Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 26441 96779 2026-04-08T16:46:38Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1466087|Hydrocodone]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 96779 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 96780 96779 2026-04-08T16:56:22Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hydrocodone''', dem sanso know as '''dihydrocodeinone''', be a semi-synthetic opioid dem use to treat pain den as a cough suppressant.<ref name="AHFS2019">{{cite web|title=Hydrocodone Bitartrate Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydrocodone-bitartrate.html|access-date=15 April 2019|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|archive-date=14 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114074840/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydrocodone-bitartrate.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem dey take am by mouth.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Typically, e be dispensed as de combination acetaminophen/hydrocodone anaa ibuprofen/hydrocodone for pain severe enough to require an opioid<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mallinckrodt|date=10 March 2021|title=HYDROCODONE BITARTRATE AND ACETAMINOPHEN tablet (label)|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=73c1059b-0c7d-42ef-9827-f018858fc447|access-date=6 November 2021|website=National Institutes of Health DailyMed|archive-date=6 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106121028/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=73c1059b-0c7d-42ef-9827-f018858fc447|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bri2011">{{cite book| vauthors = Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&pg=PA692|title=Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk|date=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9781608317080|page=692}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrocodone Combination Products: MedlinePlus Drug Information |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601006.html |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705111552/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a601006.html |url-status=live }}</ref> den in combination plus homatropine methylbromide to relieve cough.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> E sanso be available by einself in a long-acting form sold under de brand name '''Zohydro ER''', among odas, to treat severe pain of a prolonged duration.<ref name="AHFS2019" /><ref name="Med2019">{{cite web|title=Hydrocodone: MedlinePlus Drug Information|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a614045.html|access-date=15 April 2019|website=medlineplus.gov|archive-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415183043/https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a614045.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Hydrocodone be a controlled drug: insyd de [[United States]], e be classified as a Schedule II Controlled Substance. == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] mm9qt4lc49zhdp90rw8om9lb3zjylzr 96781 96780 2026-04-08T16:59:19Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hydrocodone''', dem sanso know as '''dihydrocodeinone''', be a semi-synthetic opioid dem use to treat pain den as a cough suppressant.<ref name="AHFS2019">{{cite web|title=Hydrocodone Bitartrate Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydrocodone-bitartrate.html|access-date=15 April 2019|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|archive-date=14 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114074840/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydrocodone-bitartrate.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem dey take am by mouth.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Typically, e be dispensed as de combination acetaminophen/hydrocodone anaa ibuprofen/hydrocodone for pain severe enough to require an opioid<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mallinckrodt|date=10 March 2021|title=HYDROCODONE BITARTRATE AND ACETAMINOPHEN tablet (label)|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=73c1059b-0c7d-42ef-9827-f018858fc447|access-date=6 November 2021|website=National Institutes of Health DailyMed|archive-date=6 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106121028/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=73c1059b-0c7d-42ef-9827-f018858fc447|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bri2011">{{cite book| vauthors = Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&pg=PA692|title=Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk|date=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9781608317080|page=692}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrocodone Combination Products: MedlinePlus Drug Information |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601006.html |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705111552/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a601006.html |url-status=live }}</ref> den in combination plus homatropine methylbromide to relieve cough.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> E sanso be available by einself in a long-acting form sold under de brand name '''Zohydro ER''', among odas, to treat severe pain of a prolonged duration.<ref name="AHFS2019" /><ref name="Med2019">{{cite web|title=Hydrocodone: MedlinePlus Drug Information|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a614045.html|access-date=15 April 2019|website=medlineplus.gov|archive-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415183043/https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a614045.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Hydrocodone be a controlled drug: insyd de [[United States]], e be classified as a Schedule II Controlled Substance. Common side effects dey include dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, den constipation.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Serious side effects fi include low blood pressure, seizures, QT prolongation, respiratory depression, den serotonin syndrome.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Rapidly decreasing de dose fi result in opioid withdrawal.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Use during [[pregnancy]] anaa [[breastfeeding]] generally no be recommended.<ref name=Preg2019>{{cite web |title=Hydrocodone Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydrocodone.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=15 April 2019 |archive-date=28 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128132937/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydrocodone.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Hydrocodone be believed to work by activating opioid receptors, mainly insyd de brain den spinal cord.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Hydrocodone 10&nbsp;mg be equivalent to about 10&nbsp;mg of [[morphine]] by mouth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Opioid Dose Calculator |url=http://www.agencymeddirectors.wa.gov/calculator/dosecalculator.htm |website=Agency Medical Directors' Group |access-date=15 April 2019 |archive-date=10 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210070737/http://www.agencymeddirectors.wa.gov/calculator/dosecalculator.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] s6toc1tveriphe7voyknrqderi117s9 96782 96781 2026-04-08T17:03:58Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hydrocodone''', dem sanso know as '''dihydrocodeinone''', be a semi-synthetic opioid dem use to treat pain den as a cough suppressant.<ref name="AHFS2019">{{cite web|title=Hydrocodone Bitartrate Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydrocodone-bitartrate.html|access-date=15 April 2019|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|archive-date=14 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114074840/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydrocodone-bitartrate.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem dey take am by mouth.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Typically, e be dispensed as de combination acetaminophen/hydrocodone anaa ibuprofen/hydrocodone for pain severe enough to require an opioid<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mallinckrodt|date=10 March 2021|title=HYDROCODONE BITARTRATE AND ACETAMINOPHEN tablet (label)|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=73c1059b-0c7d-42ef-9827-f018858fc447|access-date=6 November 2021|website=National Institutes of Health DailyMed|archive-date=6 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106121028/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=73c1059b-0c7d-42ef-9827-f018858fc447|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bri2011">{{cite book| vauthors = Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&pg=PA692|title=Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk|date=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9781608317080|page=692}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrocodone Combination Products: MedlinePlus Drug Information |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601006.html |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705111552/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a601006.html |url-status=live }}</ref> den in combination plus homatropine methylbromide to relieve cough.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> E sanso be available by einself in a long-acting form sold under de brand name '''Zohydro ER''', among odas, to treat severe pain of a prolonged duration.<ref name="AHFS2019" /><ref name="Med2019">{{cite web|title=Hydrocodone: MedlinePlus Drug Information|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a614045.html|access-date=15 April 2019|website=medlineplus.gov|archive-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415183043/https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a614045.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Hydrocodone be a controlled drug: insyd de [[United States]], e be classified as a Schedule II Controlled Substance. Common side effects dey include dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, den constipation.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Serious side effects fi include low blood pressure, seizures, QT prolongation, respiratory depression, den serotonin syndrome.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Rapidly decreasing de dose fi result in opioid withdrawal.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Use during [[pregnancy]] anaa [[breastfeeding]] generally no be recommended.<ref name=Preg2019>{{cite web |title=Hydrocodone Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydrocodone.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=15 April 2019 |archive-date=28 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128132937/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydrocodone.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Hydrocodone be believed to work by activating opioid receptors, mainly insyd de brain den spinal cord.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Hydrocodone 10&nbsp;mg be equivalent to about 10&nbsp;mg of [[morphine]] by mouth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Opioid Dose Calculator |url=http://www.agencymeddirectors.wa.gov/calculator/dosecalculator.htm |website=Agency Medical Directors' Group |access-date=15 April 2019 |archive-date=10 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210070737/http://www.agencymeddirectors.wa.gov/calculator/dosecalculator.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dem patent hydrocodone insyd 1923, while dem approve de long-acting formulation for medical use insyd de United States insyd 2013.<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="Fis20062">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA526 |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |vauthors=Fischer J, Ganellin CR |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9783527607495 |page=526 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114010239/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA526 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> E most commonly be prescribed insyd de United States, wich consume 99% of de worldwide supply as of 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Making Some Painkillers Harder to Get |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/22/opinion/making-some-painkillers-harder-to-get.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/22/opinion/making-some-painkillers-harder-to-get.html |archive-date=3 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=15 April 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=21 February 2013}}</ref> Insyd 2018, na e be de 402nd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 400,000 prescriptions.<ref name="Hydrocodone - Drug Usage Statistics">{{cite web | title = Hydrocodone - Drug Usage Statistics | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Hydrocodone | access-date = 7 October 2022 | archive-date = 13 November 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221113222415/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Hydrocodone | url-status = live }}</ref> Hydrocodone is a semi-synthetic opioid, converted from codeine<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Stoker HS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPltCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA567|title=General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry|date=2012|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9781133711285|page=567}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Vardanyan R, Hruby V |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jjc7KYWZdOYC&q=hydrocodone|title=Synthesis of Essential Drugs|date=10 March 2006|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-046212-7|language=en}}</ref> anaa less often from thebaine.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2020/Narcotic_Drugs_Technical_publication_2020.pdf|title=Narcotic Drugs 2020, Estimated World Requirements for 2021, Statistics for 2019|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board|year=2020|isbn=978-92-1-148355-0|pages=37|quote=Thebaine itself is not used in therapy, but it is an important starting material for the manufacture of a number of opioids, mainly codeine, dihydrocodeine, etorphine, hydrocodone, oxycodone and oxymorphone...|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103162923/https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2020/Narcotic_Drugs_Technical_publication_2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Production wey dey use genetically engineered yeasts be developed buh e no be used commercially.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Galanie S, Thodey K, Trenchard IJ, Filsinger Interrante M, Smolke CD | title = Complete biosynthesis of opioids in yeast | journal = Science | volume = 349 | issue = 6252 | pages = 1095–1100 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26272907 | pmc = 4924617 | doi = 10.1126/science.aac9373 | bibcode = 2015Sci...349.1095G }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thodey K, Galanie S, Smolke CD | title = A microbial biomanufacturing platform for natural and semisynthetic opioids | journal = Nature Chemical Biology | volume = 10 | issue = 10 | pages = 837–844 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25151135 | pmc = 4167936 | doi = 10.1038/nchembio.1613 | bibcode = 2014NatCB..10..837T }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nakagawa A, Matsumura E, Koyanagi T, Katayama T, Kawano N, Yoshimatsu K, Yamamoto K, Kumagai H, Sato F, Minami H | title = Total biosynthesis of opiates by stepwise fermentation using engineered Escherichia coli | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | article-number = 10390 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26847395 | pmc = 4748248 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms10390 | bibcode = 2016NatCo...710390N }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 78zc5nb1zdiwql6gfsjmj59bv96z68z 96783 96782 2026-04-08T17:07:40Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hydrocodone''', dem sanso know as '''dihydrocodeinone''', be a semi-synthetic opioid dem use to treat pain den as a cough suppressant.<ref name="AHFS2019">{{cite web|title=Hydrocodone Bitartrate Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydrocodone-bitartrate.html|access-date=15 April 2019|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|archive-date=14 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114074840/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydrocodone-bitartrate.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem dey take am by mouth.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Typically, e be dispensed as de combination acetaminophen/hydrocodone anaa ibuprofen/hydrocodone for pain severe enough to require an opioid<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mallinckrodt|date=10 March 2021|title=HYDROCODONE BITARTRATE AND ACETAMINOPHEN tablet (label)|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=73c1059b-0c7d-42ef-9827-f018858fc447|access-date=6 November 2021|website=National Institutes of Health DailyMed|archive-date=6 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106121028/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=73c1059b-0c7d-42ef-9827-f018858fc447|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bri2011">{{cite book| vauthors = Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&pg=PA692|title=Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk|date=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9781608317080|page=692}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrocodone Combination Products: MedlinePlus Drug Information |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601006.html |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705111552/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a601006.html |url-status=live }}</ref> den in combination plus homatropine methylbromide to relieve cough.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> E sanso be available by einself in a long-acting form sold under de brand name '''Zohydro ER''', among odas, to treat severe pain of a prolonged duration.<ref name="AHFS2019" /><ref name="Med2019">{{cite web|title=Hydrocodone: MedlinePlus Drug Information|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a614045.html|access-date=15 April 2019|website=medlineplus.gov|archive-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415183043/https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a614045.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Hydrocodone be a controlled drug: insyd de [[United States]], e be classified as a Schedule II Controlled Substance. Common side effects dey include dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, den constipation.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Serious side effects fi include low blood pressure, seizures, QT prolongation, respiratory depression, den serotonin syndrome.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Rapidly decreasing de dose fi result in opioid withdrawal.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Use during [[pregnancy]] anaa [[breastfeeding]] generally no be recommended.<ref name=Preg2019>{{cite web |title=Hydrocodone Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydrocodone.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=15 April 2019 |archive-date=28 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128132937/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydrocodone.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Hydrocodone be believed to work by activating opioid receptors, mainly insyd de brain den spinal cord.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Hydrocodone 10&nbsp;mg be equivalent to about 10&nbsp;mg of [[morphine]] by mouth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Opioid Dose Calculator |url=http://www.agencymeddirectors.wa.gov/calculator/dosecalculator.htm |website=Agency Medical Directors' Group |access-date=15 April 2019 |archive-date=10 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210070737/http://www.agencymeddirectors.wa.gov/calculator/dosecalculator.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dem patent hydrocodone insyd 1923, while dem approve de long-acting formulation for medical use insyd de United States insyd 2013.<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="Fis20062">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA526 |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |vauthors=Fischer J, Ganellin CR |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9783527607495 |page=526 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114010239/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA526 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> E most commonly be prescribed insyd de United States, wich consume 99% of de worldwide supply as of 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Making Some Painkillers Harder to Get |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/22/opinion/making-some-painkillers-harder-to-get.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/22/opinion/making-some-painkillers-harder-to-get.html |archive-date=3 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=15 April 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=21 February 2013}}</ref> Insyd 2018, na e be de 402nd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 400,000 prescriptions.<ref name="Hydrocodone - Drug Usage Statistics">{{cite web | title = Hydrocodone - Drug Usage Statistics | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Hydrocodone | access-date = 7 October 2022 | archive-date = 13 November 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221113222415/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Hydrocodone | url-status = live }}</ref> Hydrocodone is a semi-synthetic opioid, converted from codeine<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Stoker HS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPltCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA567|title=General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry|date=2012|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9781133711285|page=567}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Vardanyan R, Hruby V |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jjc7KYWZdOYC&q=hydrocodone|title=Synthesis of Essential Drugs|date=10 March 2006|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-046212-7|language=en}}</ref> anaa less often from thebaine.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2020/Narcotic_Drugs_Technical_publication_2020.pdf|title=Narcotic Drugs 2020, Estimated World Requirements for 2021, Statistics for 2019|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board|year=2020|isbn=978-92-1-148355-0|pages=37|quote=Thebaine itself is not used in therapy, but it is an important starting material for the manufacture of a number of opioids, mainly codeine, dihydrocodeine, etorphine, hydrocodone, oxycodone and oxymorphone...|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103162923/https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2020/Narcotic_Drugs_Technical_publication_2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Production wey dey use genetically engineered yeasts be developed buh e no be used commercially.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Galanie S, Thodey K, Trenchard IJ, Filsinger Interrante M, Smolke CD | title = Complete biosynthesis of opioids in yeast | journal = Science | volume = 349 | issue = 6252 | pages = 1095–1100 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26272907 | pmc = 4924617 | doi = 10.1126/science.aac9373 | bibcode = 2015Sci...349.1095G }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thodey K, Galanie S, Smolke CD | title = A microbial biomanufacturing platform for natural and semisynthetic opioids | journal = Nature Chemical Biology | volume = 10 | issue = 10 | pages = 837–844 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25151135 | pmc = 4167936 | doi = 10.1038/nchembio.1613 | bibcode = 2014NatCB..10..837T }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nakagawa A, Matsumura E, Koyanagi T, Katayama T, Kawano N, Yoshimatsu K, Yamamoto K, Kumagai H, Sato F, Minami H | title = Total biosynthesis of opiates by stepwise fermentation using engineered Escherichia coli | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | article-number = 10390 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26847395 | pmc = 4748248 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms10390 | bibcode = 2016NatCo...710390N }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite web |url= https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2014/08/22/2014-19922/schedules-of-controlled-substances-rescheduling-of-hydrocodone-combination-products-from-schedule#h-27 |title= DEA Schedules of Controlled Substances: Rescheduling of Hydrocodone Combination Products From Schedule III to Schedule II |date= 6 October 2014 |publisher= [[Federal Register]] |access-date= 6 October 2014 |archive-date= 10 August 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160810154448/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2014/08/22/2014-19922/schedules-of-controlled-substances-rescheduling-of-hydrocodone-combination-products-from-schedule#h-27 |url-status= live }} [[Category:4,5-Epoxymorphinans]] [[Category:Euphoriants]] [[Category:German inventions]] [[Category:Ketones]] [[Category:Mu-opioid receptor agonists]] [[Category:Phenol ethers]] [[Category:Semisynthetic opioids]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] t9j7ccu1t96etrxjscrb1c9ehqa1uct 0 26442 96784 2026-04-08T17:10:40Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457232|Self-harm]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 96784 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 96785 96784 2026-04-08T17:18:54Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Self-harm''' be intentional behavior wey dey cause harm to oneself. Dis be most commonly regarded as direct injury of one ein own tissues, usually widout suicidal intention.<ref name=Gindhu05>{{cite journal |vauthors=Laye-Gindhu A, Schonert-Reichl KA |title=Nonsuicidal Self-Harm Among Community Adolescents: Understanding the 'Whats' and 'Whys' of Self-Harm |journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence |volume=34 |year=2005 |pages=447–457 |issue=5 |s2cid=145689088 |doi=10.1007/s10964-005-7262-z}}</ref><ref name="Klonsky07">{{cite journal |vauthors=Klonsky ED |title=The functions of deliberate self-injury: a review of the evidence |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=226–239 |date=March 2007a |s2cid=1321836 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002 |pmid=17014942}}</ref><ref name="Muehlenkamp05">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muehlenkamp JJ |title=Self-injurious behavior as a separate clinical syndrome |journal=The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=324–333 |date=April 2005 |doi=10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.324 |pmid=15839768}}</ref> Oda terms dem dey use such as '''cutting''', '''self-abuse''', '''self-injury''', den '''self-mutilation''' for any self-harming behavior regardless of [[Suicide|suicidal]] intent.<ref name="Klonsky07"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Groschwitz RC, Plener P |title=The Neurobiology of Non-suicidal Self-injury (NSSI): A review |journal=Suicidology Online |volume=3 |pages=24–32 |url=http://www.suicidology-online.com/pdf/SOL-2012-3-24-32.pdf |access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref> Common forms of self-harm dey include damaging de skin plus a sharp object anaa scratching plus de fingernails, hitting, anaa burning. De exact bounds of ''self-harm'' be imprecise, buh generally dey exclude tissue damage wey dey occur as an unintended side-effect of [[eating disorder]]s anaa [[substance abuse]], as well as more societally acceptable body modification, such as tattoos den piercings.<ref>{{harvnb|Klonsky|2007b|p=1040}}: "[B]ehaviors associated with substance and eating disorders—such as alcohol abuse, binging, and purging—are usually not considered self-injury because the resulting tissue damage is ordinarily an unintentional side effect. In addition, body piercings and tattoos are typically not considered self-injury because they are socially sanctioned forms of cultural or artistic expression. However, the boundaries are not always clear-cut. In some cases behaviors that usually fall outside the boundaries of self-injury may indeed represent self-injury if performed with explicit intent to cause tissue damage."</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 17xo8dwoqijbuxrmggk3kcwyvh85tdr 96786 96785 2026-04-08T17:21:51Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Self-harm''' be intentional behavior wey dey cause harm to oneself. Dis be most commonly regarded as direct injury of one ein own tissues, usually widout suicidal intention.<ref name=Gindhu05>{{cite journal |vauthors=Laye-Gindhu A, Schonert-Reichl KA |title=Nonsuicidal Self-Harm Among Community Adolescents: Understanding the 'Whats' and 'Whys' of Self-Harm |journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence |volume=34 |year=2005 |pages=447–457 |issue=5 |s2cid=145689088 |doi=10.1007/s10964-005-7262-z}}</ref><ref name="Klonsky07">{{cite journal |vauthors=Klonsky ED |title=The functions of deliberate self-injury: a review of the evidence |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=226–239 |date=March 2007a |s2cid=1321836 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002 |pmid=17014942}}</ref><ref name="Muehlenkamp05">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muehlenkamp JJ |title=Self-injurious behavior as a separate clinical syndrome |journal=The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=324–333 |date=April 2005 |doi=10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.324 |pmid=15839768}}</ref> Oda terms dem dey use such as '''cutting''', '''self-abuse''', '''self-injury''', den '''self-mutilation''' for any self-harming behavior regardless of [[Suicide|suicidal]] intent.<ref name="Klonsky07"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Groschwitz RC, Plener P |title=The Neurobiology of Non-suicidal Self-injury (NSSI): A review |journal=Suicidology Online |volume=3 |pages=24–32 |url=http://www.suicidology-online.com/pdf/SOL-2012-3-24-32.pdf |access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref> Common forms of self-harm dey include damaging de skin plus a sharp object anaa scratching plus de fingernails, hitting, anaa burning. De exact bounds of ''self-harm'' be imprecise, buh generally dey exclude tissue damage wey dey occur as an unintended side-effect of [[eating disorder]]s anaa [[substance abuse]], as well as more societally acceptable body modification, such as tattoos den piercings.<ref>{{harvnb|Klonsky|2007b|p=1040}}: "[B]ehaviors associated with substance and eating disorders—such as alcohol abuse, binging, and purging—are usually not considered self-injury because the resulting tissue damage is ordinarily an unintentional side effect. In addition, body piercings and tattoos are typically not considered self-injury because they are socially sanctioned forms of cultural or artistic expression. However, the boundaries are not always clear-cut. In some cases behaviors that usually fall outside the boundaries of self-injury may indeed represent self-injury if performed with explicit intent to cause tissue damage."</ref> Although self-harm be by definition non-suicidal, e still fi be life-threatening.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Farber SK, Jackson CC, Tabin JK, Bachar E |title=Death and annihilation anxieties in anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and self-mutilation |journal=Psychoanalytic Psychology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=289–305 |year=2007 |doi=10.1037/0736-9735.24.2.289}}</ref> People wey dey do self-harm be more likely to die by suicide,<ref name="Muehlenkamp05"/><ref name="Skegg05">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skegg K |title=Self-harm |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9495 |pages=1471–1483 |year=2005 |s2cid=208794175 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67600-3 |pmid=16243093}}</ref> wey na 40–60% of people wey die by suicide previously self-harm.<ref name="Hawton_BMJ_03">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawton K, Zahl D, Weatherall R |title=Suicide following deliberate self-harm: long-term follow-up of patients who presented to a general hospital |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=182 |issue=6 |pages=537–542 |date=June 2003 |doi=10.1192/bjp.182.6.537 |doi-access=free |pmid=12777346}}</ref> Still, a minority per of those wey self-harm be suicidal.<ref name="fox_hawton">{{cite book |vauthors=Fox C, Hawton K |title=Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescence |place=London |publisher=Jessica Kingsley |isbn=978-1-84310-237-3 |year=2004}}</ref><ref name="Suyemoto98">{{cite journal |vauthors=Suyemoto KL |title=The functions of self-mutilation |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=531–554 |date=August 1998 |s2cid=15468889 |doi=10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00105-0 |pmid=9740977}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ge2bgb8sgf9b1u04p05p9ghewu4gfyl 96787 96786 2026-04-08T17:26:08Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Self-harm''' be intentional behavior wey dey cause harm to oneself. Dis be most commonly regarded as direct injury of one ein own tissues, usually widout suicidal intention.<ref name=Gindhu05>{{cite journal |vauthors=Laye-Gindhu A, Schonert-Reichl KA |title=Nonsuicidal Self-Harm Among Community Adolescents: Understanding the 'Whats' and 'Whys' of Self-Harm |journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence |volume=34 |year=2005 |pages=447–457 |issue=5 |s2cid=145689088 |doi=10.1007/s10964-005-7262-z}}</ref><ref name="Klonsky07">{{cite journal |vauthors=Klonsky ED |title=The functions of deliberate self-injury: a review of the evidence |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=226–239 |date=March 2007a |s2cid=1321836 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002 |pmid=17014942}}</ref><ref name="Muehlenkamp05">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muehlenkamp JJ |title=Self-injurious behavior as a separate clinical syndrome |journal=The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=324–333 |date=April 2005 |doi=10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.324 |pmid=15839768}}</ref> Oda terms dem dey use such as '''cutting''', '''self-abuse''', '''self-injury''', den '''self-mutilation''' for any self-harming behavior regardless of [[Suicide|suicidal]] intent.<ref name="Klonsky07"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Groschwitz RC, Plener P |title=The Neurobiology of Non-suicidal Self-injury (NSSI): A review |journal=Suicidology Online |volume=3 |pages=24–32 |url=http://www.suicidology-online.com/pdf/SOL-2012-3-24-32.pdf |access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref> Common forms of self-harm dey include damaging de skin plus a sharp object anaa scratching plus de fingernails, hitting, anaa burning. De exact bounds of ''self-harm'' be imprecise, buh generally dey exclude tissue damage wey dey occur as an unintended side-effect of [[eating disorder]]s anaa [[substance abuse]], as well as more societally acceptable body modification, such as tattoos den piercings.<ref>{{harvnb|Klonsky|2007b|p=1040}}: "[B]ehaviors associated with substance and eating disorders—such as alcohol abuse, binging, and purging—are usually not considered self-injury because the resulting tissue damage is ordinarily an unintentional side effect. In addition, body piercings and tattoos are typically not considered self-injury because they are socially sanctioned forms of cultural or artistic expression. However, the boundaries are not always clear-cut. In some cases behaviors that usually fall outside the boundaries of self-injury may indeed represent self-injury if performed with explicit intent to cause tissue damage."</ref> Although self-harm be by definition non-suicidal, e still fi be life-threatening.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Farber SK, Jackson CC, Tabin JK, Bachar E |title=Death and annihilation anxieties in anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and self-mutilation |journal=Psychoanalytic Psychology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=289–305 |year=2007 |doi=10.1037/0736-9735.24.2.289}}</ref> People wey dey do self-harm be more likely to die by suicide,<ref name="Muehlenkamp05"/><ref name="Skegg05">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skegg K |title=Self-harm |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9495 |pages=1471–1483 |year=2005 |s2cid=208794175 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67600-3 |pmid=16243093}}</ref> wey na 40–60% of people wey die by suicide previously self-harm.<ref name="Hawton_BMJ_03">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawton K, Zahl D, Weatherall R |title=Suicide following deliberate self-harm: long-term follow-up of patients who presented to a general hospital |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=182 |issue=6 |pages=537–542 |date=June 2003 |doi=10.1192/bjp.182.6.537 |doi-access=free |pmid=12777346}}</ref> Still, a minority per of those wey self-harm be suicidal.<ref name="fox_hawton">{{cite book |vauthors=Fox C, Hawton K |title=Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescence |place=London |publisher=Jessica Kingsley |isbn=978-1-84310-237-3 |year=2004}}</ref><ref name="Suyemoto98">{{cite journal |vauthors=Suyemoto KL |title=The functions of self-mutilation |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=531–554 |date=August 1998 |s2cid=15468889 |doi=10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00105-0 |pmid=9740977}}</ref> De desire to self-harm be a common symptom of sam [[personality disorder]]s. People plus oda [[mental disorder]]s sanso fi self-harm. Studies sanso dey provide strong support for a self-punishment function, den modest evidence for anti-dissociation, interpersonal-influence, anti-suicide, sensation-seeking, den interpersonal boundaries functions.<ref name="Klonsky07" /> Self-harm sanso fi occur in high-functioning individuals wey get no underlying mental health diagnosis. De motivations for self-harm dey vary; sam dey use am as a coping mechanism to provide temporary relief of intense feelings such as anxiety, [[depression (mood)|depression]], [[psychological stress|stress]], emotional numbness, anaa a sense of failure. Self-harm often be associated plus a history of trauma, wey dey include emotional den sexual abuse.<ref name="meltzer">{{cite book |vauthors=Meltzer H, Lader D, Corbin T, Singleton N, Jenkins R, Brugha T |year=2000 |title=Non Fatal Suicidal Behaviour Among Adults aged 16 to 74 |place=Great Britain |publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information|The Stationery Office]] |isbn=978-0-11-621548-2 |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/psychiatric-morbidity/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour---among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain.pdf |archive-date=2016-01-05 |access-date=2023-08-27 |archive-url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/psychiatric-morbidity/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour---among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="rea">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rea K, Aiken F, Borastero C |title=Building therapeutic staff: client relationships with women who self-harm |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=121–125 |year=1997 |doi=10.1016/S1049-3867(96)00112-0 |pmid=9071885}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] db4b8e45k0rzhoahp4ha8fysgtvec86 96788 96787 2026-04-08T17:29:14Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Self-harm''' be intentional behavior wey dey cause harm to oneself. Dis be most commonly regarded as direct injury of one ein own tissues, usually widout suicidal intention.<ref name=Gindhu05>{{cite journal |vauthors=Laye-Gindhu A, Schonert-Reichl KA |title=Nonsuicidal Self-Harm Among Community Adolescents: Understanding the 'Whats' and 'Whys' of Self-Harm |journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence |volume=34 |year=2005 |pages=447–457 |issue=5 |s2cid=145689088 |doi=10.1007/s10964-005-7262-z}}</ref><ref name="Klonsky07">{{cite journal |vauthors=Klonsky ED |title=The functions of deliberate self-injury: a review of the evidence |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=226–239 |date=March 2007a |s2cid=1321836 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002 |pmid=17014942}}</ref><ref name="Muehlenkamp05">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muehlenkamp JJ |title=Self-injurious behavior as a separate clinical syndrome |journal=The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=324–333 |date=April 2005 |doi=10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.324 |pmid=15839768}}</ref> Oda terms dem dey use such as '''cutting''', '''self-abuse''', '''self-injury''', den '''self-mutilation''' for any self-harming behavior regardless of [[Suicide|suicidal]] intent.<ref name="Klonsky07"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Groschwitz RC, Plener P |title=The Neurobiology of Non-suicidal Self-injury (NSSI): A review |journal=Suicidology Online |volume=3 |pages=24–32 |url=http://www.suicidology-online.com/pdf/SOL-2012-3-24-32.pdf |access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref> Common forms of self-harm dey include damaging de skin plus a sharp object anaa scratching plus de fingernails, hitting, anaa burning. De exact bounds of ''self-harm'' be imprecise, buh generally dey exclude tissue damage wey dey occur as an unintended side-effect of [[eating disorder]]s anaa [[substance abuse]], as well as more societally acceptable body modification, such as tattoos den piercings.<ref>{{harvnb|Klonsky|2007b|p=1040}}: "[B]ehaviors associated with substance and eating disorders—such as alcohol abuse, binging, and purging—are usually not considered self-injury because the resulting tissue damage is ordinarily an unintentional side effect. In addition, body piercings and tattoos are typically not considered self-injury because they are socially sanctioned forms of cultural or artistic expression. However, the boundaries are not always clear-cut. In some cases behaviors that usually fall outside the boundaries of self-injury may indeed represent self-injury if performed with explicit intent to cause tissue damage."</ref> Although self-harm be by definition non-suicidal, e still fi be life-threatening.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Farber SK, Jackson CC, Tabin JK, Bachar E |title=Death and annihilation anxieties in anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and self-mutilation |journal=Psychoanalytic Psychology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=289–305 |year=2007 |doi=10.1037/0736-9735.24.2.289}}</ref> People wey dey do self-harm be more likely to die by suicide,<ref name="Muehlenkamp05"/><ref name="Skegg05">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skegg K |title=Self-harm |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9495 |pages=1471–1483 |year=2005 |s2cid=208794175 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67600-3 |pmid=16243093}}</ref> wey na 40–60% of people wey die by suicide previously self-harm.<ref name="Hawton_BMJ_03">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawton K, Zahl D, Weatherall R |title=Suicide following deliberate self-harm: long-term follow-up of patients who presented to a general hospital |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=182 |issue=6 |pages=537–542 |date=June 2003 |doi=10.1192/bjp.182.6.537 |doi-access=free |pmid=12777346}}</ref> Still, a minority per of those wey self-harm be suicidal.<ref name="fox_hawton">{{cite book |vauthors=Fox C, Hawton K |title=Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescence |place=London |publisher=Jessica Kingsley |isbn=978-1-84310-237-3 |year=2004}}</ref><ref name="Suyemoto98">{{cite journal |vauthors=Suyemoto KL |title=The functions of self-mutilation |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=531–554 |date=August 1998 |s2cid=15468889 |doi=10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00105-0 |pmid=9740977}}</ref> De desire to self-harm be a common symptom of sam [[personality disorder]]s. People plus oda [[mental disorder]]s sanso fi self-harm. Studies sanso dey provide strong support for a self-punishment function, den modest evidence for anti-dissociation, interpersonal-influence, anti-suicide, sensation-seeking, den interpersonal boundaries functions.<ref name="Klonsky07" /> Self-harm sanso fi occur in high-functioning individuals wey get no underlying mental health diagnosis. De motivations for self-harm dey vary; sam dey use am as a coping mechanism to provide temporary relief of intense feelings such as anxiety, [[depression (mood)|depression]], [[psychological stress|stress]], emotional numbness, anaa a sense of failure. Self-harm often be associated plus a history of trauma, wey dey include emotional den sexual abuse.<ref name="meltzer">{{cite book |vauthors=Meltzer H, Lader D, Corbin T, Singleton N, Jenkins R, Brugha T |year=2000 |title=Non Fatal Suicidal Behaviour Among Adults aged 16 to 74 |place=Great Britain |publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information|The Stationery Office]] |isbn=978-0-11-621548-2 |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/psychiatric-morbidity/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour---among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain.pdf |archive-date=2016-01-05 |access-date=2023-08-27 |archive-url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/psychiatric-morbidity/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour---among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="rea">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rea K, Aiken F, Borastero C |title=Building therapeutic staff: client relationships with women who self-harm |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=121–125 |year=1997 |doi=10.1016/S1049-3867(96)00112-0 |pmid=9071885}}</ref> Der be a number of different methods wey fi be used to treat self-harm, wich concentrate on either treating de underlying causes, anaa on treating de behavior einself. Oda approaches dey involve avoidance techniques, wich focus on keeping de individual occupied plus oda activities, anaa replacing de act of self-harm plus safer methods wey no dey lead to permanent damage.<ref name="Klonsky08">{{cite journal |vauthors=Klonsky ED, Glenn CR |title=Resisting Urges to Self-Injure |journal=Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=211–220 |date=March 2008 |pmc=5841247 |doi=10.1017/S1352465808004128 |pmid=29527120}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] f8n0mcbrm2s0qz55evbib74twvlffzm 96789 96788 2026-04-08T17:32:16Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Self-harm''' be intentional behavior wey dey cause harm to oneself. Dis be most commonly regarded as direct injury of one ein own tissues, usually widout suicidal intention.<ref name=Gindhu05>{{cite journal |vauthors=Laye-Gindhu A, Schonert-Reichl KA |title=Nonsuicidal Self-Harm Among Community Adolescents: Understanding the 'Whats' and 'Whys' of Self-Harm |journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence |volume=34 |year=2005 |pages=447–457 |issue=5 |s2cid=145689088 |doi=10.1007/s10964-005-7262-z}}</ref><ref name="Klonsky07">{{cite journal |vauthors=Klonsky ED |title=The functions of deliberate self-injury: a review of the evidence |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=226–239 |date=March 2007a |s2cid=1321836 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002 |pmid=17014942}}</ref><ref name="Muehlenkamp05">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muehlenkamp JJ |title=Self-injurious behavior as a separate clinical syndrome |journal=The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=324–333 |date=April 2005 |doi=10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.324 |pmid=15839768}}</ref> Oda terms dem dey use such as '''cutting''', '''self-abuse''', '''self-injury''', den '''self-mutilation''' for any self-harming behavior regardless of [[Suicide|suicidal]] intent.<ref name="Klonsky07"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Groschwitz RC, Plener P |title=The Neurobiology of Non-suicidal Self-injury (NSSI): A review |journal=Suicidology Online |volume=3 |pages=24–32 |url=http://www.suicidology-online.com/pdf/SOL-2012-3-24-32.pdf |access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref> Common forms of self-harm dey include damaging de skin plus a sharp object anaa scratching plus de fingernails, hitting, anaa burning. De exact bounds of ''self-harm'' be imprecise, buh generally dey exclude tissue damage wey dey occur as an unintended side-effect of [[eating disorder]]s anaa [[substance abuse]], as well as more societally acceptable body modification, such as tattoos den piercings.<ref>{{harvnb|Klonsky|2007b|p=1040}}: "[B]ehaviors associated with substance and eating disorders—such as alcohol abuse, binging, and purging—are usually not considered self-injury because the resulting tissue damage is ordinarily an unintentional side effect. In addition, body piercings and tattoos are typically not considered self-injury because they are socially sanctioned forms of cultural or artistic expression. However, the boundaries are not always clear-cut. In some cases behaviors that usually fall outside the boundaries of self-injury may indeed represent self-injury if performed with explicit intent to cause tissue damage."</ref> Although self-harm be by definition non-suicidal, e still fi be life-threatening.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Farber SK, Jackson CC, Tabin JK, Bachar E |title=Death and annihilation anxieties in anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and self-mutilation |journal=Psychoanalytic Psychology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=289–305 |year=2007 |doi=10.1037/0736-9735.24.2.289}}</ref> People wey dey do self-harm be more likely to die by suicide,<ref name="Muehlenkamp05"/><ref name="Skegg05">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skegg K |title=Self-harm |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9495 |pages=1471–1483 |year=2005 |s2cid=208794175 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67600-3 |pmid=16243093}}</ref> wey na 40–60% of people wey die by suicide previously self-harm.<ref name="Hawton_BMJ_03">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawton K, Zahl D, Weatherall R |title=Suicide following deliberate self-harm: long-term follow-up of patients who presented to a general hospital |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=182 |issue=6 |pages=537–542 |date=June 2003 |doi=10.1192/bjp.182.6.537 |doi-access=free |pmid=12777346}}</ref> Still, a minority per of those wey self-harm be suicidal.<ref name="fox_hawton">{{cite book |vauthors=Fox C, Hawton K |title=Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescence |place=London |publisher=Jessica Kingsley |isbn=978-1-84310-237-3 |year=2004}}</ref><ref name="Suyemoto98">{{cite journal |vauthors=Suyemoto KL |title=The functions of self-mutilation |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=531–554 |date=August 1998 |s2cid=15468889 |doi=10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00105-0 |pmid=9740977}}</ref> De desire to self-harm be a common symptom of sam [[personality disorder]]s. People plus oda [[mental disorder]]s sanso fi self-harm. Studies sanso dey provide strong support for a self-punishment function, den modest evidence for anti-dissociation, interpersonal-influence, anti-suicide, sensation-seeking, den interpersonal boundaries functions.<ref name="Klonsky07" /> Self-harm sanso fi occur in high-functioning individuals wey get no underlying mental health diagnosis. De motivations for self-harm dey vary; sam dey use am as a coping mechanism to provide temporary relief of intense feelings such as anxiety, [[depression (mood)|depression]], [[psychological stress|stress]], emotional numbness, anaa a sense of failure. Self-harm often be associated plus a history of trauma, wey dey include emotional den sexual abuse.<ref name="meltzer">{{cite book |vauthors=Meltzer H, Lader D, Corbin T, Singleton N, Jenkins R, Brugha T |year=2000 |title=Non Fatal Suicidal Behaviour Among Adults aged 16 to 74 |place=Great Britain |publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information|The Stationery Office]] |isbn=978-0-11-621548-2 |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/psychiatric-morbidity/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour---among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain.pdf |archive-date=2016-01-05 |access-date=2023-08-27 |archive-url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/psychiatric-morbidity/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour---among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="rea">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rea K, Aiken F, Borastero C |title=Building therapeutic staff: client relationships with women who self-harm |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=121–125 |year=1997 |doi=10.1016/S1049-3867(96)00112-0 |pmid=9071885}}</ref> Der be a number of different methods wey fi be used to treat self-harm, wich concentrate on either treating de underlying causes, anaa on treating de behavior einself. Oda approaches dey involve avoidance techniques, wich focus on keeping de individual occupied plus oda activities, anaa replacing de act of self-harm plus safer methods wey no dey lead to permanent damage.<ref name="Klonsky08">{{cite journal |vauthors=Klonsky ED, Glenn CR |title=Resisting Urges to Self-Injure |journal=Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=211–220 |date=March 2008 |pmc=5841247 |doi=10.1017/S1352465808004128 |pmid=29527120}}</ref> Self-harm dey tend to begin insyd adolescence. Self-harm insyd kiddie time be relatively rare, buh na de rate dey increase since de 1980s.<ref name="ThomasHardy1997">{{cite book |vauthors=Thomas B, Hardy S, Cutting P |title=Stuart and Sundeen's mental health nursing: principles and practice |year=1997 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7234-2590-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/stuartsundeensme0000unse/page/343 343] |url=https://archive.org/details/stuartsundeensme0000unse/page/343}}</ref> Self-harm sanso fi occur insyd de elderly population.<ref name=Pierce87>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pierce D |title=Deliberate self-harm in the elderly |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=2 |pages=105–110 |year=1987 |issue=2 |s2cid=145408278 |doi=10.1002/gps.930020208}}</ref> De risk of serious injury den suicide be higher insyd older people wey self-harm.<ref name=NICE04>{{cite book |author=National Institute for Clinical Excellence |title=National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 16: Self-harm |publisher=The British Psychological Society |year=2004 |url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG16FullGuideline.pdf |access-date=2009-12-13}}</ref> Captive animals, such as birds den monkeys, sanso be known to harm demaselves.<ref name=Jones07>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jones IH, Barraclough BM |title=Auto-mutilation in animals and its relevance to self-injury in man |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=40–47 |date=July 1978 |s2cid=24737213 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1978.tb06918.x |pmid=99981}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 3r6hw2to6ynhdqlvjci91tl711940na 96790 96789 2026-04-08T17:42:22Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Self-harm''' be intentional behavior wey dey cause harm to oneself. Dis be most commonly regarded as direct injury of one ein own tissues, usually widout suicidal intention.<ref name=Gindhu05>{{cite journal |vauthors=Laye-Gindhu A, Schonert-Reichl KA |title=Nonsuicidal Self-Harm Among Community Adolescents: Understanding the 'Whats' and 'Whys' of Self-Harm |journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence |volume=34 |year=2005 |pages=447–457 |issue=5 |s2cid=145689088 |doi=10.1007/s10964-005-7262-z}}</ref><ref name="Klonsky07">{{cite journal |vauthors=Klonsky ED |title=The functions of deliberate self-injury: a review of the evidence |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=226–239 |date=March 2007a |s2cid=1321836 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002 |pmid=17014942}}</ref><ref name="Muehlenkamp05">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muehlenkamp JJ |title=Self-injurious behavior as a separate clinical syndrome |journal=The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=324–333 |date=April 2005 |doi=10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.324 |pmid=15839768}}</ref> Oda terms dem dey use such as '''cutting''', '''self-abuse''', '''self-injury''', den '''self-mutilation''' for any self-harming behavior regardless of [[Suicide|suicidal]] intent.<ref name="Klonsky07"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Groschwitz RC, Plener P |title=The Neurobiology of Non-suicidal Self-injury (NSSI): A review |journal=Suicidology Online |volume=3 |pages=24–32 |url=http://www.suicidology-online.com/pdf/SOL-2012-3-24-32.pdf |access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref> Common forms of self-harm dey include damaging de skin plus a sharp object anaa scratching plus de fingernails, hitting, anaa burning. De exact bounds of ''self-harm'' be imprecise, buh generally dey exclude tissue damage wey dey occur as an unintended side-effect of [[eating disorder]]s anaa [[substance abuse]], as well as more societally acceptable body modification, such as tattoos den piercings.<ref>{{harvnb|Klonsky|2007b|p=1040}}: "[B]ehaviors associated with substance and eating disorders—such as alcohol abuse, binging, and purging—are usually not considered self-injury because the resulting tissue damage is ordinarily an unintentional side effect. In addition, body piercings and tattoos are typically not considered self-injury because they are socially sanctioned forms of cultural or artistic expression. However, the boundaries are not always clear-cut. In some cases behaviors that usually fall outside the boundaries of self-injury may indeed represent self-injury if performed with explicit intent to cause tissue damage."</ref> Although self-harm be by definition non-suicidal, e still fi be life-threatening.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Farber SK, Jackson CC, Tabin JK, Bachar E |title=Death and annihilation anxieties in anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and self-mutilation |journal=Psychoanalytic Psychology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=289–305 |year=2007 |doi=10.1037/0736-9735.24.2.289}}</ref> People wey dey do self-harm be more likely to die by suicide,<ref name="Muehlenkamp05"/><ref name="Skegg05">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skegg K |title=Self-harm |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9495 |pages=1471–1483 |year=2005 |s2cid=208794175 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67600-3 |pmid=16243093}}</ref> wey na 40–60% of people wey die by suicide previously self-harm.<ref name="Hawton_BMJ_03">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawton K, Zahl D, Weatherall R |title=Suicide following deliberate self-harm: long-term follow-up of patients who presented to a general hospital |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=182 |issue=6 |pages=537–542 |date=June 2003 |doi=10.1192/bjp.182.6.537 |doi-access=free |pmid=12777346}}</ref> Still, a minority per of those wey self-harm be suicidal.<ref name="fox_hawton">{{cite book |vauthors=Fox C, Hawton K |title=Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescence |place=London |publisher=Jessica Kingsley |isbn=978-1-84310-237-3 |year=2004}}</ref><ref name="Suyemoto98">{{cite journal |vauthors=Suyemoto KL |title=The functions of self-mutilation |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=531–554 |date=August 1998 |s2cid=15468889 |doi=10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00105-0 |pmid=9740977}}</ref> De desire to self-harm be a common symptom of sam [[personality disorder]]s. People plus oda [[mental disorder]]s sanso fi self-harm. Studies sanso dey provide strong support for a self-punishment function, den modest evidence for anti-dissociation, interpersonal-influence, anti-suicide, sensation-seeking, den interpersonal boundaries functions.<ref name="Klonsky07" /> Self-harm sanso fi occur in high-functioning individuals wey get no underlying mental health diagnosis. De motivations for self-harm dey vary; sam dey use am as a coping mechanism to provide temporary relief of intense feelings such as anxiety, [[depression (mood)|depression]], [[psychological stress|stress]], emotional numbness, anaa a sense of failure. Self-harm often be associated plus a history of trauma, wey dey include emotional den sexual abuse.<ref name="meltzer">{{cite book |vauthors=Meltzer H, Lader D, Corbin T, Singleton N, Jenkins R, Brugha T |year=2000 |title=Non Fatal Suicidal Behaviour Among Adults aged 16 to 74 |place=Great Britain |publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information|The Stationery Office]] |isbn=978-0-11-621548-2 |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/psychiatric-morbidity/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour---among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain.pdf |archive-date=2016-01-05 |access-date=2023-08-27 |archive-url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/psychiatric-morbidity/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour---among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="rea">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rea K, Aiken F, Borastero C |title=Building therapeutic staff: client relationships with women who self-harm |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=121–125 |year=1997 |doi=10.1016/S1049-3867(96)00112-0 |pmid=9071885}}</ref> Der be a number of different methods wey fi be used to treat self-harm, wich concentrate on either treating de underlying causes, anaa on treating de behavior einself. Oda approaches dey involve avoidance techniques, wich focus on keeping de individual occupied plus oda activities, anaa replacing de act of self-harm plus safer methods wey no dey lead to permanent damage.<ref name="Klonsky08">{{cite journal |vauthors=Klonsky ED, Glenn CR |title=Resisting Urges to Self-Injure |journal=Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=211–220 |date=March 2008 |pmc=5841247 |doi=10.1017/S1352465808004128 |pmid=29527120}}</ref> Self-harm dey tend to begin insyd adolescence. Self-harm insyd kiddie time be relatively rare, buh na de rate dey increase since de 1980s.<ref name="ThomasHardy1997">{{cite book |vauthors=Thomas B, Hardy S, Cutting P |title=Stuart and Sundeen's mental health nursing: principles and practice |year=1997 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7234-2590-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/stuartsundeensme0000unse/page/343 343] |url=https://archive.org/details/stuartsundeensme0000unse/page/343}}</ref> Self-harm sanso fi occur insyd de elderly population.<ref name=Pierce87>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pierce D |title=Deliberate self-harm in the elderly |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=2 |pages=105–110 |year=1987 |issue=2 |s2cid=145408278 |doi=10.1002/gps.930020208}}</ref> De risk of serious injury den suicide be higher insyd older people wey self-harm.<ref name=NICE04>{{cite book |author=National Institute for Clinical Excellence |title=National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 16: Self-harm |publisher=The British Psychological Society |year=2004 |url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG16FullGuideline.pdf |access-date=2009-12-13}}</ref> Captive animals, such as birds den monkeys, sanso be known to harm demaselves.<ref name=Jones07>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jones IH, Barraclough BM |title=Auto-mutilation in animals and its relevance to self-injury in man |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=40–47 |date=July 1978 |s2cid=24737213 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1978.tb06918.x |pmid=99981}}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== <!-- Please do not add links to self-help or support group sites to this list. Please discuss on the article talk page if you are considering adding new links to this list. --> {{sister project links||d=Q622527|c=Category:Self harm|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=Self harm|species=no}} * [https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mental-health/problems-disorders/self-harm Information about self-harm] from the Royal College of Psychiatrists {{Authority control}} [[Category:Self-harm| ]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] pj8081bjkcrb9jlfg7uvw8jepcibent 0 26443 96791 2026-04-08T17:46:12Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1467572|Hypothyroidism]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 96791 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 96792 96791 2026-04-08T17:53:39Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hypothyroidism''' be an endocrine disease insyd wich de thyroid gland no dey produce enough thyroid hormones.<ref name=NIH2025/> E fi cause a number of symptoms, such as poor ability to tolerate cold, extreme fatigue, muscle aches, constipation, slow heart rate, [[Depression (mood)|depression]], den weight gain.<ref name=NIH2025/> Occasionally, der fi be swelling of de front part of de neck secof goiter.<ref name=NIH2025>{{cite web|title=Hypothyroidism|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=15 March 2025|date=March 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311214339/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism|archive-date=11 March 2025}}</ref> Untreated cases of hypothyroidism during [[pregnancy]] fi lead to delays insyd growth den intellectual development insyd de baby anaa congenital iodine deficiency syndrome.<ref name=Pre2009>{{cite book|last1=Preedy|first1=Victor|title=Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects.|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier|location=Burlington|isbn=978-0-08-092086-3|page=616|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7v7g5XoCQQwC&pg=PA616}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 96awt00nruij3qc1u5lt7aom07axho5 96801 96792 2026-04-08T22:18:49Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hypothyroidism''' be an endocrine disease insyd wich de thyroid gland no dey produce enough thyroid hormones.<ref name=NIH2025/> E fi cause a number of symptoms, such as poor ability to tolerate cold, extreme fatigue, muscle aches, constipation, slow heart rate, [[Depression (mood)|depression]], den weight gain.<ref name=NIH2025/> Occasionally, der fi be swelling of de front part of de neck secof goiter.<ref name=NIH2025>{{cite web|title=Hypothyroidism|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=15 March 2025|date=March 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311214339/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism|archive-date=11 March 2025}}</ref> Untreated cases of hypothyroidism during [[pregnancy]] fi lead to delays insyd growth den intellectual development insyd de baby anaa congenital iodine deficiency syndrome.<ref name=Pre2009>{{cite book|last1=Preedy|first1=Victor|title=Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects.|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier|location=Burlington|isbn=978-0-08-092086-3|page=616|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7v7g5XoCQQwC&pg=PA616}}</ref> Worldwide, too little iodine insyd de diet be de most common cause of hypothyroidism.<ref name="Garber2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, Mechanick JI, Pessah-Pollack R, Singer PA, Woeber KA |date=December 2012 |title=Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association |journal=Thyroid |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1200–35 |doi=10.1089/thy.2012.0205 |pmid=22954017}}</ref><ref name=Chakera>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chakera AJ, Pearce SH, Vaidya B | title = Treatment for primary hypothyroidism: current approaches and future possibilities | journal = Drug Design, Development and Therapy | volume = 6 | pages = 1–11 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22291465 | pmc = 3267517 | doi = 10.2147/DDDT.S12894 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], an [[autoimmune disease]] wherein de body ein immune system dey react to de thyroid gland,<ref>{{cite web |title=Hashimoto's Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hashimotos-disease |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases(NIDDK) |access-date=2024-02-19}}</ref> be de most common cause of hypothyroidism insyd countries plus sufficient dietary iodine.<ref name=NIH2025/> Less common causes dey include previous treatment plus radioactive iodine, injury to de hypothalamus anaa de anterior pituitary gland, certain medications, a lack of a functioning thyroid at birth, anaa previous thyroid surgery.<ref name=NIH2025/><ref name=Persani2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Persani L | title = Clinical review: Central hypothyroidism: pathogenic, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 97 | issue = 9 | pages = 3068–78 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22851492 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2012-1616 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> De diagnosis of hypothyroidism, wen dem suspect, fi be confirmed plus blood tests wey dey measure thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) den thyroxine (T4) levels.<ref name=NIH2025/> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] dzjt662jkt7769k7tvdbs3bv3ssxrvq 96802 96801 2026-04-08T22:30:18Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hypothyroidism''' be an endocrine disease insyd wich de thyroid gland no dey produce enough thyroid hormones.<ref name=NIH2025/> E fi cause a number of symptoms, such as poor ability to tolerate cold, extreme fatigue, muscle aches, constipation, slow heart rate, [[Depression (mood)|depression]], den weight gain.<ref name=NIH2025/> Occasionally, der fi be swelling of de front part of de neck secof goiter.<ref name=NIH2025>{{cite web|title=Hypothyroidism|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=15 March 2025|date=March 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311214339/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism|archive-date=11 March 2025}}</ref> Untreated cases of hypothyroidism during [[pregnancy]] fi lead to delays insyd growth den intellectual development insyd de baby anaa congenital iodine deficiency syndrome.<ref name=Pre2009>{{cite book|last1=Preedy|first1=Victor|title=Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects.|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier|location=Burlington|isbn=978-0-08-092086-3|page=616|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7v7g5XoCQQwC&pg=PA616}}</ref> Worldwide, too little iodine insyd de diet be de most common cause of hypothyroidism.<ref name="Garber2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, Mechanick JI, Pessah-Pollack R, Singer PA, Woeber KA |date=December 2012 |title=Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association |journal=Thyroid |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1200–35 |doi=10.1089/thy.2012.0205 |pmid=22954017}}</ref><ref name=Chakera>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chakera AJ, Pearce SH, Vaidya B | title = Treatment for primary hypothyroidism: current approaches and future possibilities | journal = Drug Design, Development and Therapy | volume = 6 | pages = 1–11 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22291465 | pmc = 3267517 | doi = 10.2147/DDDT.S12894 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], an [[autoimmune disease]] wherein de body ein immune system dey react to de thyroid gland,<ref>{{cite web |title=Hashimoto's Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hashimotos-disease |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases(NIDDK) |access-date=2024-02-19}}</ref> be de most common cause of hypothyroidism insyd countries plus sufficient dietary iodine.<ref name=NIH2025/> Less common causes dey include previous treatment plus radioactive iodine, injury to de hypothalamus anaa de anterior pituitary gland, certain medications, a lack of a functioning thyroid at birth, anaa previous thyroid surgery.<ref name=NIH2025/><ref name=Persani2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Persani L | title = Clinical review: Central hypothyroidism: pathogenic, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 97 | issue = 9 | pages = 3068–78 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22851492 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2012-1616 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> De diagnosis of hypothyroidism, wen dem suspect, fi be confirmed plus blood tests wey dey measure thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) den thyroxine (T4) levels.<ref name=NIH2025/> Salt iodization prevent hypothyroidism insyd chaw populations.<ref name=Sye2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Syed S | title = Iodine and the "near" eradication of cretinism | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 135 | issue = 4 | pages = 594–6 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25825529 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2014-3718 | doi-access = | s2cid = 27647943 }}</ref> Thyroid hormone replacement plus levothyroxine dey treat hypothyroidism.<ref name=NIH2025/> Medical professionals adjust de dose according to symptoms den normalization of de TSH levels.<ref name="NICENG1452">{{cite web |date=12 October 2023 |title=Thyroid disease: assessment and management |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng145 |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=www.nice.org.uk |publisher=[[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]]}}</ref> Thyroid medication be safe insyd pregnancy.<ref name=NIH2025/> Although an adequate amount of dietary iodine be important, too much fi worsen specific forms of hypothyroidism.<ref name=NIH2025/> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 8zd47axuejhj4k8b3gp9w079o86q2kr 96803 96802 2026-04-08T22:37:31Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hypothyroidism''' be an endocrine disease insyd wich de thyroid gland no dey produce enough thyroid hormones.<ref name=NIH2025/> E fi cause a number of symptoms, such as poor ability to tolerate cold, extreme fatigue, muscle aches, constipation, slow heart rate, [[Depression (mood)|depression]], den weight gain.<ref name=NIH2025/> Occasionally, der fi be swelling of de front part of de neck secof goiter.<ref name=NIH2025>{{cite web|title=Hypothyroidism|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=15 March 2025|date=March 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311214339/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism|archive-date=11 March 2025}}</ref> Untreated cases of hypothyroidism during [[pregnancy]] fi lead to delays insyd growth den intellectual development insyd de baby anaa congenital iodine deficiency syndrome.<ref name=Pre2009>{{cite book|last1=Preedy|first1=Victor|title=Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects.|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier|location=Burlington|isbn=978-0-08-092086-3|page=616|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7v7g5XoCQQwC&pg=PA616}}</ref> Worldwide, too little iodine insyd de diet be de most common cause of hypothyroidism.<ref name="Garber2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, Mechanick JI, Pessah-Pollack R, Singer PA, Woeber KA |date=December 2012 |title=Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association |journal=Thyroid |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1200–35 |doi=10.1089/thy.2012.0205 |pmid=22954017}}</ref><ref name=Chakera>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chakera AJ, Pearce SH, Vaidya B | title = Treatment for primary hypothyroidism: current approaches and future possibilities | journal = Drug Design, Development and Therapy | volume = 6 | pages = 1–11 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22291465 | pmc = 3267517 | doi = 10.2147/DDDT.S12894 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], an [[autoimmune disease]] wherein de body ein immune system dey react to de thyroid gland,<ref>{{cite web |title=Hashimoto's Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hashimotos-disease |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases(NIDDK) |access-date=2024-02-19}}</ref> be de most common cause of hypothyroidism insyd countries plus sufficient dietary iodine.<ref name=NIH2025/> Less common causes dey include previous treatment plus radioactive iodine, injury to de hypothalamus anaa de anterior pituitary gland, certain medications, a lack of a functioning thyroid at birth, anaa previous thyroid surgery.<ref name=NIH2025/><ref name=Persani2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Persani L | title = Clinical review: Central hypothyroidism: pathogenic, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 97 | issue = 9 | pages = 3068–78 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22851492 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2012-1616 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> De diagnosis of hypothyroidism, wen dem suspect, fi be confirmed plus blood tests wey dey measure thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) den thyroxine (T4) levels.<ref name=NIH2025/> Salt iodization prevent hypothyroidism insyd chaw populations.<ref name=Sye2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Syed S | title = Iodine and the "near" eradication of cretinism | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 135 | issue = 4 | pages = 594–6 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25825529 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2014-3718 | doi-access = | s2cid = 27647943 }}</ref> Thyroid hormone replacement plus levothyroxine dey treat hypothyroidism.<ref name=NIH2025/> Medical professionals adjust de dose according to symptoms den normalization of de TSH levels.<ref name="NICENG1452">{{cite web |date=12 October 2023 |title=Thyroid disease: assessment and management |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng145 |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=www.nice.org.uk |publisher=[[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]]}}</ref> Thyroid medication be safe insyd pregnancy.<ref name=NIH2025/> Although an adequate amount of dietary iodine be important, too much fi worsen specific forms of hypothyroidism.<ref name=NIH2025/> Worldwide about one billion people be estimated to be iodine-deficient; however, e be unknown how often dis dey result in hypothyroidism.<ref name=WernerIngbar>{{cite book|title=Werner & Ingbar's the thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4511-2063-9|page=552|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DaNIXqNLmXsC&pg=PA552|edition=10th|editor1=Cooper, DS|editor2=Braverman LE|date=2012-07-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520160442/https://books.google.com/books?id=DaNIXqNLmXsC&pg=PA552|archive-date=2016-05-20}}</ref> Insyd de [[United States]], overt hypothyroidism dey occur in approximately 0.3–0.4% of people.<ref name=Garber/> Subclinical hypothyroidism, a milder form of hypothyroidism wey be characterized by normal thyroxine levels den an elevated TSH level, be thought to occur insyd 4.3–8.5% of people insyd de United States.<ref name=Garber>{{cite journal | vauthors = Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, Mechanick JI, Pessah-Pollack R, Singer PA, Woeber KA | title = Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association | journal = Thyroid | volume = 22 | issue = 12 | pages = 1200–35 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 22954017 | doi = 10.1089/thy.2012.0205 }}</ref> Hypothyroidism be more common insyd women dan insyd men.<ref name=NIH2025/> People over de age of 60 be more commonly affected.<ref name=NIH2025/> Dogs sanso be known to develop hypothyroidism, as be cats den horses, albeit more rarely.<ref name=Merck>{{cite web | title=Hypothyroidism | work=Merck Veterinary Manual, 10th edition (online version) | url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/endocrine_system/the_thyroid_gland/hypothyroidism.html | year=2012 | access-date=2013-12-25 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823162629/http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/endocrine_system/the_thyroid_gland/hypothyroidism.html | archive-date=2012-08-23 }}</ref> De word ''hypothyroidism'' be from de Greek ''hypo-'' ('reduced'), ''thyreos'' ('shield'), and ''eidos'' ('form'), whereby de two latter parts refer to de thyroid gland.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-11258-1|page=887|edition=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aW0zkZl0JgQC&pg=PA887|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307010245/https://books.google.ca/books?id=aW0zkZl0JgQC&pg=PA887|archive-date=2016-03-07}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == kxbi1dazqlt9eknzzd8lnugpz7my551 96804 96803 2026-04-08T22:44:46Z DaSupremo 9 /* Signs den symptoms */ Improve article 96804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hypothyroidism''' be an endocrine disease insyd wich de thyroid gland no dey produce enough thyroid hormones.<ref name=NIH2025/> E fi cause a number of symptoms, such as poor ability to tolerate cold, extreme fatigue, muscle aches, constipation, slow heart rate, [[Depression (mood)|depression]], den weight gain.<ref name=NIH2025/> Occasionally, der fi be swelling of de front part of de neck secof goiter.<ref name=NIH2025>{{cite web|title=Hypothyroidism|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=15 March 2025|date=March 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311214339/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism|archive-date=11 March 2025}}</ref> Untreated cases of hypothyroidism during [[pregnancy]] fi lead to delays insyd growth den intellectual development insyd de baby anaa congenital iodine deficiency syndrome.<ref name=Pre2009>{{cite book|last1=Preedy|first1=Victor|title=Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects.|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier|location=Burlington|isbn=978-0-08-092086-3|page=616|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7v7g5XoCQQwC&pg=PA616}}</ref> Worldwide, too little iodine insyd de diet be de most common cause of hypothyroidism.<ref name="Garber2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, Mechanick JI, Pessah-Pollack R, Singer PA, Woeber KA |date=December 2012 |title=Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association |journal=Thyroid |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1200–35 |doi=10.1089/thy.2012.0205 |pmid=22954017}}</ref><ref name=Chakera>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chakera AJ, Pearce SH, Vaidya B | title = Treatment for primary hypothyroidism: current approaches and future possibilities | journal = Drug Design, Development and Therapy | volume = 6 | pages = 1–11 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22291465 | pmc = 3267517 | doi = 10.2147/DDDT.S12894 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], an [[autoimmune disease]] wherein de body ein immune system dey react to de thyroid gland,<ref>{{cite web |title=Hashimoto's Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hashimotos-disease |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases(NIDDK) |access-date=2024-02-19}}</ref> be de most common cause of hypothyroidism insyd countries plus sufficient dietary iodine.<ref name=NIH2025/> Less common causes dey include previous treatment plus radioactive iodine, injury to de hypothalamus anaa de anterior pituitary gland, certain medications, a lack of a functioning thyroid at birth, anaa previous thyroid surgery.<ref name=NIH2025/><ref name=Persani2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Persani L | title = Clinical review: Central hypothyroidism: pathogenic, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 97 | issue = 9 | pages = 3068–78 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22851492 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2012-1616 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> De diagnosis of hypothyroidism, wen dem suspect, fi be confirmed plus blood tests wey dey measure thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) den thyroxine (T4) levels.<ref name=NIH2025/> Salt iodization prevent hypothyroidism insyd chaw populations.<ref name=Sye2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Syed S | title = Iodine and the "near" eradication of cretinism | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 135 | issue = 4 | pages = 594–6 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25825529 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2014-3718 | doi-access = | s2cid = 27647943 }}</ref> Thyroid hormone replacement plus levothyroxine dey treat hypothyroidism.<ref name=NIH2025/> Medical professionals adjust de dose according to symptoms den normalization of de TSH levels.<ref name="NICENG1452">{{cite web |date=12 October 2023 |title=Thyroid disease: assessment and management |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng145 |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=www.nice.org.uk |publisher=[[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]]}}</ref> Thyroid medication be safe insyd pregnancy.<ref name=NIH2025/> Although an adequate amount of dietary iodine be important, too much fi worsen specific forms of hypothyroidism.<ref name=NIH2025/> Worldwide about one billion people be estimated to be iodine-deficient; however, e be unknown how often dis dey result in hypothyroidism.<ref name=WernerIngbar>{{cite book|title=Werner & Ingbar's the thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4511-2063-9|page=552|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DaNIXqNLmXsC&pg=PA552|edition=10th|editor1=Cooper, DS|editor2=Braverman LE|date=2012-07-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520160442/https://books.google.com/books?id=DaNIXqNLmXsC&pg=PA552|archive-date=2016-05-20}}</ref> Insyd de [[United States]], overt hypothyroidism dey occur in approximately 0.3–0.4% of people.<ref name=Garber/> Subclinical hypothyroidism, a milder form of hypothyroidism wey be characterized by normal thyroxine levels den an elevated TSH level, be thought to occur insyd 4.3–8.5% of people insyd de United States.<ref name=Garber>{{cite journal | vauthors = Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, Mechanick JI, Pessah-Pollack R, Singer PA, Woeber KA | title = Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association | journal = Thyroid | volume = 22 | issue = 12 | pages = 1200–35 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 22954017 | doi = 10.1089/thy.2012.0205 }}</ref> Hypothyroidism be more common insyd women dan insyd men.<ref name=NIH2025/> People over de age of 60 be more commonly affected.<ref name=NIH2025/> Dogs sanso be known to develop hypothyroidism, as be cats den horses, albeit more rarely.<ref name=Merck>{{cite web | title=Hypothyroidism | work=Merck Veterinary Manual, 10th edition (online version) | url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/endocrine_system/the_thyroid_gland/hypothyroidism.html | year=2012 | access-date=2013-12-25 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823162629/http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/endocrine_system/the_thyroid_gland/hypothyroidism.html | archive-date=2012-08-23 }}</ref> De word ''hypothyroidism'' be from de Greek ''hypo-'' ('reduced'), ''thyreos'' ('shield'), and ''eidos'' ('form'), whereby de two latter parts refer to de thyroid gland.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-11258-1|page=887|edition=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aW0zkZl0JgQC&pg=PA887|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307010245/https://books.google.ca/books?id=aW0zkZl0JgQC&pg=PA887|archive-date=2016-03-07}}</ref> == Signs den symptoms == [[File:Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism.png|thumb|300px|Symptoms den signs of hypothyroidism<ref name="Longo">{{cite book | vauthors = Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J |title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|year=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-174889-6|edition=18th|chapter=341: disorders of the thyroid gland}}</ref>]] {|class="wikitable" style = "margin-left:15px; text-align:center" ! Symptoms<ref name=Longo/> ! Signs<ref name=Longo/> |- | Fatigue | Dry, coarse skin |- | Feeling cold | Cool extremities |- | Poor memory den concentration | Myxedema (mucopolysaccharide deposits insyd de skin) |- | Constipation, dyspepsia<ref name="Ebert2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ebert EC | title = The thyroid and the gut | journal = Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology | volume = 44 | issue = 6 | pages = 402–6 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20351569 | doi = 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181d6bc3e | s2cid = 23210397 }}</ref> | Hair loss, Sign of Hertoghe |- | Weight gain plus poor appetite | Slow pulse rate |- | Shortness of breath | [[Edema|Swelling]] of de limbs |- | Hoarse voice | Delayed relaxation of tendon reflexes |- | Insyd females, heavy menstrual periods (den later light periods) | Carpal tunnel syndrome |- | Abnormal sensation | Pleural effusion, ascites, pericardial effusion |- | Poor hearing | |- |Muscle weakness |} == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] == External links == 50yjfrmwgr56urnrt61av1xlqck95cu 96805 96804 2026-04-08T22:51:38Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hypothyroidism''' be an endocrine disease insyd wich de thyroid gland no dey produce enough thyroid hormones.<ref name=NIH2025/> E fi cause a number of symptoms, such as poor ability to tolerate cold, extreme fatigue, muscle aches, constipation, slow heart rate, [[Depression (mood)|depression]], den weight gain.<ref name=NIH2025/> Occasionally, der fi be swelling of de front part of de neck secof goiter.<ref name=NIH2025>{{cite web|title=Hypothyroidism|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=15 March 2025|date=March 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311214339/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism|archive-date=11 March 2025}}</ref> Untreated cases of hypothyroidism during [[pregnancy]] fi lead to delays insyd growth den intellectual development insyd de baby anaa congenital iodine deficiency syndrome.<ref name=Pre2009>{{cite book|last1=Preedy|first1=Victor|title=Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects.|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier|location=Burlington|isbn=978-0-08-092086-3|page=616|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7v7g5XoCQQwC&pg=PA616}}</ref> Worldwide, too little iodine insyd de diet be de most common cause of hypothyroidism.<ref name="Garber2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, Mechanick JI, Pessah-Pollack R, Singer PA, Woeber KA |date=December 2012 |title=Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association |journal=Thyroid |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1200–35 |doi=10.1089/thy.2012.0205 |pmid=22954017}}</ref><ref name=Chakera>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chakera AJ, Pearce SH, Vaidya B | title = Treatment for primary hypothyroidism: current approaches and future possibilities | journal = Drug Design, Development and Therapy | volume = 6 | pages = 1–11 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22291465 | pmc = 3267517 | doi = 10.2147/DDDT.S12894 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], an [[autoimmune disease]] wherein de body ein immune system dey react to de thyroid gland,<ref>{{cite web |title=Hashimoto's Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hashimotos-disease |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases(NIDDK) |access-date=2024-02-19}}</ref> be de most common cause of hypothyroidism insyd countries plus sufficient dietary iodine.<ref name=NIH2025/> Less common causes dey include previous treatment plus radioactive iodine, injury to de hypothalamus anaa de anterior pituitary gland, certain medications, a lack of a functioning thyroid at birth, anaa previous thyroid surgery.<ref name=NIH2025/><ref name=Persani2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Persani L | title = Clinical review: Central hypothyroidism: pathogenic, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 97 | issue = 9 | pages = 3068–78 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22851492 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2012-1616 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> De diagnosis of hypothyroidism, wen dem suspect, fi be confirmed plus blood tests wey dey measure thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) den thyroxine (T4) levels.<ref name=NIH2025/> Salt iodization prevent hypothyroidism insyd chaw populations.<ref name=Sye2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Syed S | title = Iodine and the "near" eradication of cretinism | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 135 | issue = 4 | pages = 594–6 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25825529 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2014-3718 | doi-access = | s2cid = 27647943 }}</ref> Thyroid hormone replacement plus levothyroxine dey treat hypothyroidism.<ref name=NIH2025/> Medical professionals adjust de dose according to symptoms den normalization of de TSH levels.<ref name="NICENG1452">{{cite web |date=12 October 2023 |title=Thyroid disease: assessment and management |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng145 |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=www.nice.org.uk |publisher=[[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]]}}</ref> Thyroid medication be safe insyd pregnancy.<ref name=NIH2025/> Although an adequate amount of dietary iodine be important, too much fi worsen specific forms of hypothyroidism.<ref name=NIH2025/> Worldwide about one billion people be estimated to be iodine-deficient; however, e be unknown how often dis dey result in hypothyroidism.<ref name=WernerIngbar>{{cite book|title=Werner & Ingbar's the thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4511-2063-9|page=552|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DaNIXqNLmXsC&pg=PA552|edition=10th|editor1=Cooper, DS|editor2=Braverman LE|date=2012-07-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520160442/https://books.google.com/books?id=DaNIXqNLmXsC&pg=PA552|archive-date=2016-05-20}}</ref> Insyd de [[United States]], overt hypothyroidism dey occur in approximately 0.3–0.4% of people.<ref name=Garber/> Subclinical hypothyroidism, a milder form of hypothyroidism wey be characterized by normal thyroxine levels den an elevated TSH level, be thought to occur insyd 4.3–8.5% of people insyd de United States.<ref name=Garber>{{cite journal | vauthors = Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, Mechanick JI, Pessah-Pollack R, Singer PA, Woeber KA | title = Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association | journal = Thyroid | volume = 22 | issue = 12 | pages = 1200–35 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 22954017 | doi = 10.1089/thy.2012.0205 }}</ref> Hypothyroidism be more common insyd women dan insyd men.<ref name=NIH2025/> People over de age of 60 be more commonly affected.<ref name=NIH2025/> Dogs sanso be known to develop hypothyroidism, as be cats den horses, albeit more rarely.<ref name=Merck>{{cite web | title=Hypothyroidism | work=Merck Veterinary Manual, 10th edition (online version) | url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/endocrine_system/the_thyroid_gland/hypothyroidism.html | year=2012 | access-date=2013-12-25 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823162629/http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/endocrine_system/the_thyroid_gland/hypothyroidism.html | archive-date=2012-08-23 }}</ref> De word ''hypothyroidism'' be from de Greek ''hypo-'' ('reduced'), ''thyreos'' ('shield'), and ''eidos'' ('form'), whereby de two latter parts refer to de thyroid gland.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-11258-1|page=887|edition=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aW0zkZl0JgQC&pg=PA887|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307010245/https://books.google.ca/books?id=aW0zkZl0JgQC&pg=PA887|archive-date=2016-03-07}}</ref> == Signs den symptoms == [[File:Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism.png|thumb|300px|Symptoms den signs of hypothyroidism<ref name="Longo">{{cite book | vauthors = Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J |title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|year=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-174889-6|edition=18th|chapter=341: disorders of the thyroid gland}}</ref>]] {|class="wikitable" style = "margin-left:15px; text-align:center" ! Symptoms<ref name=Longo/> ! Signs<ref name=Longo/> |- | Fatigue | Dry, coarse skin |- | Feeling cold | Cool extremities |- | Poor memory den concentration | Myxedema (mucopolysaccharide deposits insyd de skin) |- | Constipation, dyspepsia<ref name="Ebert2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ebert EC | title = The thyroid and the gut | journal = Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology | volume = 44 | issue = 6 | pages = 402–6 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20351569 | doi = 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181d6bc3e | s2cid = 23210397 }}</ref> | Hair loss, Sign of Hertoghe |- | Weight gain plus poor appetite | Slow pulse rate |- | Shortness of breath | [[Edema|Swelling]] of de limbs |- | Hoarse voice | Delayed relaxation of tendon reflexes |- | Insyd females, heavy menstrual periods (den later light periods) | Carpal tunnel syndrome |- | Abnormal sensation | Pleural effusion, ascites, pericardial effusion |- | Poor hearing | |- |Muscle weakness |} == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite web |title=Hypothyroidism information for patients|publisher=American Thyroid Association |url=http://www.thyroid.org/hypothyroidism/ }} {{Thyroid disease}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Thyroid disease]] [[Category:Endocrine diseases]] [[Category:Autoimmune diseases]] [[Category:Iodine]] [[Category:Metabolic disorders]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 8giegr1djqecq7gk24rlp9kbrpahobk 0 26444 96793 2026-04-08T19:10:23Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343621062|Caregiver burden]]" 96793 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Caregiver burden''', dem sanso call '''caregiver burnout''', be a multidimensional concept of caregiving wer carers experience physical, emotional den mental exhaustion secof caregiving for sam bro else.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How To Treat Caregiver Burnout |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9225-caregiver-burnout |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214234142/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9225-caregiver-burnout |archive-date=2025-02-14 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Zhu |last2=Heffernan |first2=Catrina |last3=Tan |first3=Jie |date=2020-07-25 |title=Caregiver burden: A concept analysis |journal=International Journal of Nursing Sciences |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=438–445 |doi=10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.07.012 |pmc=7644552 |pmid=33195757}}</ref> A nationwide survey wey dey show say 32% den 19% of carers insyd de United States experience high den medium caregiver burden, respectively, while carers den dema feeling often be neglected insyd clinical settings.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Adelman |first=Ronald D. |last2=Tmanova |first2=Lyubov L. |last3=Delgado |first3=Diana |last4=Dion |first4=Sarah |last5=Lachs |first5=Mark S. |date=2014-03-12 |title=Caregiver Burden: A Clinical Review |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2014.304 |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=311 |issue=10 |pages=1052–1060 |doi=10.1001/jama.2014.304 |issn=0098-7484 |pmid=24618967 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Definitions == Modern nursing den caregiving, wich emerge insyd de 18th century, be largely centred on women dema self-sacrificing service, plus little documentation of de negative aspects of caregiving responsibilities. E no be til de 1950s wey researchers begin to focus on de hardships den suffering experienced by caregivers. Peter Townsend (1957), after interviewing working-class men den women insyd East London, England, dem find say 22% of ein study participants experience "a strain of illness" secof de transition from employment to caregiving.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Hoffmann |first=Rosemary L. |last2=Mitchell |first2=Ann M. |date=1998 |title=Caregiver Burden: Historical Development |journal=Nursing Forum |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=5–12 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-6198.1998.tb00223.x |issn=0029-6473 |pmid=10205484}}</ref> Insyd de 1960s, Grad den Sainsbury (1963) first define de burden of caregiving as any cost to de family. Dis definition be later refined by Hoenig den Hamilton (1966) den Platt den Hirsch (1981) to distinguish between objective burden, wich dey refer to specific activities den events related to negative caring experiences, den subjective burden, wich dey relate to caregivers dema personal emotions den experiences. Subjective burden dey encompass de emotional strain caregivers endure, while objective burden dey include tangible aspects of caregiving wey dey contribute to negative experiences. Na dem sanso use various terms to describe caregiver burden, such as caretaker role fatigue, spousal burnout, den role engulfment.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Hoffmann |first=Rosemary L. |last2=Mitchell |first2=Ann M. |date=1998 |title=Caregiver Burden: Historical Development |journal=Nursing Forum |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=5–12 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-6198.1998.tb00223.x |issn=0029-6473 |pmid=10205484}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHoffmannMitchell1998">Hoffmann, Rosemary L.; Mitchell, Ann M. (1998). "Caregiver Burden: Historical Development". ''Nursing Forum''. '''33''' (4): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>12. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1744-6198.1998.tb00223.x|10.1111/j.1744-6198.1998.tb00223.x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-6473 0029-6473]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10205484 10205484].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoenig |first=J. |last2=Hamilton |first2=Marian W. |date=1966-06-01 |title=The Schizophrenic Patient in the Community and His Effect On the Household |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002076406601200301 |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |language=en |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=165–176 |doi=10.1177/002076406601200301 |issn=0020-7640 |pmid=5964677 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Risk factors == Caregiver burden dey cam out wen de caregiver dey perceive de home care situation as a negative experience. Caregivers typically no be trained. Caring be a serious challenge give dem. An intensive adaptation to de care situation be necessary.<ref name="graessel20112">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gräßel E, Adabbo R |date=30 August 2011 |title=Perceived burden of informal caregivers of a chronically ill older family member. |journal=GeroPsych |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=143–154 |doi=10.1024/1662-9647/a000042}}</ref> De burden be mainly associated plus carer ein characteristics den care provision, rada dan chronic conditions of care recipients, except for [[dementia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riffin |first=Catherine |last2=Van Ness |first2=Peter H. |last3=Wolff |first3=Jennifer L. |last4=Fried |first4=Terri |date=2019 |title=Multifactorial Examination of Caregiver Burden in a National Sample of Family and Unpaid Caregivers |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |language=en |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=277–283 |doi=10.1111/jgs.15664 |issn=1532-5415 |pmc=6367031 |pmid=30452088}}</ref> For people plus dementia, dema behavioural problems anaa psychological symptoms be de main contributor to caregiver burden.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chiao |first=C.-Y. |last2=Wu |first2=H.-S. |last3=Hsiao |first3=C.-Y. |date=2015 |title=Caregiver burden for informal caregivers of patients with dementia: A systematic review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/inr.12194?_gl=1*iud2bc*_gcl_au*MjYzMTU3NDQyLjE3NDA4NTkxNjc.& |journal=International Nursing Review |language=en |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=340–350 |doi=10.1111/inr.12194 |issn=1466-7657 |pmid=26058542 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == References == pcipb7b24ll15ewgwps5tpbi36jyl1l 0 26445 96794 2026-04-08T19:19:30Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346580075|Causes of autism]]" 96794 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''causes of autism''' be a subject of scientific research, buh understanding of de etiology of [[autism]] be incomplete.<ref name="Waye_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waye MM, Cheng HY |date=April 2018 |title=Genetics and epigenetics of autism: A Review |journal=Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |type=Review |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=228–244 |doi=10.1111/pcn.12606 |eissn=1440-1819 |pmid=28941239 |s2cid=206257210 |doi-access=free}}</ref> E be influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, epigenetic, prenatal, perinatal, den environmental factors. Genetics play a major role, plus heritability estimates wey dey range from 60–90%. De novo mutations—wey dey include copy number variations den gene-disrupting mutations—contribute to approximately 30–40% of cases. However, chaw autism cases involve complex interactions among multiple inherited genetic variants, chaw of wich be still unknown.<ref name="Waye_2018" /> omipi2bw0xu12jrv3607eq5u5x0sntv 96795 96794 2026-04-08T19:56:30Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''causes of autism''' be a subject of scientific research, buh understanding of de etiology of [[autism]] be incomplete.<ref name="Waye_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waye MM, Cheng HY |date=April 2018 |title=Genetics and epigenetics of autism: A Review |journal=Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |type=Review |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=228–244 |doi=10.1111/pcn.12606 |eissn=1440-1819 |pmid=28941239 |s2cid=206257210 |doi-access=free}}</ref> E be influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, epigenetic, prenatal, perinatal, den environmental factors. Genetics play a major role, plus heritability estimates wey dey range from 60–90%. De novo mutations—wey dey include copy number variations den gene-disrupting mutations—contribute to approximately 30–40% of cases. However, chaw autism cases involve complex interactions among multiple inherited genetic variants, chaw of wich be still unknown.<ref name="Waye_2018" /> Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation den genomic imprinting, sanso dey influence gene expression den susceptibility, often dey interact plus environmental exposures. In rare cases, autism be associated plus agents wey dey cause birth defects.<ref name="Arndt_2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arndt TL, Stodgell CJ, Rodier PM |year=2005 |title=The teratology of autism |journal=International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience |type=Review |volume=23 |issue=2–3 |pages=189–199 |doi=10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.11.001 |pmid=15749245 |s2cid=17797266}}</ref> == References == fevm2s4q5ld3whcm0ga5zplipw4nkys 96796 96795 2026-04-08T19:59:31Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''causes of autism''' be a subject of scientific research, buh understanding of de etiology of [[autism]] be incomplete.<ref name="Waye_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waye MM, Cheng HY |date=April 2018 |title=Genetics and epigenetics of autism: A Review |journal=Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |type=Review |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=228–244 |doi=10.1111/pcn.12606 |eissn=1440-1819 |pmid=28941239 |s2cid=206257210 |doi-access=free}}</ref> E be influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, epigenetic, prenatal, perinatal, den environmental factors. Genetics play a major role, plus heritability estimates wey dey range from 60–90%. De novo mutations—wey dey include copy number variations den gene-disrupting mutations—contribute to approximately 30–40% of cases. However, chaw autism cases involve complex interactions among multiple inherited genetic variants, chaw of wich be still unknown.<ref name="Waye_2018" /> Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation den genomic imprinting, sanso dey influence gene expression den susceptibility, often dey interact plus environmental exposures. In rare cases, autism be associated plus agents wey dey cause birth defects.<ref name="Arndt_2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arndt TL, Stodgell CJ, Rodier PM |year=2005 |title=The teratology of autism |journal=International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience |type=Review |volume=23 |issue=2–3 |pages=189–199 |doi=10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.11.001 |pmid=15749245 |s2cid=17797266}}</ref> Prenatal risk factors dey include advanced parental age, maternal metabolic anaa [[Autoimmune disease|autoimmune disorders]], infections, den prenatal stress, while perinatal risks dey involve preterm birth, low birth weight, den birth complications. Postnatal mechanisms be proposed, wey dey include immune dysregulation, gastrointestinal abnormalities, oxidative stress, den neural circuit differences, though dese remain largely unproven wey e be de focus of ongoing research. Sam Neanderthal-derived genetic variants fi influence susceptibility. Current high-quality evidence dey show no causal link between prenatal use of [[paracetamol]] den autism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Use of paracetamol during pregnancy unchanged in the EU {{!}} European Medicines Agency (EMA) |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/use-paracetamol-during-pregnancy-unchanged-eu |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=www.ema.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=SOGC Position Statement on the use of Acetaminophen for Analgesia and Fever in Pregnancy |url=https://sogc.org/common/Uploaded%20files/Position%20Statements/SOGC%20Position%20Statement%20Acetamenophin_EN_20250911.pdf }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=WHO statement on autism-related issues |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-09-2025-who-statement-on-autism-related-issues |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=D'Antonio |first=Francesco |last2=Flacco |first2=Maria Elena |last3=Valle |first3=Lorenza Della |last4=Prasad |first4=Smriti |last5=Manzoli |first5=Lamberto |last6=Samara |first6=Athina |last7=Khalil |first7=Asma |date=2026 |title=Prenatal paracetamol exposure and child neurodevelopment: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanogw/article/PIIS3050-5038(25)00211-0/fulltext |journal=The Lancet Obstetrics, Gynaecology, & Women's Health |language=English |volume=0 |issue=0 |doi=10.1016/S3050-5038(25)00211-0 |issn=3050-5038|doi-access=free }}</ref> == References == 3zyk178o6sj9540lsw81093ievech1z 96797 96796 2026-04-08T20:02:28Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''causes of autism''' be a subject of scientific research, buh understanding of de etiology of [[autism]] be incomplete.<ref name="Waye_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waye MM, Cheng HY |date=April 2018 |title=Genetics and epigenetics of autism: A Review |journal=Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |type=Review |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=228–244 |doi=10.1111/pcn.12606 |eissn=1440-1819 |pmid=28941239 |s2cid=206257210 |doi-access=free}}</ref> E be influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, epigenetic, prenatal, perinatal, den environmental factors. Genetics play a major role, plus heritability estimates wey dey range from 60–90%. De novo mutations—wey dey include copy number variations den gene-disrupting mutations—contribute to approximately 30–40% of cases. However, chaw autism cases involve complex interactions among multiple inherited genetic variants, chaw of wich be still unknown.<ref name="Waye_2018" /> Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation den genomic imprinting, sanso dey influence gene expression den susceptibility, often dey interact plus environmental exposures. In rare cases, autism be associated plus agents wey dey cause birth defects.<ref name="Arndt_2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arndt TL, Stodgell CJ, Rodier PM |year=2005 |title=The teratology of autism |journal=International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience |type=Review |volume=23 |issue=2–3 |pages=189–199 |doi=10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.11.001 |pmid=15749245 |s2cid=17797266}}</ref> Prenatal risk factors dey include advanced parental age, maternal metabolic anaa [[Autoimmune disease|autoimmune disorders]], infections, den prenatal stress, while perinatal risks dey involve preterm birth, low birth weight, den birth complications. Postnatal mechanisms be proposed, wey dey include immune dysregulation, gastrointestinal abnormalities, oxidative stress, den neural circuit differences, though dese remain largely unproven wey e be de focus of ongoing research. Sam Neanderthal-derived genetic variants fi influence susceptibility. Current high-quality evidence dey show no causal link between prenatal use of [[paracetamol]] den autism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Use of paracetamol during pregnancy unchanged in the EU {{!}} European Medicines Agency (EMA) |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/use-paracetamol-during-pregnancy-unchanged-eu |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=www.ema.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=SOGC Position Statement on the use of Acetaminophen for Analgesia and Fever in Pregnancy |url=https://sogc.org/common/Uploaded%20files/Position%20Statements/SOGC%20Position%20Statement%20Acetamenophin_EN_20250911.pdf }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=WHO statement on autism-related issues |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-09-2025-who-statement-on-autism-related-issues |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=D'Antonio |first=Francesco |last2=Flacco |first2=Maria Elena |last3=Valle |first3=Lorenza Della |last4=Prasad |first4=Smriti |last5=Manzoli |first5=Lamberto |last6=Samara |first6=Athina |last7=Khalil |first7=Asma |date=2026 |title=Prenatal paracetamol exposure and child neurodevelopment: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanogw/article/PIIS3050-5038(25)00211-0/fulltext |journal=The Lancet Obstetrics, Gynaecology, & Women's Health |language=English |volume=0 |issue=0 |doi=10.1016/S3050-5038(25)00211-0 |issn=3050-5038|doi-access=free }}</ref> Overwhelming scientific evidence dey show no causal association between thiomersal den vaccines, wey dey include de measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, den autism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Timeline: Thimerosal in Vaccines (1999-2010) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/thimerosal/timeline.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=CDC|date=19 August 2020 }}</ref> Na parental concern about vaccines lead to a decreasing uptake of childhood immunizations den an increasing likelihood of [[Measles#Public health|measles outbreaks]].<ref name="Resurgence of Measles in Europe: A">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilder-Smith AB, Qureshi K |date=March 2020 |title=Resurgence of Measles in Europe: A Systematic Review on Parental Attitudes and Beliefs of Measles Vaccine |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=46–58 |doi=10.2991/jegh.k.191117.001 |pmc=7310814 |pmid=32175710}}</ref><ref name="Beliefs around childhood vaccines i">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gidengil C, Chen C, Parker AM, Nowak S, Matthews L |date=October 2019 |title=Beliefs around childhood vaccines in the United States: A systematic review |journal=Vaccine |volume=37 |issue=45 |pages=6793–6802 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.068 |pmc=6949013 |pmid=31562000}}</ref> De refrigerator mother theory be conclusively refuted by scientific evidence. == References == 468l9lgb77w8swcfvjceq4j3r5gyunk 96798 96797 2026-04-08T20:05:27Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''causes of autism''' be a subject of scientific research, buh understanding of de etiology of [[autism]] be incomplete.<ref name="Waye_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waye MM, Cheng HY |date=April 2018 |title=Genetics and epigenetics of autism: A Review |journal=Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |type=Review |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=228–244 |doi=10.1111/pcn.12606 |eissn=1440-1819 |pmid=28941239 |s2cid=206257210 |doi-access=free}}</ref> E be influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, epigenetic, prenatal, perinatal, den environmental factors. Genetics play a major role, plus heritability estimates wey dey range from 60–90%. De novo mutations—wey dey include copy number variations den gene-disrupting mutations—contribute to approximately 30–40% of cases. However, chaw autism cases involve complex interactions among multiple inherited genetic variants, chaw of wich be still unknown.<ref name="Waye_2018" /> Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation den genomic imprinting, sanso dey influence gene expression den susceptibility, often dey interact plus environmental exposures. In rare cases, autism be associated plus agents wey dey cause birth defects.<ref name="Arndt_2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arndt TL, Stodgell CJ, Rodier PM |year=2005 |title=The teratology of autism |journal=International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience |type=Review |volume=23 |issue=2–3 |pages=189–199 |doi=10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.11.001 |pmid=15749245 |s2cid=17797266}}</ref> Prenatal risk factors dey include advanced parental age, maternal metabolic anaa [[Autoimmune disease|autoimmune disorders]], infections, den prenatal stress, while perinatal risks dey involve preterm birth, low birth weight, den birth complications. Postnatal mechanisms be proposed, wey dey include immune dysregulation, gastrointestinal abnormalities, oxidative stress, den neural circuit differences, though dese remain largely unproven wey e be de focus of ongoing research. Sam Neanderthal-derived genetic variants fi influence susceptibility. Current high-quality evidence dey show no causal link between prenatal use of [[paracetamol]] den autism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Use of paracetamol during pregnancy unchanged in the EU {{!}} European Medicines Agency (EMA) |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/use-paracetamol-during-pregnancy-unchanged-eu |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=www.ema.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=SOGC Position Statement on the use of Acetaminophen for Analgesia and Fever in Pregnancy |url=https://sogc.org/common/Uploaded%20files/Position%20Statements/SOGC%20Position%20Statement%20Acetamenophin_EN_20250911.pdf }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=WHO statement on autism-related issues |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-09-2025-who-statement-on-autism-related-issues |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=D'Antonio |first=Francesco |last2=Flacco |first2=Maria Elena |last3=Valle |first3=Lorenza Della |last4=Prasad |first4=Smriti |last5=Manzoli |first5=Lamberto |last6=Samara |first6=Athina |last7=Khalil |first7=Asma |date=2026 |title=Prenatal paracetamol exposure and child neurodevelopment: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanogw/article/PIIS3050-5038(25)00211-0/fulltext |journal=The Lancet Obstetrics, Gynaecology, & Women's Health |language=English |volume=0 |issue=0 |doi=10.1016/S3050-5038(25)00211-0 |issn=3050-5038|doi-access=free }}</ref> Overwhelming scientific evidence dey show no causal association between thiomersal den vaccines, wey dey include de measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, den autism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Timeline: Thimerosal in Vaccines (1999-2010) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/thimerosal/timeline.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=CDC|date=19 August 2020 }}</ref> Na parental concern about vaccines lead to a decreasing uptake of childhood immunizations den an increasing likelihood of [[Measles#Public health|measles outbreaks]].<ref name="Resurgence of Measles in Europe: A">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilder-Smith AB, Qureshi K |date=March 2020 |title=Resurgence of Measles in Europe: A Systematic Review on Parental Attitudes and Beliefs of Measles Vaccine |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=46–58 |doi=10.2991/jegh.k.191117.001 |pmc=7310814 |pmid=32175710}}</ref><ref name="Beliefs around childhood vaccines i">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gidengil C, Chen C, Parker AM, Nowak S, Matthews L |date=October 2019 |title=Beliefs around childhood vaccines in the United States: A systematic review |journal=Vaccine |volume=37 |issue=45 |pages=6793–6802 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.068 |pmc=6949013 |pmid=31562000}}</ref> De refrigerator mother theory be conclusively refuted by scientific evidence. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite book |first=D. |last=Reich |author-link=David Reich (geneticist) |year=2018 |chapter=Encounters with Neanderthals |title=Who we are and how we got here: ancient DNA and the new science of the human past |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-882125-0 |url={{google books |plainurl=yes |id=uLNSDwAAQBAJ |page=25}}}} {{Pervasive developmental disorders}} {{Autism resources}} [[Category:Causes of autism| ]] [[Category:Social constructionism]] qqhcvxcm6kmm3muo9lplv9r53e9eyuw 14 26446 96799 2026-04-08T20:06:00Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 96799 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26447 96800 2026-04-08T20:06:10Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 96800 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26448 96806 2026-04-08T22:54:48Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 96806 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26449 96807 2026-04-08T23:20:56Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1468590|Nitroglycerin]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 96807 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 96808 96807 2026-04-08T23:39:59Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 96808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nitroglycerin''' ('''NG''') (alternative spelling nitroglycerine), dem sanso know as '''trinitroglycerol''' ('''TNG'''), '''nitro''', '''glyceryl trinitrate''' ('''GTN'''), anaa '''1,2,3-trinitroxypropane''', be a dense, colorless anaa pale yellow, oily, explosive liquid wey most commonly nitrating glycerol produce plus white fuming nitric acid under conditions appropriate to de formation of de nitric acid ester. Chemically, de substance be a nitrate ester rather dan a nitro compound, buh de traditional name be retained. Discovered insyd 1846 by Ascanio Sobrero,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ascanio Sobrero |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100514852 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en }}</ref> nitroglycerin be used as an active ingredient insyd de manufacture of explosives, namely dynamite, den as such e be employed insyd de construction, demolition, den mining industries. E be combined plus nitrocellulose to form double-based smokeless powder, dem use as a propellant insyd artillery den firearms since de 1880s. == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] a1qu6yrh12rt8dcqdc4bhmar9zvo9wa 2 26450 96809 2026-04-09T01:28:49Z James500 147 Create user page 96809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:en|gpe-0}} goitjvkwsitoevujrthbj991j0ufmy2 96810 96809 2026-04-09T01:29:24Z James500 147 Add interwiki link 96810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:en|gpe-0}} [[en:User:James500]] nwv48fpylbxqgc2q1anopejva20uwvq