Ilemi_Triangle|Ilemi Triangle]]
* [[:en:Paul_Merab|Paul Merab]]
* [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|1890s African rinderpest epizootic]]
* [[:en:First_Italo-Ethiopian_War|First Italo-Ethiopian War]]


== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Menelik II of Ethiopia}}

* [https://www.angelfire.com/ny/ethiocrown/menelik.html Imperial Ethiopia Homepages – Emperor Menelik II the Early Years]
* [https://www.angelfire.com/ny/ethiocrown/menelikII.html Imperial Ethiopia Homepages – Emperor Menelik II the Later Years]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131002072821/http://www.ethiopiantreasures.toucansurf.com/pages/menelik.htm Ethiopian Treasures – Emperor Menelik II]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101023192813/http://blogs.forteana.org/node/123 'The Emperor's electric chair' – Critical re-examination of a popular legend concerning Menelik II]
* {{YouTube|7qV27-OT5IE|A recorded message from Menelik II to Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom}} (In Amharic, from 4 June 1899; [http://cadensa.bl.uk/uhtbin/cgisirsi/x/x/0/49/%20;%20charset=UTF-8 The British Library (search phrase &quot;Menelik II&quot;)]).
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    <title>Yam (vegetable)</title>
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{{About|the large tuberous starchy root eaten as a staple food|the North American yam|Sweet potato|the New Zealand yam|Oxalis tuberosa{{!}}''Oxalis tuberosa''|elephant foot yam|Amorphophallus paeoniifolius{{!}}''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius''}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
[[File:Yams species called Parkistan. The size is for eating but smaller sizes can be cultivated.jpg|thumb|Unknown yam variety, most likely of the ''alata'' species.]]
[[File:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|White yams at a retail market in [[Brixton]], England, 2004]]
'''Yam''' be the common name wey people dey call some plants inside the Dioscorea family (wey be Dioscoreaceae). Some of the plants for that group get edible tubers, but others fit be poisonous. Yams be perennial herb vines wey originally come from Africa, Asia, and the Americas. People dey grow dem mainly for the starchy tubers wey dem dey chop. These tubers too dey called &quot;yams&quot;, and dem get plenty different types because of the many varieties and related species.

== Ein Description ==
Yam be monocot plant wey relate to lilies den grasses. E be strong herbaceous vine wey dey grow every year from one tuber.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 &quot;''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)&quot;]. [[:en:Centre_for_Agriculture_and_Bioscience_International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem know about 870 different types of yam &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Some of dem people dey grow well well because of the edible tuber, but others like D. communis be poisonous. Yam plants fit grow reach 15 meters (50 feet) long and dem body fit high between 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ein Etymology ==
The name ''&quot;yam&quot;'' come from the Portuguese word &quot;inhame&quot; or Canarian Spanish &quot;ñame&quot;, wey both come from Fula language, one of the [[West Africa|West African]] [[Languages wey dey Ghana|languages]] wey people dey use during trading time.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.etymonline.com/word/yam &quot;Yam&quot;]. ''[[:en:Online_Etymology_Dictionary|Online Etymology Dictionary]]''. [[:en:Douglas_Harper|Douglas Harper]]. 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Uses ==

{{Multiple image
| direction         = horizontal
| total_width       = 330
| image1            = Kiekie yams.jpg
| caption1          = [[Tonga]]
| alt1              = [[Tonga]]n farmer showing off his prize yams
| image2            = Fufuprep.jpg
| caption2          = [[Pounded yam|Pounding yam]], [[Democratic Republic of Congo|DR Congo]]
| alt2              = Young women preparing [[pounded yam]] (which includes mashed and pounded yam flour) in the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]].
}}
=== Africa ===
You for chop African yams only after you cook am, because dem get some natural things insyd wey fit make person sick if dem chop am raw. For West den Central Africa, the common ways people dey take cook yam be say dem go boil am, fry am, or roast am.&lt;ref&gt;Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181122052052/https://agriknowledge.org/downloads/6969z081q &quot;Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa&quot;]. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

For Akan people inside Ghana, dem dey boil yam then mash am with palm oil to make one dish wey dem dey call eto — e be similar to how people dey prepare matoke with plantain. Dem dey serve eto mostly with eggs. Dem fit also pound the boiled yam using mortar and pestle to make one thick starchy food wey dem dey call iyan (pounded yam). People dey chop am with traditional soups like egusi or palm nut soup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sam |first=Christopher |date=2021-05-01 |title=Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included) |url=https://www.theafricandream.net/food-and-culture-a-case-study-of-ghanas-etor-otor-recipe-included/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=TheAfricanDream |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mavis |first=Meals by |date=2022-01-01 |title=Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams) |url=https://mealsbymavis.com/yam-eto-mashed-ghanaian-yams/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Meals by Mavis |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Yam be one major food crop for West Africa wey also get cultural importance &lt;ref name=&quot;bmgf&quot; /&gt;. Over 95% of all the yam wey people dey harvest for the whole world come from this area.&lt;ref name=&quot;cabi&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Ghana]]
[[Category:Festivals insyd Ghana]]</text>
      <sha1>nt6l8rdq4265ng9rhy7xd580qe5crs8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>67332</id>
      <parentid>67330</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-30T12:16:53Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ebbsonline</username>
        <id>2563</id>
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{{About|the large tuberous starchy root eaten as a staple food|the North American yam|Sweet potato|the New Zealand yam|Oxalis tuberosa{{!}}''Oxalis tuberosa''|elephant foot yam|Amorphophallus paeoniifolius{{!}}''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius''}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
[[File:Yams species called Parkistan. The size is for eating but smaller sizes can be cultivated.jpg|thumb|Unknown yam variety, most likely of the ''alata'' species.]]
[[File:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|White yams at a retail market in [[Brixton]], England, 2004]]
'''Yam''' be the common name wey people dey call some plants inside the Dioscorea family (wey be Dioscoreaceae). Some of the plants for that group get edible tubers, but others fit be poisonous. Yams be perennial herb vines wey originally come from Africa, Asia, and the Americas. People dey grow dem mainly for the starchy tubers wey dem dey chop. These tubers too dey called &quot;yams&quot;, and dem get plenty different types because of the many varieties and related species.

== Ein Description ==
Yam be monocot plant wey relate to lilies den grasses. E be strong herbaceous vine wey dey grow every year from one tuber.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 &quot;''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)&quot;]. [[:en:Centre_for_Agriculture_and_Bioscience_International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem know about 870 different types of yam &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Some of dem people dey grow well well because of the edible tuber, but others like D. communis be poisonous. Yam plants fit grow reach 15 meters (50 feet) long and dem body fit high between 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ein Etymology ==
The name ''&quot;yam&quot;'' come from the Portuguese word &quot;inhame&quot; or Canarian Spanish &quot;ñame&quot;, wey both come from Fula language, one of the [[West Africa|West African]] [[Languages wey dey Ghana|languages]] wey people dey use during trading time.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.etymonline.com/word/yam &quot;Yam&quot;]. ''[[:en:Online_Etymology_Dictionary|Online Etymology Dictionary]]''. [[:en:Douglas_Harper|Douglas Harper]]. 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Uses ==

{{Multiple image
| direction         = horizontal
| total_width       = 330
| image1            = Kiekie yams.jpg
| caption1          = [[Tonga]]
| alt1              = [[Tonga]]n farmer showing off his prize yams
| image2            = Fufuprep.jpg
| caption2          = [[Pounded yam|Pounding yam]], [[Democratic Republic of Congo|DR Congo]]
| alt2              = Young women preparing [[pounded yam]] (which includes mashed and pounded yam flour) in the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]].
}}
=== Africa ===
You for chop African yams only after you cook am, because dem get some natural things insyd wey fit make person sick if dem chop am raw. For West den Central Africa, the common ways people dey take cook yam be say dem go boil am, fry am, or roast am.&lt;ref&gt;Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181122052052/https://agriknowledge.org/downloads/6969z081q &quot;Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa&quot;]. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

For Akan people inside Ghana, dem dey boil yam then mash am with palm oil to make one dish wey dem dey call eto — e be similar to how people dey prepare matoke with plantain. Dem dey serve eto mostly with eggs. Dem fit also pound the boiled yam using mortar and pestle to make one thick starchy food wey dem dey call iyan (pounded yam). People dey chop am with traditional soups like egusi or palm nut soup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sam |first=Christopher |date=2021-05-01 |title=Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included) |url=https://www.theafricandream.net/food-and-culture-a-case-study-of-ghanas-etor-otor-recipe-included/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=TheAfricanDream |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mavis |first=Meals by |date=2022-01-01 |title=Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams) |url=https://mealsbymavis.com/yam-eto-mashed-ghanaian-yams/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Meals by Mavis |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yam be one major food crop for West Africa wey also get cultural importance &lt;ref name=&quot;bmgf&quot; /&gt;. Over 95% of all the yam wey people dey harvest for the whole world come from this area. Yam still be very important for survival for these regions. Some types of the tuber fit last up to six months without fridge, and that one make am very useful during the hunger season wey dey come before the rainy season start. People also dey grow yam for other humid tropical countries too.&lt;ref name=&quot;cabi&quot; /&gt; 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Ghana]]
[[Category:Festivals insyd Ghana]]</text>
      <sha1>odfq76zq9sa5qbmn9pqtr20x64kuv4m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>67334</id>
      <parentid>67332</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-30T12:21:51Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ebbsonline</username>
        <id>2563</id>
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{{About|the large tuberous starchy root eaten as a staple food|the North American yam|Sweet potato|the New Zealand yam|Oxalis tuberosa{{!}}''Oxalis tuberosa''|elephant foot yam|Amorphophallus paeoniifolius{{!}}''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius''}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
[[File:Yams species called Parkistan. The size is for eating but smaller sizes can be cultivated.jpg|thumb|Unknown yam variety, most likely of the ''alata'' species.]]
[[File:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|White yams at a retail market in [[Brixton]], England, 2004]]
'''Yam''' be the common name wey people dey call some plants inside the Dioscorea family (wey be Dioscoreaceae). Some of the plants for that group get edible tubers, but others fit be poisonous. Yams be perennial herb vines wey originally come from Africa, Asia, and the Americas. People dey grow dem mainly for the starchy tubers wey dem dey chop. These tubers too dey called &quot;yams&quot;, and dem get plenty different types because of the many varieties and related species.

== Ein Description ==
Yam be monocot plant wey relate to lilies den grasses. E be strong herbaceous vine wey dey grow every year from one tuber.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 &quot;''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)&quot;]. [[:en:Centre_for_Agriculture_and_Bioscience_International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem know about 870 different types of yam &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Some of dem people dey grow well well because of the edible tuber, but others like D. communis be poisonous. Yam plants fit grow reach 15 meters (50 feet) long and dem body fit high between 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ein Etymology ==
The name ''&quot;yam&quot;'' come from the Portuguese word &quot;inhame&quot; or Canarian Spanish &quot;ñame&quot;, wey both come from Fula language, one of the [[West Africa|West African]] [[Languages wey dey Ghana|languages]] wey people dey use during trading time.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.etymonline.com/word/yam &quot;Yam&quot;]. ''[[:en:Online_Etymology_Dictionary|Online Etymology Dictionary]]''. [[:en:Douglas_Harper|Douglas Harper]]. 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Consumption ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Igname_frite2.jpg|thumb|Yams being fried in [[Ivory Coast]]]]
People dey chop yam in plenty different ways like yam flour or as whole boiled or cooked pieces for many parts of the world. You go see yam for Asia, [[Africa]], North and Central America, the Caribbean, South America, and Oceania.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ein Uses ==

{{Multiple image
| direction         = horizontal
| total_width       = 330
| image1            = Kiekie yams.jpg
| caption1          = [[Tonga]]
| alt1              = [[Tonga]]n farmer showing off his prize yams
| image2            = Fufuprep.jpg
| caption2          = [[Pounded yam|Pounding yam]], [[Democratic Republic of Congo|DR Congo]]
| alt2              = Young women preparing [[pounded yam]] (which includes mashed and pounded yam flour) in the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]].
}}
=== Africa ===
You for chop African yams only after you cook am, because dem get some natural things insyd wey fit make person sick if dem chop am raw. For West den Central Africa, the common ways people dey take cook yam be say dem go boil am, fry am, or roast am.&lt;ref&gt;Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181122052052/https://agriknowledge.org/downloads/6969z081q &quot;Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa&quot;]. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

For Akan people inside Ghana, dem dey boil yam then mash am with palm oil to make one dish wey dem dey call eto — e be similar to how people dey prepare matoke with plantain. Dem dey serve eto mostly with eggs. Dem fit also pound the boiled yam using mortar and pestle to make one thick starchy food wey dem dey call iyan (pounded yam). People dey chop am with traditional soups like egusi or palm nut soup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sam |first=Christopher |date=2021-05-01 |title=Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included) |url=https://www.theafricandream.net/food-and-culture-a-case-study-of-ghanas-etor-otor-recipe-included/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=TheAfricanDream |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mavis |first=Meals by |date=2022-01-01 |title=Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams) |url=https://mealsbymavis.com/yam-eto-mashed-ghanaian-yams/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Meals by Mavis |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yam be one major food crop for West Africa wey also get cultural importance &lt;ref name=&quot;bmgf&quot; /&gt;. Over 95% of all the yam wey people dey harvest for the whole world come from this area. Yam still be very important for survival for these regions. Some types of the tuber fit last up to six months without fridge, and that one make am very useful during the hunger season wey dey come before the rainy season start. People also dey grow yam for other humid tropical countries too.&lt;ref name=&quot;cabi&quot; /&gt; 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Ghana]]
[[Category:Festivals insyd Ghana]]</text>
      <sha1>kv4ol9q9vb3voiwivh5jn5lf2c4ir74</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>67337</id>
      <parentid>67334</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-30T12:37:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ebbsonline</username>
        <id>2563</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Ein Consumption */</comment>
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{{About|the large tuberous starchy root eaten as a staple food|the North American yam|Sweet potato|the New Zealand yam|Oxalis tuberosa{{!}}''Oxalis tuberosa''|elephant foot yam|Amorphophallus paeoniifolius{{!}}''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius''}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
[[File:Yams species called Parkistan. The size is for eating but smaller sizes can be cultivated.jpg|thumb|Unknown yam variety, most likely of the ''alata'' species.]]
[[File:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|White yams at a retail market in [[Brixton]], England, 2004]]
'''Yam''' be the common name wey people dey call some plants inside the Dioscorea family (wey be Dioscoreaceae). Some of the plants for that group get edible tubers, but others fit be poisonous. Yams be perennial herb vines wey originally come from Africa, Asia, and the Americas. People dey grow dem mainly for the starchy tubers wey dem dey chop. These tubers too dey called &quot;yams&quot;, and dem get plenty different types because of the many varieties and related species.

== Ein Description ==
Yam be monocot plant wey relate to lilies den grasses. E be strong herbaceous vine wey dey grow every year from one tuber.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 &quot;''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)&quot;]. [[:en:Centre_for_Agriculture_and_Bioscience_International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem know about 870 different types of yam &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Some of dem people dey grow well well because of the edible tuber, but others like D. communis be poisonous. Yam plants fit grow reach 15 meters (50 feet) long and dem body fit high between 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ein Etymology ==
The name ''&quot;yam&quot;'' come from the Portuguese word &quot;inhame&quot; or Canarian Spanish &quot;ñame&quot;, wey both come from Fula language, one of the [[West Africa|West African]] [[Languages wey dey Ghana|languages]] wey people dey use during trading time.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.etymonline.com/word/yam &quot;Yam&quot;]. ''[[:en:Online_Etymology_Dictionary|Online Etymology Dictionary]]''. [[:en:Douglas_Harper|Douglas Harper]]. 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Consumption ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Igname_frite2.jpg|thumb|Yams being fried in [[Ivory Coast]]]]
People dey chop yam in plenty different ways, like yam flour or as whole boiled or cooked pieces, for many parts of de world. You fit see yam for Asia, [[Africa]], North den Central America, the Caribbean, South America, den Oceania.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ein Uses ==

=== Comparison ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Nutrient content of 10&amp;nbsp;major [[Staple food|staple foods]] per 100&amp;nbsp;g dry weight&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nutrient data laboratory|url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/|access-date=August 10, 2016|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |Staple
![[Maize]] (corn){{ref label|reference_name_A|A|A}}
![[White rice|Rice, white]]{{ref label|reference_name_B|B|B}}
![[Wheat]]{{ref label|reference_name_C|C|C}}
![[Potato|Potatoes]]{{ref label|reference_name_D|D|D}}
![[Cassava]]{{ref label|reference_name_E|E|E}}
![[Soybean|Soybeans]], green{{ref label|reference_name_F|F|F}}
![[Sweet potato|Sweet potatoes]]{{ref label|reference_name_G|G|G}}
![[Yam (vegetable)|Yams]]{{ref label|reference_name_Y|Y|Y}}
![[Sorghum]]{{ref label|reference_name_H|H|H}}
![[Cooking banana|Plantain]]{{ref label|reference_name_Z|Z|Z}}
![[Recommended Dietary Allowance|RDA]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |Water content (%)
|10
|12
|13
|'''79'''
|60
|68
|77
|70
|9
|65
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |Raw grams per 100 g dry weight
|111
|114
|115
|'''476'''
|250
|313
|435
|333
|110
|286
|
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |Nutrient
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |Energy (kJ)
|1698
|1736
|1574
|1533
|1675
|'''1922'''
|1565
|1647
|1559
|1460
|8,368–10,460
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Protein (nutrient)|Protein]] (g)
|10.4
|8.1
|14.5
|9.5
|3.5
|'''40.6'''
|7.0
|5.0
|12.4
|3.7
|50
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Fat]] (g)
|5.3
|0.8
|1.8
|0.4
|0.7
|'''21.6'''
|0.2
|0.6
|3.6
|1.1
|44–77
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Carbohydrate#Nutrition|Carbohydrates]] (g)
|82
|91
|82
|81
|'''95'''
|34
|87
|93
|82
|91
|130
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Dietary fiber|Fiber]] (g)
|8.1
|1.5
|'''14.0'''
|10.5
|4.5
|13.1
|13.0
|13.7
|6.9
|6.6
|30
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Sugar]] (g)
|0.7
|0.1
|0.5
|3.7
|4.3
|0.0
|18.2
|1.7
|0.0
|'''42.9'''
|minimal
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |Minerals
!{{ref label|reference_name_A|A|A}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_B|B|B}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_C|C|C}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_D|D|D}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_E|E|E}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_F|F|F}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_G|G|G}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_Y|Y|Y}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_H|H|H}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_Z|Z|Z}}
![[Recommended Dietary Allowance|RDA]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Calcium in biology|Calcium]] (mg)
|8
|32
|33
|57
|40
|'''616'''
|130
|57
|31
|9
|1,000
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Human iron metabolism|Iron]] (mg)
|3.01
|0.91
|3.67
|3.71
|0.68
|'''11.09'''
|2.65
|1.80
|4.84
|1.71
|8
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Magnesium in biology|Magnesium]] (mg)
|141
|28
|145
|110
|53
|'''203'''
|109
|70
|0
|106
|400
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Dietary mineral|Phosphorus]] (mg)
|233
|131
|331
|271
|68
|'''606'''
|204
|183
|315
|97
|700
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Potassium in biology|Potassium]] (mg)
|319
|131
|417
|2005
|678
|1938
|1465
|'''2720'''
|385
|1426
|4700
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Sodium in biology|Sodium]] (mg)
|39
|6
|2
|29
|35
|47
|'''239'''
|30
|7
|11
|1,500
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Dietary mineral|Zinc]] (mg)
|2.46
|1.24
|3.05
|1.38
|0.85
|'''3.09'''
|1.30
|0.80
|0.00
|0.40
|11
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Copper in health|Copper]] (mg)
|0.34
|0.25
|0.49
|0.52
|0.25
|0.41
|'''0.65'''
|0.60
| -
|0.23
|0.9
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Dietary mineral|Manganese]] (mg)
|0.54
|1.24
|'''4.59'''
|0.71
|0.95
|1.72
|1.13
|1.33
| -
| -
|2.3
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Selenium in biology|Selenium]] (μg)
|17.2
|17.2
|'''81.3'''
|1.4
|1.8
|4.7
|2.6
|2.3
|0.0
|4.3
|55
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |Vitamins
!{{ref label|reference_name_A|A|A}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_B|B|B}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_C|C|C}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_D|D|D}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_E|E|E}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_F|F|F}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_G|G|G}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_Y|Y|Y}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_H|H|H}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_Z|Z|Z}}
![[Recommended Dietary Allowance|RDA]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Vitamin C]] (mg)
|0.0
|0.0
|0.0
|'''93.8'''
|51.5
|90.6
|10.4
|57.0
|0.0
|52.6
|90
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Thiamin]] (B1) (mg)
|0.43
|0.08
|0.34
|0.38
|0.23
|'''1.38'''
|0.35
|0.37
|0.26
|0.14
|1.2
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Riboflavin]] (B2) (mg)
|0.22
|0.06
|0.14
|0.14
|0.13
|'''0.56'''
|0.26
|0.10
|0.15
|0.14
|1.3
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Niacin (nutrient)|Niacin]] (B3) (mg)
|4.03
|1.82
|'''6.28'''
|5.00
|2.13
|5.16
|2.43
|1.83
|3.22
|1.97
|16
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Pantothenic acid]] (B5) (mg)
|0.47
|1.15
|1.09
|1.43
|0.28
|0.47
|'''3.48'''
|1.03
| -
|0.74
|5
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Vitamin B6]] (mg)
|0.69
|0.18
|0.34
|'''1.43'''
|0.23
|0.22
|0.91
|0.97
| -
|0.86
|1.3
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Folate]] Total (B9) (μg)
|21
|9
|44
|76
|68
|'''516'''
|48
|77
|0
|63
|400
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Vitamin A]] (IU)
|238
|0
|10
|10
|33
|563
|'''4178'''
|460
|0
|3220
|5000
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Vitamin E]], alpha-tocopherol (mg)
|0.54
|0.13
|1.16
|0.05
|0.48
|0.00
|1.13
|'''1.30'''
|0.00
|0.40
|15
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Vitamin K1]] (μg)
|0.3
|0.1
|2.2
|'''9.0'''
|4.8
|0.0
|7.8
|8.7
|0.0
|2.0
|120
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Beta-carotene]] (μg)
|108
|0
|6
|5
|20
|0
|'''36996'''
|277
|0
|1306
|10500
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Lutein]]+[[zeaxanthin]] (μg)
|'''1506'''
|0
|253
|38
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|86
|6000
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |Fats
!{{ref label|reference_name_A|A|A}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_B|B|B}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_C|C|C}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_D|D|D}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_E|E|E}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_F|F|F}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_G|G|G}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_Y|Y|Y}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_H|H|H}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_Z|Z|Z}}
![[Recommended Dietary Allowance|RDA]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Saturated fat|Saturated fatty acids]] (g)
|0.74
|0.20
|0.30
|0.14
|0.18
|'''2.47'''
|0.09
|0.13
|0.51
|0.40
|minimal
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Monounsaturated fat|Monounsaturated fatty acids]] (g)
|1.39
|0.24
|0.23
|0.00
|0.20
|'''4.00'''
|0.00
|0.03
|1.09
|0.09
|22–55
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |[[Polyunsaturated fat|Polyunsaturated fatty acids]] (g)
|2.40
|0.20
|0.72
|0.19
|0.13
|'''10.00'''
|0.04
|0.27
|1.51
|0.20
|13–19
|-
!
!{{ref label|reference_name_A|A|A}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_B|B|B}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_C|C|C}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_D|D|D}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_E|E|E}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_F|F|F}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_G|G|G}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_Y|Y|Y}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_H|H|H}}
!{{ref label|reference_name_Z|Z|Z}}
![[Recommended Dietary Allowance|RDA]]
|}
{{Multiple image
| direction         = horizontal
| total_width       = 330
| image1            = Kiekie yams.jpg
| caption1          = [[Tonga]]
| alt1              = [[Tonga]]n farmer showing off his prize yams
| image2            = Fufuprep.jpg
| caption2          = [[Pounded yam|Pounding yam]], [[Democratic Republic of Congo|DR Congo]]
| alt2              = Young women preparing [[pounded yam]] (which includes mashed and pounded yam flour) in the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]].
}}
=== Africa ===
You for chop African yams only after you cook am, because dem get some natural things insyd wey fit make person sick if dem chop am raw. For West den Central Africa, the common ways people dey take cook yam be say dem go boil am, fry am, or roast am.&lt;ref&gt;Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181122052052/https://agriknowledge.org/downloads/6969z081q &quot;Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa&quot;]. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

For Akan people inside Ghana, dem dey boil yam then mash am with palm oil to make one dish wey dem dey call eto — e be similar to how people dey prepare matoke with plantain. Dem dey serve eto mostly with eggs. Dem fit also pound the boiled yam using mortar and pestle to make one thick starchy food wey dem dey call iyan (pounded yam). People dey chop am with traditional soups like egusi or palm nut soup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sam |first=Christopher |date=2021-05-01 |title=Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included) |url=https://www.theafricandream.net/food-and-culture-a-case-study-of-ghanas-etor-otor-recipe-included/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=TheAfricanDream |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mavis |first=Meals by |date=2022-01-01 |title=Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams) |url=https://mealsbymavis.com/yam-eto-mashed-ghanaian-yams/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Meals by Mavis |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yam be one major food crop for West Africa wey also get cultural importance &lt;ref name=&quot;bmgf&quot; /&gt;. Over 95% of all the yam wey people dey harvest for the whole world come from this area. Yam still be very important for survival for these regions. Some types of the tuber fit last up to six months without fridge, and that one make am very useful during the hunger season wey dey come before the rainy season start. People also dey grow yam for other humid tropical countries too.&lt;ref name=&quot;cabi&quot; /&gt; 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Ghana]]
[[Category:Festivals insyd Ghana]]</text>
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    <title>Asogli Yam Festival</title>
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      <id>67345</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Asogli Yam Festival be one yearly festival wey de people of Asogli dey celebrate for Ho Municipality inside Volta Region of Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ghanaremembers.com/stories/history/asogli-yam-festival-celebrating-heritage-and-harvest-in-volta-region.html &quot;Asogli Yam Festival: Celebrating heritage and harvest in Volta Region&quot;]. ''GhanaRemembers''. Retrieved 2025-06-30.&lt;/ref&gt;  == References ==&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="392" sha1="jizl8iwdlse7tnx95y0k4uzo4jnh8pb" xml:space="preserve">Asogli Yam Festival be one yearly festival wey de people of Asogli dey celebrate for Ho Municipality inside Volta Region of Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ghanaremembers.com/stories/history/asogli-yam-festival-celebrating-heritage-and-harvest-in-volta-region.html &quot;Asogli Yam Festival: Celebrating heritage and harvest in Volta Region&quot;]. ''GhanaRemembers''. Retrieved 2025-06-30.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="946" sha1="9aglsnc0xfkxoplg10005nfxf04p4p9" xml:space="preserve">Asogli Yam Festival be one yearly festival wey de people of Asogli dey celebrate for Ho Municipality inside Volta Region of Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ghanaremembers.com/stories/history/asogli-yam-festival-celebrating-heritage-and-harvest-in-volta-region.html &quot;Asogli Yam Festival: Celebrating heritage and harvest in Volta Region&quot;]. ''GhanaRemembers''. Retrieved 2025-06-30.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey celebrate am every September to mark de yam cultivation wey one hunter start after e find de tuber for forest during one of ein hunting trips.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The story of the Asogli Yam Festival |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/the-story-of-the-asogli-yam-festival |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-22 |title=Asogli Yam Festival Archives |url=https://www.theghanareport.com/tag/asogli-yam-festival/ |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=The Ghana Report |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>67347</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-30T13:22:08Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1016" sha1="sc9u93tdt9sazx3subt04ut4tgajzyh" xml:space="preserve">Asogli Yam Festival be one yearly festival wey de people of Asogli dey celebrate for Ho Municipality inside Volta Region of Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ghanaremembers.com/stories/history/asogli-yam-festival-celebrating-heritage-and-harvest-in-volta-region.html &quot;Asogli Yam Festival: Celebrating heritage and harvest in Volta Region&quot;]. ''GhanaRemembers''. Retrieved 2025-06-30.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey celebrate am every September to mark de yam cultivation wey one hunter start after e find de tuber for forest during one of ein hunting trips.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The story of the Asogli Yam Festival |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/the-story-of-the-asogli-yam-festival |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-22 |title=Asogli Yam Festival Archives |url=https://www.theghanareport.com/tag/asogli-yam-festival/ |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=The Ghana Report |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Festivals insyd Ghana]]</text>
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    <title>Year of Africa</title>
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De '''Year of Africa''' refers to a series of events dat take place during de year 1960—mainly de independence of seventeen African nations—dat highlight de growing pan-African sentiments insyd de continent. De year bring about de culmination of African independence movements den de subsequent emergence of Africa as a major force insyd de United Nations. These rapid political developments lead to speculation den hope about de future of Africa as a whole; yet at de same time, de continent be beginning to face de realities of post-colonial violence. Dis year sana see de beginning of armed opposition to South African apartheid government, plus political ramifications across Africa den around de world. During de year, all colonies of French West Africa den French Equatorial Africa become independent.

== Origin ==
O. H. Morris of de British Ministry of Colonies predict insyd early January dat &quot;1960 will be a year of Africa&quot;. De phrase &quot;year of Africa&quot; sana be used by Ralph Bunche on 16 February 1960. Bunche anticipate dat many states will achieve independence insyd dat year due to de &quot;well nigh explosive rapidity plus which de peoples of Africa insyd all sectors be emerging from colonialism.&quot; De concept of a &quot;Year of Africa&quot; draw international media attention.

De mythology of de year sana be influenced by de &quot;Wind of Change&quot; speech, delivered on 3 February 1960 by Harold Macmillan. Speaking insyd Cape Town, Macmillan acknowledged dat imperial powers will have difficulty continuing to control demma colonies. De speech represent an admission by Britain ein political elite dat de British Empire be over den can not be maintained.  Dis inspire a reaction from de Empire Loyalist wing of de Conservative Party; see Conservative Monday Club. Africans sana react. Insyd de words of Guinean Foreign Minister Caba Sory:</text>
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De '''Year of Africa''' refers to a series of events dat take place during de year 1960—mainly de independence of seventeen African nations—dat highlight de growing pan-African sentiments insyd de continent. De year bring about de culmination of African independence movements den de subsequent emergence of Africa as a major force insyd de United Nations. These rapid political developments lead to speculation den hope about de future of Africa as a whole; yet at de same time, de continent be beginning to face de realities of post-colonial violence. Dis year sana see de beginning of armed opposition to South African apartheid government, plus political ramifications across Africa den around de world. During de year, all colonies of French West Africa den French Equatorial Africa become independent.

== Origin ==
O. H. Morris of de British Ministry of Colonies predict insyd early January dat &quot;1960 will be a year of Africa&quot;. De phrase &quot;year of Africa&quot; sana be used by Ralph Bunche on 16 February 1960. Bunche anticipate dat many states will achieve independence insyd dat year due to de &quot;well nigh explosive rapidity plus which de peoples of Africa insyd all sectors be emerging from colonialism.&quot; De concept of a &quot;Year of Africa&quot; draw international media attention.

De mythology of de year sana be influenced by de &quot;Wind of Change&quot; speech, delivered on 3 February 1960 by Harold Macmillan. Speaking insyd Cape Town, Macmillan acknowledged dat imperial powers will have difficulty continuing to control demma colonies. De speech represent an admission by Britain ein political elite dat de British Empire be over den can not be maintained.  Dis inspire a reaction from de Empire Loyalist wing of de Conservative Party; see Conservative Monday Club. Africans sana react. Insyd de words of Guinean Foreign Minister Caba Sory:&lt;blockquote&gt;De 'wind of change' which has been referred to recently by Prime Minister Macmillan, threatens to soon become a hurricane... Guns den bayonets can no longer prevail insyd de face of de strong conscience of de populations of Africa which be determined to put an end to colonialism.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Independence ==
For details on African independence movements, see Decolonization of Africa.

During 1960, de number of independent countries rise from nine (with populations of 95 million) to twenty-six (plus populations of 180 million), gaining demma independence from Belgium, France, Italy den de United Kingdom.</text>
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De '''Year of Africa''' refers to a series of events dat take place during de year 1960—mainly de independence of seventeen African nations—dat highlight de growing pan-African sentiments insyd de continent. De year bring about de culmination of African independence movements den de subsequent emergence of Africa as a major force insyd de United Nations. These rapid political developments lead to speculation den hope about de future of Africa as a whole; yet at de same time, de continent be beginning to face de realities of post-colonial violence. Dis year sana see de beginning of armed opposition to South African apartheid government, plus political ramifications across Africa den around de world. During de year, all colonies of French West Africa den French Equatorial Africa become independent.

== Origin ==
O. H. Morris of de British Ministry of Colonies predict insyd early January dat &quot;1960 will be a year of Africa&quot;. De phrase &quot;year of Africa&quot; sana be used by Ralph Bunche on 16 February 1960. Bunche anticipate dat many states will achieve independence insyd dat year due to de &quot;well nigh explosive rapidity plus which de peoples of Africa insyd all sectors be emerging from colonialism.&quot; De concept of a &quot;Year of Africa&quot; draw international media attention.

De mythology of de year sana be influenced by de &quot;Wind of Change&quot; speech, delivered on 3 February 1960 by Harold Macmillan. Speaking insyd Cape Town, Macmillan acknowledged dat imperial powers will have difficulty continuing to control demma colonies. De speech represent an admission by Britain ein political elite dat de British Empire be over den can not be maintained.  Dis inspire a reaction from de Empire Loyalist wing of de Conservative Party; see Conservative Monday Club. Africans sana react. Insyd de words of Guinean Foreign Minister Caba Sory:&lt;blockquote&gt;De 'wind of change' which has been referred to recently by Prime Minister Macmillan, threatens to soon become a hurricane... Guns den bayonets can no longer prevail insyd de face of de strong conscience of de populations of Africa which be determined to put an end to colonialism.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Independence ==
For details on African independence movements, see Decolonization of Africa.

During 1960, de number of independent countries rise from nine (with populations of 95 million) to twenty-six (plus populations of 180 million), gaining demma independence from Belgium, France, Italy den de United Kingdom.

=== From France ===
Insyd response to mounting conflict insyd Algeria—particularly de May 1958 crisis—France dey create a new constitution insyd 1958. Dis constitution make colonial states part of de &quot;French Community&quot; (''La Communauté'') which restructure de French empire as a sort of federation. All member states acceded to de agreement except for Guinea, which obtain independence insyd 1958 when e refuse to join ''La Communauté''. Ein decision lead France to cut off all support but set a precedent for oda French colonies. Insyd December 1959, returning French leader Charles De Gaulle agree dat member states can have independence if they chose. All did, at a rate much faster than France anticipated.

* Cameroon (formerly Cameroun) achieved independence on de first day of 1960 (unifying plus part of de British Cameroons insyd 1961).
* Togo (formerly French Togoland) achieve independence on 27 April
* Mali Federation become independent on 20 June, then split into Mali den Senegal on 20 August
* Madagascar became independent on 26 June
* Dahomey (renamed to Benin in 1975) become independent on 1 August
* Niger, independent on 3 August
* Upper Volta (renamed to Burkina Faso insyd 1984), independent on 5 August
* Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire), independent on 7 August
* Chad, independent on 11 August
* Central African Republic, independent on 13 August
* Republic of de Congo (Brazzaville), independent on 15 August
* Gabon, independent on 17 August
* Mauritania, independent on 28 November

These countries remain dey insyd de French sphere of influence, particularly insyd economic terms. France sana brokered political agreements plus de Mali Federation den Madagascar, waiving de mandate dat departure from de French Community will lead to de end of political ties (as it had for Guinea). French companies thus accept de arrangement, because they will remain well-positioned to profit from de newly independent countries—which sana continue to use colonial (CFA) francs.</text>
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De '''Year of Africa''' refers to a series of events dat take place during de year 1960—mainly de independence of seventeen African nations—dat highlight de growing pan-African sentiments insyd de continent. De year bring about de culmination of African independence movements den de subsequent emergence of Africa as a major force insyd de United Nations. These rapid political developments lead to speculation den hope about de future of Africa as a whole; yet at de same time, de continent be beginning to face de realities of post-colonial violence. Dis year sana see de beginning of armed opposition to South African apartheid government, plus political ramifications across Africa den around de world. During de year, all colonies of French West Africa den French Equatorial Africa become independent.

== Origin ==
O. H. Morris of de British Ministry of Colonies predict insyd early January dat &quot;1960 will be a year of Africa&quot;. De phrase &quot;year of Africa&quot; sana be used by Ralph Bunche on 16 February 1960. Bunche anticipate dat many states will achieve independence insyd dat year due to de &quot;well nigh explosive rapidity plus which de peoples of Africa insyd all sectors be emerging from colonialism.&quot; De concept of a &quot;Year of Africa&quot; draw international media attention.

De mythology of de year sana be influenced by de &quot;Wind of Change&quot; speech, delivered on 3 February 1960 by Harold Macmillan. Speaking insyd Cape Town, Macmillan acknowledged dat imperial powers will have difficulty continuing to control demma colonies. De speech represent an admission by Britain ein political elite dat de British Empire be over den can not be maintained.  Dis inspire a reaction from de Empire Loyalist wing of de Conservative Party; see Conservative Monday Club. Africans sana react. Insyd de words of Guinean Foreign Minister Caba Sory:&lt;blockquote&gt;De 'wind of change' which has been referred to recently by Prime Minister Macmillan, threatens to soon become a hurricane... Guns den bayonets can no longer prevail insyd de face of de strong conscience of de populations of Africa which be determined to put an end to colonialism.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Independence ==
For details on African independence movements, see Decolonization of Africa.

During 1960, de number of independent countries rise from nine (with populations of 95 million) to twenty-six (plus populations of 180 million), gaining demma independence from Belgium, France, Italy den de United Kingdom.

=== From France ===
Insyd response to mounting conflict insyd Algeria—particularly de May 1958 crisis—France dey create a new constitution insyd 1958. Dis constitution make colonial states part of de &quot;French Community&quot; (''La Communauté'') which restructure de French empire as a sort of federation. All member states acceded to de agreement except for Guinea, which obtain independence insyd 1958 when e refuse to join ''La Communauté''. Ein decision lead France to cut off all support but set a precedent for oda French colonies. Insyd December 1959, returning French leader Charles De Gaulle agree dat member states can have independence if they chose. All did, at a rate much faster than France anticipated.

* Cameroon (formerly Cameroun) achieved independence on de first day of 1960 (unifying plus part of de British Cameroons insyd 1961).
* Togo (formerly French Togoland) achieve independence on 27 April
* Mali Federation become independent on 20 June, then split into Mali den Senegal on 20 August
* Madagascar became independent on 26 June
* Dahomey (renamed to Benin in 1975) become independent on 1 August
* Niger, independent on 3 August
* Upper Volta (renamed to Burkina Faso insyd 1984), independent on 5 August
* Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire), independent on 7 August
* Chad, independent on 11 August
* Central African Republic, independent on 13 August
* Republic of de Congo (Brazzaville), independent on 15 August
* Gabon, independent on 17 August
* Mauritania, independent on 28 November

These countries remain dey insyd de French sphere of influence, particularly insyd economic terms. France sana brokered political agreements plus de Mali Federation den Madagascar, waiving de mandate dat departure from de French Community will lead to de end of political ties (as it had for Guinea). French companies thus accept de arrangement, because they will remain well-positioned to profit from de newly independent countries—which sana continue to use colonial (CFA) francs.

De new constitutions create by these countries use some ideas from de French Constitution, wey include values of democracy den universal rights as well as a parliamentary system plus a strong executive. They sana sometimes use language from de UN ein Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They all emphasize Pan-Africanism over nationalism.

=== From Italy den de United Kingdom ===
Two countries achieve independence from de British Empire insyd 1960: Somalia, through de unification of British Somaliland den de Trust Territory of Somalia, den Nigeria.

On 26 June (sana de day of Madagascar ein independence), British Somaliland become de independent State of Somaliland. Five days later, e unite plus de Italian Trust Territory of Somalia to create de Somali Republic on 1 July.

Nigeria have de largest population den best economy on de continent. E become independent on 1 October.

Sana insyd1960, de Dominion of Ghana vote to become a Republic, thereby ending Queen Elizabeth II ein rule, 1957–1960, as de Queen of Ghana. World-famous Pan-Africanist Kwame Nkrumah, formerly de Prime Minister, be simultaneously elected President, on 27 April 1960.</text>
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De '''Year of Africa''' refers to a series of events dat take place during de year 1960—mainly de independence of seventeen African nations—dat highlight de growing pan-African sentiments insyd de continent. De year bring about de culmination of African independence movements den de subsequent emergence of Africa as a major force insyd de United Nations. These rapid political developments lead to speculation den hope about de future of Africa as a whole; yet at de same time, de continent be beginning to face de realities of post-colonial violence. Dis year sana see de beginning of armed opposition to South African apartheid government, plus political ramifications across Africa den around de world. During de year, all colonies of French West Africa den French Equatorial Africa become independent.

== Origin ==
O. H. Morris of de British Ministry of Colonies predict insyd early January dat &quot;1960 will be a year of Africa&quot;. De phrase &quot;year of Africa&quot; sana be used by Ralph Bunche on 16 February 1960. Bunche anticipate dat many states will achieve independence insyd dat year due to de &quot;well nigh explosive rapidity plus which de peoples of Africa insyd all sectors be emerging from colonialism.&quot; De concept of a &quot;Year of Africa&quot; draw international media attention.

De mythology of de year sana be influenced by de &quot;Wind of Change&quot; speech, delivered on 3 February 1960 by Harold Macmillan. Speaking insyd Cape Town, Macmillan acknowledged dat imperial powers will have difficulty continuing to control demma colonies. De speech represent an admission by Britain ein political elite dat de British Empire be over den can not be maintained.  Dis inspire a reaction from de Empire Loyalist wing of de Conservative Party; see Conservative Monday Club. Africans sana react. Insyd de words of Guinean Foreign Minister Caba Sory:&lt;blockquote&gt;De 'wind of change' which has been referred to recently by Prime Minister Macmillan, threatens to soon become a hurricane... Guns den bayonets can no longer prevail insyd de face of de strong conscience of de populations of Africa which be determined to put an end to colonialism.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Independence ==
For details on African independence movements, see Decolonization of Africa.

During 1960, de number of independent countries rise from nine (with populations of 95 million) to twenty-six (plus populations of 180 million), gaining demma independence from Belgium, France, Italy den de United Kingdom.

=== From France ===
Insyd response to mounting conflict insyd Algeria—particularly de May 1958 crisis—France dey create a new constitution insyd 1958. Dis constitution make colonial states part of de &quot;French Community&quot; (''La Communauté'') which restructure de French empire as a sort of federation. All member states acceded to de agreement except for Guinea, which obtain independence insyd 1958 when e refuse to join ''La Communauté''. Ein decision lead France to cut off all support but set a precedent for oda French colonies. Insyd December 1959, returning French leader Charles De Gaulle agree dat member states can have independence if they chose. All did, at a rate much faster than France anticipated.

* Cameroon (formerly Cameroun) achieved independence on de first day of 1960 (unifying plus part of de British Cameroons insyd 1961).
* Togo (formerly French Togoland) achieve independence on 27 April
* Mali Federation become independent on 20 June, then split into Mali den Senegal on 20 August
* Madagascar became independent on 26 June
* Dahomey (renamed to Benin in 1975) become independent on 1 August
* Niger, independent on 3 August
* Upper Volta (renamed to Burkina Faso insyd 1984), independent on 5 August
* Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire), independent on 7 August
* Chad, independent on 11 August
* Central African Republic, independent on 13 August
* Republic of de Congo (Brazzaville), independent on 15 August
* Gabon, independent on 17 August
* Mauritania, independent on 28 November

These countries remain dey insyd de French sphere of influence, particularly insyd economic terms. France sana brokered political agreements plus de Mali Federation den Madagascar, waiving de mandate dat departure from de French Community will lead to de end of political ties (as it had for Guinea). French companies thus accept de arrangement, because they will remain well-positioned to profit from de newly independent countries—which sana continue to use colonial (CFA) francs.

De new constitutions create by these countries use some ideas from de French Constitution, wey include values of democracy den universal rights as well as a parliamentary system plus a strong executive. They sana sometimes use language from de UN ein Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They all emphasize Pan-Africanism over nationalism.

=== From Italy den de United Kingdom ===
Two countries achieve independence from de British Empire insyd 1960: Somalia, through de unification of British Somaliland den de Trust Territory of Somalia, den Nigeria.

On 26 June (sana de day of Madagascar ein independence), British Somaliland become de independent State of Somaliland. Five days later, e unite plus de Italian Trust Territory of Somalia to create de Somali Republic on 1 July.

Nigeria have de largest population den best economy on de continent. E become independent on 1 October.

Sana insyd1960, de Dominion of Ghana vote to become a Republic, thereby ending Queen Elizabeth II ein rule, 1957–1960, as de Queen of Ghana. World-famous Pan-Africanist Kwame Nkrumah, formerly de Prime Minister, be simultaneously elected President, on 27 April 1960.

=== From Belgium ===
De Congolese have been agitating heavily for independence, den at de beginning of 1960 Patrice Lumumba be imprisoned for inciting a riot insyd 1959. Recognizing dat the Congo be going to become independent, Belgium free Lumumba den allow him to attend a conference insydBrussels from 18 to 27 January. At de conference, 30 June be established as independence day for de Republic of de Congo. Lumumba win a large plurality insyd de May elections den become Prime Minister of de country on 30 June. De spirit of de occasion inspire de celebrated Congolese musician Le Grand Kallé to write de song &quot;''Indépendance Cha Cha''&quot;, which become a pan-African hit.

De country be soon embroil insyd turmoil, den Lumumba be deposed on 14 September. He be subsequently torture den executed. De subsequent period of instability be sometimes called de Congo Crisis.

De events insyd de Congo lead de ''London Daily Express''—which have consistently favoured colonialism—to denounce de &quot;Year of Africa&quot; den call for 1961 to be a &quot;year of realism&quot;.</text>
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De '''Year of Africa''' refers to a series of events dat take place during de year 1960—mainly de independence of seventeen African nations—dat highlight de growing pan-African sentiments insyd de continent. De year bring about de culmination of African independence movements den de subsequent emergence of Africa as a major force insyd de United Nations. These rapid political developments lead to speculation den hope about de future of Africa as a whole; yet at de same time, de continent be beginning to face de realities of post-colonial violence. Dis year sana see de beginning of armed opposition to South African apartheid government, plus political ramifications across Africa den around de world. During de year, all colonies of French West Africa den French Equatorial Africa become independent.

== Origin ==
O. H. Morris of de British Ministry of Colonies predict insyd early January dat &quot;1960 will be a year of Africa&quot;. De phrase &quot;year of Africa&quot; sana be used by Ralph Bunche on 16 February 1960. Bunche anticipate dat many states will achieve independence insyd dat year due to de &quot;well nigh explosive rapidity plus which de peoples of Africa insyd all sectors be emerging from colonialism.&quot; De concept of a &quot;Year of Africa&quot; draw international media attention.

De mythology of de year sana be influenced by de &quot;Wind of Change&quot; speech, delivered on 3 February 1960 by Harold Macmillan. Speaking insyd Cape Town, Macmillan acknowledged dat imperial powers will have difficulty continuing to control demma colonies. De speech represent an admission by Britain ein political elite dat de British Empire be over den can not be maintained.  Dis inspire a reaction from de Empire Loyalist wing of de Conservative Party; see Conservative Monday Club. Africans sana react. Insyd de words of Guinean Foreign Minister Caba Sory:&lt;blockquote&gt;De 'wind of change' which has been referred to recently by Prime Minister Macmillan, threatens to soon become a hurricane... Guns den bayonets can no longer prevail insyd de face of de strong conscience of de populations of Africa which be determined to put an end to colonialism.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Independence ==
For details on African independence movements, see Decolonization of Africa.

During 1960, de number of independent countries rise from nine (with populations of 95 million) to twenty-six (plus populations of 180 million), gaining demma independence from Belgium, France, Italy den de United Kingdom.

=== From France ===
Insyd response to mounting conflict insyd Algeria—particularly de May 1958 crisis—France dey create a new constitution insyd 1958. Dis constitution make colonial states part of de &quot;French Community&quot; (''La Communauté'') which restructure de French empire as a sort of federation. All member states acceded to de agreement except for Guinea, which obtain independence insyd 1958 when e refuse to join ''La Communauté''. Ein decision lead France to cut off all support but set a precedent for oda French colonies. Insyd December 1959, returning French leader Charles De Gaulle agree dat member states can have independence if they chose. All did, at a rate much faster than France anticipated.

* Cameroon (formerly Cameroun) achieved independence on de first day of 1960 (unifying plus part of de British Cameroons insyd 1961).
* Togo (formerly French Togoland) achieve independence on 27 April
* Mali Federation become independent on 20 June, then split into Mali den Senegal on 20 August
* Madagascar became independent on 26 June
* Dahomey (renamed to Benin in 1975) become independent on 1 August
* Niger, independent on 3 August
* Upper Volta (renamed to Burkina Faso insyd 1984), independent on 5 August
* Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire), independent on 7 August
* Chad, independent on 11 August
* Central African Republic, independent on 13 August
* Republic of de Congo (Brazzaville), independent on 15 August
* Gabon, independent on 17 August
* Mauritania, independent on 28 November

These countries remain dey insyd de French sphere of influence, particularly insyd economic terms. France sana brokered political agreements plus de Mali Federation den Madagascar, waiving de mandate dat departure from de French Community will lead to de end of political ties (as it had for Guinea). French companies thus accept de arrangement, because they will remain well-positioned to profit from de newly independent countries—which sana continue to use colonial (CFA) francs.

De new constitutions create by these countries use some ideas from de French Constitution, wey include values of democracy den universal rights as well as a parliamentary system plus a strong executive. They sana sometimes use language from de UN ein Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They all emphasize Pan-Africanism over nationalism.

=== From Italy den de United Kingdom ===
Two countries achieve independence from de British Empire insyd 1960: Somalia, through de unification of British Somaliland den de Trust Territory of Somalia, den Nigeria.

On 26 June (sana de day of Madagascar ein independence), British Somaliland become de independent State of Somaliland. Five days later, e unite plus de Italian Trust Territory of Somalia to create de Somali Republic on 1 July.

Nigeria have de largest population den best economy on de continent. E become independent on 1 October.

Sana insyd1960, de Dominion of Ghana vote to become a Republic, thereby ending Queen Elizabeth II ein rule, 1957–1960, as de Queen of Ghana. World-famous Pan-Africanist Kwame Nkrumah, formerly de Prime Minister, be simultaneously elected President, on 27 April 1960.

=== From Belgium ===
De Congolese have been agitating heavily for independence, den at de beginning of 1960 Patrice Lumumba be imprisoned for inciting a riot insyd 1959. Recognizing dat the Congo be going to become independent, Belgium free Lumumba den allow him to attend a conference insydBrussels from 18 to 27 January. At de conference, 30 June be established as independence day for de Republic of de Congo. Lumumba win a large plurality insyd de May elections den become Prime Minister of de country on 30 June. De spirit of de occasion inspire de celebrated Congolese musician Le Grand Kallé to write de song &quot;''Indépendance Cha Cha''&quot;, which become a pan-African hit.

De country be soon embroil insyd turmoil, den Lumumba be deposed on 14 September. He be subsequently torture den executed. De subsequent period of instability be sometimes called de Congo Crisis.

De events insyd de Congo lead de ''London Daily Express''—which have consistently favoured colonialism—to denounce de &quot;Year of Africa&quot; den call for 1961 to be a &quot;year of realism&quot;.

== South Africa ==
De Sharpeville massacre insyd South Africa take place on 21 March 1960, triggering mass underground resistance as well as international solidarity demonstrations. Dis event sometimes be cited as de beginning of worldwide struggle against apartheid. South African activists den academics describe it as a turning point insyd de resistance, wey dey mark de end of nonviolence den liberalism. Some say dat ein biggest impact come insyd making white South Africans aware of de brutality plus which political Blacks be being suppressed.

On 5 October, a referendum be passed insyd South Africa which abolish de monarchy, which set up South Africa ein leaving de Commonwealth of Nations de next year over ein racial policies.</text>
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De '''Year of Africa''' refers to a series of events dat take place during de year 1960—mainly de independence of seventeen African nations—dat highlight de growing pan-African sentiments insyd de continent. De year bring about de culmination of African independence movements den de subsequent emergence of Africa as a major force insyd de United Nations. These rapid political developments lead to speculation den hope about de future of Africa as a whole; yet at de same time, de continent be beginning to face de realities of post-colonial violence. Dis year sana see de beginning of armed opposition to South African apartheid government, plus political ramifications across Africa den around de world. During de year, all colonies of French West Africa den French Equatorial Africa become independent.

== Origin ==
O. H. Morris of de British Ministry of Colonies predict insyd early January dat &quot;1960 will be a year of Africa&quot;. De phrase &quot;year of Africa&quot; sana be used by Ralph Bunche on 16 February 1960. Bunche anticipate dat many states will achieve independence insyd dat year due to de &quot;well nigh explosive rapidity plus which de peoples of Africa insyd all sectors be emerging from colonialism.&quot; De concept of a &quot;Year of Africa&quot; draw international media attention.

De mythology of de year sana be influenced by de &quot;Wind of Change&quot; speech, delivered on 3 February 1960 by Harold Macmillan. Speaking insyd Cape Town, Macmillan acknowledged dat imperial powers will have difficulty continuing to control demma colonies. De speech represent an admission by Britain ein political elite dat de British Empire be over den can not be maintained.  Dis inspire a reaction from de Empire Loyalist wing of de Conservative Party; see Conservative Monday Club. Africans sana react. Insyd de words of Guinean Foreign Minister Caba Sory:&lt;blockquote&gt;De 'wind of change' which has been referred to recently by Prime Minister Macmillan, threatens to soon become a hurricane... Guns den bayonets can no longer prevail insyd de face of de strong conscience of de populations of Africa which be determined to put an end to colonialism.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Independence ==
For details on African independence movements, see Decolonization of Africa.

During 1960, de number of independent countries rise from nine (with populations of 95 million) to twenty-six (plus populations of 180 million), gaining demma independence from Belgium, France, Italy den de United Kingdom.

=== From France ===
Insyd response to mounting conflict insyd Algeria—particularly de May 1958 crisis—France dey create a new constitution insyd 1958. Dis constitution make colonial states part of de &quot;French Community&quot; (''La Communauté'') which restructure de French empire as a sort of federation. All member states acceded to de agreement except for Guinea, which obtain independence insyd 1958 when e refuse to join ''La Communauté''. Ein decision lead France to cut off all support but set a precedent for oda French colonies. Insyd December 1959, returning French leader Charles De Gaulle agree dat member states can have independence if they chose. All did, at a rate much faster than France anticipated.

* Cameroon (formerly Cameroun) achieved independence on de first day of 1960 (unifying plus part of de British Cameroons insyd 1961).
* Togo (formerly French Togoland) achieve independence on 27 April
* Mali Federation become independent on 20 June, then split into Mali den Senegal on 20 August
* Madagascar became independent on 26 June
* Dahomey (renamed to Benin in 1975) become independent on 1 August
* Niger, independent on 3 August
* Upper Volta (renamed to Burkina Faso insyd 1984), independent on 5 August
* Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire), independent on 7 August
* Chad, independent on 11 August
* Central African Republic, independent on 13 August
* Republic of de Congo (Brazzaville), independent on 15 August
* Gabon, independent on 17 August
* Mauritania, independent on 28 November

These countries remain dey insyd de French sphere of influence, particularly insyd economic terms. France sana brokered political agreements plus de Mali Federation den Madagascar, waiving de mandate dat departure from de French Community will lead to de end of political ties (as it had for Guinea). French companies thus accept de arrangement, because they will remain well-positioned to profit from de newly independent countries—which sana continue to use colonial (CFA) francs.

De new constitutions create by these countries use some ideas from de French Constitution, wey include values of democracy den universal rights as well as a parliamentary system plus a strong executive. They sana sometimes use language from de UN ein Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They all emphasize Pan-Africanism over nationalism.

=== From Italy den de United Kingdom ===
Two countries achieve independence from de British Empire insyd 1960: Somalia, through de unification of British Somaliland den de Trust Territory of Somalia, den Nigeria.

On 26 June (sana de day of Madagascar ein independence), British Somaliland become de independent State of Somaliland. Five days later, e unite plus de Italian Trust Territory of Somalia to create de Somali Republic on 1 July.

Nigeria have de largest population den best economy on de continent. E become independent on 1 October.

Sana insyd1960, de Dominion of Ghana vote to become a Republic, thereby ending Queen Elizabeth II ein rule, 1957–1960, as de Queen of Ghana. World-famous Pan-Africanist Kwame Nkrumah, formerly de Prime Minister, be simultaneously elected President, on 27 April 1960.

=== From Belgium ===
De Congolese have been agitating heavily for independence, den at de beginning of 1960 Patrice Lumumba be imprisoned for inciting a riot insyd 1959. Recognizing dat the Congo be going to become independent, Belgium free Lumumba den allow him to attend a conference insydBrussels from 18 to 27 January. At de conference, 30 June be established as independence day for de Republic of de Congo. Lumumba win a large plurality insyd de May elections den become Prime Minister of de country on 30 June. De spirit of de occasion inspire de celebrated Congolese musician Le Grand Kallé to write de song &quot;''Indépendance Cha Cha''&quot;, which become a pan-African hit.

De country be soon embroil insyd turmoil, den Lumumba be deposed on 14 September. He be subsequently torture den executed. De subsequent period of instability be sometimes called de Congo Crisis.

De events insyd de Congo lead de ''London Daily Express''—which have consistently favoured colonialism—to denounce de &quot;Year of Africa&quot; den call for 1961 to be a &quot;year of realism&quot;.

== South Africa ==
De Sharpeville massacre insyd South Africa take place on 21 March 1960, triggering mass underground resistance as well as international solidarity demonstrations. Dis event sometimes be cited as de beginning of worldwide struggle against apartheid. South African activists den academics describe it as a turning point insyd de resistance, wey dey mark de end of nonviolence den liberalism. Some say dat ein biggest impact come insyd making white South Africans aware of de brutality plus which political Blacks be being suppressed.

On 5 October, a referendum be passed insyd South Africa which abolish de monarchy, which set up South Africa ein leaving de Commonwealth of Nations de next year over ein racial policies.

== United Nations ==
Insyd October, Ghanaian president Kwame Nkrumah deliver an address to de United Nations insyd which he discuss Africa ein role insyd de world den de future role of de world insyd Africa. Nkrumah assert Africa ein new power, opining dat it do not wish revenge on de European nations which colonize de continent, but will insist on freedom nonetheless:&lt;blockquote&gt;One cardinal fact of our time be de momentous impact of Africa ein awakening upon de modern world. De flowing tide of African nationalism sweeps everything before it den constitutes a challenge to de colonial powers to make a just restitution for de years of injustice den crime committed against our continent.

But Africa does not seek vengeance. It be against her very nature to harbor malice. Over two million of our people cry out plus one voice of tremendous power. And what do they say? We do not ask for death for our oppressors; we do not pronounce wishes of ill-fate for our slave-masters; we make an assertion of a just den positive demand; our voice booms across de oceans den mountains, over de hills den valleys, insyd de desert places den through de vast expanse of mankind ein inhabitations, den it calls out for de freedom of Africa. Africa wants her freedom. Africa must be free. E be a simple call, but ein also a signal lighting a red warning to those who will tend to ignore it.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nkrumah call for an end to white supremacy, particularly insyd South Africa. Insyd an introduction de print text of de speech, W.E.B. Du Bois writes: &quot;...there can be no doubt dat Kwame Nkrumah be de Voice of Africa. Dat be, dat more nearly than any oda living man he expresses de thought den ideals of de dark continent den dat dis continent be stepping to de forefront insyd world affairs.&quot;

English Wikisource has original text related to dis article:

'''United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514'''

On 14 December 1960, de UN General Assembly approve de Declaration on de Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries den Peoples. Dis statement affirms dat &quot;all peoples have de right to self-determination&quot;, den dat rule by outside powers constitutes a violation of human rights. De statement pass plus no votes against. De United States den seven oda colonial powers abstained; Zelma George, an African American insyd de U.S. delegation, stand to signify ein support of de Declaration.</text>
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De '''Year of Africa''' refers to a series of events dat take place during de year 1960—mainly de independence of seventeen African nations—dat highlight de growing pan-African sentiments insyd de continent. De year bring about de culmination of African independence movements den de subsequent emergence of Africa as a major force insyd de United Nations. These rapid political developments lead to speculation den hope about de future of Africa as a whole; yet at de same time, de continent be beginning to face de realities of post-colonial violence. Dis year sana see de beginning of armed opposition to South African apartheid government, plus political ramifications across Africa den around de world. During de year, all colonies of French West Africa den French Equatorial Africa become independent.

== Origin ==
O. H. Morris of de British Ministry of Colonies predict insyd early January dat &quot;1960 will be a year of Africa&quot;. De phrase &quot;year of Africa&quot; sana be used by Ralph Bunche on 16 February 1960. Bunche anticipate dat many states will achieve independence insyd dat year due to de &quot;well nigh explosive rapidity plus which de peoples of Africa insyd all sectors be emerging from colonialism.&quot; De concept of a &quot;Year of Africa&quot; draw international media attention.

De mythology of de year sana be influenced by de &quot;Wind of Change&quot; speech, delivered on 3 February 1960 by Harold Macmillan. Speaking insyd Cape Town, Macmillan acknowledged dat imperial powers will have difficulty continuing to control demma colonies. De speech represent an admission by Britain ein political elite dat de British Empire be over den can not be maintained.  Dis inspire a reaction from de Empire Loyalist wing of de Conservative Party; see Conservative Monday Club. Africans sana react. Insyd de words of Guinean Foreign Minister Caba Sory:&lt;blockquote&gt;De 'wind of change' which has been referred to recently by Prime Minister Macmillan, threatens to soon become a hurricane... Guns den bayonets can no longer prevail insyd de face of de strong conscience of de populations of Africa which be determined to put an end to colonialism.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Independence ==
For details on African independence movements, see Decolonization of Africa.

During 1960, de number of independent countries rise from nine (with populations of 95 million) to twenty-six (plus populations of 180 million), gaining demma independence from Belgium, France, Italy den de United Kingdom.

=== From France ===
Insyd response to mounting conflict insyd Algeria—particularly de May 1958 crisis—France dey create a new constitution insyd 1958. Dis constitution make colonial states part of de &quot;French Community&quot; (''La Communauté'') which restructure de French empire as a sort of federation. All member states acceded to de agreement except for Guinea, which obtain independence insyd 1958 when e refuse to join ''La Communauté''. Ein decision lead France to cut off all support but set a precedent for oda French colonies. Insyd December 1959, returning French leader Charles De Gaulle agree dat member states can have independence if they chose. All did, at a rate much faster than France anticipated.

* Cameroon (formerly Cameroun) achieved independence on de first day of 1960 (unifying plus part of de British Cameroons insyd 1961).
* Togo (formerly French Togoland) achieve independence on 27 April
* Mali Federation become independent on 20 June, then split into Mali den Senegal on 20 August
* Madagascar became independent on 26 June
* Dahomey (renamed to Benin in 1975) become independent on 1 August
* Niger, independent on 3 August
* Upper Volta (renamed to Burkina Faso insyd 1984), independent on 5 August
* Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire), independent on 7 August
* Chad, independent on 11 August
* Central African Republic, independent on 13 August
* Republic of de Congo (Brazzaville), independent on 15 August
* Gabon, independent on 17 August
* Mauritania, independent on 28 November

These countries remain dey insyd de French sphere of influence, particularly insyd economic terms. France sana brokered political agreements plus de Mali Federation den Madagascar, waiving de mandate dat departure from de French Community will lead to de end of political ties (as it had for Guinea). French companies thus accept de arrangement, because they will remain well-positioned to profit from de newly independent countries—which sana continue to use colonial (CFA) francs.

De new constitutions create by these countries use some ideas from de French Constitution, wey include values of democracy den universal rights as well as a parliamentary system plus a strong executive. They sana sometimes use language from de UN ein Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They all emphasize Pan-Africanism over nationalism.

=== From Italy den de United Kingdom ===
Two countries achieve independence from de British Empire insyd 1960: Somalia, through de unification of British Somaliland den de Trust Territory of Somalia, den Nigeria.

On 26 June (sana de day of Madagascar ein independence), British Somaliland become de independent State of Somaliland. Five days later, e unite plus de Italian Trust Territory of Somalia to create de Somali Republic on 1 July.

Nigeria have de largest population den best economy on de continent. E become independent on 1 October.

Sana insyd1960, de Dominion of Ghana vote to become a Republic, thereby ending Queen Elizabeth II ein rule, 1957–1960, as de Queen of Ghana. World-famous Pan-Africanist Kwame Nkrumah, formerly de Prime Minister, be simultaneously elected President, on 27 April 1960.

=== From Belgium ===
De Congolese have been agitating heavily for independence, den at de beginning of 1960 Patrice Lumumba be imprisoned for inciting a riot insyd 1959. Recognizing dat the Congo be going to become independent, Belgium free Lumumba den allow him to attend a conference insydBrussels from 18 to 27 January. At de conference, 30 June be established as independence day for de Republic of de Congo. Lumumba win a large plurality insyd de May elections den become Prime Minister of de country on 30 June. De spirit of de occasion inspire de celebrated Congolese musician Le Grand Kallé to write de song &quot;''Indépendance Cha Cha''&quot;, which become a pan-African hit.

De country be soon embroil insyd turmoil, den Lumumba be deposed on 14 September. He be subsequently torture den executed. De subsequent period of instability be sometimes called de Congo Crisis.

De events insyd de Congo lead de ''London Daily Express''—which have consistently favoured colonialism—to denounce de &quot;Year of Africa&quot; den call for 1961 to be a &quot;year of realism&quot;.

== South Africa ==
De Sharpeville massacre insyd South Africa take place on 21 March 1960, triggering mass underground resistance as well as international solidarity demonstrations. Dis event sometimes be cited as de beginning of worldwide struggle against apartheid. South African activists den academics describe it as a turning point insyd de resistance, wey dey mark de end of nonviolence den liberalism. Some say dat ein biggest impact come insyd making white South Africans aware of de brutality plus which political Blacks be being suppressed.

On 5 October, a referendum be passed insyd South Africa which abolish de monarchy, which set up South Africa ein leaving de Commonwealth of Nations de next year over ein racial policies.

== United Nations ==
Insyd October, Ghanaian president Kwame Nkrumah deliver an address to de United Nations insyd which he discuss Africa ein role insyd de world den de future role of de world insyd Africa. Nkrumah assert Africa ein new power, opining dat it do not wish revenge on de European nations which colonize de continent, but will insist on freedom nonetheless:&lt;blockquote&gt;One cardinal fact of our time be de momentous impact of Africa ein awakening upon de modern world. De flowing tide of African nationalism sweeps everything before it den constitutes a challenge to de colonial powers to make a just restitution for de years of injustice den crime committed against our continent.

But Africa does not seek vengeance. It be against her very nature to harbor malice. Over two million of our people cry out plus one voice of tremendous power. And what do they say? We do not ask for death for our oppressors; we do not pronounce wishes of ill-fate for our slave-masters; we make an assertion of a just den positive demand; our voice booms across de oceans den mountains, over de hills den valleys, insyd de desert places den through de vast expanse of mankind ein inhabitations, den it calls out for de freedom of Africa. Africa wants her freedom. Africa must be free. E be a simple call, but ein also a signal lighting a red warning to those who will tend to ignore it.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nkrumah call for an end to white supremacy, particularly insyd South Africa. Insyd an introduction de print text of de speech, W.E.B. Du Bois writes: &quot;...there can be no doubt dat Kwame Nkrumah be de Voice of Africa. Dat be, dat more nearly than any oda living man he expresses de thought den ideals of de dark continent den dat dis continent be stepping to de forefront insyd world affairs.&quot;

English Wikisource has original text related to dis article:

'''United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514'''

On 14 December 1960, de UN General Assembly approve de Declaration on de Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries den Peoples. Dis statement affirms dat &quot;all peoples have de right to self-determination&quot;, den dat rule by outside powers constitutes a violation of human rights. De statement pass plus no votes against. De United States den seven oda colonial powers abstained; Zelma George, an African American insyd de U.S. delegation, stand to signify ein support of de Declaration.

== Related events ==
De Second All-African Peoples ein Conference, hold from 25 to 31 January, call for Africa ein complete independence den de establishment of an African bank.

Insyd de 1960 Summer Olympics insyd Rome, Ethiopian runner Abebe Bikila win de marathon den become de first Black African to receive an Olympic gold medal. Ein achievement intensified African pride den global focus on de continent.

== Implications den legacy ==
De Year of Africa alter de symbolic status of Africans worldwide, by having de world recognize de existence of African nations as a force to be reckoned plus on de international arena. It mark de beginning of a new, more Afrocentric era insyd African studies, marked by de founding of de ''Cahiers d'Études africaines'' den de ''Journal of African History''.

De Year of Africa be a major boost for African Americans, themselves engage insyd de Civil Rights Movement insyd de United States. De ''Baltimore Afro-American'', confident dat sit-ins will defeat segregation insyd de Southern United States, editorialized: &quot;De 'winds of change' which be sweeping over Africa, be blowing insyd de benighted areas of de United States, too.&quot; Professor James H. Meriwether, looking back on de Year of Africa, dey write: &quot;De events of 1960 strengthen links between African Americans den de worldwide struggle against white supremacy, while doing so on a more Africa-centered basis.&quot; More concretely, resisters to segregation insyd de Southern United States may dey begin to look to South Africa for inspiration—den vice versa.

De phrase &quot;Year of Africa&quot; was used again insyd 2005, mostly insyd conjunction plus Western attention to de continent surrounding de 31st G8 summit.

Insyd 2010, several African nations celebrate 50 years of independence on de &quot;Year of Africa&quot; semicentennial.

== Sanso see ==

* Scramble for Africa
* ''Indépendance Cha Cha''
* Year of return

* Africa portal
* 1960s portal

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2475" sha1="gpr0msf58x97u9zwvloktkkqp93356e" xml:space="preserve">Africa has de world ein oldest record of human technological achievement: de oldest surviving stone tools insyd de world have been found insyd eastern Africa, den later evidence for tool production by humans ein hominin ancestors has been found across West, Central, Eastern den Southern Africa. De history of science den technology insyd Africa since then has, however, dey receive relatively little attention compare to oda regions of de world, despite notable African developments insyd mathematics, metallurgy, architecture, den oda fields.

== Early humans ==
De Great Rift Valley of Africa provides critical evidence for the evolution of early hominins. De earliest tools insyd de world can be found there as well:

* An unidentified hominin, possibly ''Australopithecus afarensis or Kenyanthropus platyops'', created stone tools dating to 3.3 million years ago at Lomekwi insyd de Turkana Basin, eastern Africa.
* ''Homo habilis'', residing insyd eastern Africa, dey develop anoda early toolmaking industry, de Oldowan, around 2.3 million years ago.
* ''Homo erectus'' develop de Acheulean stone tool industry, specifically hand-axes, at 1.5 million years ago. Dis tool industry spread to de Middle East den Europe around 800,000 to 600,000 years ago. ''Homo erectus'' also begin using fire.
* ''Homo sapiens'', or modern humans, create bone tools den backed blades around 90,000 to 60,000 years ago, insyd southern den eastern Africa. De use of bone tools den backed blades eventually become characteristic of Later Stone Age tool industries. De first appearance of abstract art be during de Middle Stone Age, however. De oldest abstract art insyd de world be a shell necklace dated to 82,000 years ago from de Cave of Pigeons in Taforalt, eastern Morocco. De second oldest abstract art den de oldest rock art be found at Blombos Cave insyd South Africa, dated to 77,000 years ago. There be evidences dat stone age humans around 100,000 years ago have an elementary knowledge of chemistry insyd Southern Africa, den dat they used a specific recipe to create a liquefy ochre-rich mixture. According to Henshilwood, &quot;Dis no be just a chance mixture, it be early chemistry. E dey suggest conceptual den probably cognitive abilities which be de equivalent of modern humans&quot;.

== Education ==

=== Northern Africa den de Nile Valley ===
Insyd 295 BCE, de Library of Alexandria be founded by Greeks insyd Egypt. It be considered de largest library insyd de classical world.</text>
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      <text bytes="4183" sha1="qr71ioy5qahb1nufbraeezvxv78f88s" xml:space="preserve">Africa has de world ein oldest record of human technological achievement: de oldest surviving stone tools insyd de world have been found insyd eastern Africa, den later evidence for tool production by humans ein hominin ancestors has been found across West, Central, Eastern den Southern Africa. De history of science den technology insyd Africa since then has, however, dey receive relatively little attention compare to oda regions of de world, despite notable African developments insyd mathematics, metallurgy, architecture, den oda fields.

== Early humans ==
De Great Rift Valley of Africa provides critical evidence for the evolution of early hominins. De earliest tools insyd de world can be found there as well:

* An unidentified hominin, possibly ''Australopithecus afarensis or Kenyanthropus platyops'', created stone tools dating to 3.3 million years ago at Lomekwi insyd de Turkana Basin, eastern Africa.
* ''Homo habilis'', residing insyd eastern Africa, dey develop anoda early toolmaking industry, de Oldowan, around 2.3 million years ago.
* ''Homo erectus'' develop de Acheulean stone tool industry, specifically hand-axes, at 1.5 million years ago. Dis tool industry spread to de Middle East den Europe around 800,000 to 600,000 years ago. ''Homo erectus'' also begin using fire.
* ''Homo sapiens'', or modern humans, create bone tools den backed blades around 90,000 to 60,000 years ago, insyd southern den eastern Africa. De use of bone tools den backed blades eventually become characteristic of Later Stone Age tool industries. De first appearance of abstract art be during de Middle Stone Age, however. De oldest abstract art insyd de world be a shell necklace dated to 82,000 years ago from de Cave of Pigeons in Taforalt, eastern Morocco. De second oldest abstract art den de oldest rock art be found at Blombos Cave insyd South Africa, dated to 77,000 years ago. There be evidences dat stone age humans around 100,000 years ago have an elementary knowledge of chemistry insyd Southern Africa, den dat they used a specific recipe to create a liquefy ochre-rich mixture. According to Henshilwood, &quot;Dis no be just a chance mixture, it be early chemistry. E dey suggest conceptual den probably cognitive abilities which be de equivalent of modern humans&quot;.

== Education ==

=== Northern Africa den de Nile Valley ===
Insyd 295 BCE, de Library of Alexandria be founded by Greeks insyd Egypt. It be considered de largest library insyd de classical world.

Al-Azhar University, founded insyd 970~972 as a madrasa, be de chief centre of Arabic literature den Sunni Islamic learning insyd de world. De oldest degree-granting university insyd Egypt after de Cairo University, ein establishment date may be considered 1961 when non-religious subjects be added to ein curriculum.

=== West Africa den de Sahel ===
Three madrasas or Islamic schools exist insyd Mali during de country ein &quot;golden age&quot; from de 14th to de 16th centuries: Sankore Madrasah, Sidi Yahya Mosque, den Djinguereber Mosque, all insyd Timbuktu. De schools consist of independent scholars who gIve instruction to individuals or small groups of students, PLU special lectures sometimes given insyd de mosques. There be no overall school administration or prescribe course of study, den libraries consist of individual private collections of manuscripts. Scholars be drawn from de city ein wealthiest families, den instruction be explicitly religious. De main subjects study by advanced scholars den students be Qur'anic studies, Arabic language, Muhammad, theology, mysticism, den law.

Insyd de 16th century, Timbuktu sana house as many as 150–180 maktabs (Qur'anic schools), where basic reading den recitation of de Qur'an be taught. These schools have an estimated peak enrollment of 4,000–5,000 pupils, wey include pupils from de surrounding areas.

Within West Africa Timbuktu be a major center of book copying, religious groups, de Islamic sciences, den arts. Books be imported from North Africa den paper be imported from Europe. Books/manuscripts were written primarily in Arabic.

De most famous scholar from Timbuktu be Ahmad Baba (1556–1627), who write primarily about Islamic law.</text>
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      <text bytes="5653" sha1="ezwrh6icp7mxmbpxeb2izvcqgkloc4n" xml:space="preserve">Africa has de world ein oldest record of human technological achievement: de oldest surviving stone tools insyd de world have been found insyd eastern Africa, den later evidence for tool production by humans ein hominin ancestors has been found across West, Central, Eastern den Southern Africa. De history of science den technology insyd Africa since then has, however, dey receive relatively little attention compare to oda regions of de world, despite notable African developments insyd mathematics, metallurgy, architecture, den oda fields.

== Early humans ==
De Great Rift Valley of Africa provides critical evidence for the evolution of early hominins. De earliest tools insyd de world can be found there as well:

* An unidentified hominin, possibly ''Australopithecus afarensis or Kenyanthropus platyops'', created stone tools dating to 3.3 million years ago at Lomekwi insyd de Turkana Basin, eastern Africa.
* ''Homo habilis'', residing insyd eastern Africa, dey develop anoda early toolmaking industry, de Oldowan, around 2.3 million years ago.
* ''Homo erectus'' develop de Acheulean stone tool industry, specifically hand-axes, at 1.5 million years ago. Dis tool industry spread to de Middle East den Europe around 800,000 to 600,000 years ago. ''Homo erectus'' also begin using fire.
* ''Homo sapiens'', or modern humans, create bone tools den backed blades around 90,000 to 60,000 years ago, insyd southern den eastern Africa. De use of bone tools den backed blades eventually become characteristic of Later Stone Age tool industries. De first appearance of abstract art be during de Middle Stone Age, however. De oldest abstract art insyd de world be a shell necklace dated to 82,000 years ago from de Cave of Pigeons in Taforalt, eastern Morocco. De second oldest abstract art den de oldest rock art be found at Blombos Cave insyd South Africa, dated to 77,000 years ago. There be evidences dat stone age humans around 100,000 years ago have an elementary knowledge of chemistry insyd Southern Africa, den dat they used a specific recipe to create a liquefy ochre-rich mixture. According to Henshilwood, &quot;Dis no be just a chance mixture, it be early chemistry. E dey suggest conceptual den probably cognitive abilities which be de equivalent of modern humans&quot;.

== Education ==

=== Northern Africa den de Nile Valley ===
Insyd 295 BCE, de Library of Alexandria be founded by Greeks insyd Egypt. It be considered de largest library insyd de classical world.

Al-Azhar University, founded insyd 970~972 as a madrasa, be de chief centre of Arabic literature den Sunni Islamic learning insyd de world. De oldest degree-granting university insyd Egypt after de Cairo University, ein establishment date may be considered 1961 when non-religious subjects be added to ein curriculum.

=== West Africa den de Sahel ===
Three madrasas or Islamic schools exist insyd Mali during de country ein &quot;golden age&quot; from de 14th to de 16th centuries: Sankore Madrasah, Sidi Yahya Mosque, den Djinguereber Mosque, all insyd Timbuktu. De schools consist of independent scholars who gIve instruction to individuals or small groups of students, PLU special lectures sometimes given insyd de mosques. There be no overall school administration or prescribe course of study, den libraries consist of individual private collections of manuscripts. Scholars be drawn from de city ein wealthiest families, den instruction be explicitly religious. De main subjects study by advanced scholars den students be Qur'anic studies, Arabic language, Muhammad, theology, mysticism, den law.

Insyd de 16th century, Timbuktu sana house as many as 150–180 maktabs (Qur'anic schools), where basic reading den recitation of de Qur'an be taught. These schools have an estimated peak enrollment of 4,000–5,000 pupils, wey include pupils from de surrounding areas.

Within West Africa Timbuktu be a major center of book copying, religious groups, de Islamic sciences, den arts. Books be imported from North Africa den paper be imported from Europe. Books/manuscripts were written primarily in Arabic.

De most famous scholar from Timbuktu be Ahmad Baba (1556–1627), who write primarily about Islamic law.

== Astronomy ==
Three types of calendars can be found insyd Africa: lunar, solar, den stellar. Most African calendars be a combination of de three. African calendars include de Akan calendar, Egyptian calendar, Berber calendar, Ethiopian calendar, Igbo calendar, Yoruba calendar, Shona calendar, Somali calendar, Swahili calendar, Xhosa calendar, Borana calendar, den Luba calendar den Ankole calendar.

=== Northern Africa and the Nile Valley ===
A stone circle located insyd de Nabta Playa basin may be one of de world ein oldest known archeoastronomical devices. Built by de ancient Nubians about 4800 BCE, de device may have approximately marked de summer solstice.

Since de first modern measurements of de precise cardinal orientations of de Egyptian pyramids be taken by Flinders Petrie, various astronomical methods have been proposed as to how these orientations be originally established. Ancient Egyptians may have observed, for example, de positions of two stars insyd de Plough / Big Dipper which be known to Egyptians as de thigh. E be thought dat a vertical alignment between these two stars dey check plus a plumb bob be used to ascertain where North lay. De deviations from true North using dis model reflect de accepted dates of construction of de pyramids.

Egyptians be de first to develop a 365-day, 12 month calendar. E be a stellar calendar, created by observing de stars.

During de 12th century, de astrolabic quadrant be invented insyd Egypt.</text>
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      <text bytes="7058" sha1="ti37rxhypk8f4hg4s4q1owkw498ryfh" xml:space="preserve">Africa has de world ein oldest record of human technological achievement: de oldest surviving stone tools insyd de world have been found insyd eastern Africa, den later evidence for tool production by humans ein hominin ancestors has been found across West, Central, Eastern den Southern Africa. De history of science den technology insyd Africa since then has, however, dey receive relatively little attention compare to oda regions of de world, despite notable African developments insyd mathematics, metallurgy, architecture, den oda fields.

== Early humans ==
De Great Rift Valley of Africa provides critical evidence for the evolution of early hominins. De earliest tools insyd de world can be found there as well:

* An unidentified hominin, possibly ''Australopithecus afarensis or Kenyanthropus platyops'', created stone tools dating to 3.3 million years ago at Lomekwi insyd de Turkana Basin, eastern Africa.
* ''Homo habilis'', residing insyd eastern Africa, dey develop anoda early toolmaking industry, de Oldowan, around 2.3 million years ago.
* ''Homo erectus'' develop de Acheulean stone tool industry, specifically hand-axes, at 1.5 million years ago. Dis tool industry spread to de Middle East den Europe around 800,000 to 600,000 years ago. ''Homo erectus'' also begin using fire.
* ''Homo sapiens'', or modern humans, create bone tools den backed blades around 90,000 to 60,000 years ago, insyd southern den eastern Africa. De use of bone tools den backed blades eventually become characteristic of Later Stone Age tool industries. De first appearance of abstract art be during de Middle Stone Age, however. De oldest abstract art insyd de world be a shell necklace dated to 82,000 years ago from de Cave of Pigeons in Taforalt, eastern Morocco. De second oldest abstract art den de oldest rock art be found at Blombos Cave insyd South Africa, dated to 77,000 years ago. There be evidences dat stone age humans around 100,000 years ago have an elementary knowledge of chemistry insyd Southern Africa, den dat they used a specific recipe to create a liquefy ochre-rich mixture. According to Henshilwood, &quot;Dis no be just a chance mixture, it be early chemistry. E dey suggest conceptual den probably cognitive abilities which be de equivalent of modern humans&quot;.

== Education ==

=== Northern Africa den de Nile Valley ===
Insyd 295 BCE, de Library of Alexandria be founded by Greeks insyd Egypt. It be considered de largest library insyd de classical world.

Al-Azhar University, founded insyd 970~972 as a madrasa, be de chief centre of Arabic literature den Sunni Islamic learning insyd de world. De oldest degree-granting university insyd Egypt after de Cairo University, ein establishment date may be considered 1961 when non-religious subjects be added to ein curriculum.

=== West Africa den de Sahel ===
Three madrasas or Islamic schools exist insyd Mali during de country ein &quot;golden age&quot; from de 14th to de 16th centuries: Sankore Madrasah, Sidi Yahya Mosque, den Djinguereber Mosque, all insyd Timbuktu. De schools consist of independent scholars who gIve instruction to individuals or small groups of students, PLU special lectures sometimes given insyd de mosques. There be no overall school administration or prescribe course of study, den libraries consist of individual private collections of manuscripts. Scholars be drawn from de city ein wealthiest families, den instruction be explicitly religious. De main subjects study by advanced scholars den students be Qur'anic studies, Arabic language, Muhammad, theology, mysticism, den law.

Insyd de 16th century, Timbuktu sana house as many as 150–180 maktabs (Qur'anic schools), where basic reading den recitation of de Qur'an be taught. These schools have an estimated peak enrollment of 4,000–5,000 pupils, wey include pupils from de surrounding areas.

Within West Africa Timbuktu be a major center of book copying, religious groups, de Islamic sciences, den arts. Books be imported from North Africa den paper be imported from Europe. Books/manuscripts were written primarily in Arabic.

De most famous scholar from Timbuktu be Ahmad Baba (1556–1627), who write primarily about Islamic law.

== Astronomy ==
Three types of calendars can be found insyd Africa: lunar, solar, den stellar. Most African calendars be a combination of de three. African calendars include de Akan calendar, Egyptian calendar, Berber calendar, Ethiopian calendar, Igbo calendar, Yoruba calendar, Shona calendar, Somali calendar, Swahili calendar, Xhosa calendar, Borana calendar, den Luba calendar den Ankole calendar.

=== Northern Africa and the Nile Valley ===
A stone circle located insyd de Nabta Playa basin may be one of de world ein oldest known archeoastronomical devices. Built by de ancient Nubians about 4800 BCE, de device may have approximately marked de summer solstice.

Since de first modern measurements of de precise cardinal orientations of de Egyptian pyramids be taken by Flinders Petrie, various astronomical methods have been proposed as to how these orientations be originally established. Ancient Egyptians may have observed, for example, de positions of two stars insyd de Plough / Big Dipper which be known to Egyptians as de thigh. E be thought dat a vertical alignment between these two stars dey check plus a plumb bob be used to ascertain where North lay. De deviations from true North using dis model reflect de accepted dates of construction of de pyramids.

Egyptians be de first to develop a 365-day, 12 month calendar. E be a stellar calendar, created by observing de stars.

During de 12th century, de astrolabic quadrant be invented insyd Egypt.

=== West Africa den de Sahel ===
Based on de translation of 14 Timbuktu manuscripts, de following points can be made about astronomical knowledge insyd Timbuktu during de 14th–16th centuries:

# They make use of de Julian Calendar.
# Generally speaking, they had a geocentric view of de Solar System.
# Some manuscripts include diagrams of planets den orbits along plus mathematical calculations.
# They be able to accurately orient prayer towards Mecca.
# They recorded astronomical events, wey include a meteor shower insyd August 1583.

At this time, Mali sana have a number of astronomers wey include de emperor den scientist Askia Mohammad I.

=== Eastern Africa ===
Megalithic &quot;pillar sites&quot;, known as &quot;namoratunga&quot;, date to as early as 5,000 years ago den can be found surrounding Lake Turkana insyd Kenya. Although somewhat controversial today, initial interpretations suggested dat they be used by Cushitic speaking people as an alignment plus star systems tuned to a lunar calendar of 354 days.

=== Southern Africa ===
Today, South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community. E dey host de Southern African Large Telescope, de largest optical telescope insyd de southern hemisphere. South Africa be currently building de Karoo Array Telescope as a pathfinder for de $20 billion Square Kilometer Array project. South Africa be a finalist, plus Australia, to be de host of de SKA.</text>
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      <text bytes="9296" sha1="ooc6wtqzdrp8gw54mj10npepfn7mq2v" xml:space="preserve">Africa has de world ein oldest record of human technological achievement: de oldest surviving stone tools insyd de world have been found insyd eastern Africa, den later evidence for tool production by humans ein hominin ancestors has been found across West, Central, Eastern den Southern Africa. De history of science den technology insyd Africa since then has, however, dey receive relatively little attention compare to oda regions of de world, despite notable African developments insyd mathematics, metallurgy, architecture, den oda fields.

== Early humans ==
De Great Rift Valley of Africa provides critical evidence for the evolution of early hominins. De earliest tools insyd de world can be found there as well:

* An unidentified hominin, possibly ''Australopithecus afarensis or Kenyanthropus platyops'', created stone tools dating to 3.3 million years ago at Lomekwi insyd de Turkana Basin, eastern Africa.
* ''Homo habilis'', residing insyd eastern Africa, dey develop anoda early toolmaking industry, de Oldowan, around 2.3 million years ago.
* ''Homo erectus'' develop de Acheulean stone tool industry, specifically hand-axes, at 1.5 million years ago. Dis tool industry spread to de Middle East den Europe around 800,000 to 600,000 years ago. ''Homo erectus'' also begin using fire.
* ''Homo sapiens'', or modern humans, create bone tools den backed blades around 90,000 to 60,000 years ago, insyd southern den eastern Africa. De use of bone tools den backed blades eventually become characteristic of Later Stone Age tool industries. De first appearance of abstract art be during de Middle Stone Age, however. De oldest abstract art insyd de world be a shell necklace dated to 82,000 years ago from de Cave of Pigeons in Taforalt, eastern Morocco. De second oldest abstract art den de oldest rock art be found at Blombos Cave insyd South Africa, dated to 77,000 years ago. There be evidences dat stone age humans around 100,000 years ago have an elementary knowledge of chemistry insyd Southern Africa, den dat they used a specific recipe to create a liquefy ochre-rich mixture. According to Henshilwood, &quot;Dis no be just a chance mixture, it be early chemistry. E dey suggest conceptual den probably cognitive abilities which be de equivalent of modern humans&quot;.

== Education ==

=== Northern Africa den de Nile Valley ===
Insyd 295 BCE, de Library of Alexandria be founded by Greeks insyd Egypt. It be considered de largest library insyd de classical world.

Al-Azhar University, founded insyd 970~972 as a madrasa, be de chief centre of Arabic literature den Sunni Islamic learning insyd de world. De oldest degree-granting university insyd Egypt after de Cairo University, ein establishment date may be considered 1961 when non-religious subjects be added to ein curriculum.

=== West Africa den de Sahel ===
Three madrasas or Islamic schools exist insyd Mali during de country ein &quot;golden age&quot; from de 14th to de 16th centuries: Sankore Madrasah, Sidi Yahya Mosque, den Djinguereber Mosque, all insyd Timbuktu. De schools consist of independent scholars who gIve instruction to individuals or small groups of students, PLU special lectures sometimes given insyd de mosques. There be no overall school administration or prescribe course of study, den libraries consist of individual private collections of manuscripts. Scholars be drawn from de city ein wealthiest families, den instruction be explicitly religious. De main subjects study by advanced scholars den students be Qur'anic studies, Arabic language, Muhammad, theology, mysticism, den law.

Insyd de 16th century, Timbuktu sana house as many as 150–180 maktabs (Qur'anic schools), where basic reading den recitation of de Qur'an be taught. These schools have an estimated peak enrollment of 4,000–5,000 pupils, wey include pupils from de surrounding areas.

Within West Africa Timbuktu be a major center of book copying, religious groups, de Islamic sciences, den arts. Books be imported from North Africa den paper be imported from Europe. Books/manuscripts were written primarily in Arabic.

De most famous scholar from Timbuktu be Ahmad Baba (1556–1627), who write primarily about Islamic law.

== Astronomy ==
Three types of calendars can be found insyd Africa: lunar, solar, den stellar. Most African calendars be a combination of de three. African calendars include de Akan calendar, Egyptian calendar, Berber calendar, Ethiopian calendar, Igbo calendar, Yoruba calendar, Shona calendar, Somali calendar, Swahili calendar, Xhosa calendar, Borana calendar, den Luba calendar den Ankole calendar.

=== Northern Africa and the Nile Valley ===
A stone circle located insyd de Nabta Playa basin may be one of de world ein oldest known archeoastronomical devices. Built by de ancient Nubians about 4800 BCE, de device may have approximately marked de summer solstice.

Since de first modern measurements of de precise cardinal orientations of de Egyptian pyramids be taken by Flinders Petrie, various astronomical methods have been proposed as to how these orientations be originally established. Ancient Egyptians may have observed, for example, de positions of two stars insyd de Plough / Big Dipper which be known to Egyptians as de thigh. E be thought dat a vertical alignment between these two stars dey check plus a plumb bob be used to ascertain where North lay. De deviations from true North using dis model reflect de accepted dates of construction of de pyramids.

Egyptians be de first to develop a 365-day, 12 month calendar. E be a stellar calendar, created by observing de stars.

During de 12th century, de astrolabic quadrant be invented insyd Egypt.

=== West Africa den de Sahel ===
Based on de translation of 14 Timbuktu manuscripts, de following points can be made about astronomical knowledge insyd Timbuktu during de 14th–16th centuries:

# They make use of de Julian Calendar.
# Generally speaking, they had a geocentric view of de Solar System.
# Some manuscripts include diagrams of planets den orbits along plus mathematical calculations.
# They be able to accurately orient prayer towards Mecca.
# They recorded astronomical events, wey include a meteor shower insyd August 1583.

At this time, Mali sana have a number of astronomers wey include de emperor den scientist Askia Mohammad I.

=== Eastern Africa ===
Megalithic &quot;pillar sites&quot;, known as &quot;namoratunga&quot;, date to as early as 5,000 years ago den can be found surrounding Lake Turkana insyd Kenya. Although somewhat controversial today, initial interpretations suggested dat they be used by Cushitic speaking people as an alignment plus star systems tuned to a lunar calendar of 354 days.

=== Southern Africa ===
Today, South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community. E dey host de Southern African Large Telescope, de largest optical telescope insyd de southern hemisphere. South Africa be currently building de Karoo Array Telescope as a pathfinder for de $20 billion Square Kilometer Array project. South Africa be a finalist, plus Australia, to be de host of de SKA.

Due to archeological findings it has been speculated dat de kingdoms of Zimbabwe such as Great Zimbabwe den mapungubwe use astronomy. Monolith stones plus special engravings thought to be used to track Venus be found. They be compared to Mayan calendars den be found to be more accurate dan them

== Mathematics ==
According to Paulus Gerdes, de development of geometrical thinking dey start early insyd African history, as early humans learned to &quot;geometricize&quot; insyd de context of demma labor activities. For example, de hunter-gatherers of de Kalahari Desert insyd southern Africa learn to track animals, learn to recognize den interpret spoors. They get to know dat de shape of de spoor provide information on what animal pass by, how long ago, if e be hungry or not, etc. Such developments propelled Louis Liebenberg to posit dat de critical attitude of contemporary Kalahari Desert trackers den de role of critical discussion insyd tracking suggest dat de rationalist tradition of science may well have been practiced by hunter-gatherers long before de advent of de Greek philosophic schools. Rock paintings den engravings from all over Africa have been reported. Some of these artifacts date back to several hundreds of years, den odas several thousands. They often have geometric structures. Oda archaeological dey find dat indicate geometrical explorations by African hunters, farmers den artisans be stone den metal tools den ceramics. Particularly exceptional be archaeological dey find of perishable materials such as baskets, textiles, den wooden objects. De finds from de Tellem be extremely important, as they provide ideas of earlier geometrical explorations. Clear evidence of de exploration of forms, shapes den symmetries dey exist insyd de archaeological dey find from caves insyd de Cliff of Bandiagara insyd de center of Mali. De earliest buildings insyd de caves be cylindrical granaries make of mud coils dat date from de 3rd to de 2nd century BCE.

=== Central den Southern Africa ===
De Lebombo bone from de mountains between Swaziland den South Africa may be de oldest known mathematical artifact. E date from 35,000 BCE den dey consist of 29 distinct notches dat be deliberately cut into a baboon ein fibula.</text>
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      <text bytes="11260" sha1="e50duuxqqh7dmmm5pgjz64e84v3lx8s" xml:space="preserve">Africa has de world ein oldest record of human technological achievement: de oldest surviving stone tools insyd de world have been found insyd eastern Africa, den later evidence for tool production by humans ein hominin ancestors has been found across West, Central, Eastern den Southern Africa. De history of science den technology insyd Africa since then has, however, dey receive relatively little attention compare to oda regions of de world, despite notable African developments insyd mathematics, metallurgy, architecture, den oda fields.

== Early humans ==
De Great Rift Valley of Africa provides critical evidence for the evolution of early hominins. De earliest tools insyd de world can be found there as well:

* An unidentified hominin, possibly ''Australopithecus afarensis or Kenyanthropus platyops'', created stone tools dating to 3.3 million years ago at Lomekwi insyd de Turkana Basin, eastern Africa.
* ''Homo habilis'', residing insyd eastern Africa, dey develop anoda early toolmaking industry, de Oldowan, around 2.3 million years ago.
* ''Homo erectus'' develop de Acheulean stone tool industry, specifically hand-axes, at 1.5 million years ago. Dis tool industry spread to de Middle East den Europe around 800,000 to 600,000 years ago. ''Homo erectus'' also begin using fire.
* ''Homo sapiens'', or modern humans, create bone tools den backed blades around 90,000 to 60,000 years ago, insyd southern den eastern Africa. De use of bone tools den backed blades eventually become characteristic of Later Stone Age tool industries. De first appearance of abstract art be during de Middle Stone Age, however. De oldest abstract art insyd de world be a shell necklace dated to 82,000 years ago from de Cave of Pigeons in Taforalt, eastern Morocco. De second oldest abstract art den de oldest rock art be found at Blombos Cave insyd South Africa, dated to 77,000 years ago. There be evidences dat stone age humans around 100,000 years ago have an elementary knowledge of chemistry insyd Southern Africa, den dat they used a specific recipe to create a liquefy ochre-rich mixture. According to Henshilwood, &quot;Dis no be just a chance mixture, it be early chemistry. E dey suggest conceptual den probably cognitive abilities which be de equivalent of modern humans&quot;.

== Education ==

=== Northern Africa den de Nile Valley ===
Insyd 295 BCE, de Library of Alexandria be founded by Greeks insyd Egypt. It be considered de largest library insyd de classical world.

Al-Azhar University, founded insyd 970~972 as a madrasa, be de chief centre of Arabic literature den Sunni Islamic learning insyd de world. De oldest degree-granting university insyd Egypt after de Cairo University, ein establishment date may be considered 1961 when non-religious subjects be added to ein curriculum.

=== West Africa den de Sahel ===
Three madrasas or Islamic schools exist insyd Mali during de country ein &quot;golden age&quot; from de 14th to de 16th centuries: Sankore Madrasah, Sidi Yahya Mosque, den Djinguereber Mosque, all insyd Timbuktu. De schools consist of independent scholars who gIve instruction to individuals or small groups of students, PLU special lectures sometimes given insyd de mosques. There be no overall school administration or prescribe course of study, den libraries consist of individual private collections of manuscripts. Scholars be drawn from de city ein wealthiest families, den instruction be explicitly religious. De main subjects study by advanced scholars den students be Qur'anic studies, Arabic language, Muhammad, theology, mysticism, den law.

Insyd de 16th century, Timbuktu sana house as many as 150–180 maktabs (Qur'anic schools), where basic reading den recitation of de Qur'an be taught. These schools have an estimated peak enrollment of 4,000–5,000 pupils, wey include pupils from de surrounding areas.

Within West Africa Timbuktu be a major center of book copying, religious groups, de Islamic sciences, den arts. Books be imported from North Africa den paper be imported from Europe. Books/manuscripts were written primarily in Arabic.

De most famous scholar from Timbuktu be Ahmad Baba (1556–1627), who write primarily about Islamic law.

== Astronomy ==
Three types of calendars can be found insyd Africa: lunar, solar, den stellar. Most African calendars be a combination of de three. African calendars include de Akan calendar, Egyptian calendar, Berber calendar, Ethiopian calendar, Igbo calendar, Yoruba calendar, Shona calendar, Somali calendar, Swahili calendar, Xhosa calendar, Borana calendar, den Luba calendar den Ankole calendar.

=== Northern Africa and the Nile Valley ===
A stone circle located insyd de Nabta Playa basin may be one of de world ein oldest known archeoastronomical devices. Built by de ancient Nubians about 4800 BCE, de device may have approximately marked de summer solstice.

Since de first modern measurements of de precise cardinal orientations of de Egyptian pyramids be taken by Flinders Petrie, various astronomical methods have been proposed as to how these orientations be originally established. Ancient Egyptians may have observed, for example, de positions of two stars insyd de Plough / Big Dipper which be known to Egyptians as de thigh. E be thought dat a vertical alignment between these two stars dey check plus a plumb bob be used to ascertain where North lay. De deviations from true North using dis model reflect de accepted dates of construction of de pyramids.

Egyptians be de first to develop a 365-day, 12 month calendar. E be a stellar calendar, created by observing de stars.

During de 12th century, de astrolabic quadrant be invented insyd Egypt.

=== West Africa den de Sahel ===
Based on de translation of 14 Timbuktu manuscripts, de following points can be made about astronomical knowledge insyd Timbuktu during de 14th–16th centuries:

# They make use of de Julian Calendar.
# Generally speaking, they had a geocentric view of de Solar System.
# Some manuscripts include diagrams of planets den orbits along plus mathematical calculations.
# They be able to accurately orient prayer towards Mecca.
# They recorded astronomical events, wey include a meteor shower insyd August 1583.

At this time, Mali sana have a number of astronomers wey include de emperor den scientist Askia Mohammad I.

=== Eastern Africa ===
Megalithic &quot;pillar sites&quot;, known as &quot;namoratunga&quot;, date to as early as 5,000 years ago den can be found surrounding Lake Turkana insyd Kenya. Although somewhat controversial today, initial interpretations suggested dat they be used by Cushitic speaking people as an alignment plus star systems tuned to a lunar calendar of 354 days.

=== Southern Africa ===
Today, South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community. E dey host de Southern African Large Telescope, de largest optical telescope insyd de southern hemisphere. South Africa be currently building de Karoo Array Telescope as a pathfinder for de $20 billion Square Kilometer Array project. South Africa be a finalist, plus Australia, to be de host of de SKA.

Due to archeological findings it has been speculated dat de kingdoms of Zimbabwe such as Great Zimbabwe den mapungubwe use astronomy. Monolith stones plus special engravings thought to be used to track Venus be found. They be compared to Mayan calendars den be found to be more accurate dan them

== Mathematics ==
According to Paulus Gerdes, de development of geometrical thinking dey start early insyd African history, as early humans learned to &quot;geometricize&quot; insyd de context of demma labor activities. For example, de hunter-gatherers of de Kalahari Desert insyd southern Africa learn to track animals, learn to recognize den interpret spoors. They get to know dat de shape of de spoor provide information on what animal pass by, how long ago, if e be hungry or not, etc. Such developments propelled Louis Liebenberg to posit dat de critical attitude of contemporary Kalahari Desert trackers den de role of critical discussion insyd tracking suggest dat de rationalist tradition of science may well have been practiced by hunter-gatherers long before de advent of de Greek philosophic schools. Rock paintings den engravings from all over Africa have been reported. Some of these artifacts date back to several hundreds of years, den odas several thousands. They often have geometric structures. Oda archaeological dey find dat indicate geometrical explorations by African hunters, farmers den artisans be stone den metal tools den ceramics. Particularly exceptional be archaeological dey find of perishable materials such as baskets, textiles, den wooden objects. De finds from de Tellem be extremely important, as they provide ideas of earlier geometrical explorations. Clear evidence of de exploration of forms, shapes den symmetries dey exist insyd de archaeological dey find from caves insyd de Cliff of Bandiagara insyd de center of Mali. De earliest buildings insyd de caves be cylindrical granaries make of mud coils dat date from de 3rd to de 2nd century BCE.

=== Central den Southern Africa ===
De Lebombo bone from de mountains between Swaziland den South Africa may be de oldest known mathematical artifact. E date from 35,000 BCE den dey consist of 29 distinct notches dat be deliberately cut into a baboon ein fibula.

The Ishango bone is a bone tool from the Democratic Republic of Congo dated to the Upper Paleolithic era, about 18,000 to 20,000 BCE. It is also a baboon's fibula, with a sharp piece of quartz affixed to one end, perhaps for engraving or writing. It was first thought to be a tally stick, as it has a series of tally marks carved in three columns running the length of the tool, but some scientists have suggested that the groupings of notches indicate a mathematical understanding that goes beyond counting. Various functions for the bone have been proposed: it may have been a tool for multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation, a six-month lunar calendar, or it may have been made by a woman keeping track of her menstrual cycle.

De Bushong people can distinguish graphs dat have Eulerian paths den those dat do not. They use such graphs for purposes wey include embroidery or political prestige. According to a European ethnologist insyd 1905, Bushong children be not only aware of de conditions which determine whether a given graph be traceable, but they sana know de procedure dat permit it to be drawn most expeditiously. There be various textbooks made by mathematicians using such culturally based graphs den designs to teach mathematics, such as those made by Paulus Gerdes. According to ethnomathematician Claudia Zaslavsky;&lt;blockquote&gt;Students of all ages den all ethnic backgrounds, as well as demma instructors, be fascinated by de Bushoong den Chokwe networks den be impressed by de failure of de European ethnologist Emil Torday to solve de problem set to him by Bushoong children, a problem dat present a challenge to American students den demma teachers as well, but be solved easily by African children.

— &lt;/blockquote&gt;De &quot;sona&quot; drawing tradition of Angola sana exhibit certain mathematical ideas.

Insyd 1982, Rebecca Walo Omana become de first female mathematics professor insyd de Democratic Republic of de Congo.</text>
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      <text bytes="14072" sha1="h2lpj5bk4gql683hukgzgvmzt209za1" xml:space="preserve">Africa has de world ein oldest record of human technological achievement: de oldest surviving stone tools insyd de world have been found insyd eastern Africa, den later evidence for tool production by humans ein hominin ancestors has been found across West, Central, Eastern den Southern Africa. De history of science den technology insyd Africa since then has, however, dey receive relatively little attention compare to oda regions of de world, despite notable African developments insyd mathematics, metallurgy, architecture, den oda fields.

== Early humans ==
De Great Rift Valley of Africa provides critical evidence for the evolution of early hominins. De earliest tools insyd de world can be found there as well:

* An unidentified hominin, possibly ''Australopithecus afarensis or Kenyanthropus platyops'', created stone tools dating to 3.3 million years ago at Lomekwi insyd de Turkana Basin, eastern Africa.
* ''Homo habilis'', residing insyd eastern Africa, dey develop anoda early toolmaking industry, de Oldowan, around 2.3 million years ago.
* ''Homo erectus'' develop de Acheulean stone tool industry, specifically hand-axes, at 1.5 million years ago. Dis tool industry spread to de Middle East den Europe around 800,000 to 600,000 years ago. ''Homo erectus'' also begin using fire.
* ''Homo sapiens'', or modern humans, create bone tools den backed blades around 90,000 to 60,000 years ago, insyd southern den eastern Africa. De use of bone tools den backed blades eventually become characteristic of Later Stone Age tool industries. De first appearance of abstract art be during de Middle Stone Age, however. De oldest abstract art insyd de world be a shell necklace dated to 82,000 years ago from de Cave of Pigeons in Taforalt, eastern Morocco. De second oldest abstract art den de oldest rock art be found at Blombos Cave insyd South Africa, dated to 77,000 years ago. There be evidences dat stone age humans around 100,000 years ago have an elementary knowledge of chemistry insyd Southern Africa, den dat they used a specific recipe to create a liquefy ochre-rich mixture. According to Henshilwood, &quot;Dis no be just a chance mixture, it be early chemistry. E dey suggest conceptual den probably cognitive abilities which be de equivalent of modern humans&quot;.

== Education ==

=== Northern Africa den de Nile Valley ===
Insyd 295 BCE, de Library of Alexandria be founded by Greeks insyd Egypt. It be considered de largest library insyd de classical world.

Al-Azhar University, founded insyd 970~972 as a madrasa, be de chief centre of Arabic literature den Sunni Islamic learning insyd de world. De oldest degree-granting university insyd Egypt after de Cairo University, ein establishment date may be considered 1961 when non-religious subjects be added to ein curriculum.

=== West Africa den de Sahel ===
Three madrasas or Islamic schools exist insyd Mali during de country ein &quot;golden age&quot; from de 14th to de 16th centuries: Sankore Madrasah, Sidi Yahya Mosque, den Djinguereber Mosque, all insyd Timbuktu. De schools consist of independent scholars who gIve instruction to individuals or small groups of students, PLU special lectures sometimes given insyd de mosques. There be no overall school administration or prescribe course of study, den libraries consist of individual private collections of manuscripts. Scholars be drawn from de city ein wealthiest families, den instruction be explicitly religious. De main subjects study by advanced scholars den students be Qur'anic studies, Arabic language, Muhammad, theology, mysticism, den law.

Insyd de 16th century, Timbuktu sana house as many as 150–180 maktabs (Qur'anic schools), where basic reading den recitation of de Qur'an be taught. These schools have an estimated peak enrollment of 4,000–5,000 pupils, wey include pupils from de surrounding areas.

Within West Africa Timbuktu be a major center of book copying, religious groups, de Islamic sciences, den arts. Books be imported from North Africa den paper be imported from Europe. Books/manuscripts were written primarily in Arabic.

De most famous scholar from Timbuktu be Ahmad Baba (1556–1627), who write primarily about Islamic law.

== Astronomy ==
Three types of calendars can be found insyd Africa: lunar, solar, den stellar. Most African calendars be a combination of de three. African calendars include de Akan calendar, Egyptian calendar, Berber calendar, Ethiopian calendar, Igbo calendar, Yoruba calendar, Shona calendar, Somali calendar, Swahili calendar, Xhosa calendar, Borana calendar, den Luba calendar den Ankole calendar.

=== Northern Africa and the Nile Valley ===
A stone circle located insyd de Nabta Playa basin may be one of de world ein oldest known archeoastronomical devices. Built by de ancient Nubians about 4800 BCE, de device may have approximately marked de summer solstice.

Since de first modern measurements of de precise cardinal orientations of de Egyptian pyramids be taken by Flinders Petrie, various astronomical methods have been proposed as to how these orientations be originally established. Ancient Egyptians may have observed, for example, de positions of two stars insyd de Plough / Big Dipper which be known to Egyptians as de thigh. E be thought dat a vertical alignment between these two stars dey check plus a plumb bob be used to ascertain where North lay. De deviations from true North using dis model reflect de accepted dates of construction of de pyramids.

Egyptians be de first to develop a 365-day, 12 month calendar. E be a stellar calendar, created by observing de stars.

During de 12th century, de astrolabic quadrant be invented insyd Egypt.

=== West Africa den de Sahel ===
Based on de translation of 14 Timbuktu manuscripts, de following points can be made about astronomical knowledge insyd Timbuktu during de 14th–16th centuries:

# They make use of de Julian Calendar.
# Generally speaking, they had a geocentric view of de Solar System.
# Some manuscripts include diagrams of planets den orbits along plus mathematical calculations.
# They be able to accurately orient prayer towards Mecca.
# They recorded astronomical events, wey include a meteor shower insyd August 1583.

At this time, Mali sana have a number of astronomers wey include de emperor den scientist Askia Mohammad I.

=== Eastern Africa ===
Megalithic &quot;pillar sites&quot;, known as &quot;namoratunga&quot;, date to as early as 5,000 years ago den can be found surrounding Lake Turkana insyd Kenya. Although somewhat controversial today, initial interpretations suggested dat they be used by Cushitic speaking people as an alignment plus star systems tuned to a lunar calendar of 354 days.

=== Southern Africa ===
Today, South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community. E dey host de Southern African Large Telescope, de largest optical telescope insyd de southern hemisphere. South Africa be currently building de Karoo Array Telescope as a pathfinder for de $20 billion Square Kilometer Array project. South Africa be a finalist, plus Australia, to be de host of de SKA.

Due to archeological findings it has been speculated dat de kingdoms of Zimbabwe such as Great Zimbabwe den mapungubwe use astronomy. Monolith stones plus special engravings thought to be used to track Venus be found. They be compared to Mayan calendars den be found to be more accurate dan them

== Mathematics ==
According to Paulus Gerdes, de development of geometrical thinking dey start early insyd African history, as early humans learned to &quot;geometricize&quot; insyd de context of demma labor activities. For example, de hunter-gatherers of de Kalahari Desert insyd southern Africa learn to track animals, learn to recognize den interpret spoors. They get to know dat de shape of de spoor provide information on what animal pass by, how long ago, if e be hungry or not, etc. Such developments propelled Louis Liebenberg to posit dat de critical attitude of contemporary Kalahari Desert trackers den de role of critical discussion insyd tracking suggest dat de rationalist tradition of science may well have been practiced by hunter-gatherers long before de advent of de Greek philosophic schools. Rock paintings den engravings from all over Africa have been reported. Some of these artifacts date back to several hundreds of years, den odas several thousands. They often have geometric structures. Oda archaeological dey find dat indicate geometrical explorations by African hunters, farmers den artisans be stone den metal tools den ceramics. Particularly exceptional be archaeological dey find of perishable materials such as baskets, textiles, den wooden objects. De finds from de Tellem be extremely important, as they provide ideas of earlier geometrical explorations. Clear evidence of de exploration of forms, shapes den symmetries dey exist insyd de archaeological dey find from caves insyd de Cliff of Bandiagara insyd de center of Mali. De earliest buildings insyd de caves be cylindrical granaries make of mud coils dat date from de 3rd to de 2nd century BCE.

=== Central den Southern Africa ===
De Lebombo bone from de mountains between Swaziland den South Africa may be de oldest known mathematical artifact. E date from 35,000 BCE den dey consist of 29 distinct notches dat be deliberately cut into a baboon ein fibula.

The Ishango bone is a bone tool from the Democratic Republic of Congo dated to the Upper Paleolithic era, about 18,000 to 20,000 BCE. It is also a baboon's fibula, with a sharp piece of quartz affixed to one end, perhaps for engraving or writing. It was first thought to be a tally stick, as it has a series of tally marks carved in three columns running the length of the tool, but some scientists have suggested that the groupings of notches indicate a mathematical understanding that goes beyond counting. Various functions for the bone have been proposed: it may have been a tool for multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation, a six-month lunar calendar, or it may have been made by a woman keeping track of her menstrual cycle.

De Bushong people can distinguish graphs dat have Eulerian paths den those dat do not. They use such graphs for purposes wey include embroidery or political prestige. According to a European ethnologist insyd 1905, Bushong children be not only aware of de conditions which determine whether a given graph be traceable, but they sana know de procedure dat permit it to be drawn most expeditiously. There be various textbooks made by mathematicians using such culturally based graphs den designs to teach mathematics, such as those made by Paulus Gerdes. According to ethnomathematician Claudia Zaslavsky;&lt;blockquote&gt;Students of all ages den all ethnic backgrounds, as well as demma instructors, be fascinated by de Bushoong den Chokwe networks den be impressed by de failure of de European ethnologist Emil Torday to solve de problem set to him by Bushoong children, a problem dat present a challenge to American students den demma teachers as well, but be solved easily by African children.

— &lt;/blockquote&gt;De &quot;sona&quot; drawing tradition of Angola sana exhibit certain mathematical ideas.

Insyd 1982, Rebecca Walo Omana become de first female mathematics professor insyd de Democratic Republic of de Congo.

=== Northern Africa and the Nile Valley ===
By de predynastic Naqada period insyd Egypt, people have fully developed a numeral system. De importance of mathematics to an educated Egyptian be suggested by a New Kingdom fictional letter insyd which de writer proposes a scholarly competition between einself den anoda scribe wey regard everyday calculation tasks such as accounting of land, labor den grain. Texts such as de Rhind Mathematical Papyrus den de Moscow Mathematical Papyrus show dat de ancient Egyptians can perform de four basic mathematical operations—addition, subtraction, multiplication, den division—use fractions, know de formula to compute de volume of a frustum, den calculate de surface areas of triangles, circles den even hemispheres. They understand basic concepts of algebra den geometry, den can solve simple sets of simultaneous equations.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|
|}
|}
|-
!&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;⁄&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
in hieroglyphs
|-
|
|-
|
|-
|
|}
Mathematical notation be decimal, den based on hieroglyphic signs for each power of ten up to one million. Each of these can be written as many times as necessary to add up to de desired number; so to write de number eighty or eight hundred, de symbol for ten or one hundred be written eight times respectively. Because demma methods of calculation can not handle most fractions plus a numerator greater than one, ancient Egyptian fractions have to be written as de sum of several fractions. For example, de fraction two-fifths be resolved into de sum of one-third + one-fifteenth; dis be facilitated by standard tables of values. Some common fractions, however, be written plus a special glyph; de equivalent of de modern two-thirds be shown on de right.

Ancient Egyptian mathematicians have a grasp of de principles underlying de Pythagorean theorem, knowing, for example, dat a triangle have a right angle opposite de hypotenuse when e sides be insyd a 3–4–5 ratio. They be able to estimate de area of a circle by subtracting one-ninth from ein diameter den squaring de result:

: Area ≈ [(&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;⁄&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;)D]&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = (&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt;⁄&lt;sub&gt;81&lt;/sub&gt;)r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ≈ 3.16r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;,

a reasonable approximation of de formula '''π'''r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.

De golden ratio seems to be reflected insyd many Egyptian constructions, wey include de pyramids, but its use may have been an unintended consequence of de ancient Egyptian practice of combining de use of knotted ropes plus an intuitive sense of proportion den harmony.

Based on engraved plans of Meroitic King Amanikhabali ein pyramids, Nubians have a sophisticated understanding of mathematics den an appreciation of de harmonic ratio. De engraved plans be indicative of much to be revealed about Nubian mathematics.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>67483</id>
      <parentid>67477</parentid>
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      <origin>67483</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15978" sha1="9lw60a6v7kyf6evbhd49tpjf8mp6bv4" xml:space="preserve">Africa has de world ein oldest record of human technological achievement: de oldest surviving stone tools insyd de world have been found insyd eastern Africa, den later evidence for tool production by humans ein hominin ancestors has been found across West, Central, Eastern den Southern Africa. De history of science den technology insyd Africa since then has, however, dey receive relatively little attention compare to oda regions of de world, despite notable African developments insyd mathematics, metallurgy, architecture, den oda fields.

== Early humans ==
De Great Rift Valley of Africa provides critical evidence for the evolution of early hominins. De earliest tools insyd de world can be found there as well:

* An unidentified hominin, possibly ''Australopithecus afarensis or Kenyanthropus platyops'', created stone tools dating to 3.3 million years ago at Lomekwi insyd de Turkana Basin, eastern Africa.
* ''Homo habilis'', residing insyd eastern Africa, dey develop anoda early toolmaking industry, de Oldowan, around 2.3 million years ago.
* ''Homo erectus'' develop de Acheulean stone tool industry, specifically hand-axes, at 1.5 million years ago. Dis tool industry spread to de Middle East den Europe around 800,000 to 600,000 years ago. ''Homo erectus'' also begin using fire.
* ''Homo sapiens'', or modern humans, create bone tools den backed blades around 90,000 to 60,000 years ago, insyd southern den eastern Africa. De use of bone tools den backed blades eventually become characteristic of Later Stone Age tool industries. De first appearance of abstract art be during de Middle Stone Age, however. De oldest abstract art insyd de world be a shell necklace dated to 82,000 years ago from de Cave of Pigeons in Taforalt, eastern Morocco. De second oldest abstract art den de oldest rock art be found at Blombos Cave insyd South Africa, dated to 77,000 years ago. There be evidences dat stone age humans around 100,000 years ago have an elementary knowledge of chemistry insyd Southern Africa, den dat they used a specific recipe to create a liquefy ochre-rich mixture. According to Henshilwood, &quot;Dis no be just a chance mixture, it be early chemistry. E dey suggest conceptual den probably cognitive abilities which be de equivalent of modern humans&quot;.

== Education ==

=== Northern Africa den de Nile Valley ===
Insyd 295 BCE, de Library of Alexandria be founded by Greeks insyd Egypt. It be considered de largest library insyd de classical world.

Al-Azhar University, founded insyd 970~972 as a madrasa, be de chief centre of Arabic literature den Sunni Islamic learning insyd de world. De oldest degree-granting university insyd Egypt after de Cairo University, ein establishment date may be considered 1961 when non-religious subjects be added to ein curriculum.

=== West Africa den de Sahel ===
Three madrasas or Islamic schools exist insyd Mali during de country ein &quot;golden age&quot; from de 14th to de 16th centuries: Sankore Madrasah, Sidi Yahya Mosque, den Djinguereber Mosque, all insyd Timbuktu. De schools consist of independent scholars who gIve instruction to individuals or small groups of students, PLU special lectures sometimes given insyd de mosques. There be no overall school administration or prescribe course of study, den libraries consist of individual private collections of manuscripts. Scholars be drawn from de city ein wealthiest families, den instruction be explicitly religious. De main subjects study by advanced scholars den students be Qur'anic studies, Arabic language, Muhammad, theology, mysticism, den law.

Insyd de 16th century, Timbuktu sana house as many as 150–180 maktabs (Qur'anic schools), where basic reading den recitation of de Qur'an be taught. These schools have an estimated peak enrollment of 4,000–5,000 pupils, wey include pupils from de surrounding areas.

Within West Africa Timbuktu be a major center of book copying, religious groups, de Islamic sciences, den arts. Books be imported from North Africa den paper be imported from Europe. Books/manuscripts were written primarily in Arabic.

De most famous scholar from Timbuktu be Ahmad Baba (1556–1627), who write primarily about Islamic law.

== Astronomy ==
Three types of calendars can be found insyd Africa: lunar, solar, den stellar. Most African calendars be a combination of de three. African calendars include de Akan calendar, Egyptian calendar, Berber calendar, Ethiopian calendar, Igbo calendar, Yoruba calendar, Shona calendar, Somali calendar, Swahili calendar, Xhosa calendar, Borana calendar, den Luba calendar den Ankole calendar.

=== Northern Africa and the Nile Valley ===
A stone circle located insyd de Nabta Playa basin may be one of de world ein oldest known archeoastronomical devices. Built by de ancient Nubians about 4800 BCE, de device may have approximately marked de summer solstice.

Since de first modern measurements of de precise cardinal orientations of de Egyptian pyramids be taken by Flinders Petrie, various astronomical methods have been proposed as to how these orientations be originally established. Ancient Egyptians may have observed, for example, de positions of two stars insyd de Plough / Big Dipper which be known to Egyptians as de thigh. E be thought dat a vertical alignment between these two stars dey check plus a plumb bob be used to ascertain where North lay. De deviations from true North using dis model reflect de accepted dates of construction of de pyramids.

Egyptians be de first to develop a 365-day, 12 month calendar. E be a stellar calendar, created by observing de stars.

During de 12th century, de astrolabic quadrant be invented insyd Egypt.

=== West Africa den de Sahel ===
Based on de translation of 14 Timbuktu manuscripts, de following points can be made about astronomical knowledge insyd Timbuktu during de 14th–16th centuries:

# They make use of de Julian Calendar.
# Generally speaking, they had a geocentric view of de Solar System.
# Some manuscripts include diagrams of planets den orbits along plus mathematical calculations.
# They be able to accurately orient prayer towards Mecca.
# They recorded astronomical events, wey include a meteor shower insyd August 1583.

At this time, Mali sana have a number of astronomers wey include de emperor den scientist Askia Mohammad I.

=== Eastern Africa ===
Megalithic &quot;pillar sites&quot;, known as &quot;namoratunga&quot;, date to as early as 5,000 years ago den can be found surrounding Lake Turkana insyd Kenya. Although somewhat controversial today, initial interpretations suggested dat they be used by Cushitic speaking people as an alignment plus star systems tuned to a lunar calendar of 354 days.

=== Southern Africa ===
Today, South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community. E dey host de Southern African Large Telescope, de largest optical telescope insyd de southern hemisphere. South Africa be currently building de Karoo Array Telescope as a pathfinder for de $20 billion Square Kilometer Array project. South Africa be a finalist, plus Australia, to be de host of de SKA.

Due to archeological findings it has been speculated dat de kingdoms of Zimbabwe such as Great Zimbabwe den mapungubwe use astronomy. Monolith stones plus special engravings thought to be used to track Venus be found. They be compared to Mayan calendars den be found to be more accurate dan them

== Mathematics ==
According to Paulus Gerdes, de development of geometrical thinking dey start early insyd African history, as early humans learned to &quot;geometricize&quot; insyd de context of demma labor activities. For example, de hunter-gatherers of de Kalahari Desert insyd southern Africa learn to track animals, learn to recognize den interpret spoors. They get to know dat de shape of de spoor provide information on what animal pass by, how long ago, if e be hungry or not, etc. Such developments propelled Louis Liebenberg to posit dat de critical attitude of contemporary Kalahari Desert trackers den de role of critical discussion insyd tracking suggest dat de rationalist tradition of science may well have been practiced by hunter-gatherers long before de advent of de Greek philosophic schools. Rock paintings den engravings from all over Africa have been reported. Some of these artifacts date back to several hundreds of years, den odas several thousands. They often have geometric structures. Oda archaeological dey find dat indicate geometrical explorations by African hunters, farmers den artisans be stone den metal tools den ceramics. Particularly exceptional be archaeological dey find of perishable materials such as baskets, textiles, den wooden objects. De finds from de Tellem be extremely important, as they provide ideas of earlier geometrical explorations. Clear evidence of de exploration of forms, shapes den symmetries dey exist insyd de archaeological dey find from caves insyd de Cliff of Bandiagara insyd de center of Mali. De earliest buildings insyd de caves be cylindrical granaries make of mud coils dat date from de 3rd to de 2nd century BCE.

=== Central den Southern Africa ===
De Lebombo bone from de mountains between Swaziland den South Africa may be de oldest known mathematical artifact. E date from 35,000 BCE den dey consist of 29 distinct notches dat be deliberately cut into a baboon ein fibula.

The Ishango bone is a bone tool from the Democratic Republic of Congo dated to the Upper Paleolithic era, about 18,000 to 20,000 BCE. It is also a baboon's fibula, with a sharp piece of quartz affixed to one end, perhaps for engraving or writing. It was first thought to be a tally stick, as it has a series of tally marks carved in three columns running the length of the tool, but some scientists have suggested that the groupings of notches indicate a mathematical understanding that goes beyond counting. Various functions for the bone have been proposed: it may have been a tool for multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation, a six-month lunar calendar, or it may have been made by a woman keeping track of her menstrual cycle.

De Bushong people can distinguish graphs dat have Eulerian paths den those dat do not. They use such graphs for purposes wey include embroidery or political prestige. According to a European ethnologist insyd 1905, Bushong children be not only aware of de conditions which determine whether a given graph be traceable, but they sana know de procedure dat permit it to be drawn most expeditiously. There be various textbooks made by mathematicians using such culturally based graphs den designs to teach mathematics, such as those made by Paulus Gerdes. According to ethnomathematician Claudia Zaslavsky;&lt;blockquote&gt;Students of all ages den all ethnic backgrounds, as well as demma instructors, be fascinated by de Bushoong den Chokwe networks den be impressed by de failure of de European ethnologist Emil Torday to solve de problem set to him by Bushoong children, a problem dat present a challenge to American students den demma teachers as well, but be solved easily by African children.

— &lt;/blockquote&gt;De &quot;sona&quot; drawing tradition of Angola sana exhibit certain mathematical ideas.

Insyd 1982, Rebecca Walo Omana become de first female mathematics professor insyd de Democratic Republic of de Congo.

=== Northern Africa and the Nile Valley ===
By de predynastic Naqada period insyd Egypt, people have fully developed a numeral system. De importance of mathematics to an educated Egyptian be suggested by a New Kingdom fictional letter insyd which de writer proposes a scholarly competition between einself den anoda scribe wey regard everyday calculation tasks such as accounting of land, labor den grain. Texts such as de Rhind Mathematical Papyrus den de Moscow Mathematical Papyrus show dat de ancient Egyptians can perform de four basic mathematical operations—addition, subtraction, multiplication, den division—use fractions, know de formula to compute de volume of a frustum, den calculate de surface areas of triangles, circles den even hemispheres. They understand basic concepts of algebra den geometry, den can solve simple sets of simultaneous equations.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
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!&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;⁄&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
in hieroglyphs
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|-
|
|-
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Mathematical notation be decimal, den based on hieroglyphic signs for each power of ten up to one million. Each of these can be written as many times as necessary to add up to de desired number; so to write de number eighty or eight hundred, de symbol for ten or one hundred be written eight times respectively. Because demma methods of calculation can not handle most fractions plus a numerator greater than one, ancient Egyptian fractions have to be written as de sum of several fractions. For example, de fraction two-fifths be resolved into de sum of one-third + one-fifteenth; dis be facilitated by standard tables of values. Some common fractions, however, be written plus a special glyph; de equivalent of de modern two-thirds be shown on de right.

Ancient Egyptian mathematicians have a grasp of de principles underlying de Pythagorean theorem, knowing, for example, dat a triangle have a right angle opposite de hypotenuse when e sides be insyd a 3–4–5 ratio. They be able to estimate de area of a circle by subtracting one-ninth from ein diameter den squaring de result:

: Area ≈ [(&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;⁄&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;)D]&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = (&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt;⁄&lt;sub&gt;81&lt;/sub&gt;)r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ≈ 3.16r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;,

a reasonable approximation of de formula '''π'''r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.

De golden ratio seems to be reflected insyd many Egyptian constructions, wey include de pyramids, but its use may have been an unintended consequence of de ancient Egyptian practice of combining de use of knotted ropes plus an intuitive sense of proportion den harmony.

Based on engraved plans of Meroitic King Amanikhabali ein pyramids, Nubians have a sophisticated understanding of mathematics den an appreciation of de harmonic ratio. De engraved plans be indicative of much to be revealed about Nubian mathematics.

== Metallurgy ==
Further information: History of metallurgy insyd Africa

Most of Africa moved from de Stone Age to de Iron Age. De Iron Age den Bronze Age occur simultaneously. North Africa den de Nile Valley dey import ein iron technology from de Near East den followed de Near Eastern pattern of development from de Bronze Age to de Iron Age.

Many Africanists accept an independent development of de use of iron south of de Sahara. Among archaeologists, e be a debatable issue. De earliest dating of iron outside of North Africa be 2500 BCE at Egaro, west of Termit, making it contemporary plus iron smelting insyd de Middle East. De Egaro date be debatable plus archaeologists, due to de method use to attain it. De Termit date of 1500 BCE be widely accepted. Iron at de site of Lejja, Nigeria, has been radiocarbon date to approximately 2000 BCE. Iron use, insyd smelting den forging for tools, appears insyd West Africa by 1200 BCE, making it one of de first places for de birth of de Iron Age. Before de 19th century, African methods of extracting iron be employed insyd Brazil, until more advanced European methods be instituted.

John K. Thornton dey conclude dat Africans metalworkers be producing demma goods at de same or higher levels of productivity as demma European counterparts.

Archaeometallurgical scientific knowledge den technological development originate insyd numerous centers of Africa; de centers of origin be located insyd West Africa, Central Africa, den East Africa; consequently, as these origin centers be located within inner Africa, these archaeometallurgical developments be thus native African technologies. Iron metallurgical development occurred 2631 BCE – 2458 BCE at Lejja, insyd Nigeria, 2136 BCE – 1921 BCE at Obui, insyd Central Africa Republic, 1895 BCE – 1370 BCE at Tchire Ouma 147, insyd Niger, den 1297 BCE – 1051 BCE at Dekpassanware, insyd Togo.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>67485</id>
      <parentid>67483</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-30T23:56:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KISUMAR123</username>
        <id>1270</id>
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      <origin>67485</origin>
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      <text bytes="17607" sha1="1t7lc2qc1vvq3ck536q4x0msx3pbzwk" xml:space="preserve">Africa has de world ein oldest record of human technological achievement: de oldest surviving stone tools insyd de world have been found insyd eastern Africa, den later evidence for tool production by humans ein hominin ancestors has been found across West, Central, Eastern den Southern Africa. De history of science den technology insyd Africa since then has, however, dey receive relatively little attention compare to oda regions of de world, despite notable African developments insyd mathematics, metallurgy, architecture, den oda fields.

== Early humans ==
De Great Rift Valley of Africa provides critical evidence for the evolution of early hominins. De earliest tools insyd de world can be found there as well:

* An unidentified hominin, possibly ''Australopithecus afarensis or Kenyanthropus platyops'', created stone tools dating to 3.3 million years ago at Lomekwi insyd de Turkana Basin, eastern Africa.
* ''Homo habilis'', residing insyd eastern Africa, dey develop anoda early toolmaking industry, de Oldowan, around 2.3 million years ago.
* ''Homo erectus'' develop de Acheulean stone tool industry, specifically hand-axes, at 1.5 million years ago. Dis tool industry spread to de Middle East den Europe around 800,000 to 600,000 years ago. ''Homo erectus'' also begin using fire.
* ''Homo sapiens'', or modern humans, create bone tools den backed blades around 90,000 to 60,000 years ago, insyd southern den eastern Africa. De use of bone tools den backed blades eventually become characteristic of Later Stone Age tool industries. De first appearance of abstract art be during de Middle Stone Age, however. De oldest abstract art insyd de world be a shell necklace dated to 82,000 years ago from de Cave of Pigeons in Taforalt, eastern Morocco. De second oldest abstract art den de oldest rock art be found at Blombos Cave insyd South Africa, dated to 77,000 years ago. There be evidences dat stone age humans around 100,000 years ago have an elementary knowledge of chemistry insyd Southern Africa, den dat they used a specific recipe to create a liquefy ochre-rich mixture. According to Henshilwood, &quot;Dis no be just a chance mixture, it be early chemistry. E dey suggest conceptual den probably cognitive abilities which be de equivalent of modern humans&quot;.

== Education ==

=== Northern Africa den de Nile Valley ===
Insyd 295 BCE, de Library of Alexandria be founded by Greeks insyd Egypt. It be considered de largest library insyd de classical world.

Al-Azhar University, founded insyd 970~972 as a madrasa, be de chief centre of Arabic literature den Sunni Islamic learning insyd de world. De oldest degree-granting university insyd Egypt after de Cairo University, ein establishment date may be considered 1961 when non-religious subjects be added to ein curriculum.

=== West Africa den de Sahel ===
Three madrasas or Islamic schools exist insyd Mali during de country ein &quot;golden age&quot; from de 14th to de 16th centuries: Sankore Madrasah, Sidi Yahya Mosque, den Djinguereber Mosque, all insyd Timbuktu. De schools consist of independent scholars who gIve instruction to individuals or small groups of students, PLU special lectures sometimes given insyd de mosques. There be no overall school administration or prescribe course of study, den libraries consist of individual private collections of manuscripts. Scholars be drawn from de city ein wealthiest families, den instruction be explicitly religious. De main subjects study by advanced scholars den students be Qur'anic studies, Arabic language, Muhammad, theology, mysticism, den law.

Insyd de 16th century, Timbuktu sana house as many as 150–180 maktabs (Qur'anic schools), where basic reading den recitation of de Qur'an be taught. These schools have an estimated peak enrollment of 4,000–5,000 pupils, wey include pupils from de surrounding areas.

Within West Africa Timbuktu be a major center of book copying, religious groups, de Islamic sciences, den arts. Books be imported from North Africa den paper be imported from Europe. Books/manuscripts were written primarily in Arabic.

De most famous scholar from Timbuktu be Ahmad Baba (1556–1627), who write primarily about Islamic law.

== Astronomy ==
Three types of calendars can be found insyd Africa: lunar, solar, den stellar. Most African calendars be a combination of de three. African calendars include de Akan calendar, Egyptian calendar, Berber calendar, Ethiopian calendar, Igbo calendar, Yoruba calendar, Shona calendar, Somali calendar, Swahili calendar, Xhosa calendar, Borana calendar, den Luba calendar den Ankole calendar.

=== Northern Africa and the Nile Valley ===
A stone circle located insyd de Nabta Playa basin may be one of de world ein oldest known archeoastronomical devices. Built by de ancient Nubians about 4800 BCE, de device may have approximately marked de summer solstice.

Since de first modern measurements of de precise cardinal orientations of de Egyptian pyramids be taken by Flinders Petrie, various astronomical methods have been proposed as to how these orientations be originally established. Ancient Egyptians may have observed, for example, de positions of two stars insyd de Plough / Big Dipper which be known to Egyptians as de thigh. E be thought dat a vertical alignment between these two stars dey check plus a plumb bob be used to ascertain where North lay. De deviations from true North using dis model reflect de accepted dates of construction of de pyramids.

Egyptians be de first to develop a 365-day, 12 month calendar. E be a stellar calendar, created by observing de stars.

During de 12th century, de astrolabic quadrant be invented insyd Egypt.

=== West Africa den de Sahel ===
Based on de translation of 14 Timbuktu manuscripts, de following points can be made about astronomical knowledge insyd Timbuktu during de 14th–16th centuries:

# They make use of de Julian Calendar.
# Generally speaking, they had a geocentric view of de Solar System.
# Some manuscripts include diagrams of planets den orbits along plus mathematical calculations.
# They be able to accurately orient prayer towards Mecca.
# They recorded astronomical events, wey include a meteor shower insyd August 1583.

At this time, Mali sana have a number of astronomers wey include de emperor den scientist Askia Mohammad I.

=== Eastern Africa ===
Megalithic &quot;pillar sites&quot;, known as &quot;namoratunga&quot;, date to as early as 5,000 years ago den can be found surrounding Lake Turkana insyd Kenya. Although somewhat controversial today, initial interpretations suggested dat they be used by Cushitic speaking people as an alignment plus star systems tuned to a lunar calendar of 354 days.

=== Southern Africa ===
Today, South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community. E dey host de Southern African Large Telescope, de largest optical telescope insyd de southern hemisphere. South Africa be currently building de Karoo Array Telescope as a pathfinder for de $20 billion Square Kilometer Array project. South Africa be a finalist, plus Australia, to be de host of de SKA.

Due to archeological findings it has been speculated dat de kingdoms of Zimbabwe such as Great Zimbabwe den mapungubwe use astronomy. Monolith stones plus special engravings thought to be used to track Venus be found. They be compared to Mayan calendars den be found to be more accurate dan them

== Mathematics ==
According to Paulus Gerdes, de development of geometrical thinking dey start early insyd African history, as early humans learned to &quot;geometricize&quot; insyd de context of demma labor activities. For example, de hunter-gatherers of de Kalahari Desert insyd southern Africa learn to track animals, learn to recognize den interpret spoors. They get to know dat de shape of de spoor provide information on what animal pass by, how long ago, if e be hungry or not, etc. Such developments propelled Louis Liebenberg to posit dat de critical attitude of contemporary Kalahari Desert trackers den de role of critical discussion insyd tracking suggest dat de rationalist tradition of science may well have been practiced by hunter-gatherers long before de advent of de Greek philosophic schools. Rock paintings den engravings from all over Africa have been reported. Some of these artifacts date back to several hundreds of years, den odas several thousands. They often have geometric structures. Oda archaeological dey find dat indicate geometrical explorations by African hunters, farmers den artisans be stone den metal tools den ceramics. Particularly exceptional be archaeological dey find of perishable materials such as baskets, textiles, den wooden objects. De finds from de Tellem be extremely important, as they provide ideas of earlier geometrical explorations. Clear evidence of de exploration of forms, shapes den symmetries dey exist insyd de archaeological dey find from caves insyd de Cliff of Bandiagara insyd de center of Mali. De earliest buildings insyd de caves be cylindrical granaries make of mud coils dat date from de 3rd to de 2nd century BCE.

=== Central den Southern Africa ===
De Lebombo bone from de mountains between Swaziland den South Africa may be de oldest known mathematical artifact. E date from 35,000 BCE den dey consist of 29 distinct notches dat be deliberately cut into a baboon ein fibula.

The Ishango bone is a bone tool from the Democratic Republic of Congo dated to the Upper Paleolithic era, about 18,000 to 20,000 BCE. It is also a baboon's fibula, with a sharp piece of quartz affixed to one end, perhaps for engraving or writing. It was first thought to be a tally stick, as it has a series of tally marks carved in three columns running the length of the tool, but some scientists have suggested that the groupings of notches indicate a mathematical understanding that goes beyond counting. Various functions for the bone have been proposed: it may have been a tool for multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation, a six-month lunar calendar, or it may have been made by a woman keeping track of her menstrual cycle.

De Bushong people can distinguish graphs dat have Eulerian paths den those dat do not. They use such graphs for purposes wey include embroidery or political prestige. According to a European ethnologist insyd 1905, Bushong children be not only aware of de conditions which determine whether a given graph be traceable, but they sana know de procedure dat permit it to be drawn most expeditiously. There be various textbooks made by mathematicians using such culturally based graphs den designs to teach mathematics, such as those made by Paulus Gerdes. According to ethnomathematician Claudia Zaslavsky;&lt;blockquote&gt;Students of all ages den all ethnic backgrounds, as well as demma instructors, be fascinated by de Bushoong den Chokwe networks den be impressed by de failure of de European ethnologist Emil Torday to solve de problem set to him by Bushoong children, a problem dat present a challenge to American students den demma teachers as well, but be solved easily by African children.

— &lt;/blockquote&gt;De &quot;sona&quot; drawing tradition of Angola sana exhibit certain mathematical ideas.

Insyd 1982, Rebecca Walo Omana become de first female mathematics professor insyd de Democratic Republic of de Congo.

=== Northern Africa and the Nile Valley ===
By de predynastic Naqada period insyd Egypt, people have fully developed a numeral system. De importance of mathematics to an educated Egyptian be suggested by a New Kingdom fictional letter insyd which de writer proposes a scholarly competition between einself den anoda scribe wey regard everyday calculation tasks such as accounting of land, labor den grain. Texts such as de Rhind Mathematical Papyrus den de Moscow Mathematical Papyrus show dat de ancient Egyptians can perform de four basic mathematical operations—addition, subtraction, multiplication, den division—use fractions, know de formula to compute de volume of a frustum, den calculate de surface areas of triangles, circles den even hemispheres. They understand basic concepts of algebra den geometry, den can solve simple sets of simultaneous equations.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
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{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
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{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|
|}
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|-
!&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;⁄&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
in hieroglyphs
|-
|
|-
|
|-
|
|}
Mathematical notation be decimal, den based on hieroglyphic signs for each power of ten up to one million. Each of these can be written as many times as necessary to add up to de desired number; so to write de number eighty or eight hundred, de symbol for ten or one hundred be written eight times respectively. Because demma methods of calculation can not handle most fractions plus a numerator greater than one, ancient Egyptian fractions have to be written as de sum of several fractions. For example, de fraction two-fifths be resolved into de sum of one-third + one-fifteenth; dis be facilitated by standard tables of values. Some common fractions, however, be written plus a special glyph; de equivalent of de modern two-thirds be shown on de right.

Ancient Egyptian mathematicians have a grasp of de principles underlying de Pythagorean theorem, knowing, for example, dat a triangle have a right angle opposite de hypotenuse when e sides be insyd a 3–4–5 ratio. They be able to estimate de area of a circle by subtracting one-ninth from ein diameter den squaring de result:

: Area ≈ [(&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;⁄&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;)D]&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = (&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt;⁄&lt;sub&gt;81&lt;/sub&gt;)r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ≈ 3.16r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;,

a reasonable approximation of de formula '''π'''r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.

De golden ratio seems to be reflected insyd many Egyptian constructions, wey include de pyramids, but its use may have been an unintended consequence of de ancient Egyptian practice of combining de use of knotted ropes plus an intuitive sense of proportion den harmony.

Based on engraved plans of Meroitic King Amanikhabali ein pyramids, Nubians have a sophisticated understanding of mathematics den an appreciation of de harmonic ratio. De engraved plans be indicative of much to be revealed about Nubian mathematics.

== Metallurgy ==
Further information: History of metallurgy insyd Africa

Most of Africa moved from de Stone Age to de Iron Age. De Iron Age den Bronze Age occur simultaneously. North Africa den de Nile Valley dey import ein iron technology from de Near East den followed de Near Eastern pattern of development from de Bronze Age to de Iron Age.

Many Africanists accept an independent development of de use of iron south of de Sahara. Among archaeologists, e be a debatable issue. De earliest dating of iron outside of North Africa be 2500 BCE at Egaro, west of Termit, making it contemporary plus iron smelting insyd de Middle East. De Egaro date be debatable plus archaeologists, due to de method use to attain it. De Termit date of 1500 BCE be widely accepted. Iron at de site of Lejja, Nigeria, has been radiocarbon date to approximately 2000 BCE. Iron use, insyd smelting den forging for tools, appears insyd West Africa by 1200 BCE, making it one of de first places for de birth of de Iron Age. Before de 19th century, African methods of extracting iron be employed insyd Brazil, until more advanced European methods be instituted.

John K. Thornton dey conclude dat Africans metalworkers be producing demma goods at de same or higher levels of productivity as demma European counterparts.

Archaeometallurgical scientific knowledge den technological development originate insyd numerous centers of Africa; de centers of origin be located insyd West Africa, Central Africa, den East Africa; consequently, as these origin centers be located within inner Africa, these archaeometallurgical developments be thus native African technologies. Iron metallurgical development occurred 2631 BCE – 2458 BCE at Lejja, insyd Nigeria, 2136 BCE – 1921 BCE at Obui, insyd Central Africa Republic, 1895 BCE – 1370 BCE at Tchire Ouma 147, insyd Niger, den 1297 BCE – 1051 BCE at Dekpassanware, insyd Togo.

=== West Africa ===
Besides being masters insyd iron, Africans be masters insyd brass, copper, den bronze. Ife showed artistic mastery insyd demma striking naturalistic statues of brass den copper, a lost wax tradition beginning insyd de 11-12th centuries. Ife sana be a manufacturer of glass den glass beads. Benin later mastered a mix of brass den bronze during de 16th century, producing portraiture den reliefs insyd de metals.

Insyd West Africa, several centres of iron production using natural draft furnaces emerged from de early second millennium CE. Iron production insyd Banjeli den Bassar for example insyd Togo reached up to 80,000 cubic meters(which be more than de production at places such as Meroe), analyses indicate dat fifteenth-and sixteenth-century CE slags from this area were just bloomery waste products, while preliminary metallographic analyses of objects indicate them to be made of low-carbon steels. Insyd Burkina Faso, de Korsimoro district reach up to 169,900 cubic meters. Insyd de Dogon region, de sub-region of Fiko has about 300,000 cubic meters of slag produced.

Brass barrel blunderbuss be said to have been produced insyd some states of de Gold Coast insyd de eighteenth den nineteenth centuries. Various accounts indicate dat Asante blacksmiths be not only able to repair firearms, but dat barrels, locks den stocks be on occasion remade.

Insyd de Aïr Mountains region of Niger, copper smelting be independently developed between 3000 den 2500 BCE. De undeveloped nature of de process dey indicate dat e no be of foreign origin. Smelting insyd de region become mature around 1500 BCE.</text>
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      <text bytes="18552" sha1="1qhlt4adh61wrqfoz5k37in0cop0mj9" xml:space="preserve">Africa has de world ein oldest record of human technological achievement: de oldest surviving stone tools insyd de world have been found insyd eastern Africa, den later evidence for tool production by humans ein hominin ancestors has been found across West, Central, Eastern den Southern Africa. De history of science den technology insyd Africa since then has, however, dey receive relatively little attention compare to oda regions of de world, despite notable African developments insyd mathematics, metallurgy, architecture, den oda fields.

== Early humans ==
De Great Rift Valley of Africa provides critical evidence for the evolution of early hominins. De earliest tools insyd de world can be found there as well:

* An unidentified hominin, possibly ''Australopithecus afarensis or Kenyanthropus platyops'', created stone tools dating to 3.3 million years ago at Lomekwi insyd de Turkana Basin, eastern Africa.
* ''Homo habilis'', residing insyd eastern Africa, dey develop anoda early toolmaking industry, de Oldowan, around 2.3 million years ago.
* ''Homo erectus'' develop de Acheulean stone tool industry, specifically hand-axes, at 1.5 million years ago. Dis tool industry spread to de Middle East den Europe around 800,000 to 600,000 years ago. ''Homo erectus'' also begin using fire.
* ''Homo sapiens'', or modern humans, create bone tools den backed blades around 90,000 to 60,000 years ago, insyd southern den eastern Africa. De use of bone tools den backed blades eventually become characteristic of Later Stone Age tool industries. De first appearance of abstract art be during de Middle Stone Age, however. De oldest abstract art insyd de world be a shell necklace dated to 82,000 years ago from de Cave of Pigeons in Taforalt, eastern Morocco. De second oldest abstract art den de oldest rock art be found at Blombos Cave insyd South Africa, dated to 77,000 years ago. There be evidences dat stone age humans around 100,000 years ago have an elementary knowledge of chemistry insyd Southern Africa, den dat they used a specific recipe to create a liquefy ochre-rich mixture. According to Henshilwood, &quot;Dis no be just a chance mixture, it be early chemistry. E dey suggest conceptual den probably cognitive abilities which be de equivalent of modern humans&quot;.

== Education ==

=== Northern Africa den de Nile Valley ===
Insyd 295 BCE, de Library of Alexandria be founded by Greeks insyd Egypt. It be considered de largest library insyd de classical world.

Al-Azhar University, founded insyd 970~972 as a madrasa, be de chief centre of Arabic literature den Sunni Islamic learning insyd de world. De oldest degree-granting university insyd Egypt after de Cairo University, ein establishment date may be considered 1961 when non-religious subjects be added to ein curriculum.

=== West Africa den de Sahel ===
Three madrasas or Islamic schools exist insyd Mali during de country ein &quot;golden age&quot; from de 14th to de 16th centuries: Sankore Madrasah, Sidi Yahya Mosque, den Djinguereber Mosque, all insyd Timbuktu. De schools consist of independent scholars who gIve instruction to individuals or small groups of students, PLU special lectures sometimes given insyd de mosques. There be no overall school administration or prescribe course of study, den libraries consist of individual private collections of manuscripts. Scholars be drawn from de city ein wealthiest families, den instruction be explicitly religious. De main subjects study by advanced scholars den students be Qur'anic studies, Arabic language, Muhammad, theology, mysticism, den law.

Insyd de 16th century, Timbuktu sana house as many as 150–180 maktabs (Qur'anic schools), where basic reading den recitation of de Qur'an be taught. These schools have an estimated peak enrollment of 4,000–5,000 pupils, wey include pupils from de surrounding areas.

Within West Africa Timbuktu be a major center of book copying, religious groups, de Islamic sciences, den arts. Books be imported from North Africa den paper be imported from Europe. Books/manuscripts were written primarily in Arabic.

De most famous scholar from Timbuktu be Ahmad Baba (1556–1627), who write primarily about Islamic law.

== Astronomy ==
Three types of calendars can be found insyd Africa: lunar, solar, den stellar. Most African calendars be a combination of de three. African calendars include de Akan calendar, Egyptian calendar, Berber calendar, Ethiopian calendar, Igbo calendar, Yoruba calendar, Shona calendar, Somali calendar, Swahili calendar, Xhosa calendar, Borana calendar, den Luba calendar den Ankole calendar.

=== Northern Africa and the Nile Valley ===
A stone circle located insyd de Nabta Playa basin may be one of de world ein oldest known archeoastronomical devices. Built by de ancient Nubians about 4800 BCE, de device may have approximately marked de summer solstice.

Since de first modern measurements of de precise cardinal orientations of de Egyptian pyramids be taken by Flinders Petrie, various astronomical methods have been proposed as to how these orientations be originally established. Ancient Egyptians may have observed, for example, de positions of two stars insyd de Plough / Big Dipper which be known to Egyptians as de thigh. E be thought dat a vertical alignment between these two stars dey check plus a plumb bob be used to ascertain where North lay. De deviations from true North using dis model reflect de accepted dates of construction of de pyramids.

Egyptians be de first to develop a 365-day, 12 month calendar. E be a stellar calendar, created by observing de stars.

During de 12th century, de astrolabic quadrant be invented insyd Egypt.

=== West Africa den de Sahel ===
Based on de translation of 14 Timbuktu manuscripts, de following points can be made about astronomical knowledge insyd Timbuktu during de 14th–16th centuries:

# They make use of de Julian Calendar.
# Generally speaking, they had a geocentric view of de Solar System.
# Some manuscripts include diagrams of planets den orbits along plus mathematical calculations.
# They be able to accurately orient prayer towards Mecca.
# They recorded astronomical events, wey include a meteor shower insyd August 1583.

At this time, Mali sana have a number of astronomers wey include de emperor den scientist Askia Mohammad I.

=== Eastern Africa ===
Megalithic &quot;pillar sites&quot;, known as &quot;namoratunga&quot;, date to as early as 5,000 years ago den can be found surrounding Lake Turkana insyd Kenya. Although somewhat controversial today, initial interpretations suggested dat they be used by Cushitic speaking people as an alignment plus star systems tuned to a lunar calendar of 354 days.

=== Southern Africa ===
Today, South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community. E dey host de Southern African Large Telescope, de largest optical telescope insyd de southern hemisphere. South Africa be currently building de Karoo Array Telescope as a pathfinder for de $20 billion Square Kilometer Array project. South Africa be a finalist, plus Australia, to be de host of de SKA.

Due to archeological findings it has been speculated dat de kingdoms of Zimbabwe such as Great Zimbabwe den mapungubwe use astronomy. Monolith stones plus special engravings thought to be used to track Venus be found. They be compared to Mayan calendars den be found to be more accurate dan them

== Mathematics ==
According to Paulus Gerdes, de development of geometrical thinking dey start early insyd African history, as early humans learned to &quot;geometricize&quot; insyd de context of demma labor activities. For example, de hunter-gatherers of de Kalahari Desert insyd southern Africa learn to track animals, learn to recognize den interpret spoors. They get to know dat de shape of de spoor provide information on what animal pass by, how long ago, if e be hungry or not, etc. Such developments propelled Louis Liebenberg to posit dat de critical attitude of contemporary Kalahari Desert trackers den de role of critical discussion insyd tracking suggest dat de rationalist tradition of science may well have been practiced by hunter-gatherers long before de advent of de Greek philosophic schools. Rock paintings den engravings from all over Africa have been reported. Some of these artifacts date back to several hundreds of years, den odas several thousands. They often have geometric structures. Oda archaeological dey find dat indicate geometrical explorations by African hunters, farmers den artisans be stone den metal tools den ceramics. Particularly exceptional be archaeological dey find of perishable materials such as baskets, textiles, den wooden objects. De finds from de Tellem be extremely important, as they provide ideas of earlier geometrical explorations. Clear evidence of de exploration of forms, shapes den symmetries dey exist insyd de archaeological dey find from caves insyd de Cliff of Bandiagara insyd de center of Mali. De earliest buildings insyd de caves be cylindrical granaries make of mud coils dat date from de 3rd to de 2nd century BCE.

=== Central den Southern Africa ===
De Lebombo bone from de mountains between Swaziland den South Africa may be de oldest known mathematical artifact. E date from 35,000 BCE den dey consist of 29 distinct notches dat be deliberately cut into a baboon ein fibula.

The Ishango bone is a bone tool from the Democratic Republic of Congo dated to the Upper Paleolithic era, about 18,000 to 20,000 BCE. It is also a baboon's fibula, with a sharp piece of quartz affixed to one end, perhaps for engraving or writing. It was first thought to be a tally stick, as it has a series of tally marks carved in three columns running the length of the tool, but some scientists have suggested that the groupings of notches indicate a mathematical understanding that goes beyond counting. Various functions for the bone have been proposed: it may have been a tool for multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation, a six-month lunar calendar, or it may have been made by a woman keeping track of her menstrual cycle.

De Bushong people can distinguish graphs dat have Eulerian paths den those dat do not. They use such graphs for purposes wey include embroidery or political prestige. According to a European ethnologist insyd 1905, Bushong children be not only aware of de conditions which determine whether a given graph be traceable, but they sana know de procedure dat permit it to be drawn most expeditiously. There be various textbooks made by mathematicians using such culturally based graphs den designs to teach mathematics, such as those made by Paulus Gerdes. According to ethnomathematician Claudia Zaslavsky;&lt;blockquote&gt;Students of all ages den all ethnic backgrounds, as well as demma instructors, be fascinated by de Bushoong den Chokwe networks den be impressed by de failure of de European ethnologist Emil Torday to solve de problem set to him by Bushoong children, a problem dat present a challenge to American students den demma teachers as well, but be solved easily by African children.

— &lt;/blockquote&gt;De &quot;sona&quot; drawing tradition of Angola sana exhibit certain mathematical ideas.

Insyd 1982, Rebecca Walo Omana become de first female mathematics professor insyd de Democratic Republic of de Congo.

=== Northern Africa and the Nile Valley ===
By de predynastic Naqada period insyd Egypt, people have fully developed a numeral system. De importance of mathematics to an educated Egyptian be suggested by a New Kingdom fictional letter insyd which de writer proposes a scholarly competition between einself den anoda scribe wey regard everyday calculation tasks such as accounting of land, labor den grain. Texts such as de Rhind Mathematical Papyrus den de Moscow Mathematical Papyrus show dat de ancient Egyptians can perform de four basic mathematical operations—addition, subtraction, multiplication, den division—use fractions, know de formula to compute de volume of a frustum, den calculate de surface areas of triangles, circles den even hemispheres. They understand basic concepts of algebra den geometry, den can solve simple sets of simultaneous equations.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
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{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
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{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|
|}
|}
|-
!&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;⁄&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
in hieroglyphs
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|-
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|}
Mathematical notation be decimal, den based on hieroglyphic signs for each power of ten up to one million. Each of these can be written as many times as necessary to add up to de desired number; so to write de number eighty or eight hundred, de symbol for ten or one hundred be written eight times respectively. Because demma methods of calculation can not handle most fractions plus a numerator greater than one, ancient Egyptian fractions have to be written as de sum of several fractions. For example, de fraction two-fifths be resolved into de sum of one-third + one-fifteenth; dis be facilitated by standard tables of values. Some common fractions, however, be written plus a special glyph; de equivalent of de modern two-thirds be shown on de right.

Ancient Egyptian mathematicians have a grasp of de principles underlying de Pythagorean theorem, knowing, for example, dat a triangle have a right angle opposite de hypotenuse when e sides be insyd a 3–4–5 ratio. They be able to estimate de area of a circle by subtracting one-ninth from ein diameter den squaring de result:

: Area ≈ [(&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;⁄&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;)D]&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = (&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt;⁄&lt;sub&gt;81&lt;/sub&gt;)r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ≈ 3.16r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;,

a reasonable approximation of de formula '''π'''r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.

De golden ratio seems to be reflected insyd many Egyptian constructions, wey include de pyramids, but its use may have been an unintended consequence of de ancient Egyptian practice of combining de use of knotted ropes plus an intuitive sense of proportion den harmony.

Based on engraved plans of Meroitic King Amanikhabali ein pyramids, Nubians have a sophisticated understanding of mathematics den an appreciation of de harmonic ratio. De engraved plans be indicative of much to be revealed about Nubian mathematics.

== Metallurgy ==
Further information: History of metallurgy insyd Africa

Most of Africa moved from de Stone Age to de Iron Age. De Iron Age den Bronze Age occur simultaneously. North Africa den de Nile Valley dey import ein iron technology from de Near East den followed de Near Eastern pattern of development from de Bronze Age to de Iron Age.

Many Africanists accept an independent development of de use of iron south of de Sahara. Among archaeologists, e be a debatable issue. De earliest dating of iron outside of North Africa be 2500 BCE at Egaro, west of Termit, making it contemporary plus iron smelting insyd de Middle East. De Egaro date be debatable plus archaeologists, due to de method use to attain it. De Termit date of 1500 BCE be widely accepted. Iron at de site of Lejja, Nigeria, has been radiocarbon date to approximately 2000 BCE. Iron use, insyd smelting den forging for tools, appears insyd West Africa by 1200 BCE, making it one of de first places for de birth of de Iron Age. Before de 19th century, African methods of extracting iron be employed insyd Brazil, until more advanced European methods be instituted.

John K. Thornton dey conclude dat Africans metalworkers be producing demma goods at de same or higher levels of productivity as demma European counterparts.

Archaeometallurgical scientific knowledge den technological development originate insyd numerous centers of Africa; de centers of origin be located insyd West Africa, Central Africa, den East Africa; consequently, as these origin centers be located within inner Africa, these archaeometallurgical developments be thus native African technologies. Iron metallurgical development occurred 2631 BCE – 2458 BCE at Lejja, insyd Nigeria, 2136 BCE – 1921 BCE at Obui, insyd Central Africa Republic, 1895 BCE – 1370 BCE at Tchire Ouma 147, insyd Niger, den 1297 BCE – 1051 BCE at Dekpassanware, insyd Togo.

=== West Africa ===
Besides being masters insyd iron, Africans be masters insyd brass, copper, den bronze. Ife showed artistic mastery insyd demma striking naturalistic statues of brass den copper, a lost wax tradition beginning insyd de 11-12th centuries. Ife sana be a manufacturer of glass den glass beads. Benin later mastered a mix of brass den bronze during de 16th century, producing portraiture den reliefs insyd de metals.

Insyd West Africa, several centres of iron production using natural draft furnaces emerged from de early second millennium CE. Iron production insyd Banjeli den Bassar for example insyd Togo reached up to 80,000 cubic meters(which be more than de production at places such as Meroe), analyses indicate dat fifteenth-and sixteenth-century CE slags from this area were just bloomery waste products, while preliminary metallographic analyses of objects indicate them to be made of low-carbon steels. Insyd Burkina Faso, de Korsimoro district reach up to 169,900 cubic meters. Insyd de Dogon region, de sub-region of Fiko has about 300,000 cubic meters of slag produced.

Brass barrel blunderbuss be said to have been produced insyd some states of de Gold Coast insyd de eighteenth den nineteenth centuries. Various accounts indicate dat Asante blacksmiths be not only able to repair firearms, but dat barrels, locks den stocks be on occasion remade.

Insyd de Aïr Mountains region of Niger, copper smelting be independently developed between 3000 den 2500 BCE. De undeveloped nature of de process dey indicate dat e no be of foreign origin. Smelting insyd de region become mature around 1500 BCE.

=== De Sahel ===
Africa be a major supplier of gold insyd world trade during de Medieval Age. De Sahelian empires become powerful by controlling de Trans-Saharan trade routes. They provide 2/3 of de gold insyd Europe den North Africa. De Almoravid dinar den de Fatimid dinar be printed on gold from de Sahelian empires. De ducat of Genoa den Venice den de florine of Florence sana be printed on gold from de Sahelian empires. When gold sources be depleted insyd de Sahel, de empires turn to trade plus de Ashanti Empire.

De Swahili traders insyd East Africa be major suppliers of gold to Asia insyd de Red Sea den Indian Ocean trade routes. De trading port cities den city-states of de Swahili East African coast be among de first African cities to come into contact plus European explorers den sailors during de European Age of Discovery. Many be documented den praised insyd de recordings of North African explorer Abu Muhammad ibn Battuta.</text>
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      <text bytes="18951" sha1="jn6slk23ce5soyi5da5hwo996m3cc8t" xml:space="preserve">Africa has de world ein oldest record of human technological achievement: de oldest surviving stone tools insyd de world have been found insyd eastern Africa, den later evidence for tool production by humans ein hominin ancestors has been found across West, Central, Eastern den Southern Africa. De history of science den technology insyd Africa since then has, however, dey receive relatively little attention compare to oda regions of de world, despite notable African developments insyd mathematics, metallurgy, architecture, den oda fields.

== Early humans ==
De Great Rift Valley of Africa provides critical evidence for the evolution of early hominins. De earliest tools insyd de world can be found there as well:

* An unidentified hominin, possibly ''Australopithecus afarensis or Kenyanthropus platyops'', created stone tools dating to 3.3 million years ago at Lomekwi insyd de Turkana Basin, eastern Africa.
* ''Homo habilis'', residing insyd eastern Africa, dey develop anoda early toolmaking industry, de Oldowan, around 2.3 million years ago.
* ''Homo erectus'' develop de Acheulean stone tool industry, specifically hand-axes, at 1.5 million years ago. Dis tool industry spread to de Middle East den Europe around 800,000 to 600,000 years ago. ''Homo erectus'' also begin using fire.
* ''Homo sapiens'', or modern humans, create bone tools den backed blades around 90,000 to 60,000 years ago, insyd southern den eastern Africa. De use of bone tools den backed blades eventually become characteristic of Later Stone Age tool industries. De first appearance of abstract art be during de Middle Stone Age, however. De oldest abstract art insyd de world be a shell necklace dated to 82,000 years ago from de Cave of Pigeons in Taforalt, eastern Morocco. De second oldest abstract art den de oldest rock art be found at Blombos Cave insyd South Africa, dated to 77,000 years ago. There be evidences dat stone age humans around 100,000 years ago have an elementary knowledge of chemistry insyd Southern Africa, den dat they used a specific recipe to create a liquefy ochre-rich mixture. According to Henshilwood, &quot;Dis no be just a chance mixture, it be early chemistry. E dey suggest conceptual den probably cognitive abilities which be de equivalent of modern humans&quot;.

== Education ==

=== Northern Africa den de Nile Valley ===
Insyd 295 BCE, de Library of Alexandria be founded by Greeks insyd Egypt. It be considered de largest library insyd de classical world.

Al-Azhar University, founded insyd 970~972 as a madrasa, be de chief centre of Arabic literature den Sunni Islamic learning insyd de world. De oldest degree-granting university insyd Egypt after de Cairo University, ein establishment date may be considered 1961 when non-religious subjects be added to ein curriculum.

=== West Africa den de Sahel ===
Three madrasas or Islamic schools exist insyd Mali during de country ein &quot;golden age&quot; from de 14th to de 16th centuries: Sankore Madrasah, Sidi Yahya Mosque, den Djinguereber Mosque, all insyd Timbuktu. De schools consist of independent scholars who gIve instruction to individuals or small groups of students, PLU special lectures sometimes given insyd de mosques. There be no overall school administration or prescribe course of study, den libraries consist of individual private collections of manuscripts. Scholars be drawn from de city ein wealthiest families, den instruction be explicitly religious. De main subjects study by advanced scholars den students be Qur'anic studies, Arabic language, Muhammad, theology, mysticism, den law.

Insyd de 16th century, Timbuktu sana house as many as 150–180 maktabs (Qur'anic schools), where basic reading den recitation of de Qur'an be taught. These schools have an estimated peak enrollment of 4,000–5,000 pupils, wey include pupils from de surrounding areas.

Within West Africa Timbuktu be a major center of book copying, religious groups, de Islamic sciences, den arts. Books be imported from North Africa den paper be imported from Europe. Books/manuscripts were written primarily in Arabic.

De most famous scholar from Timbuktu be Ahmad Baba (1556–1627), who write primarily about Islamic law.

== Astronomy ==
Three types of calendars can be found insyd Africa: lunar, solar, den stellar. Most African calendars be a combination of de three. African calendars include de Akan calendar, Egyptian calendar, Berber calendar, Ethiopian calendar, Igbo calendar, Yoruba calendar, Shona calendar, Somali calendar, Swahili calendar, Xhosa calendar, Borana calendar, den Luba calendar den Ankole calendar.

=== Northern Africa and the Nile Valley ===
A stone circle located insyd de Nabta Playa basin may be one of de world ein oldest known archeoastronomical devices. Built by de ancient Nubians about 4800 BCE, de device may have approximately marked de summer solstice.

Since de first modern measurements of de precise cardinal orientations of de Egyptian pyramids be taken by Flinders Petrie, various astronomical methods have been proposed as to how these orientations be originally established. Ancient Egyptians may have observed, for example, de positions of two stars insyd de Plough / Big Dipper which be known to Egyptians as de thigh. E be thought dat a vertical alignment between these two stars dey check plus a plumb bob be used to ascertain where North lay. De deviations from true North using dis model reflect de accepted dates of construction of de pyramids.

Egyptians be de first to develop a 365-day, 12 month calendar. E be a stellar calendar, created by observing de stars.

During de 12th century, de astrolabic quadrant be invented insyd Egypt.

=== West Africa den de Sahel ===
Based on de translation of 14 Timbuktu manuscripts, de following points can be made about astronomical knowledge insyd Timbuktu during de 14th–16th centuries:

# They make use of de Julian Calendar.
# Generally speaking, they had a geocentric view of de Solar System.
# Some manuscripts include diagrams of planets den orbits along plus mathematical calculations.
# They be able to accurately orient prayer towards Mecca.
# They recorded astronomical events, wey include a meteor shower insyd August 1583.

At this time, Mali sana have a number of astronomers wey include de emperor den scientist Askia Mohammad I.

=== Eastern Africa ===
Megalithic &quot;pillar sites&quot;, known as &quot;namoratunga&quot;, date to as early as 5,000 years ago den can be found surrounding Lake Turkana insyd Kenya. Although somewhat controversial today, initial interpretations suggested dat they be used by Cushitic speaking people as an alignment plus star systems tuned to a lunar calendar of 354 days.

=== Southern Africa ===
Today, South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community. E dey host de Southern African Large Telescope, de largest optical telescope insyd de southern hemisphere. South Africa be currently building de Karoo Array Telescope as a pathfinder for de $20 billion Square Kilometer Array project. South Africa be a finalist, plus Australia, to be de host of de SKA.

Due to archeological findings it has been speculated dat de kingdoms of Zimbabwe such as Great Zimbabwe den mapungubwe use astronomy. Monolith stones plus special engravings thought to be used to track Venus be found. They be compared to Mayan calendars den be found to be more accurate dan them

== Mathematics ==
According to Paulus Gerdes, de development of geometrical thinking dey start early insyd African history, as early humans learned to &quot;geometricize&quot; insyd de context of demma labor activities. For example, de hunter-gatherers of de Kalahari Desert insyd southern Africa learn to track animals, learn to recognize den interpret spoors. They get to know dat de shape of de spoor provide information on what animal pass by, how long ago, if e be hungry or not, etc. Such developments propelled Louis Liebenberg to posit dat de critical attitude of contemporary Kalahari Desert trackers den de role of critical discussion insyd tracking suggest dat de rationalist tradition of science may well have been practiced by hunter-gatherers long before de advent of de Greek philosophic schools. Rock paintings den engravings from all over Africa have been reported. Some of these artifacts date back to several hundreds of years, den odas several thousands. They often have geometric structures. Oda archaeological dey find dat indicate geometrical explorations by African hunters, farmers den artisans be stone den metal tools den ceramics. Particularly exceptional be archaeological dey find of perishable materials such as baskets, textiles, den wooden objects. De finds from de Tellem be extremely important, as they provide ideas of earlier geometrical explorations. Clear evidence of de exploration of forms, shapes den symmetries dey exist insyd de archaeological dey find from caves insyd de Cliff of Bandiagara insyd de center of Mali. De earliest buildings insyd de caves be cylindrical granaries make of mud coils dat date from de 3rd to de 2nd century BCE.

=== Central den Southern Africa ===
De Lebombo bone from de mountains between Swaziland den South Africa may be de oldest known mathematical artifact. E date from 35,000 BCE den dey consist of 29 distinct notches dat be deliberately cut into a baboon ein fibula.

The Ishango bone is a bone tool from the Democratic Republic of Congo dated to the Upper Paleolithic era, about 18,000 to 20,000 BCE. It is also a baboon's fibula, with a sharp piece of quartz affixed to one end, perhaps for engraving or writing. It was first thought to be a tally stick, as it has a series of tally marks carved in three columns running the length of the tool, but some scientists have suggested that the groupings of notches indicate a mathematical understanding that goes beyond counting. Various functions for the bone have been proposed: it may have been a tool for multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation, a six-month lunar calendar, or it may have been made by a woman keeping track of her menstrual cycle.

De Bushong people can distinguish graphs dat have Eulerian paths den those dat do not. They use such graphs for purposes wey include embroidery or political prestige. According to a European ethnologist insyd 1905, Bushong children be not only aware of de conditions which determine whether a given graph be traceable, but they sana know de procedure dat permit it to be drawn most expeditiously. There be various textbooks made by mathematicians using such culturally based graphs den designs to teach mathematics, such as those made by Paulus Gerdes. According to ethnomathematician Claudia Zaslavsky;&lt;blockquote&gt;Students of all ages den all ethnic backgrounds, as well as demma instructors, be fascinated by de Bushoong den Chokwe networks den be impressed by de failure of de European ethnologist Emil Torday to solve de problem set to him by Bushoong children, a problem dat present a challenge to American students den demma teachers as well, but be solved easily by African children.

— &lt;/blockquote&gt;De &quot;sona&quot; drawing tradition of Angola sana exhibit certain mathematical ideas.

Insyd 1982, Rebecca Walo Omana become de first female mathematics professor insyd de Democratic Republic of de Congo.

=== Northern Africa and the Nile Valley ===
By de predynastic Naqada period insyd Egypt, people have fully developed a numeral system. De importance of mathematics to an educated Egyptian be suggested by a New Kingdom fictional letter insyd which de writer proposes a scholarly competition between einself den anoda scribe wey regard everyday calculation tasks such as accounting of land, labor den grain. Texts such as de Rhind Mathematical Papyrus den de Moscow Mathematical Papyrus show dat de ancient Egyptians can perform de four basic mathematical operations—addition, subtraction, multiplication, den division—use fractions, know de formula to compute de volume of a frustum, den calculate de surface areas of triangles, circles den even hemispheres. They understand basic concepts of algebra den geometry, den can solve simple sets of simultaneous equations.
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!&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;⁄&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
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Mathematical notation be decimal, den based on hieroglyphic signs for each power of ten up to one million. Each of these can be written as many times as necessary to add up to de desired number; so to write de number eighty or eight hundred, de symbol for ten or one hundred be written eight times respectively. Because demma methods of calculation can not handle most fractions plus a numerator greater than one, ancient Egyptian fractions have to be written as de sum of several fractions. For example, de fraction two-fifths be resolved into de sum of one-third + one-fifteenth; dis be facilitated by standard tables of values. Some common fractions, however, be written plus a special glyph; de equivalent of de modern two-thirds be shown on de right.

Ancient Egyptian mathematicians have a grasp of de principles underlying de Pythagorean theorem, knowing, for example, dat a triangle have a right angle opposite de hypotenuse when e sides be insyd a 3–4–5 ratio. They be able to estimate de area of a circle by subtracting one-ninth from ein diameter den squaring de result:

: Area ≈ [(&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;⁄&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;)D]&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = (&lt;sup&gt;256&lt;/sup&gt;⁄&lt;sub&gt;81&lt;/sub&gt;)r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ≈ 3.16r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;,

a reasonable approximation of de formula '''π'''r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.

De golden ratio seems to be reflected insyd many Egyptian constructions, wey include de pyramids, but its use may have been an unintended consequence of de ancient Egyptian practice of combining de use of knotted ropes plus an intuitive sense of proportion den harmony.

Based on engraved plans of Meroitic King Amanikhabali ein pyramids, Nubians have a sophisticated understanding of mathematics den an appreciation of de harmonic ratio. De engraved plans be indicative of much to be revealed about Nubian mathematics.

== Metallurgy ==
Further information: History of metallurgy insyd Africa

Most of Africa moved from de Stone Age to de Iron Age. De Iron Age den Bronze Age occur simultaneously. North Africa den de Nile Valley dey import ein iron technology from de Near East den followed de Near Eastern pattern of development from de Bronze Age to de Iron Age.

Many Africanists accept an independent development of de use of iron south of de Sahara. Among archaeologists, e be a debatable issue. De earliest dating of iron outside of North Africa be 2500 BCE at Egaro, west of Termit, making it contemporary plus iron smelting insyd de Middle East. De Egaro date be debatable plus archaeologists, due to de method use to attain it. De Termit date of 1500 BCE be widely accepted. Iron at de site of Lejja, Nigeria, has been radiocarbon date to approximately 2000 BCE. Iron use, insyd smelting den forging for tools, appears insyd West Africa by 1200 BCE, making it one of de first places for de birth of de Iron Age. Before de 19th century, African methods of extracting iron be employed insyd Brazil, until more advanced European methods be instituted.

John K. Thornton dey conclude dat Africans metalworkers be producing demma goods at de same or higher levels of productivity as demma European counterparts.

Archaeometallurgical scientific knowledge den technological development originate insyd numerous centers of Africa; de centers of origin be located insyd West Africa, Central Africa, den East Africa; consequently, as these origin centers be located within inner Africa, these archaeometallurgical developments be thus native African technologies. Iron metallurgical development occurred 2631 BCE – 2458 BCE at Lejja, insyd Nigeria, 2136 BCE – 1921 BCE at Obui, insyd Central Africa Republic, 1895 BCE – 1370 BCE at Tchire Ouma 147, insyd Niger, den 1297 BCE – 1051 BCE at Dekpassanware, insyd Togo.

=== West Africa ===
Besides being masters insyd iron, Africans be masters insyd brass, copper, den bronze. Ife showed artistic mastery insyd demma striking naturalistic statues of brass den copper, a lost wax tradition beginning insyd de 11-12th centuries. Ife sana be a manufacturer of glass den glass beads. Benin later mastered a mix of brass den bronze during de 16th century, producing portraiture den reliefs insyd de metals.

Insyd West Africa, several centres of iron production using natural draft furnaces emerged from de early second millennium CE. Iron production insyd Banjeli den Bassar for example insyd Togo reached up to 80,000 cubic meters(which be more than de production at places such as Meroe), analyses indicate dat fifteenth-and sixteenth-century CE slags from this area were just bloomery waste products, while preliminary metallographic analyses of objects indicate them to be made of low-carbon steels. Insyd Burkina Faso, de Korsimoro district reach up to 169,900 cubic meters. Insyd de Dogon region, de sub-region of Fiko has about 300,000 cubic meters of slag produced.

Brass barrel blunderbuss be said to have been produced insyd some states of de Gold Coast insyd de eighteenth den nineteenth centuries. Various accounts indicate dat Asante blacksmiths be not only able to repair firearms, but dat barrels, locks den stocks be on occasion remade.

Insyd de Aïr Mountains region of Niger, copper smelting be independently developed between 3000 den 2500 BCE. De undeveloped nature of de process dey indicate dat e no be of foreign origin. Smelting insyd de region become mature around 1500 BCE.

=== De Sahel ===
Africa be a major supplier of gold insyd world trade during de Medieval Age. De Sahelian empires become powerful by controlling de Trans-Saharan trade routes. They provide 2/3 of de gold insyd Europe den North Africa. De Almoravid dinar den de Fatimid dinar be printed on gold from de Sahelian empires. De ducat of Genoa den Venice den de florine of Florence sana be printed on gold from de Sahelian empires. When gold sources be depleted insyd de Sahel, de empires turn to trade plus de Ashanti Empire.

De Swahili traders insyd East Africa be major suppliers of gold to Asia insyd de Red Sea den Indian Ocean trade routes. De trading port cities den city-states of de Swahili East African coast be among de first African cities to come into contact plus European explorers den sailors during de European Age of Discovery. Many be documented den praised insyd de recordings of North African explorer Abu Muhammad ibn Battuta.

=== Northern Africa and the Nile Valley ===
Nubia be a major source of gold insyd de ancient world. Gold be a major source of Kushitic wealth den power. Gold be mined East of de Nile insyd Wadi Allaqi den Wadi Cabgaba.

Around 500 BCE, Nubia, during de Meroitic phase, become a major manufacturer den exporter of iron. Dis be after being expelled from Egypt by Assyrians, who dey use iron weapons.</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1259459543|Mzamo Buthelezi]]&quot;</comment>
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Inkosi '''Elphas Mfakazeleni &quot;Mzamo&quot; Buthelezi''' he dey be South African politician who dey as a member of de National Assembly of South Africa from de Inkatha Freedom Party. He was de first person wey dem elect at de 2019 South African general election and then dem dey re-elect at de 2024 general election.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elphas Mfakazeleni Buthelezi|url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/elphas-mfakazeleni-buthelezi/|access-date=2021-04-20|website=People's Assembly|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The 400 MPs elected to the National Assembly - IEC - DOCUMENTS {{!}} Politicsweb|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/the-400-mps-elected-to-the-national-assembly--iec|access-date=2024-06-12|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He also dey be a chieftain of de Buthelezi clan of Zulus. He dey be a former mayor of Zululand District Municipality and currently dey serve as de deputy president of de Inkatha Freedom Party.
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      <comment>i added a data box</comment>
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Inkosi '''Elphas Mfakazeleni &quot;Mzamo&quot; Buthelezi''' he dey be South African politician who dey as a member of de National Assembly of South Africa from de Inkatha Freedom Party. He was de first person wey dem elect at de 2019 South African general election and then dem dey re-elect at de 2024 general election.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elphas Mfakazeleni Buthelezi|url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/elphas-mfakazeleni-buthelezi/|access-date=2021-04-20|website=People's Assembly|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The 400 MPs elected to the National Assembly - IEC - DOCUMENTS {{!}} Politicsweb|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/the-400-mps-elected-to-the-national-assembly--iec|access-date=2024-06-12|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He also dey be a chieftain of de Buthelezi clan of Zulus. He dey be a former mayor of Zululand District Municipality and currently dey serve as de deputy president of de Inkatha Freedom Party.
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Inkosi '''Elphas Mfakazeleni &quot;Mzamo&quot; Buthelezi''' he dey be South African politician who dey as a member of de National Assembly of South Africa from de Inkatha Freedom Party. He was de first person wey dem elect at de 2019 South African general election and then dem dey re-elect at de 2024 general election.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elphas Mfakazeleni Buthelezi|url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/elphas-mfakazeleni-buthelezi/|access-date=2021-04-20|website=People's Assembly|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The 400 MPs elected to the National Assembly - IEC - DOCUMENTS {{!}} Politicsweb|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/the-400-mps-elected-to-the-national-assembly--iec|access-date=2024-06-12|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He also dey be a chieftain of de Buthelezi clan of Zulus. He dey be a former mayor of Zululand District Municipality and currently dey serve as de deputy president of de Inkatha Freedom Party.
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==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Current MPs of South Africa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buthelezi, Elphas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the National Assembly of South Africa 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Inkatha Freedom Party politicians]]
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[[Category:Members of the National Assembly of South Africa 2024–2029]]


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  <page>
    <title>Moshoeshoe I</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1296587277|Moshoeshoe I]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Moshoeshoe I''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ʊ|ˈ|ʃ|w|ɛ|ʃ|w|ɛ}}) ({{circa|1786}} – 11 March 1870) na de first king of Lesotho. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli family, wey dey part of di Koena (crocodile) clan. When e dey young, e help im papa take power over some small clans. For 1820, when e be 34 years old, Moshoeshoe take over from im papa as di Bamokoteli chief and form im own clan.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot; /&gt;  him plus ein people don settle for Butha-Buthe Mountain.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2011|title=King Moshoeshoe I|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/king-moshoeshoe-i|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Lesotho|url=https://www.lesothoemb-usa.gov.ls/about-lesotho/|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=The Lesotho Embassy in the United States of America}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be di first plus longest-serving King of Lesotho for 1822.

== Ein Early life ==
[[File:Moshoeshoe_I_in_1833.png|left|thumb|Moshoeshoe I for 1833]]
Moshoeshoe dey born as Lepoqo for Menkhoaneng village wey dey for north side of wetin we call Lesotho now.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520334496-021/pdf Degruyter]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem no fit sabi di exact year wey e born, but dem dey guess say na between 1780 and 1794; 1786 na di date wey plenty people agree on. Di meaning of him name na Dispute, e come from di accusations wey dem give one man for Menkhoaneng just when e born. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli side of di Basotho people, and him first wife Kholu. Kholu na di daughter of Bafokeng chief Ntsukunyane, she come from Butha-Buthe area wey dey further north. Di Bamokoteli people dey around 4,000; dem be part of Koena tribe wey dem dey show respect to. Lepoqo family dey live for small kraal near Tlotsi stream, wey be river wey dey join di Caledon River. No plenty pipo sabi how e childhood be, but he dey maintain good relationship with im parents till dem die. Around di age of six, he start to dey take care of di family sheep and goats. Lepoqo get older sister wey dem dey call MaTsouenyane, plus younger brothers Makhabane and Posholi, and younger sister wey dem dey call 'MaNtoetse. Mokhachane marry more than four women and get plenty pikin. Di Sotho people sabi well-well how to rear animals; cattle dey important for dia life, and a man wealth na how many cattle e get.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=1–3}}{{sfn|Becker|1982|pp=18–19}}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
        <id>3104</id>
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      <comment>I don add de 'Databox'</comment>
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{{Databox}}
'''Moshoeshoe I''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ʊ|ˈ|ʃ|w|ɛ|ʃ|w|ɛ}}) ({{circa|1786}} – 11 March 1870) na de first king of Lesotho. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli family, wey dey part of di Koena (crocodile) clan. When e dey young, e help im papa take power over some small clans. For 1820, when e be 34 years old, Moshoeshoe take over from im papa as di Bamokoteli chief and form im own clan.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot; /&gt;  him plus ein people don settle for Butha-Buthe Mountain.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2011|title=King Moshoeshoe I|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/king-moshoeshoe-i|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Lesotho|url=https://www.lesothoemb-usa.gov.ls/about-lesotho/|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=The Lesotho Embassy in the United States of America}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be di first plus longest-serving King of Lesotho for 1822.

== Ein Early life ==
[[File:Moshoeshoe_I_in_1833.png|left|thumb|Moshoeshoe I for 1833]]
Moshoeshoe dey born as Lepoqo for Menkhoaneng village wey dey for north side of wetin we call Lesotho now.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520334496-021/pdf Degruyter]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem no fit sabi di exact year wey e born, but dem dey guess say na between 1780 and 1794; 1786 na di date wey plenty people agree on. Di meaning of him name na Dispute, e come from di accusations wey dem give one man for Menkhoaneng just when e born. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli side of di Basotho people, and him first wife Kholu. Kholu na di daughter of Bafokeng chief Ntsukunyane, she come from Butha-Buthe area wey dey further north. Di Bamokoteli people dey around 4,000; dem be part of Koena tribe wey dem dey show respect to. Lepoqo family dey live for small kraal near Tlotsi stream, wey be river wey dey join di Caledon River. No plenty pipo sabi how e childhood be, but he dey maintain good relationship with im parents till dem die. Around di age of six, he start to dey take care of di family sheep and goats. Lepoqo get older sister wey dem dey call MaTsouenyane, plus younger brothers Makhabane and Posholi, and younger sister wey dem dey call 'MaNtoetse. Mokhachane marry more than four women and get plenty pikin. Di Sotho people sabi well-well how to rear animals; cattle dey important for dia life, and a man wealth na how many cattle e get.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=1–3}}{{sfn|Becker|1982|pp=18–19}}</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Moshoeshoe I''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ʊ|ˈ|ʃ|w|ɛ|ʃ|w|ɛ}}) ({{circa|1786}} – 11 March 1870) na de first king of Lesotho. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli family, wey dey part of di Koena (crocodile) clan. When e dey young, e help im papa take power over some small clans. For 1820, when e be 34 years old, Moshoeshoe take over from im papa as di Bamokoteli chief and form im own clan.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot; /&gt;  him plus ein people don settle for Butha-Buthe Mountain.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2011|title=King Moshoeshoe I|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/king-moshoeshoe-i|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Lesotho|url=https://www.lesothoemb-usa.gov.ls/about-lesotho/|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=The Lesotho Embassy in the United States of America}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be di first plus longest-serving King of Lesotho for 1822.

== Ein Early life ==
[[File:Moshoeshoe_I_in_1833.png|left|thumb|Moshoeshoe I for 1833]]
Moshoeshoe dey born as Lepoqo for Menkhoaneng village wey dey for north side of wetin we call Lesotho now.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520334496-021/pdf Degruyter]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem no fit sabi di exact year wey e born, but dem dey guess say na between 1780 and 1794; 1786 na di date wey plenty people agree on. Di meaning of him name na Dispute, e come from di accusations wey dem give one man for Menkhoaneng just when e born. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli side of di Basotho people, and him first wife Kholu. Kholu na di daughter of Bafokeng chief Ntsukunyane, she come from Butha-Buthe area wey dey further north. Di Bamokoteli people dey around 4,000; dem be part of Koena tribe wey dem dey show respect to. Lepoqo family dey live for small kraal near Tlotsi stream, wey be river wey dey join di Caledon River. No plenty pipo sabi how e childhood be, but he dey maintain good relationship with im parents till dem die. Around di age of six, he start to dey take care of di family sheep and goats. Lepoqo get older sister wey dem dey call MaTsouenyane, plus younger brothers Makhabane and Posholi, and younger sister wey dem dey call 'MaNtoetse. Mokhachane marry more than four women and get plenty pikin. Di Sotho people sabi well-well how to rear animals; cattle dey important for dia life, and a man wealth na how many cattle e get.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=1–3}}{{sfn|Becker|1982|pp=18–19}}

For 1804, Mokhachane gathah dem boys for di initiation ceremony wey Lepoqo an im guys go join. Di initiation school last six months, for dat time Lepoqo go circumcise, learn im people culture, military skills an ancient songs too. E even write some praise poetry about imself an get new name; Letlama, wey mean say &quot;di Binder&quot;. As di chief pikin, Letlama become di leader of di oda boys wey do initiation with am, dem bond well-well. After e graduate, Letlama lead im crew for successful cattle raid against chief RaMonaheng village. To celebrate di raid, e write anoda praise poem wey e compare imself to &quot;razor wey don shave Ramonaheng beard&quot;. From dat time, dem dey call am Moshoeshoe, wey mean &quot;di Shaver&quot;, after di sound wey razor dey make when e dey shave.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=4–7}}

As young guy, Moshoeshoe dey lead him crew go cattle raid, e dey shine for how e fit grab cattle.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|p=24}} E get big dream but him dey quick vex too, one time e kill one guy wey milk him cow without him go ahead.{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|p=281}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
        <id>3104</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ein Early life */</comment>
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{{Databox}}
'''Moshoeshoe I''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ʊ|ˈ|ʃ|w|ɛ|ʃ|w|ɛ}}) ({{circa|1786}} – 11 March 1870) na de first king of Lesotho. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli family, wey dey part of di Koena (crocodile) clan. When e dey young, e help im papa take power over some small clans. For 1820, when e be 34 years old, Moshoeshoe take over from im papa as di Bamokoteli chief and form im own clan.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot; /&gt;  him plus ein people don settle for Butha-Buthe Mountain.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2011|title=King Moshoeshoe I|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/king-moshoeshoe-i|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Lesotho|url=https://www.lesothoemb-usa.gov.ls/about-lesotho/|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=The Lesotho Embassy in the United States of America}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be di first plus longest-serving King of Lesotho for 1822.

== Ein Early life ==
[[File:Moshoeshoe_I_in_1833.png|left|thumb|Moshoeshoe I for 1833]]
Moshoeshoe dey born as Lepoqo for Menkhoaneng village wey dey for north side of wetin we call Lesotho now.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520334496-021/pdf Degruyter]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem no fit sabi di exact year wey e born, but dem dey guess say na between 1780 and 1794; 1786 na di date wey plenty people agree on. Di meaning of him name na Dispute, e come from di accusations wey dem give one man for Menkhoaneng just when e born. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli side of di Basotho people, and him first wife Kholu. Kholu na di daughter of Bafokeng chief Ntsukunyane, she come from Butha-Buthe area wey dey further north. Di Bamokoteli people dey around 4,000; dem be part of Koena tribe wey dem dey show respect to. Lepoqo family dey live for small kraal near Tlotsi stream, wey be river wey dey join di Caledon River. No plenty pipo sabi how e childhood be, but he dey maintain good relationship with im parents till dem die. Around di age of six, he start to dey take care of di family sheep and goats. Lepoqo get older sister wey dem dey call MaTsouenyane, plus younger brothers Makhabane and Posholi, plus younger sister wey dem dey call 'MaNtoetse. Mokhachane marry more than four women and get plenty pikin. Di Sotho people sabi well-well how to rear animals; cattle dey important for dia life, plus a man wealth na how many cattle e get.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=1–3}}{{sfn|Becker|1982|pp=18–19}}

For 1804, Mokhachane gathah dem boys for di initiation ceremony wey Lepoqo an im guys go join. Di initiation school last six months, for dat time Lepoqo go circumcise, learn im people culture, military skills an ancient songs too. E even write some praise poetry about imself an get new name; Letlama, wey mean say &quot;di Binder&quot;. As di chief pikin, Letlama become di leader of di oda boys wey do initiation with am, dem bond well-well. After e graduate, Letlama lead im crew for successful cattle raid against chief RaMonaheng village. To celebrate di raid, e write anoda praise poem wey e compare imself to &quot;razor wey don shave Ramonaheng beard&quot;. From dat time, dem dey call am Moshoeshoe, wey mean &quot;di Shaver&quot;, after di sound wey razor dey make when e dey shave.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=4–7}}

As young guy, Moshoeshoe dey lead him crew go cattle raid, e dey shine for how e fit grab cattle.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|p=24}} E get big dream but him dey quick vex too, one time e kill one guy wey milk him cow without him go ahead.{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|p=281}}

Moshoeshoe plus him crew, mostly Bakoena Bamokoteli, small Bafokeng from him mama side plus some other family and clans like Amazizi, dem set him village for Butha-Buthe. Dis place no be just any place, e be where him reign come meet the power of Zulu king, Shaka, wey dem dey call 'time of troubles' (previously na 'Difaqane'). For early 19th century, Shaka dey raid houses for eastern coast of Southern Africa (now na Kwa-Zulu Natal), dey chop parts of dem into him steady Zulu chiefdom. Plenty small clans dey run away from Zulu chief. Na so wahala begin, wey dem dey call time of troubles/Difaqane. E come bring fight against Sotho people by Nguni clans wey invade. De attack make Moshoeshoe gatz move im settlement go Qiloane plateau. Later, dem change de name to Thaba Bosiu, wey mean 'mountain at night' sekof dem believe say e dey grow for night den dey shrink for day. E show say e no easy to conquer, e be stronghold against enemies.

For de late 19th century, Moshoeshoe don set up de Basotho nation for Basutoland. Dem dey call am Morena e Moholo/morena oa Basotho (Great King/King of de Basotho).</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
        <id>3104</id>
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      <comment>I don add de header 'Reign'</comment>
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{{Databox}}
'''Moshoeshoe I''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ʊ|ˈ|ʃ|w|ɛ|ʃ|w|ɛ}}) ({{circa|1786}} – 11 March 1870) na de first king of Lesotho. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli family, wey dey part of di Koena (crocodile) clan. When e dey young, e help im papa take power over some small clans. For 1820, when e be 34 years old, Moshoeshoe take over from im papa as di Bamokoteli chief and form im own clan.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot; /&gt;  him plus ein people don settle for Butha-Buthe Mountain.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2011|title=King Moshoeshoe I|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/king-moshoeshoe-i|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Lesotho|url=https://www.lesothoemb-usa.gov.ls/about-lesotho/|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=The Lesotho Embassy in the United States of America}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be di first plus longest-serving King of Lesotho for 1822.

== Ein Early life ==
[[File:Moshoeshoe_I_in_1833.png|left|thumb|Moshoeshoe I for 1833]]
Moshoeshoe dey born as Lepoqo for Menkhoaneng village wey dey for north side of wetin we call Lesotho now.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520334496-021/pdf Degruyter]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem no fit sabi di exact year wey e born, but dem dey guess say na between 1780 and 1794; 1786 na di date wey plenty people agree on. Di meaning of him name na Dispute, e come from di accusations wey dem give one man for Menkhoaneng just when e born. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli side of di Basotho people, and him first wife Kholu. Kholu na di daughter of Bafokeng chief Ntsukunyane, she come from Butha-Buthe area wey dey further north. Di Bamokoteli people dey around 4,000; dem be part of Koena tribe wey dem dey show respect to. Lepoqo family dey live for small kraal near Tlotsi stream, wey be river wey dey join di Caledon River. No plenty pipo sabi how e childhood be, but he dey maintain good relationship with im parents till dem die. Around di age of six, he start to dey take care of di family sheep and goats. Lepoqo get older sister wey dem dey call MaTsouenyane, plus younger brothers Makhabane and Posholi, plus younger sister wey dem dey call 'MaNtoetse. Mokhachane marry more than four women and get plenty pikin. Di Sotho people sabi well-well how to rear animals; cattle dey important for dia life, plus a man wealth na how many cattle e get.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=1–3}}{{sfn|Becker|1982|pp=18–19}}

For 1804, Mokhachane gathah dem boys for di initiation ceremony wey Lepoqo an im guys go join. Di initiation school last six months, for dat time Lepoqo go circumcise, learn im people culture, military skills an ancient songs too. E even write some praise poetry about imself an get new name; Letlama, wey mean say &quot;di Binder&quot;. As di chief pikin, Letlama become di leader of di oda boys wey do initiation with am, dem bond well-well. After e graduate, Letlama lead im crew for successful cattle raid against chief RaMonaheng village. To celebrate di raid, e write anoda praise poem wey e compare imself to &quot;razor wey don shave Ramonaheng beard&quot;. From dat time, dem dey call am Moshoeshoe, wey mean &quot;di Shaver&quot;, after di sound wey razor dey make when e dey shave.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=4–7}}

As young guy, Moshoeshoe dey lead him crew go cattle raid, e dey shine for how e fit grab cattle.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|p=24}} E get big dream but him dey quick vex too, one time e kill one guy wey milk him cow without him go ahead.{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|p=281}}

Moshoeshoe plus him crew, mostly Bakoena Bamokoteli, small Bafokeng from him mama side plus some other family and clans like Amazizi, dem set him village for Butha-Buthe. Dis place no be just any place, e be where him reign come meet the power of Zulu king, Shaka, wey dem dey call 'time of troubles' (previously na 'Difaqane'). For early 19th century, Shaka dey raid houses for eastern coast of Southern Africa (now na Kwa-Zulu Natal), dey chop parts of dem into him steady Zulu chiefdom. Plenty small clans dey run away from Zulu chief. Na so wahala begin, wey dem dey call time of troubles/Difaqane. E come bring fight against Sotho people by Nguni clans wey invade. De attack make Moshoeshoe gatz move im settlement go Qiloane plateau. Later, dem change de name to Thaba Bosiu, wey mean 'mountain at night' sekof dem believe say e dey grow for night den dey shrink for day. E show say e no easy to conquer, e be stronghold against enemies.

For de late 19th century, Moshoeshoe don set up de Basotho nation for Basutoland. Dem dey call am Morena e Moholo/morena oa Basotho (Great King/King of de Basotho).

== Reign ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Seimawu Sugri Seidu</username>
        <id>3104</id>
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      <comment>/* Reign */</comment>
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{{Databox}}
'''Moshoeshoe I''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ʊ|ˈ|ʃ|w|ɛ|ʃ|w|ɛ}}) ({{circa|1786}} – 11 March 1870) na de first king of Lesotho. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli family, wey dey part of di Koena (crocodile) clan. When e dey young, e help im papa take power over some small clans. For 1820, when e be 34 years old, Moshoeshoe take over from im papa as di Bamokoteli chief and form im own clan.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot; /&gt;  him plus ein people don settle for Butha-Buthe Mountain.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2011|title=King Moshoeshoe I|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/king-moshoeshoe-i|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Lesotho|url=https://www.lesothoemb-usa.gov.ls/about-lesotho/|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=The Lesotho Embassy in the United States of America}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be di first plus longest-serving King of Lesotho for 1822.

== Ein Early life ==
[[File:Moshoeshoe_I_in_1833.png|left|thumb|Moshoeshoe I for 1833]]
Moshoeshoe dey born as Lepoqo for Menkhoaneng village wey dey for north side of wetin we call Lesotho now.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520334496-021/pdf Degruyter]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem no fit sabi di exact year wey e born, but dem dey guess say na between 1780 and 1794; 1786 na di date wey plenty people agree on. Di meaning of him name na Dispute, e come from di accusations wey dem give one man for Menkhoaneng just when e born. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli side of di Basotho people, and him first wife Kholu. Kholu na di daughter of Bafokeng chief Ntsukunyane, she come from Butha-Buthe area wey dey further north. Di Bamokoteli people dey around 4,000; dem be part of Koena tribe wey dem dey show respect to. Lepoqo family dey live for small kraal near Tlotsi stream, wey be river wey dey join di Caledon River. No plenty pipo sabi how e childhood be, but he dey maintain good relationship with im parents till dem die. Around di age of six, he start to dey take care of di family sheep and goats. Lepoqo get older sister wey dem dey call MaTsouenyane, plus younger brothers Makhabane and Posholi, plus younger sister wey dem dey call 'MaNtoetse. Mokhachane marry more than four women and get plenty pikin. Di Sotho people sabi well-well how to rear animals; cattle dey important for dia life, plus a man wealth na how many cattle e get.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=1–3}}{{sfn|Becker|1982|pp=18–19}}

For 1804, Mokhachane gathah dem boys for di initiation ceremony wey Lepoqo an im guys go join. Di initiation school last six months, for dat time Lepoqo go circumcise, learn im people culture, military skills an ancient songs too. E even write some praise poetry about imself an get new name; Letlama, wey mean say &quot;di Binder&quot;. As di chief pikin, Letlama become di leader of di oda boys wey do initiation with am, dem bond well-well. After e graduate, Letlama lead im crew for successful cattle raid against chief RaMonaheng village. To celebrate di raid, e write anoda praise poem wey e compare imself to &quot;razor wey don shave Ramonaheng beard&quot;. From dat time, dem dey call am Moshoeshoe, wey mean &quot;di Shaver&quot;, after di sound wey razor dey make when e dey shave.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=4–7}}

As young guy, Moshoeshoe dey lead him crew go cattle raid, e dey shine for how e fit grab cattle.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|p=24}} E get big dream but him dey quick vex too, one time e kill one guy wey milk him cow without him go ahead.{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|p=281}}

Moshoeshoe plus him crew, mostly Bakoena Bamokoteli, small Bafokeng from him mama side plus some other family and clans like Amazizi, dem set him village for Butha-Buthe. Dis place no be just any place, e be where him reign come meet the power of Zulu king, Shaka, wey dem dey call 'time of troubles' (previously na 'Difaqane'). For early 19th century, Shaka dey raid houses for eastern coast of Southern Africa (now na Kwa-Zulu Natal), dey chop parts of dem into him steady Zulu chiefdom. Plenty small clans dey run away from Zulu chief. Na so wahala begin, wey dem dey call time of troubles/Difaqane. E come bring fight against Sotho people by Nguni clans wey invade. De attack make Moshoeshoe gatz move im settlement go Qiloane plateau. Later, dem change de name to Thaba Bosiu, wey mean 'mountain at night' sekof dem believe say e dey grow for night den dey shrink for day. E show say e no easy to conquer, e be stronghold against enemies.

For de late 19th century, Moshoeshoe don set up de Basotho nation for Basutoland. Dem dey call am Morena e Moholo/morena oa Basotho (Great King/King of de Basotho).

== Reign ==
[[File:King_Moshoeshoe_of_the_Basotho_with_his_ministers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Moshoeshoe_of_the_Basotho_with_his_ministers.jpg|left|thumb|Moshoeshoe I with his ministers]]
For 1820s, Basotho dey face plenty cattle wahala from Koranna. Na dis time dem first see horses plus guns for fight. After some small setbacks, Basotho manage grab some horses plus guns plus start dey stock gunpowder. By 1843, Moshoeshoe don gather more horses plus guns pass any chieftain for South Africa. But e be say, most of de guns wey Basotho get be old flintlocks, wey don full South African market after dem bring percussion lock muskets.{{sfn|Atmore|Sanders|1971|pp=536–537}} For 1833, missionaries wey come from Paris Evangelical Missionary Society, led by French missionaries Eugène Casalis and Thomas Arbousset, start set their base for Basotho land after Moshoeshoe invite dem. Dem dey push combo of Christianity, Western way of life, plus trade. Dem see Basotho culture wey dey link to forced work plus de people dependence on demma chiefs as bad thing. So, dem wan scatter am by promoting private property, turn production to commodities, plus create better economic link with European settlers.{{sfn|Maliehe|2014|pp=29–32}}</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Moshoeshoe I''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ʊ|ˈ|ʃ|w|ɛ|ʃ|w|ɛ}}) ({{circa|1786}} – 11 March 1870) na de first king of Lesotho. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli family, wey dey part of di Koena (crocodile) clan. When e dey young, e help im papa take power over some small clans. For 1820, when e be 34 years old, Moshoeshoe take over from im papa as di Bamokoteli chief and form im own clan.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot; /&gt;  him plus ein people don settle for Butha-Buthe Mountain.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2011|title=King Moshoeshoe I|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/king-moshoeshoe-i|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Lesotho|url=https://www.lesothoemb-usa.gov.ls/about-lesotho/|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=The Lesotho Embassy in the United States of America}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be di first plus longest-serving King of Lesotho for 1822.

== Ein Early life ==
[[File:Moshoeshoe_I_in_1833.png|left|thumb|Moshoeshoe I for 1833]]
Moshoeshoe dey born as Lepoqo for Menkhoaneng village wey dey for north side of wetin we call Lesotho now.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520334496-021/pdf Degruyter]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem no fit sabi di exact year wey e born, but dem dey guess say na between 1780 and 1794; 1786 na di date wey plenty people agree on. Di meaning of him name na Dispute, e come from di accusations wey dem give one man for Menkhoaneng just when e born. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli side of di Basotho people, and him first wife Kholu. Kholu na di daughter of Bafokeng chief Ntsukunyane, she come from Butha-Buthe area wey dey further north. Di Bamokoteli people dey around 4,000; dem be part of Koena tribe wey dem dey show respect to. Lepoqo family dey live for small kraal near Tlotsi stream, wey be river wey dey join di Caledon River. No plenty pipo sabi how e childhood be, but he dey maintain good relationship with im parents till dem die. Around di age of six, he start to dey take care of di family sheep and goats. Lepoqo get older sister wey dem dey call MaTsouenyane, plus younger brothers Makhabane and Posholi, plus younger sister wey dem dey call 'MaNtoetse. Mokhachane marry more than four women and get plenty pikin. Di Sotho people sabi well-well how to rear animals; cattle dey important for dia life, plus a man wealth na how many cattle e get.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=1–3}}{{sfn|Becker|1982|pp=18–19}}

For 1804, Mokhachane gathah dem boys for di initiation ceremony wey Lepoqo an im guys go join. Di initiation school last six months, for dat time Lepoqo go circumcise, learn im people culture, military skills an ancient songs too. E even write some praise poetry about imself an get new name; Letlama, wey mean say &quot;di Binder&quot;. As di chief pikin, Letlama become di leader of di oda boys wey do initiation with am, dem bond well-well. After e graduate, Letlama lead im crew for successful cattle raid against chief RaMonaheng village. To celebrate di raid, e write anoda praise poem wey e compare imself to &quot;razor wey don shave Ramonaheng beard&quot;. From dat time, dem dey call am Moshoeshoe, wey mean &quot;di Shaver&quot;, after di sound wey razor dey make when e dey shave.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=4–7}}

As young guy, Moshoeshoe dey lead him crew go cattle raid, e dey shine for how e fit grab cattle.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|p=24}} E get big dream but him dey quick vex too, one time e kill one guy wey milk him cow without him go ahead.{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|p=281}}

Moshoeshoe plus him crew, mostly Bakoena Bamokoteli, small Bafokeng from him mama side plus some other family and clans like Amazizi, dem set him village for Butha-Buthe. Dis place no be just any place, e be where him reign come meet the power of Zulu king, Shaka, wey dem dey call 'time of troubles' (previously na 'Difaqane'). For early 19th century, Shaka dey raid houses for eastern coast of Southern Africa (now na Kwa-Zulu Natal), dey chop parts of dem into him steady Zulu chiefdom. Plenty small clans dey run away from Zulu chief. Na so wahala begin, wey dem dey call time of troubles/Difaqane. E come bring fight against Sotho people by Nguni clans wey invade. De attack make Moshoeshoe gatz move im settlement go Qiloane plateau. Later, dem change de name to Thaba Bosiu, wey mean 'mountain at night' sekof dem believe say e dey grow for night den dey shrink for day. E show say e no easy to conquer, e be stronghold against enemies.

For de late 19th century, Moshoeshoe don set up de Basotho nation for Basutoland. Dem dey call am Morena e Moholo/morena oa Basotho (Great King/King of de Basotho).

== Reign ==
[[File:King_Moshoeshoe_of_the_Basotho_with_his_ministers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Moshoeshoe_of_the_Basotho_with_his_ministers.jpg|left|thumb|Moshoeshoe I with his ministers]]
For 1820s, Basotho dey face plenty cattle wahala from Koranna. Na dis time dem first see horses plus guns for fight. After some small setbacks, Basotho manage grab some horses plus guns plus start dey stock gunpowder. By 1843, Moshoeshoe don gather more horses plus guns pass any chieftain for South Africa. But e be say, most of de guns wey Basotho get be old flintlocks, wey don full South African market after dem bring percussion lock muskets.{{sfn|Atmore|Sanders|1971|pp=536–537}} For 1833, missionaries wey come from Paris Evangelical Missionary Society, led by French missionaries Eugène Casalis and Thomas Arbousset, start set their base for Basotho land after Moshoeshoe invite dem. Dem dey push combo of Christianity, Western way of life, plus trade. Dem see Basotho culture wey dey link to forced work plus de people dependence on demma chiefs as bad thing. So, dem wan scatter am by promoting private property, turn production to commodities, plus create better economic link with European settlers.{{sfn|Maliehe|2014|pp=29–32}}

For 1843, Moshoeshoe sign treaty with di governor of di British Cape Colony, Sir George Napier, wey British sabi say Basuto be dia paddy dem. Di Basotho go help stop di Boer dem wey dey try enter Cape during di Great Trek, dem dey collect 75 £ every year, either for money or for bullets. Di Napier Treaty boost Moshoeshoe status well well as leader. E no goim some land wey e don dey claim, but e still get recognition for him rule over different tribes wey dey for di area. For 1848, Cape governor, Sir Harry Smith, pressure Moshoeshoe to sign another agreement wey go allow British get control over di land north of di Orange River; but him go still keep him traditional rights. Di agreement come also talk say make dem form alliance between British plus di Basotho. Some kind treaties like dat wit local African tribes wey no clear don set di Orange River Sovereignty.{{sfn|Machobane|Karschay|1990|pp=29–30}}{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|p=284}}</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Moshoeshoe I''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ʊ|ˈ|ʃ|w|ɛ|ʃ|w|ɛ}}) ({{circa|1786}} – 11 March 1870) na de first king of Lesotho. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli family, wey dey part of di Koena (crocodile) clan. When e dey young, e help im papa take power over some small clans. For 1820, when e be 34 years old, Moshoeshoe take over from im papa as di Bamokoteli chief and form im own clan.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot; /&gt;  him plus ein people don settle for Butha-Buthe Mountain.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2011|title=King Moshoeshoe I|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/king-moshoeshoe-i|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Lesotho|url=https://www.lesothoemb-usa.gov.ls/about-lesotho/|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=The Lesotho Embassy in the United States of America}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be di first plus longest-serving King of Lesotho for 1822.

== Ein Early life ==
[[File:Moshoeshoe_I_in_1833.png|left|thumb|Moshoeshoe I for 1833]]
Moshoeshoe dey born as Lepoqo for Menkhoaneng village wey dey for north side of wetin we call Lesotho now.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520334496-021/pdf Degruyter]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem no fit sabi di exact year wey e born, but dem dey guess say na between 1780 and 1794; 1786 na di date wey plenty people agree on. Di meaning of him name na Dispute, e come from di accusations wey dem give one man for Menkhoaneng just when e born. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli side of di Basotho people, and him first wife Kholu. Kholu na di daughter of Bafokeng chief Ntsukunyane, she come from Butha-Buthe area wey dey further north. Di Bamokoteli people dey around 4,000; dem be part of Koena tribe wey dem dey show respect to. Lepoqo family dey live for small kraal near Tlotsi stream, wey be river wey dey join di Caledon River. No plenty pipo sabi how e childhood be, but he dey maintain good relationship with im parents till dem die. Around di age of six, he start to dey take care of di family sheep and goats. Lepoqo get older sister wey dem dey call MaTsouenyane, plus younger brothers Makhabane and Posholi, plus younger sister wey dem dey call 'MaNtoetse. Mokhachane marry more than four women and get plenty pikin. Di Sotho people sabi well-well how to rear animals; cattle dey important for dia life, plus a man wealth na how many cattle e get.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=1–3}}{{sfn|Becker|1982|pp=18–19}}

For 1804, Mokhachane gathah dem boys for di initiation ceremony wey Lepoqo an im guys go join. Di initiation school last six months, for dat time Lepoqo go circumcise, learn im people culture, military skills an ancient songs too. E even write some praise poetry about imself an get new name; Letlama, wey mean say &quot;di Binder&quot;. As di chief pikin, Letlama become di leader of di oda boys wey do initiation with am, dem bond well-well. After e graduate, Letlama lead im crew for successful cattle raid against chief RaMonaheng village. To celebrate di raid, e write anoda praise poem wey e compare imself to &quot;razor wey don shave Ramonaheng beard&quot;. From dat time, dem dey call am Moshoeshoe, wey mean &quot;di Shaver&quot;, after di sound wey razor dey make when e dey shave.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=4–7}}

As young guy, Moshoeshoe dey lead him crew go cattle raid, e dey shine for how e fit grab cattle.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|p=24}} E get big dream but him dey quick vex too, one time e kill one guy wey milk him cow without him go ahead.{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|p=281}}

Moshoeshoe plus him crew, mostly Bakoena Bamokoteli, small Bafokeng from him mama side plus some other family and clans like Amazizi, dem set him village for Butha-Buthe. Dis place no be just any place, e be where him reign come meet the power of Zulu king, Shaka, wey dem dey call 'time of troubles' (previously na 'Difaqane'). For early 19th century, Shaka dey raid houses for eastern coast of Southern Africa (now na Kwa-Zulu Natal), dey chop parts of dem into him steady Zulu chiefdom. Plenty small clans dey run away from Zulu chief. Na so wahala begin, wey dem dey call time of troubles/Difaqane. E come bring fight against Sotho people by Nguni clans wey invade. De attack make Moshoeshoe gatz move im settlement go Qiloane plateau. Later, dem change de name to Thaba Bosiu, wey mean 'mountain at night' sekof dem believe say e dey grow for night den dey shrink for day. E show say e no easy to conquer, e be stronghold against enemies.

For de late 19th century, Moshoeshoe don set up de Basotho nation for Basutoland. Dem dey call am Morena e Moholo/morena oa Basotho (Great King/King of de Basotho).

== Reign ==
[[File:King_Moshoeshoe_of_the_Basotho_with_his_ministers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Moshoeshoe_of_the_Basotho_with_his_ministers.jpg|left|thumb|Moshoeshoe I with his ministers]]
For 1820s, Basotho dey face plenty cattle wahala from Koranna. Na dis time dem first see horses plus guns for fight. After some small setbacks, Basotho manage grab some horses plus guns plus start dey stock gunpowder. By 1843, Moshoeshoe don gather more horses plus guns pass any chieftain for South Africa. But e be say, most of de guns wey Basotho get be old flintlocks, wey don full South African market after dem bring percussion lock muskets.{{sfn|Atmore|Sanders|1971|pp=536–537}} For 1833, missionaries wey come from Paris Evangelical Missionary Society, led by French missionaries Eugène Casalis and Thomas Arbousset, start set their base for Basotho land after Moshoeshoe invite dem. Dem dey push combo of Christianity, Western way of life, plus trade. Dem see Basotho culture wey dey link to forced work plus de people dependence on demma chiefs as bad thing. So, dem wan scatter am by promoting private property, turn production to commodities, plus create better economic link with European settlers.{{sfn|Maliehe|2014|pp=29–32}}

For 1843, Moshoeshoe sign treaty with di governor of di British Cape Colony, Sir George Napier, wey British sabi say Basuto be dia paddy dem. Di Basotho go help stop di Boer dem wey dey try enter Cape during di Great Trek, dem dey collect 75 £ every year, either for money or for bullets. Di Napier Treaty boost Moshoeshoe status well well as leader. E no goim some land wey e don dey claim, but e still get recognition for him rule over different tribes wey dey for di area. For 1848, Cape governor, Sir Harry Smith, pressure Moshoeshoe to sign another agreement wey go allow British get control over di land north of di Orange River; but him go still keep him traditional rights. Di agreement come also talk say make dem form alliance between British plus di Basotho. Some kind treaties like dat wit local African tribes wey no clear don set di Orange River Sovereignty.{{sfn|Machobane|Karschay|1990|pp=29–30}}{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|p=284}}

For di north-east, di Basotho and dem Taung boys dey always dey fight back and forth for cow matter against dem old enemies, di Batlokoa of Kgosi Sekonyela and di Koranna of Gert Taaibosch. Di British man wey dey represent for di Orange River area, Major Henry Douglas Warden, sabi say na di Basotho dey cause all di wahala wey dey happen between di tribes for dat place. Warden come begin draw border for di various tribes for di north-east area, no minding Moshoeshoe wey don dey claim dat land for long. Moshoeshoe no gree say di British fit protect am from di Batlakoa and Boer people wey dey encroach, and many of him people dey accuse am of being coward when British dey oppress dem.{{sfn|Sanders|1975|pp=153–155, 159–160}} On 25 June 1851, Warden tell di Basotho make dem return di cows and horses to di people wey dem don rob before. Warden come gather mixed force of British, Boer and African soldiers wey dey number about 2,500 men for Platberg. On 28 June, Warden carry him boys go chase di Taung to collect dem stolen cows. But on 30 June, Warden's force no fit win as dem meet di Basotho-Taung army for di Battle of Viervoet.{{sfn|Sanders|1975|pp=171–174}}</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Moshoeshoe I''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ʊ|ˈ|ʃ|w|ɛ|ʃ|w|ɛ}}) ({{circa|1786}} – 11 March 1870) na de first king of Lesotho. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli family, wey dey part of di Koena (crocodile) clan. When e dey young, e help im papa take power over some small clans. For 1820, when e be 34 years old, Moshoeshoe take over from im papa as di Bamokoteli chief and form im own clan.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot; /&gt;  him plus ein people don settle for Butha-Buthe Mountain.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2011|title=King Moshoeshoe I|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/king-moshoeshoe-i|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Lesotho|url=https://www.lesothoemb-usa.gov.ls/about-lesotho/|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=The Lesotho Embassy in the United States of America}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be di first plus longest-serving King of Lesotho for 1822.

== Ein Early life ==
[[File:Moshoeshoe_I_in_1833.png|left|thumb|Moshoeshoe I for 1833]]
Moshoeshoe dey born as Lepoqo for Menkhoaneng village wey dey for north side of wetin we call Lesotho now.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520334496-021/pdf Degruyter]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem no fit sabi di exact year wey e born, but dem dey guess say na between 1780 and 1794; 1786 na di date wey plenty people agree on. Di meaning of him name na Dispute, e come from di accusations wey dem give one man for Menkhoaneng just when e born. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli side of di Basotho people, and him first wife Kholu. Kholu na di daughter of Bafokeng chief Ntsukunyane, she come from Butha-Buthe area wey dey further north. Di Bamokoteli people dey around 4,000; dem be part of Koena tribe wey dem dey show respect to. Lepoqo family dey live for small kraal near Tlotsi stream, wey be river wey dey join di Caledon River. No plenty pipo sabi how e childhood be, but he dey maintain good relationship with im parents till dem die. Around di age of six, he start to dey take care of di family sheep and goats. Lepoqo get older sister wey dem dey call MaTsouenyane, plus younger brothers Makhabane and Posholi, plus younger sister wey dem dey call 'MaNtoetse. Mokhachane marry more than four women and get plenty pikin. Di Sotho people sabi well-well how to rear animals; cattle dey important for dia life, plus a man wealth na how many cattle e get.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=1–3}}{{sfn|Becker|1982|pp=18–19}}

For 1804, Mokhachane gathah dem boys for di initiation ceremony wey Lepoqo an im guys go join. Di initiation school last six months, for dat time Lepoqo go circumcise, learn im people culture, military skills an ancient songs too. E even write some praise poetry about imself an get new name; Letlama, wey mean say &quot;di Binder&quot;. As di chief pikin, Letlama become di leader of di oda boys wey do initiation with am, dem bond well-well. After e graduate, Letlama lead im crew for successful cattle raid against chief RaMonaheng village. To celebrate di raid, e write anoda praise poem wey e compare imself to &quot;razor wey don shave Ramonaheng beard&quot;. From dat time, dem dey call am Moshoeshoe, wey mean &quot;di Shaver&quot;, after di sound wey razor dey make when e dey shave.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=4–7}}

As young guy, Moshoeshoe dey lead him crew go cattle raid, e dey shine for how e fit grab cattle.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|p=24}} E get big dream but him dey quick vex too, one time e kill one guy wey milk him cow without him go ahead.{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|p=281}}

Moshoeshoe plus him crew, mostly Bakoena Bamokoteli, small Bafokeng from him mama side plus some other family and clans like Amazizi, dem set him village for Butha-Buthe. Dis place no be just any place, e be where him reign come meet the power of Zulu king, Shaka, wey dem dey call 'time of troubles' (previously na 'Difaqane'). For early 19th century, Shaka dey raid houses for eastern coast of Southern Africa (now na Kwa-Zulu Natal), dey chop parts of dem into him steady Zulu chiefdom. Plenty small clans dey run away from Zulu chief. Na so wahala begin, wey dem dey call time of troubles/Difaqane. E come bring fight against Sotho people by Nguni clans wey invade. De attack make Moshoeshoe gatz move im settlement go Qiloane plateau. Later, dem change de name to Thaba Bosiu, wey mean 'mountain at night' sekof dem believe say e dey grow for night den dey shrink for day. E show say e no easy to conquer, e be stronghold against enemies.

For de late 19th century, Moshoeshoe don set up de Basotho nation for Basutoland. Dem dey call am Morena e Moholo/morena oa Basotho (Great King/King of de Basotho).

== Reign ==
[[File:King_Moshoeshoe_of_the_Basotho_with_his_ministers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Moshoeshoe_of_the_Basotho_with_his_ministers.jpg|left|thumb|Moshoeshoe I with his ministers]]
For 1820s, Basotho dey face plenty cattle wahala from Koranna. Na dis time dem first see horses plus guns for fight. After some small setbacks, Basotho manage grab some horses plus guns plus start dey stock gunpowder. By 1843, Moshoeshoe don gather more horses plus guns pass any chieftain for South Africa. But e be say, most of de guns wey Basotho get be old flintlocks, wey don full South African market after dem bring percussion lock muskets.{{sfn|Atmore|Sanders|1971|pp=536–537}} For 1833, missionaries wey come from Paris Evangelical Missionary Society, led by French missionaries Eugène Casalis and Thomas Arbousset, start set their base for Basotho land after Moshoeshoe invite dem. Dem dey push combo of Christianity, Western way of life, plus trade. Dem see Basotho culture wey dey link to forced work plus de people dependence on demma chiefs as bad thing. So, dem wan scatter am by promoting private property, turn production to commodities, plus create better economic link with European settlers.{{sfn|Maliehe|2014|pp=29–32}}

For 1843, Moshoeshoe sign treaty with di governor of di British Cape Colony, Sir George Napier, wey British sabi say Basuto be dia paddy dem. Di Basotho go help stop di Boer dem wey dey try enter Cape during di Great Trek, dem dey collect 75 £ every year, either for money or for bullets. Di Napier Treaty boost Moshoeshoe status well well as leader. E no goim some land wey e don dey claim, but e still get recognition for him rule over different tribes wey dey for di area. For 1848, Cape governor, Sir Harry Smith, pressure Moshoeshoe to sign another agreement wey go allow British get control over di land north of di Orange River; but him go still keep him traditional rights. Di agreement come also talk say make dem form alliance between British plus di Basotho. Some kind treaties like dat wit local African tribes wey no clear don set di Orange River Sovereignty.{{sfn|Machobane|Karschay|1990|pp=29–30}}{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|p=284}}

For di north-east, di Basotho and dem Taung boys dey always dey fight back and forth for cow matter against dem old enemies, di Batlokoa of Kgosi Sekonyela and di Koranna of Gert Taaibosch. Di British man wey dey represent for di Orange River area, Major Henry Douglas Warden, sabi say na di Basotho dey cause all di wahala wey dey happen between di tribes for dat place. Warden come begin draw border for di various tribes for di north-east area, no minding Moshoeshoe wey don dey claim dat land for long. Moshoeshoe no gree say di British fit protect am from di Batlakoa and Boer people wey dey encroach, and many of him people dey accuse am of being coward when British dey oppress dem.{{sfn|Sanders|1975|pp=153–155, 159–160}} On 25 June 1851, Warden tell di Basotho make dem return di cows and horses to di people wey dem don rob before. Warden come gather mixed force of British, Boer and African soldiers wey dey number about 2,500 men for Platberg. On 28 June, Warden carry him boys go chase di Taung to collect dem stolen cows. But on 30 June, Warden's force no fit win as dem meet di Basotho-Taung army for di Battle of Viervoet.{{sfn|Sanders|1975|pp=171–174}}

For October, Moshoeshoe write letter to Smith and Warden, dey talk say e act for self-defense and e wan keep good relationship with British. By February 1852, British gree to change boundaries for south-west and stop di colonial wahala for inter-tribal fight if dem fit return di cattle wey Basotho don steal since September 1850. But wahala no fit settle plus Smith replacement, Major-General Sir George Cathcart dey wait make di fight with di Xhosa cool down before e go start punishment action against di Basotho.{{sfn|Sanders|1975|pp=176, 181–183}}</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Moshoeshoe I''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ʊ|ˈ|ʃ|w|ɛ|ʃ|w|ɛ}}) ({{circa|1786}} – 11 March 1870) na de first king of Lesotho. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli family, wey dey part of di Koena (crocodile) clan. When e dey young, e help im papa take power over some small clans. For 1820, when e be 34 years old, Moshoeshoe take over from im papa as di Bamokoteli chief and form im own clan.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot; /&gt;  him plus ein people don settle for Butha-Buthe Mountain.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2011|title=King Moshoeshoe I|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/king-moshoeshoe-i|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Lesotho|url=https://www.lesothoemb-usa.gov.ls/about-lesotho/|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=The Lesotho Embassy in the United States of America}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be di first plus longest-serving King of Lesotho for 1822.

== Ein Early life ==
[[File:Moshoeshoe_I_in_1833.png|left|thumb|Moshoeshoe I for 1833]]
Moshoeshoe dey born as Lepoqo for Menkhoaneng village wey dey for north side of wetin we call Lesotho now.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520334496-021/pdf Degruyter]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem no fit sabi di exact year wey e born, but dem dey guess say na between 1780 and 1794; 1786 na di date wey plenty people agree on. Di meaning of him name na Dispute, e come from di accusations wey dem give one man for Menkhoaneng just when e born. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli side of di Basotho people, and him first wife Kholu. Kholu na di daughter of Bafokeng chief Ntsukunyane, she come from Butha-Buthe area wey dey further north. Di Bamokoteli people dey around 4,000; dem be part of Koena tribe wey dem dey show respect to. Lepoqo family dey live for small kraal near Tlotsi stream, wey be river wey dey join di Caledon River. No plenty pipo sabi how e childhood be, but he dey maintain good relationship with im parents till dem die. Around di age of six, he start to dey take care of di family sheep and goats. Lepoqo get older sister wey dem dey call MaTsouenyane, plus younger brothers Makhabane and Posholi, plus younger sister wey dem dey call 'MaNtoetse. Mokhachane marry more than four women and get plenty pikin. Di Sotho people sabi well-well how to rear animals; cattle dey important for dia life, plus a man wealth na how many cattle e get.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=1–3}}{{sfn|Becker|1982|pp=18–19}}

For 1804, Mokhachane gathah dem boys for di initiation ceremony wey Lepoqo an im guys go join. Di initiation school last six months, for dat time Lepoqo go circumcise, learn im people culture, military skills an ancient songs too. E even write some praise poetry about imself an get new name; Letlama, wey mean say &quot;di Binder&quot;. As di chief pikin, Letlama become di leader of di oda boys wey do initiation with am, dem bond well-well. After e graduate, Letlama lead im crew for successful cattle raid against chief RaMonaheng village. To celebrate di raid, e write anoda praise poem wey e compare imself to &quot;razor wey don shave Ramonaheng beard&quot;. From dat time, dem dey call am Moshoeshoe, wey mean &quot;di Shaver&quot;, after di sound wey razor dey make when e dey shave.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=4–7}}

As young guy, Moshoeshoe dey lead him crew go cattle raid, e dey shine for how e fit grab cattle.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|p=24}} E get big dream but him dey quick vex too, one time e kill one guy wey milk him cow without him go ahead.{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|p=281}}

Moshoeshoe plus him crew, mostly Bakoena Bamokoteli, small Bafokeng from him mama side plus some other family and clans like Amazizi, dem set him village for Butha-Buthe. Dis place no be just any place, e be where him reign come meet the power of Zulu king, Shaka, wey dem dey call 'time of troubles' (previously na 'Difaqane'). For early 19th century, Shaka dey raid houses for eastern coast of Southern Africa (now na Kwa-Zulu Natal), dey chop parts of dem into him steady Zulu chiefdom. Plenty small clans dey run away from Zulu chief. Na so wahala begin, wey dem dey call time of troubles/Difaqane. E come bring fight against Sotho people by Nguni clans wey invade. De attack make Moshoeshoe gatz move im settlement go Qiloane plateau. Later, dem change de name to Thaba Bosiu, wey mean 'mountain at night' sekof dem believe say e dey grow for night den dey shrink for day. E show say e no easy to conquer, e be stronghold against enemies.

For de late 19th century, Moshoeshoe don set up de Basotho nation for Basutoland. Dem dey call am Morena e Moholo/morena oa Basotho (Great King/King of de Basotho).

== Reign ==
[[File:King_Moshoeshoe_of_the_Basotho_with_his_ministers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Moshoeshoe_of_the_Basotho_with_his_ministers.jpg|left|thumb|Moshoeshoe I with his ministers]]
For 1820s, Basotho dey face plenty cattle wahala from Koranna. Na dis time dem first see horses plus guns for fight. After some small setbacks, Basotho manage grab some horses plus guns plus start dey stock gunpowder. By 1843, Moshoeshoe don gather more horses plus guns pass any chieftain for South Africa. But e be say, most of de guns wey Basotho get be old flintlocks, wey don full South African market after dem bring percussion lock muskets.{{sfn|Atmore|Sanders|1971|pp=536–537}} For 1833, missionaries wey come from Paris Evangelical Missionary Society, led by French missionaries Eugène Casalis and Thomas Arbousset, start set their base for Basotho land after Moshoeshoe invite dem. Dem dey push combo of Christianity, Western way of life, plus trade. Dem see Basotho culture wey dey link to forced work plus de people dependence on demma chiefs as bad thing. So, dem wan scatter am by promoting private property, turn production to commodities, plus create better economic link with European settlers.{{sfn|Maliehe|2014|pp=29–32}}

For 1843, Moshoeshoe sign treaty with di governor of di British Cape Colony, Sir George Napier, wey British sabi say Basuto be dia paddy dem. Di Basotho go help stop di Boer dem wey dey try enter Cape during di Great Trek, dem dey collect 75 £ every year, either for money or for bullets. Di Napier Treaty boost Moshoeshoe status well well as leader. E no goim some land wey e don dey claim, but e still get recognition for him rule over different tribes wey dey for di area. For 1848, Cape governor, Sir Harry Smith, pressure Moshoeshoe to sign another agreement wey go allow British get control over di land north of di Orange River; but him go still keep him traditional rights. Di agreement come also talk say make dem form alliance between British plus di Basotho. Some kind treaties like dat wit local African tribes wey no clear don set di Orange River Sovereignty.{{sfn|Machobane|Karschay|1990|pp=29–30}}{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|p=284}}

For di north-east, di Basotho and dem Taung boys dey always dey fight back and forth for cow matter against dem old enemies, di Batlokoa of Kgosi Sekonyela and di Koranna of Gert Taaibosch. Di British man wey dey represent for di Orange River area, Major Henry Douglas Warden, sabi say na di Basotho dey cause all di wahala wey dey happen between di tribes for dat place. Warden come begin draw border for di various tribes for di north-east area, no minding Moshoeshoe wey don dey claim dat land for long. Moshoeshoe no gree say di British fit protect am from di Batlakoa and Boer people wey dey encroach, and many of him people dey accuse am of being coward when British dey oppress dem.{{sfn|Sanders|1975|pp=153–155, 159–160}} On 25 June 1851, Warden tell di Basotho make dem return di cows and horses to di people wey dem don rob before. Warden come gather mixed force of British, Boer and African soldiers wey dey number about 2,500 men for Platberg. On 28 June, Warden carry him boys go chase di Taung to collect dem stolen cows. But on 30 June, Warden's force no fit win as dem meet di Basotho-Taung army for di Battle of Viervoet.{{sfn|Sanders|1975|pp=171–174}}

For October, Moshoeshoe write letter to Smith and Warden, dey talk say e act for self-defense and e wan keep good relationship with British. By February 1852, British gree to change boundaries for south-west and stop di colonial wahala for inter-tribal fight if dem fit return di cattle wey Basotho don steal since September 1850. But wahala no fit settle plus Smith replacement, Major-General Sir George Cathcart dey wait make di fight with di Xhosa cool down before e go start punishment action against di Basotho.{{sfn|Sanders|1975|pp=176, 181–183}}

For 20 December 1852, British soldiers clash with Basotho for Battle of Berea. Dem poor British plan and strong Basotho wahala make dem retreat small. As Moshoeshoe no wan make dem beat am again, e beg for peace wey gree dem terms wey fit dem plus bring back sweet relationship with British.{{sfn|Tylden|1935|pp=37–38}}{{sfn|Sanders|1975|p=193}} For 1853, Moshoeshoe don tire for Sekonyela wey dey raid am, so he decide say he go handle Batlokoa matter well well. For November 1853, Basotho army show say dem fit beat Batlakoa and their Koranna friends for de battle of Khoro-e-Betloa, dem even take demma stronghold Jwalaboholo. Most Batlakoa either run away or join Basotho.{{sfn|Sanders|1969|pp=446–454}} British come carry dem self go for 1854, wey make Boer Orange Free State come form.{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|p=284}}</text>
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        <id>3104</id>
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{{Databox}}
'''Moshoeshoe I''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ʊ|ˈ|ʃ|w|ɛ|ʃ|w|ɛ}}) ({{circa|1786}} – 11 March 1870) na de first king of Lesotho. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli family, wey dey part of di Koena (crocodile) clan. When e dey young, e help im papa take power over some small clans. For 1820, when e be 34 years old, Moshoeshoe take over from im papa as di Bamokoteli chief and form im own clan.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot; /&gt;  him plus ein people don settle for Butha-Buthe Mountain.&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chief&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2011|title=King Moshoeshoe I|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/king-moshoeshoe-i|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1820chiefandfollowing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Lesotho|url=https://www.lesothoemb-usa.gov.ls/about-lesotho/|access-date=February 9, 2025|publisher=The Lesotho Embassy in the United States of America}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be di first plus longest-serving King of Lesotho for 1822.

== Ein Early life ==
[[File:Moshoeshoe_I_in_1833.png|left|thumb|Moshoeshoe I for 1833]]
Moshoeshoe dey born as Lepoqo for Menkhoaneng village wey dey for north side of wetin we call Lesotho now.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520334496-021/pdf Degruyter]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem no fit sabi di exact year wey e born, but dem dey guess say na between 1780 and 1794; 1786 na di date wey plenty people agree on. Di meaning of him name na Dispute, e come from di accusations wey dem give one man for Menkhoaneng just when e born. E be di first pikin of Mokhachane, wey be small chief for di Bamokoteli side of di Basotho people, and him first wife Kholu. Kholu na di daughter of Bafokeng chief Ntsukunyane, she come from Butha-Buthe area wey dey further north. Di Bamokoteli people dey around 4,000; dem be part of Koena tribe wey dem dey show respect to. Lepoqo family dey live for small kraal near Tlotsi stream, wey be river wey dey join di Caledon River. No plenty pipo sabi how e childhood be, but he dey maintain good relationship with im parents till dem die. Around di age of six, he start to dey take care of di family sheep and goats. Lepoqo get older sister wey dem dey call MaTsouenyane, plus younger brothers Makhabane and Posholi, plus younger sister wey dem dey call 'MaNtoetse. Mokhachane marry more than four women and get plenty pikin. Di Sotho people sabi well-well how to rear animals; cattle dey important for dia life, plus a man wealth na how many cattle e get.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=1–3}}{{sfn|Becker|1982|pp=18–19}}

For 1804, Mokhachane gathah dem boys for di initiation ceremony wey Lepoqo an im guys go join. Di initiation school last six months, for dat time Lepoqo go circumcise, learn im people culture, military skills an ancient songs too. E even write some praise poetry about imself an get new name; Letlama, wey mean say &quot;di Binder&quot;. As di chief pikin, Letlama become di leader of di oda boys wey do initiation with am, dem bond well-well. After e graduate, Letlama lead im crew for successful cattle raid against chief RaMonaheng village. To celebrate di raid, e write anoda praise poem wey e compare imself to &quot;razor wey don shave Ramonaheng beard&quot;. From dat time, dem dey call am Moshoeshoe, wey mean &quot;di Shaver&quot;, after di sound wey razor dey make when e dey shave.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|pp=4–7}}

As young guy, Moshoeshoe dey lead him crew go cattle raid, e dey shine for how e fit grab cattle.{{sfn|Thompson|1975|p=24}} E get big dream but him dey quick vex too, one time e kill one guy wey milk him cow without him go ahead.{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|p=281}}

Moshoeshoe plus him crew, mostly Bakoena Bamokoteli, small Bafokeng from him mama side plus some other family and clans like Amazizi, dem set him village for Butha-Buthe. Dis place no be just any place, e be where him reign come meet the power of Zulu king, Shaka, wey dem dey call 'time of troubles' (previously na 'Difaqane'). For early 19th century, Shaka dey raid houses for eastern coast of Southern Africa (now na Kwa-Zulu Natal), dey chop parts of dem into him steady Zulu chiefdom. Plenty small clans dey run away from Zulu chief. Na so wahala begin, wey dem dey call time of troubles/Difaqane. E come bring fight against Sotho people by Nguni clans wey invade. De attack make Moshoeshoe gatz move im settlement go Qiloane plateau. Later, dem change de name to Thaba Bosiu, wey mean 'mountain at night' sekof dem believe say e dey grow for night den dey shrink for day. E show say e no easy to conquer, e be stronghold against enemies.

For de late 19th century, Moshoeshoe don set up de Basotho nation for Basutoland. Dem dey call am Morena e Moholo/morena oa Basotho (Great King/King of de Basotho).

== Reign ==
[[File:King_Moshoeshoe_of_the_Basotho_with_his_ministers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Moshoeshoe_of_the_Basotho_with_his_ministers.jpg|left|thumb|Moshoeshoe I with his ministers]]
For 1820s, Basotho dey face plenty cattle wahala from Koranna. Na dis time dem first see horses plus guns for fight. After some small setbacks, Basotho manage grab some horses plus guns plus start dey stock gunpowder. By 1843, Moshoeshoe don gather more horses plus guns pass any chieftain for South Africa. But e be say, most of de guns wey Basotho get be old flintlocks, wey don full South African market after dem bring percussion lock muskets.{{sfn|Atmore|Sanders|1971|pp=536–537}} For 1833, missionaries wey come from Paris Evangelical Missionary Society, led by French missionaries Eugène Casalis and Thomas Arbousset, start set their base for Basotho land after Moshoeshoe invite dem. Dem dey push combo of Christianity, Western way of life, plus trade. Dem see Basotho culture wey dey link to forced work plus de people dependence on demma chiefs as bad thing. So, dem wan scatter am by promoting private property, turn production to commodities, plus create better economic link with European settlers.{{sfn|Maliehe|2014|pp=29–32}}

For 1843, Moshoeshoe sign treaty with di governor of di British Cape Colony, Sir George Napier, wey British sabi say Basuto be dia paddy dem. Di Basotho go help stop di Boer dem wey dey try enter Cape during di Great Trek, dem dey collect 75 £ every year, either for money or for bullets. Di Napier Treaty boost Moshoeshoe status well well as leader. E no goim some land wey e don dey claim, but e still get recognition for him rule over different tribes wey dey for di area. For 1848, Cape governor, Sir Harry Smith, pressure Moshoeshoe to sign another agreement wey go allow British get control over di land north of di Orange River; but him go still keep him traditional rights. Di agreement come also talk say make dem form alliance between British plus di Basotho. Some kind treaties like dat wit local African tribes wey no clear don set di Orange River Sovereignty.{{sfn|Machobane|Karschay|1990|pp=29–30}}{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|p=284}}

For di north-east, di Basotho and dem Taung boys dey always dey fight back and forth for cow matter against dem old enemies, di Batlokoa of Kgosi Sekonyela and di Koranna of Gert Taaibosch. Di British man wey dey represent for di Orange River area, Major Henry Douglas Warden, sabi say na di Basotho dey cause all di wahala wey dey happen between di tribes for dat place. Warden come begin draw border for di various tribes for di north-east area, no minding Moshoeshoe wey don dey claim dat land for long. Moshoeshoe no gree say di British fit protect am from di Batlakoa and Boer people wey dey encroach, and many of him people dey accuse am of being coward when British dey oppress dem.{{sfn|Sanders|1975|pp=153–155, 159–160}} On 25 June 1851, Warden tell di Basotho make dem return di cows and horses to di people wey dem don rob before. Warden come gather mixed force of British, Boer and African soldiers wey dey number about 2,500 men for Platberg. On 28 June, Warden carry him boys go chase di Taung to collect dem stolen cows. But on 30 June, Warden's force no fit win as dem meet di Basotho-Taung army for di Battle of Viervoet.{{sfn|Sanders|1975|pp=171–174}}

For October, Moshoeshoe write letter to Smith and Warden, dey talk say e act for self-defense and e wan keep good relationship with British. By February 1852, British gree to change boundaries for south-west and stop di colonial wahala for inter-tribal fight if dem fit return di cattle wey Basotho don steal since September 1850. But wahala no fit settle plus Smith replacement, Major-General Sir George Cathcart dey wait make di fight with di Xhosa cool down before e go start punishment action against di Basotho.{{sfn|Sanders|1975|pp=176, 181–183}}

For 20 December 1852, British soldiers clash with Basotho for Battle of Berea. Dem poor British plan and strong Basotho wahala make dem retreat small. As Moshoeshoe no wan make dem beat am again, e beg for peace wey gree dem terms wey fit dem plus bring back sweet relationship with British.{{sfn|Tylden|1935|pp=37–38}}{{sfn|Sanders|1975|p=193}} For 1853, Moshoeshoe don tire for Sekonyela wey dey raid am, so he decide say he go handle Batlokoa matter well well. For November 1853, Basotho army show say dem fit beat Batlakoa and their Koranna friends for de battle of Khoro-e-Betloa, dem even take demma stronghold Jwalaboholo. Most Batlakoa either run away or join Basotho.{{sfn|Sanders|1969|pp=446–454}} British come carry dem self go for 1854, wey make Boer Orange Free State come form.{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|p=284}}

For 1858, wahala start between Basotho and Orange Free State. Dem win first war, but dem no fit match dem for shoot and weapon, so dem lose de next two wars till 1868. For 1866, dem sign Treaty of Thaba Bosiu, wey Moshoeshoe give plenty of him land to Boers. After some time, wahala start again plus Boers come dey burn land, wey cause hunger for Basotho people. As dem dey fear say dem go finish Basotho people, Moshoeshoe, him pikin plus local missionaries come dey beg British High Commissioner Sir Philip Wodehouse plus Colony of Natal for help. At first, Britons no wan enter, but dem dey worried say trade dey scatter because of the war plus Boer fit expand reach Pondoland coast. For December 1867, Colonial Office gree make Natal take Basotholand. Wodehouse no trust de Natal government at all. He think say Cape Colony no ready to take de new land, so he no follow their orders. Him cut off ammo supply to Free State and on 12 March 1868, him declare Basotho land as royal territory.{{sfn|Burman|1981|pp=15–16}} Moshoeshoe die on 11 March 1870, and him first son, Letsie I, take over from am.{{sfn|Machobane|Karschay|1990|pp=43–44}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ghanaian smock</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>18181</id>
    <revision>
      <id>67523</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-01T11:37:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ebbsonline</username>
        <id>2563</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ghanaian smock*/</comment>
      <origin>67523</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1171" sha1="nwbn8qtczlfwnk7o3n2zfmea6rsfw13" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|A smock is made of hand-loomed strips made of a mixture of dyed and undyed cotton loom.}}
[[File:Tamale fashion week 2020 2.jpg|thumb|A gentleman and a lady in smock.]]
[[File:World Damba Festival 2023 - Cologne, Germany 46.jpg|thumb|Celebrants in smock during the 2023 World Damba Festival in Germany.]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the President of the Republic of Ghana, Mr. John Dramani Mahama, during the 3rd India Africa Forum Summit, in New Delhi on October 28, 2015 (1).jpg|thumb|Ghana's president, John Dramani Mahama meeting a foreign leader in a smock.]]
[[File:Smock 1.jpg|thumb|A boy wearing a heavy smock]]
[[File:Smock 0.jpg|thumb|A man wearing a light smock]]
[[File:Dress 12.jpg|thumb|A sleeveless smock in display]]The '''Ghanaian Smock or Tani''' be fabric wey both women den men fit wear for [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mysite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mysite.verizon.net/vze827ph/clothing.htm|title=Northern Ghana Clothing|access-date=2009-01-22|archive-date=2014-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911105001/http://mysite.verizon.net/vze827ph/clothing.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>67527</id>
      <parentid>67523</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-01T11:44:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ebbsonline</username>
        <id>2563</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>67527</origin>
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      <text bytes="1560" sha1="muejja6nx9xszfgvrdtibnlbz9jtjdu" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|A smock is made of hand-loomed strips made of a mixture of dyed and undyed cotton loom.}}
[[File:Tamale fashion week 2020 2.jpg|thumb|A gentleman and a lady in smock.]]
[[File:World Damba Festival 2023 - Cologne, Germany 46.jpg|thumb|Celebrants in smock during the 2023 World Damba Festival in Germany.]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the President of the Republic of Ghana, Mr. John Dramani Mahama, during the 3rd India Africa Forum Summit, in New Delhi on October 28, 2015 (1).jpg|thumb|Ghana's president, John Dramani Mahama meeting a foreign leader in a smock.]]
[[File:Smock 1.jpg|thumb|A boy wearing a heavy smock]]
[[File:Smock 0.jpg|thumb|A man wearing a light smock]]
[[File:Dress 12.jpg|thumb|A sleeveless smock in display]]The '''Ghanaian Smock or Tani''' be fabric wey both women den men fit wear for [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mysite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mysite.verizon.net/vze827ph/clothing.htm|title=Northern Ghana Clothing|access-date=2009-01-22|archive-date=2014-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911105001/http://mysite.verizon.net/vze827ph/clothing.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de most popular traditional cloth for de country. De fabric name be Tani for Dagbani, den de male den female version dey called Bin'gmaa den Bin'mangli. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=Smock Fashion: The Northern Ghanaian Identity - Meraki Channels |url=https://merakichannels.com/smock-fashion-the-northern-ghanaian-identity/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>67530</id>
      <parentid>67527</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-01T11:47:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ebbsonline</username>
        <id>2563</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>67530</origin>
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      <text bytes="1891" sha1="fsygolwhud4w2mkb0tylhy2n3dk67kr" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|A smock is made of hand-loomed strips made of a mixture of dyed and undyed cotton loom.}}
[[File:Tamale fashion week 2020 2.jpg|thumb|A gentleman and a lady in smock.]]
[[File:World Damba Festival 2023 - Cologne, Germany 46.jpg|thumb|Celebrants in smock during the 2023 World Damba Festival in Germany.]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the President of the Republic of Ghana, Mr. John Dramani Mahama, during the 3rd India Africa Forum Summit, in New Delhi on October 28, 2015 (1).jpg|thumb|Ghana's president, John Dramani Mahama meeting a foreign leader in a smock.]]
[[File:Smock 1.jpg|thumb|A boy wearing a heavy smock]]
[[File:Smock 0.jpg|thumb|A man wearing a light smock]]
[[File:Dress 12.jpg|thumb|A sleeveless smock in display]]The '''Ghanaian Smock or Tani''' be fabric wey both women den men fit wear for [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mysite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mysite.verizon.net/vze827ph/clothing.htm|title=Northern Ghana Clothing|access-date=2009-01-22|archive-date=2014-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911105001/http://mysite.verizon.net/vze827ph/clothing.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de most popular traditional cloth for de country. De fabric name be Tani for Dagbani, den de male den female version dey called Bin'gmaa den Bin'mangli. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=Smock Fashion: The Northern Ghanaian Identity - Meraki Channels |url=https://merakichannels.com/smock-fashion-the-northern-ghanaian-identity/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
De smock be cloth wey Ghana ein founding fathers famously wear when dem declare Ghana ein independence from de British on March 6, 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Smock Fashion Culture in Ghana’s Dress Identity-Making |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&amp;type=pdf&amp;doi=92447e90f707e902f0a31ef03d1e30c3b091b260}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>67531</id>
      <parentid>67530</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-01T11:48:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ebbsonline</username>
        <id>2563</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>67531</origin>
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      <text bytes="2146" sha1="90r7eqrwjl4pd3ltsu94mllp3rb15xf" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|A smock is made of hand-loomed strips made of a mixture of dyed and undyed cotton loom.}}
[[File:Tamale fashion week 2020 2.jpg|thumb|A gentleman and a lady in smock.]]
[[File:World Damba Festival 2023 - Cologne, Germany 46.jpg|thumb|Celebrants in smock during the 2023 World Damba Festival in Germany.]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the President of the Republic of Ghana, Mr. John Dramani Mahama, during the 3rd India Africa Forum Summit, in New Delhi on October 28, 2015 (1).jpg|thumb|Ghana's president, John Dramani Mahama meeting a foreign leader in a smock.]]
[[File:Smock 1.jpg|thumb|A boy wearing a heavy smock]]
[[File:Smock 0.jpg|thumb|A man wearing a light smock]]
[[File:Dress 12.jpg|thumb|A sleeveless smock in display]]The '''Ghanaian Smock or Tani''' be fabric wey both women den men fit wear for [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mysite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mysite.verizon.net/vze827ph/clothing.htm|title=Northern Ghana Clothing|access-date=2009-01-22|archive-date=2014-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911105001/http://mysite.verizon.net/vze827ph/clothing.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de most popular traditional cloth for de country. De fabric name be Tani for Dagbani, den de male den female version dey called Bin'gmaa den Bin'mangli. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=Smock Fashion: The Northern Ghanaian Identity - Meraki Channels |url=https://merakichannels.com/smock-fashion-the-northern-ghanaian-identity/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
De smock be cloth wey Ghana ein founding fathers famously wear when dem declare Ghana ein independence from de British on March 6, 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Smock Fashion Culture in Ghana’s Dress Identity-Making |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&amp;type=pdf&amp;doi=92447e90f707e902f0a31ef03d1e30c3b091b260}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bernard Monarh details history behind Nkrumah’s Independence Smock |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Bernard-Monarh-details-history-behind-Nkrumah-rsquo-s-Independence-Smock-1849916}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Other names ==

== References ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>67535</id>
      <parentid>67531</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-01T11:56:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ebbsonline</username>
        <id>2563</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Other names */</comment>
      <origin>67535</origin>
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      <text bytes="2894" sha1="8005ppxih4zmwt5m7bedddgpowpakuq" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|A smock is made of hand-loomed strips made of a mixture of dyed and undyed cotton loom.}}
[[File:Tamale fashion week 2020 2.jpg|thumb|A gentleman and a lady in smock.]]
[[File:World Damba Festival 2023 - Cologne, Germany 46.jpg|thumb|Celebrants in smock during the 2023 World Damba Festival in Germany.]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the President of the Republic of Ghana, Mr. John Dramani Mahama, during the 3rd India Africa Forum Summit, in New Delhi on October 28, 2015 (1).jpg|thumb|Ghana's president, John Dramani Mahama meeting a foreign leader in a smock.]]
[[File:Smock 1.jpg|thumb|A boy wearing a heavy smock]]
[[File:Smock 0.jpg|thumb|A man wearing a light smock]]
[[File:Dress 12.jpg|thumb|A sleeveless smock in display]]The '''Ghanaian Smock or Tani''' be fabric wey both women den men fit wear for [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mysite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mysite.verizon.net/vze827ph/clothing.htm|title=Northern Ghana Clothing|access-date=2009-01-22|archive-date=2014-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911105001/http://mysite.verizon.net/vze827ph/clothing.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de most popular traditional cloth for de country. De fabric name be Tani for Dagbani, den de male den female version dey called Bin'gmaa den Bin'mangli. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=Smock Fashion: The Northern Ghanaian Identity - Meraki Channels |url=https://merakichannels.com/smock-fashion-the-northern-ghanaian-identity/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
De smock be cloth wey Ghana ein founding fathers famously wear when dem declare Ghana ein independence from de British on March 6, 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Smock Fashion Culture in Ghana’s Dress Identity-Making |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&amp;type=pdf&amp;doi=92447e90f707e902f0a31ef03d1e30c3b091b260}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bernard Monarh details history behind Nkrumah’s Independence Smock |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Bernard-Monarh-details-history-behind-Nkrumah-rsquo-s-Independence-Smock-1849916}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Other names ==
De smock also get other names. [[Mampruli language|Mamprusis]] dey call am Bun-nwↃ or Bana, [[Mossi people|Mossi]] people dey call am '''fugu''', for [[Asante dialect]] dem dey call am '''batakari''', [[Farefare language|Frafra]] people dey call am '''dansika''', den for [[Kusaal language|Kusaal]] inside [[Upper East Region|upper east region]], dem dey call am '''Banaa'''..&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghana Committee for the Implementaion of Textile Agreements&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CULTURE AND CULTURAL PRACTICES AND THE MOTIVE BEHIND THEM B |url=http://otexa.ita.doc.gov/fr2003/deter9.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109065939/http://otexa.ita.doc.gov/fr2003/deter9.htm |archivedate=2009-01-09 |access-date=2009-01-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Somalia’s Repatriation Campaign for Islamic Manuscripts</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>18182</id>
    <revision>
      <id>67534</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-01T11:54:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Domatieha</username>
        <id>3228</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>dis dey talk about de way somalia repatriate campaign for islamic manuscript</comment>
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      <text bytes="1755" sha1="r5fww8kygujxpvr3mrit1bxpuc47yd0" xml:space="preserve">Somalia dey waka hard to bring back and keep dem Islamic manuscripts, e show say dem artifacts get plenty cultural value even as conflict and colonialism dey challenge. Background Islamic manuscripts get serious historical and cultural importance for Somalia, e dey show di strong Islamic heritage wey di country get. Plenty of dis manuscripts don suffer neglect because of di civil wahala and chaos wey happen when Somali state collapse for early 1990s. As dem see dis matter, plenty initiatives don start to recover and restore dem important texts. Preservation Efforts Digital Projects: Plenty projects, like di ones wey Red Sea Cultural Foundation dey run, dey focus on digitizing manuscripts from Somalia. Dis one include manuscripts from Berbera shrines wey cover different areas, mostly Islamic sciences and poetry, to protect dem from decay and wahala wey climate change and human conflict dey cause. By making digital copies, dem projects wan make di texts available to scholars worldwide while dem dey protect di physical ones. Cultural Heritage Awareness: Efforts to bring back Islamic manuscripts still dey go on.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=43&amp;q=Somalia%E2%80%99s+Repatriation+Campaign+for+Islamic+Manuscripts&amp;cvid=9c4509e62fb0472b997a42fb0bb65fad&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOdIBCDg3MzFqMGoxqAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;DAF0=1&amp;PC=U531 bing.com/ck/a?!&amp;&amp;p=ebd23303d78ae620c6891dc175fd45739275a7e2d9e5c630bb1850e5e2f7c405JmltdHM9MTc1MTMyODAwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=1d4b0b8c-9fdc-6959-29ff-1e729ec1680f&amp;psq=Somalia’s+Repatriation+Campaign+for+Islamic+Manuscripts&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93YWF5YWhhLmNvbS9zb21hbGktY3VsdHVyYWwtdHJlYXN1cmVzLXByZXNlcnZpbmctYS1uYXRpb25zLWhlcml0YWdlLXRocm91Z2gtaW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbC1jb2xsYWJvcmF0aW9uLw&amp;ntb=1]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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