Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.26 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4411 97381 82904 2026-04-29T14:41:21Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q8031514}} De phrase '''shoddies for business (women in business)''' insyd dey refer to shoddies businesspeoples wey dey hold positions, particularly leadership for de fields of commerce, business, den entrepreneurship. Edey advocate give dema increased participation for business insyd. Increased participation of women for business insyd go fi be important give variation for business development, ideas, den business products insyd.<ref>Ehreke, J. (14 November 2001). "Kommunikationstrainer Business English". '''52''' (11): 874. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:0947-5117|0947-5117]].</ref> Participation sana dey encourage de development of social networks wey edey support positive repercussions give shoddies den give dema social environment.<ref>Kitching, Beverley M.; Jackson, Pamela A. (May 2002). [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.5367/000000002101299132 "Female Entrepreneurs in a Transitional Economy: Businesswomen in China"]. ''The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation''. '''3''' (2): 145–155. doi:[[doi:10.5367/000000002101299132|10.5367/000000002101299132]]. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:1465-7503|1465-7503]]. S2CID&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150876556 150876556].</ref> De status of shoddies for business insyd dey vary significantly around de world. Samtyms sam lack of adequate business capital, shoddie education, den training programs for de use of technology go fi mean shoddies be more constrained plus dema social den political environment pass men.<ref>bpc (2021-08-11). [https://www.reachsummitglobal.com/resources/thought-leadership/how-women-are-shaping-the-future-of-business/ "How Women Are Shaping The Future Of Business"]. ''Reach Summit - Business Solutions''. Retrieved 2024-04-21.</ref> == History == De earliest known well-documented businesswoman be Ancient Sumerian businesswoman Ama-e wey na be involved for various trades den real estate investments insyd.<ref>Silver, Morris (1995-02-14). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2GbgfLmCR-YC&dq=ancient+businesswoman+antiquity&pg=PA176 Economic Structures of Antiquity]''. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29380-1|978-0-313-29380-1]]</bdi>.</ref> Anoda one of de earliest-known well-documented businesswoman be sam Ancient Assyrian businesswoman of de city of Assur wey ein name be Ahaha. She be known for pursuing de resolution sam issue of financial fraud wey dem commit against am.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20210111-the-secret-letters-of-historys-first-businesswomen "The secret letters of history's first-known businesswomen"]. ''www.bbc.com''. Retrieved 2024-05-17.</ref> == Shoddies for corporate leadership insyd == As of February 2023, for US insyd, na shoddies dey hold only 29.2% of senior-level positions for S&P 500 companies insyd,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230912205433/https://www.catalyst.org/research/women-ceos-of-the-sp-500/ "Women CEOs of the S&P 500 (List)"]. ''Catalyst''. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref> (wey na 8.2% be CEO positions).<ref>ecohen (2012-11-15). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190221113858/https://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/women-sp-500-companies "Women in S&P 500 Companies"]. ''Catalyst''. Retrieved 2019-01-20.</ref> Approximately 2 shoddies per board dey; de average S&P 500 board dey consist of 11 members. Dis be despite shoddies wey be 46.8% of de workforce, wey edey control more pass 50% of personal wealth for US insyd along plus approximately 75% of household spending.<ref>Loop, Paula. [http://fortune.com/2016/02/15/women-board-seats/ "This Explains Why More Women Aren't Landing Board Seats"]. ''Fortune''. Fortune. Retrieved 31 May 2016.</ref> As of 2014, na only 1% of executive officers den 4.6% of Fortune 500 CEOs be shoddies. For 2015 insyd, na shoddies dey hold 17.9% of de board dey seat for Fortune 1000 companies insyd, evidence of disproportionate gender representation for corporate boards of directors top.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170504013023/https://www.2020wob.com/sites/default/files/2020GDI-2015Report.pdf "Gender Diversity Index"] (PDF). ''2020 Women on Boards''. Retrieved 5 May 2016.</ref> While de number of women for Fortune 500 corporate boards dey continue dey rise, de average rate of increase be only one-half of one percent per year.<ref>Michael Connor (March 19, 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111013144230/http://business-ethics.com/2010/03/19/0932-women-lack-numbers-and-influence-on-corporate-boards/ "Women Lack Numbers and Influence on Corporate Boards"]. Business Ethics. Retrieved June 16, 2012.</ref> One for nine corporations insyd for de Fortune 500 list top still no dey include any shoddies for dema board top.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220806053550/https://www.catalyst.org/research/women-in-management/ "Women in Management (Quick Take)"]. ''Catalyst''. Retrieved 2024-04-21.</ref><ref>[https://gitnux.org/women-in-leadership-statistics/ "Women In Leadership Statistics &#x5B;Fresh Research&#x5D; • Gitnux"]. ''gitnux.org''. Retrieved 2024-04-21.</ref> == Shoddies as entrepreneurs == For 59 economies insyd dey include for Global Entrepreneurship Monitor research project insyd,<ref>Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (January 6, 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120618163736/http://www.gemconsortium.org/news/757/gem-2010-womens-report- "GEM 2010 Womens Report"]. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Archived from [http://www.gemconsortium.org/news/757/gem-2010-womens-report- the original] on June 18, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2012.</ref> female entrepreneurship dey range from just ova 1.5% go 45.4% of de adult female population. Although entrepreneurial activity among shoddies be highest for emerging economies (45.5%) insyd, de proportion of all female entrepreneurs dey vary considerably: from 16% for South Korea go 55% for Ghana insyd (de only economy plus chaw shoddies wey be entrepreneurs). Moreover, for chaw emerging economies insyd, shoddies now dey start sam business faster pass men, wey dey make significant contributions give job creation den economic growth. Shoddies sana be more likely say dem go start businesses wey dey focus for sustainability top.<ref>Balch, Oliver (2015-04-27). [http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/apr/27/women-top-better-business-environment-sustainable "Women at the top is better for business and the environment"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 2020-09-17.</ref><ref>Westman, Moa. [https://www.eib.org/en/essays/climate-change-gender-investment "Development Solutions: How to fight climate change with gender equality"]. ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 2020-09-17.</ref><ref>Braun, Patrice (2010-09-28). [https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/17566261011079233/full/html "Going green: women entrepreneurs and the environment"]. ''International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship''. '''2''' (3): 245–259. doi:[[doi:10.1108/17566261011079233|10.1108/17566261011079233]]. hdl:[https://hdl.handle.net/1959.17%2F60229 1959.17/60229]. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:1756-6266|1756-6266]].</ref> === Developing countries === Sam disproportionate share of female-owned businesses for developing countries today be either small anaa medium enterprises, wey often no dey mature as sam result of negative growth den poverty. Say you go understand de specific barriers shoddies dema businesses dey face den provide solutions so say ego address dem be necessary so say e go further leverage de economic power of shoddies for growth den de attainment of development goals. ==== Nigeria ==== [[Nigeria]] be currently de leading economy for [[:en:Africa|Africa]] insyd wey edey hold chaw potential growth for female entrepreneurs.<ref>[https://www.lionessesofafrica.com/blog/2016/8/10/meet-41-nigerian-women-entrepreneurs-putting-the-country-on-the-global-business-map "Meet 41 Nigerian Women Entrepreneurs Putting the Country on the Global Business Map"]. ''Lionesses of Africa''. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 2021-05-19.</ref> Shoddies for leadership roles insyd no dey significantly differ from men wey dey Nigeria, wey dey indicate say dem komot significant growth potential wey na be barriers to entry.<ref>Halkias, Daphne; Nwajiuba, Chinedum; Harkiolakis, Nicholas; Caracatsanis, Sylva M. (2011-01-01). O. Okpara, John (ed.). [[doi:10.1108/01409171111102821|"Challenges facing women entrepreneurs in Nigeria"]]. ''Management Research Review''. '''34''' (2): 221–235. doi:[[doi:10.1108/01409171111102821|10.1108/01409171111102821]]. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:2040-8269|2040-8269]].</ref> ==== Kazakhstan ==== De government of Kazakhstan dey support de development of female-led small den medium businesses. For example, in cooperation plus EBRD, Kazakhstan dey execute de Shoddies for Business program insyd. De budget of de program be $50 million.<ref>Pyrkalo, Svitlana (25 November 2015). [http://www.ebrd.com/news/2015/ebrd-launches-women-in-business-programme-for-kazakhstan-at-eurasian-womens-summit-in-astana.html "EBRD launches Women in Business programme for Kazakhstan at Eurasian Women's Summit in Astana"]. ''European Bank for Reconstruction and Development''. Retrieved 2015-11-30.</ref> Empowerment of Shoddies for de Corporate Sector insyd be international forum wey dem dey hold for Astana wey dey Kazakhstan insyd.<ref name=":0">Shayakhmetova, Zhanna (14 February 2017). [http://astanatimes.com/2017/02/forum-addresses-national-gender-equality-achievements-and-challenges/ "Forum addresses national gender equality achievements and challenges"]. The Astana Times.</ref> 44% of all businesses for Kazakhstan be female-owned wey edey contribute to Kazakhstan ein economic development den modernization.<ref name=":0" /> In order say dem go support shoddies den shoddies dema organizations plus sam view for sustainable den inclusive development, Kazakhstan hold de OSCE-supported Second International Women's Forum on Future Energy: Women, Business, den de Global Economy for August 2017 insyd. De conference sana focus for de importance of teaching shoddies new technologies as sam form of social entrepreneurship.<ref>[http://www.osce.org/programme-office-in-astana/333586 "OSCE supports second international women's forum in Kazakhstan"]. ''osce.org''.</ref> ==== Kenya ==== [[Kenya]] sanso see significant growth give women for business insyd; wey dey encourage entrepreneurship by women be important approach to poverty insyd Kenya.<ref name=":1">Lock, Rachel; Lawton Smith, Helen (2016-03-14). [https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/15557/1/15557.pdf "The impact of female entrepreneurship on economic growth in Kenya"] (PDF). ''International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship''. '''8''' (1): 90–96. doi:[[doi:10.1108/ijge-11-2015-0040|10.1108/ijge-11-2015-0040]]. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:1756-6266|1756-6266]].</ref><ref>Brooks, Wyatt; Donovan, Kevin; Johnson, Terence R. (October 2018). "Mentors or Teachers? Microenterprise Training in Kenya". ''American Economic Journal: Applied Economics''. '''10''' (4): 196–221. doi:[[doi:10.1257/app.20170042|10.1257/app.20170042]]. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:1945-7782|1945-7782]]. S2CID&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39603468 39603468].</ref> De Kenyan government, plus support from NGOs, create chaw programs wey dey provide access to financial resources, loans, den entrepreneurial education. Two examples be de Women's Enterprise Fund, dem enact insyd 2007, den de creation of de Women's University of Science and Technology.<ref name=":1" /> De Women's Enterprise Fund dey allow women greater access to small loans den financial services, such as bank accounts.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Ghana ==== In sam oda [[:en:Africa|African]] countries like [[Ghana]], women such as Ayisha Fuseini benefit from grants den sponsorships from NGOs den big business like Camfed den de MasterCard Foundation's Innovation Bursary Program (IBP) wey she cam turn entrepreneurs for ein own right.<ref>Kuenyehia, Elikem (30 April 2018). [http://www.investinafrica.com/Uploads//contentuploads/ad2fa2dd-41b2-4fd3-a5d6-16bb722e9ca5/file.pdf "Ayisha Fuseini: The 'Shea' strength of Asheba Enterprise"] (PDF). ''Graphic Business''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190323113947/http://www.investinafrica.com/Uploads//contentuploads/ad2fa2dd-41b2-4fd3-a5d6-16bb722e9ca5/file.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2024.</ref><ref>Caldwell, Georgina (2018-02-23). [https://www.globalcosmeticsnews.com/the-body-shop-shea-butter-supplier-ayisha-fuseini-named-female-entrepreneur-of-the-year-at-the-invest-in-africa-awards/ "The Body Shop shea butter supplier Ayisha Fuseini named Female Entrepreneur of the Year at the Invest in Africa Awards"]. ''Global Cosmetics News''. Retrieved 2024-05-17.</ref> ==== Thailand ==== For Thailand insyd, de gender gap for education insyd reduce. For 2015 insyd, na shoddies be almost half of de 38.8 million for de labor force insyd: na 17.6 million anaa 45.8 percent be shoddies. Gender equality be guaranteed by de Thai constitution. As sam result, Thailand be one of de countries plus de highest number of shoddies for management positions insyd.<ref name=":2">Wailerdsak (Yabushita), Natenapha (2020-08-31). "Women in Business and Management in Thailand Transforming High Participation Without EEO". ''Southeast Asian Economies''. '''37''' (2): 163–180. doi:[[doi:10.1355/ae37-2c|10.1355/ae37-2c]]. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:2339-5095|2339-5095]]. S2CID&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225335711 225335711].</ref> Thailand get 45% chaw shoddies for CEO positions insyd pass de ASEAN countries den China, wey 36% of senior managers be shoddies, higher pass de G7 countries (21%).<ref>Activities (ACT/EMP), ILO-Bureau for Employers' (2015-01-12). ''[http://www.ilo.org/global/publications/ilo-bookstore/order-online/books/WCMS_316450/lang--en/index.htm Women in Business and Management: Gaining momentum]''. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-2-128873-2|&nbsp;<bdi>978-92-2-128873-2</bdi>]].</ref> Thailand sana be one of de world ein best-performing countries if ecam to shoddies for senior business roles insyd. De kingdom sana get high workforce participation rate give shoddies: 60.1% for March 2019 insyd. Thailand consistently dey cam for de top five Asia-Pacific countries plus de highest number of shoddies for executive roles insyd.<ref name=":2" /> === Developed countries === ==== United Kingdom ==== Sam surge for de number of shoddies wey dey start businesses for de United Kingdom narrow de so-called "enterprise gap" between nigga den shoddie company owners for de past decade insyd. De proportion of working-age shoddies dey go for business insyd rise by 45% for de three-year period between 2013 den 2016, compared plus 2003 go 2006, according to sam report by Aston University for Birmingham insyd. De share of working-age men wey dey go for business insyd increase by 27% during de same period.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/6b27babc-607a-11e7-91a7-502f7ee26895 "Surge in female entrepreneurs narrows UK gender gap"]. ''Financial Times''. 2017-07-04. Retrieved 2023-05-02.</ref> ==== United States ==== De number of female-owned businesses for United States dey grow at twice de rate of all firms. As of 2018, around 40% of US firms be majority-owned by shoddies, much higher pass chaw oda developed economies.<ref>Gonzalez, Gaudalupe. [https://www.inc.com/guadalupe-gonzalez/state-women-owned-businesses-report-2018.html "New Research Finds Women Are Starting 1,821 New Businesses a Day, but There's a Catch"]. Inc. Retrieved March 8, 2021.</ref> Corporate support give shoddies for business insyd sana dey rise, plus small business grants<ref>rehman, Hafsa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240613174815/https://optimexfinance.com/small-business-grants-for-women-entrepreneurs-in-the-uk/ "Small business grants for women entrepreneurs in the UK"]. ''Optimex finance''.</ref> wey be available so say ego help shoddies for business insyd.<ref>[https://impactchallenge.withgoogle.com/womenandgirls2021 "Google.org Impact Challenge for Women and Girls"]. Google. Retrieved March 8, 2021.</ref><ref>Carpenter, McKenzie (8 March 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220928235541/https://startupsavant.com/news/google-25-mil-grant-women "Google Announces $25 Million in Grants to Empower Women and Girls"]. Startup Savant. Retrieved March 8, 2021.</ref> Dem credit Affirmative action plus "bringing sam generation of shoddies for business ownership insyd" for United States, following ce 1988 Women's Business Ownership Act den subsequent measures.<ref>[http://www.prowess.org.uk/facts.htm "Facts About Women In Business"]. Prowess 2.0. Retrieved June 16, 2012.</ref> == Make you sana see == * Category:Businesswomen * Gender representation for corporate boards of directors top * Diversity, equity, den inclusion programs == References == <references /> == Read further == * Roger E. Axtell, Tami Briggs, Margaret Corcoran, and Mary Beth Lamb, ''Do's and Taboos Around the World for Women in Business'' * Douglas Branson, ''No Seat at the Table: How Corporate Governance and Law Keep Women Out of the Boardroom'' * Christ, M. H. 2016. ''Women in internal audit: Perspectives from around the world.'' Altamonte Springs, FL: The IIA Research Foundation 2016. * Hine, Darlene Clark. ''Facts on File Encyclopedia of Black Women in America: Business and Professions'' (1997) * Krismann, Carol. ''Encyclopedia of American Women in Business From Colonial Times to the Present'' (2004) * Lin Coughlin, Ellen Wingard, and Keith Hollihan, ''Enlightened Power: How Women are Transforming the Practice of Leadership'' * Harvard Business School Press, editors, ''Harvard Business Review on Women in Business'' * National Women's Business Council, [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo47032 ''African American Women-owned Businesses''] (2012) * National Women's Business Council, [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo47033 ''Women in Business: 2007-2010''] (2012) * Deborah Rhode, ''The Difference ""Difference"" Makes: Women and Leadership'' (2002) * Judy B. Rosener, ''America's Competitive Secret: Women Managers'' * Robert E. Seiler, ''Women in the Accounting Profession'' (1986) [[Category:Businesswomen]] [[Category:African businesspeople]] [[Category:European businesspeople ]] [[Category:Asian businesspeople]] 38i739c88obwo5ddi3kblysvc78pd1v 0 5406 97380 78448 2026-04-29T12:42:46Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''University of Monastir''' (Arabic: جامعة المنستير) anaa UM be Tunisian multidisciplinary varsity plus ein own financial den administrative autonomy wey dey locate insyd Monastir, Tunisia. Dem found am insyd 2004 wey dey follow de reform of de varsity higher education system wey dem dey organize insyd 5 Faculties, 2 graduate schools den 9 institutes.<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-monastir "University of Monastir"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. Retrieved 2018-05-30.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180830004901/http://www.webdo.tn/2017/07/18/tunisie-vers-creation-dun-pole-universitaire-regroupant-universites-de-sousse-monastir/ "Tunisie : Vers la création d'un pôle universitaire regroupant les universités de Sousse et Monastir"]. ''Webdo'' (insyd French). 2017-07-18. Retrieved 2018-08-30.</ref> Ein main activities dey relate to higher education, learning den research insyd broad sense, plus de aim of decentralizing services, supervising den improving de profitability of de higher education system.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171109192013/http://www.um.rnu.tn/content/en/121/history.html "History : university of monastir"]. ''www.um.rnu.tn''. Retrieved 2018-08-30.</ref> Plus approximately 27,500 students, 2,044 lecturers den 758 administrative den support staff, de University of Monastir dey offer wide range of undergraduate den postgraduate courses, plus average graduate count of approximately 4,700 per year. U.S. News & World Report rank am as 18th insyd de 2016 Arab Universities Regional Ranking.<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/education/arab-region-universities/search?country=tunisia "Arab Region Universities Search"]. ''usnews.com''. Retrieved 30 August 2018.</ref> According to UniRank, de varsity dey ranks third insyd Tunisia.<ref>[https://www.unirank.org/tn/uni/university-of-monastir/ "University of Monastir | Ranking & Review"]. ''www.unirank.org''. Retrieved 2018-05-30.</ref> Insyd 2020, de varsity rank 301-400 globally den de first nationally insyd de "Energy Science & Engineering" field according to de ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2020.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180719174043/http://www.shanghairanking.com/Shanghairanking-Subject-Rankings/energy-science-engineering.html "ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2020 - Energy Science & Engineering | Shanghai Ranking - 2020"]. ''www.shanghairanking.com''. Retrieved 2020-07-05.</ref><ref>[https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/universite-de-monastir-529198 "Universite de Monastir"].</ref> == History == [[File:Université_de_Monastir_3.jpg|left|thumb|Logo of de university]] Dem create de University of Monastir by Law No. 86-80 of August 9, 1986, wey e cam turn de University of de Center in accordance plus de provisions of Decree No. 91-1991 of December 31, 1991. E then dey supervise educational institutions insyd de governorates of Monastir, Sousse, Kairouan den Mahdia.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180127005114/http://www.uc.rnu.tn/fr_historique "Untitled Document"]. ''www.uc.rnu.tn''. Retrieved 2018-08-30.</ref> Dey follow de reform of de varsity higher education system, der be return to de old name for accordance plus Decree No. 2102 of 2 September 2004 wey dey establish de current University of Monastir.<ref name=":0" /> == Location == De establishment dey locate for Tahar-Haddad Avenue insyd Monastir, near de Higher Institute of Biotechnology, de Faculty of Dentistry den dat of Pharmacy.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200703002455/http://www.um.rnu.tn/fr "Université de Monastir Accueil"]. ''www.um.rnu.tn''. Retrieved 2020-07-05.</ref><ref>[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/emploi-formation/ecoles/536697/universite-de-monastir/ "Université de Monastir – Jeune Afrique"]. ''JeuneAfrique.com'' (insyd French). 2018-02-26. Retrieved 2020-07-05.</ref> <gallery> File:Université de Monastir 4.jpg|Entry of de varsity File:Université de Monastir 5.jpg|Portal File:Université de Monastir - Avenue Tahar-Haddad à Monastir.jpg|View from de avenue Tahar-Haddad File:Avenue Tahar-Haddad à Monastir 1.jpg|Avenue Tahar-Haddad for front of de varsity </gallery> == Organization == Edey include sixteen varsity establishments (five faculties, two schools den nine institutes) dem distribute between de governorates of Monastir den Mahdia.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200630135635/http://www.um.rnu.tn/fr/etablissements/ "Etablissements"]. ''www.um.rnu.tn''. Retrieved 2020-07-05.</ref>[[File:Entrée_FMDM_sur_l'avenue_Taher_Haddad.jpg|thumb|Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir]] === Faculties === * Faculty of Sciences of Monastir ; * Faculty of Medicine of Monastir ; * Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir ; * Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir ; * Faculty of Economics den Management of Mahdia ; === Graduate schools === * National Engineering School of Monastir; * Graduate School of Health Sciences den Technologies of Monastir ; === Higher Institutes === * Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir ; * Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies of Monastir ; * Higher Institute of Computer Science den Mathematics of Monastir ; * Higher Institute of Applied Languages for Business den Tourism of Moknine ; * Higher Institute of Computer Science of Mahdia ; * Higher Institute of Applied Science den Technology of Mahdia ; * Higher Institute of Arts and Crafts of Mahdia ; * Higher Institute of Applied Studies in de Humanities of Mahdia ; * Higher Institute of Fashion Trades of Monastir ; == Fields of study == De University of Monastir be active institution insyd de fields of pharmaceutical studies den dental surgery, as well as design den fashion. De distribution of students among dese subjects during de 2010–2011 academic year be as follows: clinical den pharmaceutical studies (4,895 students), engineering (4,109 students), computer den communication (3,888 students) den basic sciences ( 3,774 students).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240605174720/https://um.rnu.tn/en/studies/fields-of-study/ "Fields of study"]. ''www.um.rnu.tn''. Retrieved 2020-07-06.</ref> * Fundamental sciences ; * Information den Communication Technologies (ICTs) ; * Paramedical sciences ; * Languages den Humanities ; * Arts den Crafts ; * Economics den Management ; * Biological den Biotechnology Sciences ; * Medical den Pharmaceutical Sciences ; * Engineering Sciences ; == Cursus == De varsity dey offer three study models:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240605180306/https://um.rnu.tn/en/studies/presentation/ "Presentation"]. ''www.um.rnu.tn''. Retrieved 2020-07-06.</ref> * ''LMD'' training: ** Applied anaa fundamental Bachelor (three years) ; ** Professional anaa research Masters (two years) ; ** Doctorate (three years) ; * Engineering studies: ** Preparatory cycle (two years) ; ** Engineering studies (three years) ; * Medical studies : ** Dental den pharmaceutical studies (six to ten years) ; ** Medical studies (six to eleven). De University of Monastir adapt de LMD system during de 2005–2006 academic year (except for medical den engineering studies). == National den international relations == === Cooperation === De University of Monastir be member of international networks den associations such as de Agence universitaire de la Francophonie wey edey participate for large number of national den international projects top fund by different programs such as CMCU, INSERM, TEMPUS den INTERREG.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200710112656/http://www.um.rnu.tn/fr/coop%C3%A9ration/projets/erasmusplus-action-cl%C3%A9-2 "Erasmus+ Action clé 2"]. ''www.um.rnu.tn''. Retrieved 2020-07-06.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200630135549/http://www.um.rnu.tn/fr/coop%C3%A9ration/conventions/conventions-en-cours/ "Conventions en cours"]. ''www.um.rnu.tn''. Retrieved 2020-07-06.</ref> ==== Networks ==== * TEMPUS ; * Erasmus Mundus ; * Erasmus + ; * Horizon 2020. ==== Bilateral projects ==== Partnership plus foreign varsities: * Framework agreements: ** [[Algeria]] (4) ** Germany (3) ** Saudi Arabia (1) ** [[Canada]] (2) ** Spain (2) ** France (19) ** Italy (4) ** [[Libya]] (1) ** Lebanon (1) ** [[Madagascar]] (1) ** [[Morocco]] (1) ** Portugal (1) ** Turkey (1) ** Ukraine (1) ** Czech Republic (1) ** Belgium (1) ** China (1); * Co-supervision agreements. Dis openness to de international dimension of de varsity dem illustrate by ein policy of cooperation plus regard to education den research den by ein effort make edey implement mobility give students, academic staff den researchers. For addition, around 1% of ein total student population be foreign. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190218140631/http://www.um.rnu.tn/ University of Monastir Website] (insyd French den Arabic) {{Authority control}} [[Category:Universities insyd Tunisia]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 2004]] [[Category:2004 establishments insyd Tunisia]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2004]] jj3duyscuyofq6uuv5i6i39eq79osk5 0 22273 97384 81528 2026-04-29T15:22:17Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yellow fever''' be a viral disease of typically short duration.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web |title=Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/ |work=World Health Organization |access-date=23 February 2014 |date=May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219011908/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/ |archive-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Insyd chaw cases, symptoms dey include fever, chills, loss of appetite, nausea, muscle pains—particularly insyd de back—den headaches.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Symptoms typically dey improve within five days.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Insyd about 15% of people, within a day of improving de fever dey recur, abdominal pain dey occur den liver damage dey begin, wey dey cause [[Jaundice|yellow skin]].<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZXdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA572 |title=Scully's Medical Problems in Dentistry |vauthors=Scully C |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7020-5963-6 |page=572 |language=en}}</ref> If dis dey occur, de risk of bleeding den kidney problems dey increase.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yellow fever |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/yellow-fever |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=World Health Organization |language=en}}</ref> De disease be caused by de yellow fever virus wey e be spread by de bite of an infected mosquito.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="mayoclinic">{{Cite web |title=Yellow fever - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yellow-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20353045 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424083736/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yellow-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20353045 |archive-date=Apr 24, 2022 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> E dey infect humans, oda primates,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goes de Jesus |first1=Jaqueline |last2=Gräf |first2=Tiago |last3=Giovanetti |first3=Marta |last4=Mares-Guia |first4=Maria Angélica |last5=Xavier |first5=Joilson |last6=Lima Maia |first6=Maricelia |last7=Fonseca |first7=Vagner |last8=Fabri |first8=Allison |last9=dos Santos |first9=Roberto Fonseca |last10=Mota Pereira |first10=Felicidade |last11=Ferraz Oliveira Santos |first11=Leandro |date=2020-08-11 |title=Yellow fever transmission in non-human primates, Bahia, Northeastern Brazil |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=14 |issue=8 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008405 |pmc=7418952 |pmid=32780745 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0008405}}</ref> den chaw types of mosquitoes.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Insyd cities, e be spread primarily by ''Aedes aegypti'', a type of mosquito dem find thru out de tropics den subtropics.<ref name="WHO2014" /> De virus be an RNA virus of de genus ''Orthoflavivirus,'' plus a full scientific name ''Orthoflavivirus flavi.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Postler |first=Thomas S. |last2=Beer |first2=Martin |last3=Blitvich |first3=Bradley J. |last4=Bukh |first4=Jens |last5=de Lamballerie |first5=Xavier |last6=Drexler |first6=J. Felix |last7=Imrie |first7=Allison |last8=Kapoor |first8=Amit |last9=Karganova |first9=Galina G. |last10=Lemey |first10=Philippe |last11=Lohmann |first11=Volker |last12=Simmonds |first12=Peter |last13=Smith |first13=Donald B. |last14=Stapleton |first14=Jack T. |last15=Kuhn |first15=Jens H. |date=2023 |title=Renaming of the genus Flavivirus to Orthoflavivirus and extension of binomial species names within the family Flaviviridae |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00705-023-05835-1 |journal=Archives of Virology |language=en |volume=168 |issue=9 |doi=10.1007/s00705-023-05835-1 |pmid=37561168 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> De disease fi be difficult to tell apart from oda illnesses, especially insyd de early stages.<ref name="WHO2014" /> To confirm a suspected case, dem dey require blood-sample testing plus a polymerase chain reaction.<ref name="Toll2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tolle MA |date=April 2009 |title=Mosquito-borne diseases |journal=Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=97–140 |doi=10.1016/j.cppeds.2009.01.001 |pmid=19327647}}</ref> A safe den effective vaccine against yellow fever dey exist, wey sam countries dey require vaccinations for travelers.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Oda efforts to prevent infection dey include reducing de population of de transmitting mosquitoes.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Insyd areas wer yellow fever be common, early diagnosis of cases den immunization of large parts of de population be important to prevent outbreaks.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Once a person be infected, management be symptomatic; no specific measures be effective against de virus.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Death dey occur insyd up to half of those wey get severe disease.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref>{{cite web |date=August 21, 2015 |title=Frequently Asked Questions About Yellow Fever |url=https://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/qa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323210418/http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/qa/ |archive-date=23 March 2016 |access-date=18 March 2016 |website=CDC}}</ref> Insyd 2013, na dem estimate yellow fever e cause 130,000 severe infections den 78,000 deaths insyd Africa.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garske |first=Tini |last2=Van Kerkhove |first2=Maria D. |last3=Yactayo |first3=Sergio |last4=Ronveaux |first4=Olivier |last5=Lewis |first5=Rosamund F. |last6=Staples |first6=J. Erin |last7=Perea |first7=William |last8=Ferguson |first8=Neil M. |date=2014 |title=Yellow Fever in Africa: estimating the burden of disease and impact of mass vaccination from outbreak and serological data |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4011853/ |journal=PLoS medicine |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=e1001638 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001638 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=4011853 |pmid=24800812 |via=Yellow Fever Expert Committee}}</ref> Approximately 90 percent of an estimated 200,000 cases of yellow fever per year dey occur insyd [[Africa]].<ref name="pmid17304460">{{cite journal |last=Barnett |first=Elizabeth D. |year=2007 |title=Yellow Fever: Epidemiology and Prevention |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=850–856 |doi=10.1086/511869 |pmid=17304460 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nearly a billion people dey live insyd an area of de world wer de disease be common.<ref name="WHO2014" /> E be common insyd tropical areas of de continents of South America den Africa,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lataillade |first1=Lucy de Guilhem de |last2=Vazeille |first2=Marie |last3=Obadia |first3=Thomas |last4=Madec |first4=Yoann |last5=Mousson |first5=Laurence |last6=Kamgang |first6=Basile |last7=Chen |first7=Chun-Hong |last8=Failloux |first8=Anna-Bella |last9=Yen |first9=Pei-Shi |date=16 November 2020 |title=Risk of yellow fever virus transmission in the Asia-Pacific region |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5801 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5801L |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19625-9 |pmc=7669885 |pmid=33199712}}</ref> buh no be insyd Asia.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="CDC2011">{{cite web |title=CDC Yellow Fever |url=https://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221085711/http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/ |archive-date=2012-12-21 |access-date=2012-12-12}}</ref> Since de 1980s, de number of cases of yellow fever dey increase.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="Barr2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barrett AD, Higgs S |year=2007 |title=Yellow fever: a disease that has yet to be conquered |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=52 |pages=209–229 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091454 |pmid=16913829}}</ref> Dem dey believe dis be secof na fewer people be immune, more people dey live insyd cities, people dey move frequently, den [[Climate change|changing climate]] dey increase de habitat for mosquitoes.<ref name="WHO2014" /> De disease originate insyd Africa wey e spread to de Americas starting insyd de 17th century plus de European trafficking of [[Atlantic slave trade|enslaved Africans]] from sub-Saharan Africa.<ref name="Old2009">{{cite book |last1=Oldstone |first1=Michael B. A. |title=Viruses, Plagues, and History |date=2020 |isbn=978-0-19-005678-0 |pages=89–122 |chapter=Yellow Fever |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190056780.003.0005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Yellow Fever in the U.S. |url=https://asm.org/Articles/2021/May/History-of-Yellow-Fever-in-the-U-S |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=ASM.org |language=en}}</ref> Since de 17th century, na chaw major outbreaks of de disease occur insyd de Americas, Africa, den Europe.<ref name="Old2009" /> Insyd de 18th den 19th centuries, na dem consider yellow fever one of de most dangerous infectious diseases; na chaw epidemics sweep thru major cities of de US den insyd oda parts of de world.<ref name="Old2009" /> Insyd 1927, de yellow fever virus cam be de first human virus to be isolated.<ref name="lindenbach2007">{{cite book |title=Fields Virology |vauthors=Lindenbach BD, Rice CM |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7817-6060-7 |veditors=Knipe DM, Howley PM |edition=5th |location=Philadelphia, PA |page=1101 |chapter=Flaviviridae: The Viruses and Their Replication}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpDaaFcFA3kC&pg=PA17 |title=West Nile Virus |vauthors=Sfakianos J, Hecht A |date=2009 |publisher=Chelsea House |others=Foreword by David Heymann |isbn=978-1-60413-254-0 |veditors=Babcock H |edition=2nd |series=Deadly Diseases & Epidemics |location=New York |page=17 |type=Curriculum-based juvenile nonfiction |quote=The yellow fever virus was isolated in 1927}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=154874|c=Category:Yellow fever|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=Yellow fever|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=Yellow fever|species=no}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170426200032/http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/yellowfever/ "U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission."] Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia * {{cite web |title=Yellow fever virus |work=NCBI Taxonomy Browser |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=11089 |id=11089}} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Yellow Fever}} [[Category:Yellow fever| ]] [[Category:Zoonotic viral diseases]] [[Category:Biological agents]] [[Category:Epidemics]] [[Category:Tropical diseases]] [[Category:Vaccine-preventable diseases]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] pvmtu923hg2tyi96qguezajdt0s61bq 0 24084 97400 87081 2026-04-29T18:18:44Z Triggerhippie4 5771 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Fertile crescent Neolithic B circa 7500 BC.jpg]] → [[File:Fertile crescent Neolithic B circa 7500 BC.svg]] Replace JPEG map with SVG, [[c:c:Commons:Transition to SVG]] 97400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jarmo''' (Kurdish: چەرمۆ, <small>romanized:</small> ''Çermo'' anaa {{lang|ku|Qelay Çermo}}, sanso be ''Qal'at Jarmo'') be a prehistoric archeological site wey locate insyd modern Iraqi Kurdistan on de foothills of de Zagros Mountains. E dey lie at an altitude of 800&nbsp;m above sea-level insyd a belt of oak den pistachio woodlands insyd de Adhaim River watershed. Excavations reveal say na Jarmo be an agricultural community wey dey date back to around 7090 BC. Na e be broadly contemporary plus oda important Neolithic sites such as Jericho insyd de Southern Levant den Çatalhöyük insyd Anatolia. == Discovery den excavation == De site be originally discovered by de Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities insyd 1940, wey e later cam be known to archaeologist Robert Braidwood from de University of Chicago Oriental Institute. At de time, na he dey look for suitable places to research de origins of de Neolithic Revolution.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Braidwood |first1=Linda S |url=https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip105.pdf |title=Prehistoric archeology along the Zagros Flanks |last2=University of Chicago |last3=Oriental Institute |last4=Iraq-Jarmo Prehistoric Project (1950-1955) |date=1983 |publisher=Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago |location=Chicago, Ill. |language=English |oclc=679889989}}</ref><ref>Robert J. Braidwood, The Iraq-Jarmo Project of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Season 1954–1955, Verlag nicht ermittelbar, 1954</ref> Braidwood work as part of de Iraq-Jarmo programme for three seasons, those of 1948, 1950-1951 den 1954-1955; a fourth campaign, to be carried out insyd 1958-1959 no cam about secof de 14 July Revolution. During de excavations insyd Jarmo insyd 1954-1955, Braidwood use a multidisciplinary approach for de first time, insyd an attempt to refine de research methods den clarify de origin of de domestication of plants den animals. Among ein team be a geologist, Herbert Wright, a palaeo-botanist, Hans Helbaek, an expert insyd pottery den radio-carbon dating, Frederic Mason, den a zoologist, Charles Reed, as well as a number of archaeologists. Na dem subsequently use de interdisciplinary method insyd all serious field work insyd archaeology. == Jarmo, de village == [[File:Jarmo_personal_adornments,_1_carnelian_beads,_2_turquoise_bead,_3_clay_beads,_4_stone_bracelets,_5_pendants_of_clay,_stone,_and_shell_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum,_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC06938.JPG|thumb|Personal adornments wey komot Jarmo – University of Chicago Oriental Institute]] [[File:Fertile crescent Neolithic B circa 7500 BC.svg|thumb|Area of de Fertile Crescent, circa 7500 BC, plus main sites. Jarmo be one of de important sites of de Pre-Pottery Neolithic period. Na de area of Mesopotamia proper no yet be settled (as insyd founding of permanent settlements) by humans.]] De excavations expose a small village, wey dey cover an area of 12,000 to 16,000&nbsp;m², den wich be dated (by carbon-14) to 7090 BC, for de oldest levels, to 4950 BC for de most recent. De entire site dey consist of twelve levels. Jarmo dey appear to be two older, permanent Neolithic settlements den, approximately, contemporary plus Jericho anaa de Neolithic stage of Shanidar. De high point be likely to be between 6200 den 5800 BC. Dis small village consist of sam twenty five houses, plus adobe walls den sun-dried mud roofs, wich rest on stone foundations, plus a simple floor plan dem dig from de earth. Dese dwellings frequently be repaired anaa rebuilt. Insyd all, about 150 people live insyd de village, wich na clearly be a permanent settlement. Insyd de earlier phases der be a preponderance of objects dem make from stone, silex—wey dey use older styles—den obsidian. De use of dis latter material, dem obtain from de area of Lake Van, 200 miles away, dey suggest say sam form of organized trade already exist, as does de presence of ornamental shells wey komot de Persian Gulf. Insyd de oldest level baskets be found, dem waterproof plus pitch, wich readily be available insyd de area. == Gallery == <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:Jarmo_(Qal'at_Jarmo),_late_8th_century_BCE_to_late_6th_century_BCE._Sulaymaniyah,_Iraq,_March_2021._Aftermaths_of_1948-1955_excavations_conducted_by_the_Oriental_Institute_of_the_University_of_Chicago.jpg|Jarmo, March 2021. Remains of de 1948-1955 excavations wey de Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago conduct File:Jarmo_(Qal'at_Jarmo),_late_8th_century_BCE_to_late_6th_century_BCE._Sulaymaniyah,_Iraq._Recent_excavations_by_a_Japanese_team_were_conducted_on_the_previous_excavations_conducted_by_the_Oriental_Institute_of_Chicago_between_1948-1955.jpg|Jarmo, March 2021, recent excavations by a Japanese team be conducted on de previous excavations dem carry out by de Oriental Institute between 1948 den 1955 File:Jarmo_(Qal'at_Jarmo),_late_8th_century_BCE_to_late_6th_century_BCE._Sulaymaniyah,_Iraq,_March_2021._Aftermaths_of_1948-1955_excavations_conducted_by_the_Oriental_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg|Jarmo, March 2021. Remains of de 1948-1955 excavations wey de Oriental Institute conduct File:Fragments_of_alabaster_jars,_Jarmo_circa_7500_BC,_before_the_7000_BC_invention_of_pottery_Louvre_Museum.jpg|Fragments of alabaster jars, Jarmo circa 7500 BCE, before de 7000 BCE invention of pottery insyd de region. Louvre Museum File:Pottery_bowl,_7100-5800_BCE,_from_Jarmo,_Sulaymaniyah,_Iraq._Sulaymaniyah_Museum,_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg|Pottery bowl, 7100-5800 BCE, from Jarmo </gallery> == References == <references /> == Read further == * {{Cite journal|last=Adovasio|first=James M.|date=1975|title=The Textile and Basketry Impressions from Jarmo|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/paleo_0153-9345_1975_num_3_1_4198|journal=Paléorient|volume=3|issue=1|pages=223–230|doi=10.3406/paleo.1975.4198}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Braidwood|first1=Robert J.|last2=Braidwood|first2=Linda|date=1950|title=Jarmo: A Village Early Farmers in Iraq|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/jarmo-a-village-early-farmers-in-iraq/4A686CFC6C86C3E279337AD441986A49|journal=Antiquity|language=en|volume=24|issue=96|pages=189–195|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00023371|s2cid=162520880 |issn=0003-598X|url-access=subscription}} *TSUNEKI, Akira, et al., "PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE CHARMO (JARMO) PREHISTORIC INVESTIGATIONS", 2023." ラーフィダーン 45, pp. 1-47, 2024 == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/Archeological_Newsletters.pdf Link to letters from the archeologist] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140809161423/http://www.mom.fr/Aspro/servlet/com.esrifrance.kogis.server.KogisServlet?htmlrequest=getObjectAttribute&objectClass=site_per&objectID=JARMO%20%28Qalaat%29_4 Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée details on Jarmo] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140730014330/http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/c14.php?vonsite=523 University of Cologne Radiocarbon CONTEXT database dates for Jarmo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730014330/http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/c14.php?vonsite=523 |date=2014-07-30 }} [[Category:1940 archaeological discoveries]] [[Category:Archaeological sites insyd Iraq]] [[Category:Neolithic sites of Asia]] [[Category:Neolithic settlements]] [[Category:Former populated places insyd Iraq]] [[Category:Sulaymaniyah Governorate]] [[Category:Archaeological discoveries insyd Iraq]] [[Category:Populated places dem establish insyd de 8th millennium BC]] [[Category:Populated places dem disestablish insyd de 5th millennium BC]] [[Category:2026 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]] bxav34ikutdr8o6e5llivg4n2qga06j 0 26626 97382 2026-04-29T14:58:05Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350686745|Malnutrition]]" 97382 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Malnutrition''' dey occur wen an organism get too few anaa too many nutrients, wey dey result in health problems.<ref name="Clinical Nutrition in Practice (2011)">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJHU1m7BEP8C&pg=PT46 |title=Clinical Nutrition in Practice |vauthors=Katsilambros N |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4443-4777-7 |page=37}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malnutrition |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/malnutrition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702122035/https://www.who.int/health-topics/malnutrition |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |access-date=May 3, 2024 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Specifically, e be a deficiency, excess, anaa imbalance of energy, protein den oda nutrients wich adversely dey affect de body ein tissues den form.<ref name="Hickson, M 2018. p.3">{{Cite book |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Advanced nutrition and dietetics in nutrition support |collaboration=British Dietetic Association |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-118-99386-6 |editor-last=Hickson |editor-first=Mary |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=3 |oclc=1004376424 |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=Sara}}</ref> == References == m13vqaic7fymdp1hzwvya2tov3uk3ur 97383 97382 2026-04-29T15:05:42Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Malnutrition''' dey occur wen an organism get too few anaa too many nutrients, wey dey result in health problems.<ref name="Clinical Nutrition in Practice (2011)">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJHU1m7BEP8C&pg=PT46 |title=Clinical Nutrition in Practice |vauthors=Katsilambros N |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4443-4777-7 |page=37}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malnutrition |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/malnutrition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702122035/https://www.who.int/health-topics/malnutrition |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |access-date=May 3, 2024 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Specifically, e be a deficiency, excess, anaa imbalance of energy, protein den oda nutrients wich adversely dey affect de body ein tissues den form.<ref name="Hickson, M 2018. p.3">{{Cite book |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Advanced nutrition and dietetics in nutrition support |collaboration=British Dietetic Association |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-118-99386-6 |editor-last=Hickson |editor-first=Mary |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=3 |oclc=1004376424 |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=Sara}}</ref> Malnutrition be a category of diseases wey dey include undernutrition den overnutrition.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO, nutrition experts take action on malnutrition |url=https://www.who.int/nutrition/pressnote_action_on_malnutrition/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414112559/http://www.who.int/nutrition/pressnote_action_on_malnutrition/en/ |archive-date=April 14, 2011 |work=World Health Organization |access-date=February 10, 2012 }}</ref> Undernutrition be a lack of nutrients, wich fi result in stunted growth, wasting, wey be underweight.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Lenters |first1=Lindsey |title=Management of Severe and Moderate Acute Malnutrition in Children |date=2016 |work=Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 2) |editor-last=Black |editor-first=Robert E. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361900/ |access-date=May 3, 2024 |place=Washington (DC) |publisher=The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank |isbn=978-1-4648-0348-2 |pmid=27227221 |last2=Wazny |first2=Kerri |last3=Bhutta |first3=Zulfiqar A. |doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-0348-2_ch11 |editor2-last=Laxminarayan |editor2-first=Ramanan |editor3-last=Temmerman |editor3-first=Marleen |editor4-last=Walker |editor4-first=Neff |archive-date=May 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512154309/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361900/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A surplus of nutrients dey cause overnutrition, wich fi result in [[obesity]] anaa toxic levels of micronutrients. Insyd sam developing countries, overnutrition insyd de form of obesity dey begin to appear within de same communities as undernutrition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Progress For Children: A Report Card On Nutrition |url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._4.pdf |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=March 19, 2012 |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112154958/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._4.pdf }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 062hpomd8hdxr1y6o4s3llo949i9cbr 97385 97383 2026-04-29T16:13:34Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Malnutrition''' dey occur wen an organism get too few anaa too many nutrients, wey dey result in health problems.<ref name="Clinical Nutrition in Practice (2011)">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJHU1m7BEP8C&pg=PT46 |title=Clinical Nutrition in Practice |vauthors=Katsilambros N |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4443-4777-7 |page=37}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malnutrition |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/malnutrition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702122035/https://www.who.int/health-topics/malnutrition |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |access-date=May 3, 2024 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Specifically, e be a deficiency, excess, anaa imbalance of energy, protein den oda nutrients wich adversely dey affect de body ein tissues den form.<ref name="Hickson, M 2018. p.3">{{Cite book |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Advanced nutrition and dietetics in nutrition support |collaboration=British Dietetic Association |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-118-99386-6 |editor-last=Hickson |editor-first=Mary |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=3 |oclc=1004376424 |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=Sara}}</ref> Malnutrition be a category of diseases wey dey include undernutrition den overnutrition.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO, nutrition experts take action on malnutrition |url=https://www.who.int/nutrition/pressnote_action_on_malnutrition/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414112559/http://www.who.int/nutrition/pressnote_action_on_malnutrition/en/ |archive-date=April 14, 2011 |work=World Health Organization |access-date=February 10, 2012 }}</ref> Undernutrition be a lack of nutrients, wich fi result in stunted growth, wasting, wey be underweight.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Lenters |first1=Lindsey |title=Management of Severe and Moderate Acute Malnutrition in Children |date=2016 |work=Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 2) |editor-last=Black |editor-first=Robert E. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361900/ |access-date=May 3, 2024 |place=Washington (DC) |publisher=The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank |isbn=978-1-4648-0348-2 |pmid=27227221 |last2=Wazny |first2=Kerri |last3=Bhutta |first3=Zulfiqar A. |doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-0348-2_ch11 |editor2-last=Laxminarayan |editor2-first=Ramanan |editor3-last=Temmerman |editor3-first=Marleen |editor4-last=Walker |editor4-first=Neff |archive-date=May 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512154309/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361900/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A surplus of nutrients dey cause overnutrition, wich fi result in [[obesity]] anaa toxic levels of micronutrients. Insyd sam developing countries, overnutrition insyd de form of obesity dey begin to appear within de same communities as undernutrition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Progress For Children: A Report Card On Nutrition |url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._4.pdf |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=March 19, 2012 |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112154958/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._4.pdf }}</ref> Chaw clinical studies dey use de term 'malnutrition' to refer to undernutrition. However, de use of 'malnutrition' instead of 'undernutrition' dey make am impossible to distinguish between undernutrition den overnutrition, a less acknowledged form of malnutrition.<ref name="Hickson, M 2018. p.3"/><ref>Ngaruiya, C., Hayward, A., Post, L. and Mowafi, H., 2017. "Obesity as a form of malnutrition: over-nutrition on the Uganda 'malnutrition' agenda". ''Pan African Medical Journal'', 28, p. 49.</ref> Accordingly, a 2019 report by The Lancet Commission suggest expanding de definition of malnutrition to include "all ein forms, wey dey include obesity, undernutrition, den oda dietary risks."<ref>Swinburn, B., Kraak, V., Allender, S., ''et al.'', 2019. "The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change: The Lancet Commission report." ''The Lancet'', 393(10173), pp. 791–846.</ref> The [[World Health Organization]]<ref>References Min, J., Zhao, Y., Slivka, L. and Wang, Y., 2017. "Double burden of diseases worldwide: coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition-related non-communicable chronic diseases". ''Obesity Reviews'', 19(1), pp. 49–61.</ref> den The Lancet Commission sanso identify "[t]he double burden of malnutrition", wich dey occur from "de coexistence of overnutrition (overweight den obesity) alongside undernutrition (stunted growth den wasting)."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Double Burden of Malnutrition |date=December 16, 2019 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/series/double-burden-malnutrition |publisher=The Lancet Commission |access-date=January 17, 2022 |archive-date=January 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116100426/https://www.thelancet.com/series/double-burden-malnutrition |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ghattas, H. 2020">Ghattas, H., Acharya, Y., Jamaluddine, Z., Assi, M., El Asmar, K. and Jones, A., 2020. The child-level double burden of malnutrition in the MENA and LAC regions: Prevalence and social determinants. Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition, 16(2).</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0jbn1eytywkyt1gdk3w7c7tayyvyl9a 97386 97385 2026-04-29T16:40:05Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Malnutrition''' dey occur wen an organism get too few anaa too many nutrients, wey dey result in health problems.<ref name="Clinical Nutrition in Practice (2011)">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJHU1m7BEP8C&pg=PT46 |title=Clinical Nutrition in Practice |vauthors=Katsilambros N |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4443-4777-7 |page=37}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malnutrition |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/malnutrition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702122035/https://www.who.int/health-topics/malnutrition |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |access-date=May 3, 2024 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Specifically, e be a deficiency, excess, anaa imbalance of energy, protein den oda nutrients wich adversely dey affect de body ein tissues den form.<ref name="Hickson, M 2018. p.3">{{Cite book |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Advanced nutrition and dietetics in nutrition support |collaboration=British Dietetic Association |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-118-99386-6 |editor-last=Hickson |editor-first=Mary |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=3 |oclc=1004376424 |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=Sara}}</ref> Malnutrition be a category of diseases wey dey include undernutrition den overnutrition.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO, nutrition experts take action on malnutrition |url=https://www.who.int/nutrition/pressnote_action_on_malnutrition/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414112559/http://www.who.int/nutrition/pressnote_action_on_malnutrition/en/ |archive-date=April 14, 2011 |work=World Health Organization |access-date=February 10, 2012 }}</ref> Undernutrition be a lack of nutrients, wich fi result in stunted growth, wasting, wey be underweight.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Lenters |first1=Lindsey |title=Management of Severe and Moderate Acute Malnutrition in Children |date=2016 |work=Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 2) |editor-last=Black |editor-first=Robert E. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361900/ |access-date=May 3, 2024 |place=Washington (DC) |publisher=The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank |isbn=978-1-4648-0348-2 |pmid=27227221 |last2=Wazny |first2=Kerri |last3=Bhutta |first3=Zulfiqar A. |doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-0348-2_ch11 |editor2-last=Laxminarayan |editor2-first=Ramanan |editor3-last=Temmerman |editor3-first=Marleen |editor4-last=Walker |editor4-first=Neff |archive-date=May 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512154309/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361900/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A surplus of nutrients dey cause overnutrition, wich fi result in [[obesity]] anaa toxic levels of micronutrients. Insyd sam developing countries, overnutrition insyd de form of obesity dey begin to appear within de same communities as undernutrition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Progress For Children: A Report Card On Nutrition |url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._4.pdf |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=March 19, 2012 |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112154958/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._4.pdf }}</ref> Chaw clinical studies dey use de term 'malnutrition' to refer to undernutrition. However, de use of 'malnutrition' instead of 'undernutrition' dey make am impossible to distinguish between undernutrition den overnutrition, a less acknowledged form of malnutrition.<ref name="Hickson, M 2018. p.3"/><ref>Ngaruiya, C., Hayward, A., Post, L. and Mowafi, H., 2017. "Obesity as a form of malnutrition: over-nutrition on the Uganda 'malnutrition' agenda". ''Pan African Medical Journal'', 28, p. 49.</ref> Accordingly, a 2019 report by The Lancet Commission suggest expanding de definition of malnutrition to include "all ein forms, wey dey include obesity, undernutrition, den oda dietary risks."<ref>Swinburn, B., Kraak, V., Allender, S., ''et al.'', 2019. "The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change: The Lancet Commission report." ''The Lancet'', 393(10173), pp. 791–846.</ref> The [[World Health Organization]]<ref>References Min, J., Zhao, Y., Slivka, L. and Wang, Y., 2017. "Double burden of diseases worldwide: coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition-related non-communicable chronic diseases". ''Obesity Reviews'', 19(1), pp. 49–61.</ref> den The Lancet Commission sanso identify "[t]he double burden of malnutrition", wich dey occur from "de coexistence of overnutrition (overweight den obesity) alongside undernutrition (stunted growth den wasting)."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Double Burden of Malnutrition |date=December 16, 2019 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/series/double-burden-malnutrition |publisher=The Lancet Commission |access-date=January 17, 2022 |archive-date=January 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116100426/https://www.thelancet.com/series/double-burden-malnutrition |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ghattas, H. 2020">Ghattas, H., Acharya, Y., Jamaluddine, Z., Assi, M., El Asmar, K. and Jones, A., 2020. The child-level double burden of malnutrition in the MENA and LAC regions: Prevalence and social determinants. Maternal &amp; Child Nutrition, 16(2).</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q12167|c=Category:Malnutrition|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=malnutrition|species=no}} * [http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/487/05/PDF/N0748705.pdf?OpenElement United Nation 2007 report] * [http://wfp.org World Food Programme | WFP] * [https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/ UN] * [https://www.wfp.org/publications/2020-global-report-food-crises WFP] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Malnutrition| ]] [[Category:Global issues]] [[Category:Health effects of food den nutrition]] [[Category:Limbic system]] [[Category:Motivation]] [[Category:Neuropsychology]] [[Category:Eating behaviors]] [[Category:Hazards of outdoor recreation]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4dxmi1qjl0jio0yxpbr0yqur4a7ypxn 14 26627 97387 2026-04-29T16:41:14Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97387 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26628 97388 2026-04-29T16:41:25Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97388 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26629 97389 2026-04-29T16:41:37Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97389 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26630 97390 2026-04-29T16:41:48Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97390 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26631 97391 2026-04-29T16:42:01Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97391 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26632 97392 2026-04-29T16:42:12Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97392 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26633 97393 2026-04-29T16:56:40Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351705330|Dracunculiasis]]" 97393 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dracunculiasis''', dem sanso call '''Guinea-worm disease''', be a parasitic infection by de Guinea worm (''Dracunculus medinensis).'' A person cam be infected by drinking water dem contaminate plus Guinea-worm larvae wey dey reside insyd copepods (a type of small crustacean). Stomach acid dey digest de copepod den dey release de Guinea worm larva, wich dey penetrate de digestive tract den dey escape into de body. Around a year later, de adult female worm dey migrate to an exit site – usually de lower leg – den dey induce an intensely painful blister on de skin. Eventually, de blister bursts, wey dey create a painful wound from wich de worm gradually dey emerge over several weeks. De wound remain painful thru out de worm ein emergence, wey dey disable de affected person for de three to ten weeks e dey take de worm to emerge. De female worm release larvae wen de host submerge de wound insyd water in attempts to relieve de pain, thus dey continue de life cycle. p3dmc9i8fu1elxxr4snan7869dueud3 97394 97393 2026-04-29T17:10:55Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dracunculiasis''', dem sanso call '''Guinea-worm disease''', be a parasitic infection by de Guinea worm (''Dracunculus medinensis).'' A person cam be infected by drinking water dem contaminate plus Guinea-worm larvae wey dey reside insyd copepods (a type of small crustacean). Stomach acid dey digest de copepod den dey release de Guinea worm larva, wich dey penetrate de digestive tract den dey escape into de body. Around a year later, de adult female worm dey migrate to an exit site – usually de lower leg – den dey induce an intensely painful blister on de skin. Eventually, de blister bursts, wey dey create a painful wound from wich de worm gradually dey emerge over several weeks. De wound remain painful thru out de worm ein emergence, wey dey disable de affected person for de three to ten weeks e dey take de worm to emerge. De female worm release larvae wen de host submerge de wound insyd water in attempts to relieve de pain, thus dey continue de life cycle. Der be no [[medication]] to treat anaa prevent dracunculiasis. Instead, de mainstay of treatment be de careful wrapping of de emerging worm around a small stick anaa gauze to encourage den speed up ein exit. Each day, a few more centimeters of de worm emerge, den de stick be turned to maintain gentle tension. Too much tension fi break den kill de worm insyd de wound, wey dey cause severe pain den swelling. Dracunculiasis be a disease of extreme poverty, wey dey occur insyd places plus poor access to clean drinking water. Prevention efforts dey center on filtering drinking water to remove copepods as well as public education campaigns to discourage people from soaking affected limbs insyd sources of drinking water, as dis action dey allow de worms to spread dema larvae. == References == oouz5u6gc3tn0vukrm2lur5u5nzphnp 97395 97394 2026-04-29T17:17:41Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dracunculiasis''', dem sanso call '''Guinea-worm disease''', be a parasitic infection by de Guinea worm (''Dracunculus medinensis).'' A person cam be infected by drinking water dem contaminate plus Guinea-worm larvae wey dey reside insyd copepods (a type of small crustacean). Stomach acid dey digest de copepod den dey release de Guinea worm larva, wich dey penetrate de digestive tract den dey escape into de body. Around a year later, de adult female worm dey migrate to an exit site – usually de lower leg – den dey induce an intensely painful blister on de skin. Eventually, de blister bursts, wey dey create a painful wound from wich de worm gradually dey emerge over several weeks. De wound remain painful thru out de worm ein emergence, wey dey disable de affected person for de three to ten weeks e dey take de worm to emerge. De female worm release larvae wen de host submerge de wound insyd water in attempts to relieve de pain, thus dey continue de life cycle. Der be no [[medication]] to treat anaa prevent dracunculiasis. Instead, de mainstay of treatment be de careful wrapping of de emerging worm around a small stick anaa gauze to encourage den speed up ein exit. Each day, a few more centimeters of de worm emerge, den de stick be turned to maintain gentle tension. Too much tension fi break den kill de worm insyd de wound, wey dey cause severe pain den swelling. Dracunculiasis be a disease of extreme poverty, wey dey occur insyd places plus poor access to clean drinking water. Prevention efforts dey center on filtering drinking water to remove copepods as well as public education campaigns to discourage people from soaking affected limbs insyd sources of drinking water, as dis action dey allow de worms to spread dema larvae. Accounts consistent plus dracunculiasis dey appear in surviving documents from physicians of Greco-Roman antiquity. Insyd de 19th den early 20th centuries, dracunculiasis be widespread across much of [[Africa]] den South Asia, wey dey affect as many as 48&nbsp;million people per year. De effort to eradicate dracunculiasis begin insyd de 1980s dey follow de successful eradication of smallpox insyd 1977. By 1995, nearly every country plus endemic dracunculiasis establish a national eradication program. Insyd de ensuing years, dracunculiasis cases drop precipitously, wey dey fall below 100,000 cases per year insyd 1997, below 10,000 cases insyd 2007, below 1,000 cases insyd 2012, below 100 cases insyd 2015, den to 10 cases insyd 2025 per.<!-- two in South Sudan and four each in Chad and Ethiopia in 2025 --> Since 1986, 16 previously endemic countries eradicate dracunculiasis, wey dey leave de disease primarily endemic insyd three landlocked developing countries of central Africa{{snd}} [[Chad]], [[Ethiopia]] den [[South Sudan]]. Three additional countries remain to be certified as free of dracunculiasis transmission wey dem get no reported human cases since de end of 2023: [[Angola]], [[Mali]], den [[Sudan]]. One of dese, Sudan, be pre-certified buh no yet be confirmed free of transmissions. Additionally, although na [[Cameroon]] be certified free of internal transmission since 2007, e experience three cases since 2019 along ein border plus Chad. ''D.&nbsp;medinensis'' sanso fi infect dogs, cats, den baboons, though non-human cases sanso dey fall secof de eradication efforts. Oda ''Dracunculus'' species dey cause dracunculiasis insyd reptiles worldwide den insyd mammals insyd de Americas. == References == 2cbk24e8jn4o7zt4g1qwttu8pp4gktk 97396 97395 2026-04-29T17:21:18Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dracunculiasis''', dem sanso call '''Guinea-worm disease''', be a parasitic infection by de Guinea worm (''Dracunculus medinensis).'' A person cam be infected by drinking water dem contaminate plus Guinea-worm larvae wey dey reside insyd copepods (a type of small crustacean). Stomach acid dey digest de copepod den dey release de Guinea worm larva, wich dey penetrate de digestive tract den dey escape into de body. Around a year later, de adult female worm dey migrate to an exit site – usually de lower leg – den dey induce an intensely painful blister on de skin. Eventually, de blister bursts, wey dey create a painful wound from wich de worm gradually dey emerge over several weeks. De wound remain painful thru out de worm ein emergence, wey dey disable de affected person for de three to ten weeks e dey take de worm to emerge. De female worm release larvae wen de host submerge de wound insyd water in attempts to relieve de pain, thus dey continue de life cycle. Der be no [[medication]] to treat anaa prevent dracunculiasis. Instead, de mainstay of treatment be de careful wrapping of de emerging worm around a small stick anaa gauze to encourage den speed up ein exit. Each day, a few more centimeters of de worm emerge, den de stick be turned to maintain gentle tension. Too much tension fi break den kill de worm insyd de wound, wey dey cause severe pain den swelling. Dracunculiasis be a disease of extreme poverty, wey dey occur insyd places plus poor access to clean drinking water. Prevention efforts dey center on filtering drinking water to remove copepods as well as public education campaigns to discourage people from soaking affected limbs insyd sources of drinking water, as dis action dey allow de worms to spread dema larvae. Accounts consistent plus dracunculiasis dey appear in surviving documents from physicians of Greco-Roman antiquity. Insyd de 19th den early 20th centuries, dracunculiasis be widespread across much of [[Africa]] den South Asia, wey dey affect as many as 48&nbsp;million people per year. De effort to eradicate dracunculiasis begin insyd de 1980s dey follow de successful eradication of smallpox insyd 1977. By 1995, nearly every country plus endemic dracunculiasis establish a national eradication program. Insyd de ensuing years, dracunculiasis cases drop precipitously, wey dey fall below 100,000 cases per year insyd 1997, below 10,000 cases insyd 2007, below 1,000 cases insyd 2012, below 100 cases insyd 2015, den to 10 cases insyd 2025 per.<!-- two in South Sudan and four each in Chad and Ethiopia in 2025 --> Since 1986, 16 previously endemic countries eradicate dracunculiasis, wey dey leave de disease primarily endemic insyd three landlocked developing countries of central Africa{{snd}} [[Chad]], [[Ethiopia]] den [[South Sudan]]. Three additional countries remain to be certified as free of dracunculiasis transmission wey dem get no reported human cases since de end of 2023: [[Angola]], [[Mali]], den [[Sudan]]. One of dese, Sudan, be pre-certified buh no yet be confirmed free of transmissions. Additionally, although na [[Cameroon]] be certified free of internal transmission since 2007, e experience three cases since 2019 along ein border plus Chad. ''D.&nbsp;medinensis'' sanso fi infect dogs, cats, den baboons, though non-human cases sanso dey fall secof de eradication efforts. Oda ''Dracunculus'' species dey cause dracunculiasis insyd reptiles worldwide den insyd mammals insyd de Americas. Insyd 2020, de [[World Health Organization]] set 2027 as ein target date for eradication of dracunculiasis. If de eradication program succeed, dracunculiasis be expected to cam be tde second human disease to be eradicated, after smallpox. == References == * {{cite journal |vauthors=Biswas G, Sankara DP, Agua-Agum J, Maiga A |title=Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease): eradication without a drug or a vaccine |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B |volume=368 |issue=1623 |article-number=20120146 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23798694 |pmc=3720044 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0146 }} * {{cite journal|vauthors=Callahan K, Bolton B, Hopkins DR, Ruiz-Tiben E, Withers PC, Meagley K |title=Contributions of the Guinea Worm Disease eradication campaign toward achievement of the Millennium Development Goals |date=30 May 2013 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002160 |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|volume=7 |issue=5 |article-number=e2160 |pmid=23738022 |pmc=3667764 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Cleveland CA, Garrett KB, Cozad RA, Williams BM, Murray MH, Yabsley MJ |title=The wild world of Guinea Worms: A review of the genus ''Dracunculus'' in wildlife |journal=International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=289–300 |date=December 2018 |pmid=30094178 |pmc=6072916 |doi=10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.07.002 |bibcode=2018IJPPW...7..289C }} * {{cite book |vauthors=Despommier DD, Griffin DO, Gwadz RW, Hotez PJ, Knirsch CA |chapter=25. ''Dracunculus medinensis'' |title=Parasitic Diseases |edition=7 |publisher=Parasites Without Borders |date=2019 |url=https://parasiteswithoutborders.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/PD7thEditionLowResVersion5-11-2019.pdf |access-date=26 January 2021 |pages=285–290 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124214329/https://parasiteswithoutborders.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/PD7thEditionLowResVersion5-11-2019.pdf |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Eberhard ML, Ruiz-Tiben E, Hopkins DR, Farrell C, Toe F, Weiss A, Withers PC, Jenks MH, Thiele EA, Cotton JA, Hance Z, Holroyd N, Cama VA, Tahir MA, Mounda T |title=The peculiar epidemiology of dracunculiasis in Chad |journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=61–70 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24277785 |pmc=3886430 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0554 }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Greenaway C |title=Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=495–500 |date=February 2004 |pmid=14970098 |pmc=332717 |doi= }} * {{cite book |vauthors=Grove DI |title=A History of Human Helminthology |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International|C.A.B International]] |date=1990 |url=http://www.users.on.net/%7Edavid.grove/BOOK.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404043015/http://www.users.on.net/~david.grove/BOOK.PDF |archive-date=4 April 2015 |access-date=13 March 2022 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Hopkins DR, Ruiz-Tiben E, Eberhard ML, Weiss A, Withers PC, Roy SL, Sienko DG |title=Dracunculiasis eradication: are we there yet? |journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=388–395 |date=August 2018 |pmid=29869608 |pmc=6090361 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.18-0204 }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Hopkins DR, Weiss AJ, Roy SL, Yerian S, Cama VA |title=Progress toward global eradication of dracunculiasis, January 2020–June 2021 |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=70 |issue=44 |pages=1527–1533 |date=November 2021 |pmid=34735420 |pmc=8568094 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm7044a1 |url=}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Hopkins DR, Weiss AJ, Torres-Velez FJ, Sapp SG, Ijaz K |title=Dracunculiasis eradication: end-stage challenges |journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=373–382 |date=August 2022 |pmid=35895421 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.22-0197 |url=|doi-access=free |pmc=9393450 }} * {{cite book|vauthors=Hotez PJ |title=Forgotten People, Forgotten Diseases: The Neglected Tropical Diseases and Their Impact on Global Health and Development |publisher=[[American Society for Microbiology]] (ASM) Press |date=2013 |pages=57–75 |chapter=The filarial infections: lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) and dracunculiasis (Guinea worm) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1128/9781555818753.ch4 |doi=10.1128/9781555818753.ch4 |isbn=978-1-55581-874-6 |url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Miller RL |title=Dqr, spinning and treatment of Guinea worm in P. Ebers 875 |journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |date=1989 |volume=75 |pages=249–254 |doi=10.2307/3821922 |jstor=3821922 }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Molyneux D, Sankara DP |title=Guinea worm eradication: Progress and challenges— should we beware of the dog? |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=11 |issue=4 |article-number=e0005495 |date=April 2017 |pmid=28426663 |pmc=5398503 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005495 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Ruiz-Tiben E, Hopkins DR |title=Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) eradication |journal=Advances in Parasitology |volume=61 |issue= |pages=275–309 |date=2006 |pmid=16735167 |doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(05)61007-X |isbn=978-0-12-031761-5 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0065308X0561007X |url-access=subscription}} * {{cite book|veditors=Spector JM, Gibson TE |chapter=Dracunculiasis |title=Atlas of Pediatrics in the Tropics and Resource-Limited Settings |pages=109–115 |edition=2 |publisher=[[American Academy of Pediatrics]] |isbn=978-1-58110-960-3 |date=2016}} * {{cite report |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |title=Dracunculiasis eradication: global surveillance summary, 2021 |date=27 May 2022 |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer9721-22-225-247 |access-date=29 July 2022 |ref={{harvid|WHO|2022}} |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729201051/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer9721-22-225-247 |url-status=live }} == External links == 0ntj70xkwsfdilpf7u7yhlyet3n0fsx 97397 97396 2026-04-29T17:23:46Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dracunculiasis''', dem sanso call '''Guinea-worm disease''', be a parasitic infection by de Guinea worm (''Dracunculus medinensis).'' A person cam be infected by drinking water dem contaminate plus Guinea-worm larvae wey dey reside insyd copepods (a type of small crustacean). Stomach acid dey digest de copepod den dey release de Guinea worm larva, wich dey penetrate de digestive tract den dey escape into de body. Around a year later, de adult female worm dey migrate to an exit site – usually de lower leg – den dey induce an intensely painful blister on de skin. Eventually, de blister bursts, wey dey create a painful wound from wich de worm gradually dey emerge over several weeks. De wound remain painful thru out de worm ein emergence, wey dey disable de affected person for de three to ten weeks e dey take de worm to emerge. De female worm release larvae wen de host submerge de wound insyd water in attempts to relieve de pain, thus dey continue de life cycle. Der be no [[medication]] to treat anaa prevent dracunculiasis. Instead, de mainstay of treatment be de careful wrapping of de emerging worm around a small stick anaa gauze to encourage den speed up ein exit. Each day, a few more centimeters of de worm emerge, den de stick be turned to maintain gentle tension. Too much tension fi break den kill de worm insyd de wound, wey dey cause severe pain den swelling. Dracunculiasis be a disease of extreme poverty, wey dey occur insyd places plus poor access to clean drinking water. Prevention efforts dey center on filtering drinking water to remove copepods as well as public education campaigns to discourage people from soaking affected limbs insyd sources of drinking water, as dis action dey allow de worms to spread dema larvae. Accounts consistent plus dracunculiasis dey appear in surviving documents from physicians of Greco-Roman antiquity. Insyd de 19th den early 20th centuries, dracunculiasis be widespread across much of [[Africa]] den South Asia, wey dey affect as many as 48&nbsp;million people per year. De effort to eradicate dracunculiasis begin insyd de 1980s dey follow de successful eradication of smallpox insyd 1977. By 1995, nearly every country plus endemic dracunculiasis establish a national eradication program. Insyd de ensuing years, dracunculiasis cases drop precipitously, wey dey fall below 100,000 cases per year insyd 1997, below 10,000 cases insyd 2007, below 1,000 cases insyd 2012, below 100 cases insyd 2015, den to 10 cases insyd 2025 per.<!-- two in South Sudan and four each in Chad and Ethiopia in 2025 --> Since 1986, 16 previously endemic countries eradicate dracunculiasis, wey dey leave de disease primarily endemic insyd three landlocked developing countries of central Africa{{snd}} [[Chad]], [[Ethiopia]] den [[South Sudan]]. Three additional countries remain to be certified as free of dracunculiasis transmission wey dem get no reported human cases since de end of 2023: [[Angola]], [[Mali]], den [[Sudan]]. One of dese, Sudan, be pre-certified buh no yet be confirmed free of transmissions. Additionally, although na [[Cameroon]] be certified free of internal transmission since 2007, e experience three cases since 2019 along ein border plus Chad. ''D.&nbsp;medinensis'' sanso fi infect dogs, cats, den baboons, though non-human cases sanso dey fall secof de eradication efforts. Oda ''Dracunculus'' species dey cause dracunculiasis insyd reptiles worldwide den insyd mammals insyd de Americas. Insyd 2020, de [[World Health Organization]] set 2027 as ein target date for eradication of dracunculiasis. If de eradication program succeed, dracunculiasis be expected to cam be tde second human disease to be eradicated, after smallpox. == References == * {{cite journal |vauthors=Biswas G, Sankara DP, Agua-Agum J, Maiga A |title=Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease): eradication without a drug or a vaccine |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B |volume=368 |issue=1623 |article-number=20120146 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23798694 |pmc=3720044 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0146 }} * {{cite journal|vauthors=Callahan K, Bolton B, Hopkins DR, Ruiz-Tiben E, Withers PC, Meagley K |title=Contributions of the Guinea Worm Disease eradication campaign toward achievement of the Millennium Development Goals |date=30 May 2013 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002160 |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|volume=7 |issue=5 |article-number=e2160 |pmid=23738022 |pmc=3667764 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Cleveland CA, Garrett KB, Cozad RA, Williams BM, Murray MH, Yabsley MJ |title=The wild world of Guinea Worms: A review of the genus ''Dracunculus'' in wildlife |journal=International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=289–300 |date=December 2018 |pmid=30094178 |pmc=6072916 |doi=10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.07.002 |bibcode=2018IJPPW...7..289C }} * {{cite book |vauthors=Despommier DD, Griffin DO, Gwadz RW, Hotez PJ, Knirsch CA |chapter=25. ''Dracunculus medinensis'' |title=Parasitic Diseases |edition=7 |publisher=Parasites Without Borders |date=2019 |url=https://parasiteswithoutborders.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/PD7thEditionLowResVersion5-11-2019.pdf |access-date=26 January 2021 |pages=285–290 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124214329/https://parasiteswithoutborders.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/PD7thEditionLowResVersion5-11-2019.pdf |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Eberhard ML, Ruiz-Tiben E, Hopkins DR, Farrell C, Toe F, Weiss A, Withers PC, Jenks MH, Thiele EA, Cotton JA, Hance Z, Holroyd N, Cama VA, Tahir MA, Mounda T |title=The peculiar epidemiology of dracunculiasis in Chad |journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=61–70 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24277785 |pmc=3886430 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0554 }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Greenaway C |title=Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=495–500 |date=February 2004 |pmid=14970098 |pmc=332717 |doi= }} * {{cite book |vauthors=Grove DI |title=A History of Human Helminthology |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International|C.A.B International]] |date=1990 |url=http://www.users.on.net/%7Edavid.grove/BOOK.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404043015/http://www.users.on.net/~david.grove/BOOK.PDF |archive-date=4 April 2015 |access-date=13 March 2022 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Hopkins DR, Ruiz-Tiben E, Eberhard ML, Weiss A, Withers PC, Roy SL, Sienko DG |title=Dracunculiasis eradication: are we there yet? |journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=388–395 |date=August 2018 |pmid=29869608 |pmc=6090361 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.18-0204 }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Hopkins DR, Weiss AJ, Roy SL, Yerian S, Cama VA |title=Progress toward global eradication of dracunculiasis, January 2020–June 2021 |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=70 |issue=44 |pages=1527–1533 |date=November 2021 |pmid=34735420 |pmc=8568094 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm7044a1 |url=}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Hopkins DR, Weiss AJ, Torres-Velez FJ, Sapp SG, Ijaz K |title=Dracunculiasis eradication: end-stage challenges |journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=373–382 |date=August 2022 |pmid=35895421 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.22-0197 |url=|doi-access=free |pmc=9393450 }} * {{cite book|vauthors=Hotez PJ |title=Forgotten People, Forgotten Diseases: The Neglected Tropical Diseases and Their Impact on Global Health and Development |publisher=[[American Society for Microbiology]] (ASM) Press |date=2013 |pages=57–75 |chapter=The filarial infections: lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) and dracunculiasis (Guinea worm) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1128/9781555818753.ch4 |doi=10.1128/9781555818753.ch4 |isbn=978-1-55581-874-6 |url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Miller RL |title=Dqr, spinning and treatment of Guinea worm in P. Ebers 875 |journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |date=1989 |volume=75 |pages=249–254 |doi=10.2307/3821922 |jstor=3821922 }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Molyneux D, Sankara DP |title=Guinea worm eradication: Progress and challenges— should we beware of the dog? |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=11 |issue=4 |article-number=e0005495 |date=April 2017 |pmid=28426663 |pmc=5398503 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005495 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Ruiz-Tiben E, Hopkins DR |title=Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) eradication |journal=Advances in Parasitology |volume=61 |issue= |pages=275–309 |date=2006 |pmid=16735167 |doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(05)61007-X |isbn=978-0-12-031761-5 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0065308X0561007X |url-access=subscription}} * {{cite book|veditors=Spector JM, Gibson TE |chapter=Dracunculiasis |title=Atlas of Pediatrics in the Tropics and Resource-Limited Settings |pages=109–115 |edition=2 |publisher=[[American Academy of Pediatrics]] |isbn=978-1-58110-960-3 |date=2016}} * {{cite report |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |title=Dracunculiasis eradication: global surveillance summary, 2021 |date=27 May 2022 |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer9721-22-225-247 |access-date=29 July 2022 |ref={{harvid|WHO|2022}} |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729201051/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer9721-22-225-247 |url-status=live }} == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dracunculiasis-(guinea-worm-disease) Dracunculiasis (Guinea-worm disease)] fact sheet published by the [[World Health Organization]] * [http://www.cartercenter.org/health/guinea_worm/index.html Guinea Worm Disease Eradication Program]—Carter Center * [https://www.nytimes.com/video/opinion/1247467891260/anyak-vs-the-guinea-worm.html Anyak vs. the Guinea Worm]—Nicholas D. Kristof from ''[[The New York Times]]'' follows a young Sudanese boy with a Guinea worm parasite infection who is quarantined for treatment as part of the Carter Center program [[Category:Helminthiases]] [[Category:Infectious diseases plus eradication efforts]] [[Category:Rare infectious diseases]] [[Category:Tropical diseases]] [[Category:Waterborne diseases]] [[Category:Zoonoses]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 515p9mww8ttc1fjve49a2nfvyupzl4p 14 26634 97398 2026-04-29T17:24:19Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97398 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26635 97399 2026-04-29T17:35:57Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351572378|Childbirth]]" 97399 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Childbirth''', dem sanso know as '''labour''' anaa '''delivery''', be de completion of [[pregnancy]], wer one anaa more fetuses exit de internal environment of de mommie vaginally anaa via [[caesarean section]]<ref name="Mart2015">{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |title=Concise Colour Medical l.p.Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-968799-2 |page=375 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> wey e cam be a newborn. Insyd 2023, der be about 132&nbsp;million human births globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of births and deaths per year |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230105956/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100 |archive-date=30 December 2025 |access-date=10 February 2026 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> Insyd developed countries, chaw births dey occur insyd hospitals,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Co-Operation |first=Organisation for Economic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |title=Doing better for children |last2=Development |date=2009 |publisher=OECD |isbn=978-92-64-05934-4 |location=Paris |page=105 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olsen |first=Ole |last2=Clausen |first2=Jette A. |date=2023-03-08 |title=Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2023 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000352.pub3 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=9994459 |pmid=36884026 |article-number=CD000352}}</ref> while insyd developing countries chaw be home births.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fossard |first=Esta de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |title=Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education |last2=Bailey |first2=Michael |date=2016 |publisher=Sage Publications India |isbn=978-93-5150-758-1 |access-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] nm7tfbxianls7zgxz7f3m5dtcrpptov 97405 97399 2026-04-29T22:01:26Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Childbirth''', dem sanso know as '''labour''' anaa '''delivery''', be de completion of [[pregnancy]], wer one anaa more fetuses exit de internal environment of de mommie vaginally anaa via [[caesarean section]]<ref name="Mart2015">{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |title=Concise Colour Medical l.p.Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-968799-2 |page=375 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> wey e cam be a newborn. Insyd 2023, der be about 132&nbsp;million human births globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of births and deaths per year |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230105956/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100 |archive-date=30 December 2025 |access-date=10 February 2026 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> Insyd developed countries, chaw births dey occur insyd hospitals,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Co-Operation |first=Organisation for Economic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |title=Doing better for children |last2=Development |date=2009 |publisher=OECD |isbn=978-92-64-05934-4 |location=Paris |page=105 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olsen |first=Ole |last2=Clausen |first2=Jette A. |date=2023-03-08 |title=Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2023 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000352.pub3 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=9994459 |pmid=36884026 |article-number=CD000352}}</ref> while insyd developing countries chaw be home births.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fossard |first=Esta de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |title=Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education |last2=Bailey |first2=Michael |date=2016 |publisher=Sage Publications India |isbn=978-93-5150-758-1 |access-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Sister project links}} * [https://players.brightcove.net/3850378299001/SyAEZ6ptl_default/index.html?videoId=4703722752001 Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery], Video by Merck Manual Professional Edition * [https://opqic.org/maternal-morbidity-mortality-in-the-media/ Maternal Morbidity/Mortality in the Media] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727193827/https://opqic.org/maternal-morbidity-mortality-in-the-media/ |date=27 July 2022 }} * [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74224 Social Devices for Impelling Women to Bear and Rear Children] (1916) by Leta Stetter Hollingworth {{Authority control}} [[Category:Childbirth| ]] [[Category:Midwifery]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 2zq08nswmabgjn0x6ii5yg5tu4ls01r 97406 97405 2026-04-29T22:21:51Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Childbirth''', dem sanso know as '''labour''' anaa '''delivery''', be de completion of [[pregnancy]], wer one anaa more fetuses exit de internal environment of de mommie vaginally anaa via [[caesarean section]]<ref name="Mart2015">{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |title=Concise Colour Medical l.p.Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-968799-2 |page=375 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> wey e cam be a newborn. Insyd 2023, der be about 132&nbsp;million human births globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of births and deaths per year |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230105956/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100 |archive-date=30 December 2025 |access-date=10 February 2026 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> Insyd developed countries, chaw births dey occur insyd hospitals,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Co-Operation |first=Organisation for Economic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |title=Doing better for children |last2=Development |date=2009 |publisher=OECD |isbn=978-92-64-05934-4 |location=Paris |page=105 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olsen |first=Ole |last2=Clausen |first2=Jette A. |date=2023-03-08 |title=Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2023 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000352.pub3 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=9994459 |pmid=36884026 |article-number=CD000352}}</ref> while insyd developing countries chaw be home births.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fossard |first=Esta de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |title=Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education |last2=Bailey |first2=Michael |date=2016 |publisher=Sage Publications India |isbn=978-93-5150-758-1 |access-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Vaginal birth be de most common mode of birth worldwide.<ref name="Mem2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Memon HU, Handa VL | title = Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders | journal = Women's Health | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 265–77; quiz 276–77 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23638782 | pmc = 3877300 | doi = 10.2217/whe.13.17 }}</ref> E dey involve three stages of labour: de shortening den opening of de cervix during de first stage, descent den birth of de baby during de second, den de birth of de placenta during de third. During de first stage, contractions gradually cam be stronger den closer togeda.<ref name="NIH2010">{{cite web|title=Pregnancy Labor and Birth|url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|website=Office on Women's Health|access-date=10 February 2026|date=25 September 2025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108144423/https://womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-and-beyond/labor-and-birth|archive-date=8 January 2026|quote=The first stage begins with the onset of labour and ends when the cervix is fully opened. It is the longest stage of labour, usually lasting about 12 to 19 hours<br />..<br />The second stage involves pushing and the birth of the baby. It usually lasts 20 minutes to two hours.}}</ref> De postpartum period be de time of recovery for de mommie den infant, insyd wich both newborn den mommie be monitored. All major health organisations advise say immediately after giving birth, regardless of de mode of birth, wey de infant be placed on de mommie ein chest (dem term skin-to-skin contact), den to delay any oda routine procedures for at least one to two hours anaa til de baby get ein first [[breastfeeding]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Brimdyr |first1=Kajsa |last2=Stevens |first2=Jeni |last3=Svensson |first3=Kristin |last4=Blair |first4=Anna |last5=Turner-Maffei |first5=Cindy |last6=Grady |first6=Julie |last7=Bastarache |first7=Louise |last8=al Alfy |first8=Abla |last9=Crenshaw |first9=Jeannette T. |last10=Giugliani |first10=Elsa Regina Justo |last11=Ewald |first11=Uwe |last12=Haider |first12=Rukhsana |last13=Jonas |first13=Wibke |last14=Kagawa |first14=Mike |last15=Lilliesköld |first15=Siri |date=11 May 2023 |title=Skin-to-skin contact after birth: Developing a research and practice guideline |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apa.16842 |journal=Acta Paediatrica |language=en |volume=112 |issue=8 |pages=1633–1643 |doi=10.1111/apa.16842 |pmid=37166443 |issn=0803-5253|hdl=20.500.11815/4374 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Medscape">{{cite web | url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806325_9 | title=Uninterrupted Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately After Birth |website=Medscape | access-date=21 December 2014 |last=Phillips |first=Raylene | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403065140/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806325_9 | archive-date=3 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Intrapartum Care">{{cite web |url=http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190/evidence/cg190-intrapartum-care-full-guideline3 |title=Care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence |work=National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health |date=December 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212090530/http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190/evidence/cg190-intrapartum-care-full-guideline3 |archive-date=12 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Skin-to-skin contact |url=https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/implementing-standards-resources/skin-to-skin-contact/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=UNICEF Baby Friendly Initiative |language=en-GB}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Sister project links}} * [https://players.brightcove.net/3850378299001/SyAEZ6ptl_default/index.html?videoId=4703722752001 Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery], Video by Merck Manual Professional Edition * [https://opqic.org/maternal-morbidity-mortality-in-the-media/ Maternal Morbidity/Mortality in the Media] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727193827/https://opqic.org/maternal-morbidity-mortality-in-the-media/ |date=27 July 2022 }} * [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74224 Social Devices for Impelling Women to Bear and Rear Children] (1916) by Leta Stetter Hollingworth {{Authority control}} [[Category:Childbirth| ]] [[Category:Midwifery]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 7w3g5j0rwo4k3g2xkaxdigcyrs1zkaq 97407 97406 2026-04-29T22:32:39Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Childbirth''', dem sanso know as '''labour''' anaa '''delivery''', be de completion of [[pregnancy]], wer one anaa more fetuses exit de internal environment of de mommie vaginally anaa via [[caesarean section]]<ref name="Mart2015">{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |title=Concise Colour Medical l.p.Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-968799-2 |page=375 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> wey e cam be a newborn. Insyd 2023, der be about 132&nbsp;million human births globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of births and deaths per year |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230105956/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100 |archive-date=30 December 2025 |access-date=10 February 2026 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> Insyd developed countries, chaw births dey occur insyd hospitals,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Co-Operation |first=Organisation for Economic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |title=Doing better for children |last2=Development |date=2009 |publisher=OECD |isbn=978-92-64-05934-4 |location=Paris |page=105 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olsen |first=Ole |last2=Clausen |first2=Jette A. |date=2023-03-08 |title=Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2023 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000352.pub3 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=9994459 |pmid=36884026 |article-number=CD000352}}</ref> while insyd developing countries chaw be home births.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fossard |first=Esta de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |title=Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education |last2=Bailey |first2=Michael |date=2016 |publisher=Sage Publications India |isbn=978-93-5150-758-1 |access-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Vaginal birth be de most common mode of birth worldwide.<ref name="Mem2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Memon HU, Handa VL | title = Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders | journal = Women's Health | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 265–77; quiz 276–77 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23638782 | pmc = 3877300 | doi = 10.2217/whe.13.17 }}</ref> E dey involve three stages of labour: de shortening den opening of de cervix during de first stage, descent den birth of de baby during de second, den de birth of de placenta during de third. During de first stage, contractions gradually cam be stronger den closer togeda.<ref name="NIH2010">{{cite web|title=Pregnancy Labor and Birth|url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|website=Office on Women's Health|access-date=10 February 2026|date=25 September 2025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108144423/https://womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-and-beyond/labor-and-birth|archive-date=8 January 2026|quote=The first stage begins with the onset of labour and ends when the cervix is fully opened. It is the longest stage of labour, usually lasting about 12 to 19 hours<br />..<br />The second stage involves pushing and the birth of the baby. It usually lasts 20 minutes to two hours.}}</ref> De postpartum period be de time of recovery for de mommie den infant, insyd wich both newborn den mommie be monitored. All major health organisations advise say immediately after giving birth, regardless of de mode of birth, wey de infant be placed on de mommie ein chest (dem term skin-to-skin contact), den to delay any oda routine procedures for at least one to two hours anaa til de baby get ein first [[breastfeeding]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Brimdyr |first1=Kajsa |last2=Stevens |first2=Jeni |last3=Svensson |first3=Kristin |last4=Blair |first4=Anna |last5=Turner-Maffei |first5=Cindy |last6=Grady |first6=Julie |last7=Bastarache |first7=Louise |last8=al Alfy |first8=Abla |last9=Crenshaw |first9=Jeannette T. |last10=Giugliani |first10=Elsa Regina Justo |last11=Ewald |first11=Uwe |last12=Haider |first12=Rukhsana |last13=Jonas |first13=Wibke |last14=Kagawa |first14=Mike |last15=Lilliesköld |first15=Siri |date=11 May 2023 |title=Skin-to-skin contact after birth: Developing a research and practice guideline |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apa.16842 |journal=Acta Paediatrica |language=en |volume=112 |issue=8 |pages=1633–1643 |doi=10.1111/apa.16842 |pmid=37166443 |issn=0803-5253|hdl=20.500.11815/4374 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Medscape">{{cite web | url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806325_9 | title=Uninterrupted Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately After Birth |website=Medscape | access-date=21 December 2014 |last=Phillips |first=Raylene | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403065140/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806325_9 | archive-date=3 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Intrapartum Care">{{cite web |url=http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190/evidence/cg190-intrapartum-care-full-guideline3 |title=Care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence |work=National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health |date=December 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212090530/http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190/evidence/cg190-intrapartum-care-full-guideline3 |archive-date=12 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Skin-to-skin contact |url=https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/implementing-standards-resources/skin-to-skin-contact/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=UNICEF Baby Friendly Initiative |language=en-GB}}</ref> Vaginal delivery generally be recommended as a first option. Caesarean section fi lead to increased risk of complications den a significantly slower recovery. Der sanso be chaw natural benefits of a vaginal delivery insyd both de mother den de baby. Various methods fi help plus pain, such as relaxation techniques, opioids, den spinal blocks.<ref name="NIH2010" /> E be best practice to limit de number of interventions wey occur during labour den delivery, such as an elective cesarean section. However, insyd sam cases, a scheduled cesarean section for be planned for a successful delivery den recovery of de mommie. An emergency cesarean section fi be recommended if unexpected complications occur anaa little to no progression thru de birthing canal be observed insyd a vaginal delivery. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Sister project links}} * [https://players.brightcove.net/3850378299001/SyAEZ6ptl_default/index.html?videoId=4703722752001 Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery], Video by Merck Manual Professional Edition * [https://opqic.org/maternal-morbidity-mortality-in-the-media/ Maternal Morbidity/Mortality in the Media] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727193827/https://opqic.org/maternal-morbidity-mortality-in-the-media/ |date=27 July 2022 }} * [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74224 Social Devices for Impelling Women to Bear and Rear Children] (1916) by Leta Stetter Hollingworth {{Authority control}} [[Category:Childbirth| ]] [[Category:Midwifery]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ogdajhrmgadqx6zbg9x8rb82rcpxcpb 97408 97407 2026-04-29T22:41:21Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Childbirth''', dem sanso know as '''labour''' anaa '''delivery''', be de completion of [[pregnancy]], wer one anaa more fetuses exit de internal environment of de mommie vaginally anaa via [[caesarean section]]<ref name="Mart2015">{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |title=Concise Colour Medical l.p.Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-968799-2 |page=375 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> wey e cam be a newborn. Insyd 2023, der be about 132&nbsp;million human births globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of births and deaths per year |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230105956/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100 |archive-date=30 December 2025 |access-date=10 February 2026 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> Insyd developed countries, chaw births dey occur insyd hospitals,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Co-Operation |first=Organisation for Economic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |title=Doing better for children |last2=Development |date=2009 |publisher=OECD |isbn=978-92-64-05934-4 |location=Paris |page=105 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olsen |first=Ole |last2=Clausen |first2=Jette A. |date=2023-03-08 |title=Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2023 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000352.pub3 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=9994459 |pmid=36884026 |article-number=CD000352}}</ref> while insyd developing countries chaw be home births.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fossard |first=Esta de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |title=Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education |last2=Bailey |first2=Michael |date=2016 |publisher=Sage Publications India |isbn=978-93-5150-758-1 |access-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Vaginal birth be de most common mode of birth worldwide.<ref name="Mem2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Memon HU, Handa VL | title = Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders | journal = Women's Health | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 265–77; quiz 276–77 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23638782 | pmc = 3877300 | doi = 10.2217/whe.13.17 }}</ref> E dey involve three stages of labour: de shortening den opening of de cervix during de first stage, descent den birth of de baby during de second, den de birth of de placenta during de third. During de first stage, contractions gradually cam be stronger den closer togeda.<ref name="NIH2010">{{cite web|title=Pregnancy Labor and Birth|url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|website=Office on Women's Health|access-date=10 February 2026|date=25 September 2025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108144423/https://womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-and-beyond/labor-and-birth|archive-date=8 January 2026|quote=The first stage begins with the onset of labour and ends when the cervix is fully opened. It is the longest stage of labour, usually lasting about 12 to 19 hours<br />..<br />The second stage involves pushing and the birth of the baby. It usually lasts 20 minutes to two hours.}}</ref> De postpartum period be de time of recovery for de mommie den infant, insyd wich both newborn den mommie be monitored. All major health organisations advise say immediately after giving birth, regardless of de mode of birth, wey de infant be placed on de mommie ein chest (dem term skin-to-skin contact), den to delay any oda routine procedures for at least one to two hours anaa til de baby get ein first [[breastfeeding]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Brimdyr |first1=Kajsa |last2=Stevens |first2=Jeni |last3=Svensson |first3=Kristin |last4=Blair |first4=Anna |last5=Turner-Maffei |first5=Cindy |last6=Grady |first6=Julie |last7=Bastarache |first7=Louise |last8=al Alfy |first8=Abla |last9=Crenshaw |first9=Jeannette T. |last10=Giugliani |first10=Elsa Regina Justo |last11=Ewald |first11=Uwe |last12=Haider |first12=Rukhsana |last13=Jonas |first13=Wibke |last14=Kagawa |first14=Mike |last15=Lilliesköld |first15=Siri |date=11 May 2023 |title=Skin-to-skin contact after birth: Developing a research and practice guideline |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apa.16842 |journal=Acta Paediatrica |language=en |volume=112 |issue=8 |pages=1633–1643 |doi=10.1111/apa.16842 |pmid=37166443 |issn=0803-5253|hdl=20.500.11815/4374 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Medscape">{{cite web | url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806325_9 | title=Uninterrupted Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately After Birth |website=Medscape | access-date=21 December 2014 |last=Phillips |first=Raylene | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403065140/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806325_9 | archive-date=3 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Intrapartum Care">{{cite web |url=http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190/evidence/cg190-intrapartum-care-full-guideline3 |title=Care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence |work=National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health |date=December 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212090530/http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190/evidence/cg190-intrapartum-care-full-guideline3 |archive-date=12 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Skin-to-skin contact |url=https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/implementing-standards-resources/skin-to-skin-contact/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=UNICEF Baby Friendly Initiative |language=en-GB}}</ref> Vaginal delivery generally be recommended as a first option. Caesarean section fi lead to increased risk of complications den a significantly slower recovery. Der sanso be chaw natural benefits of a vaginal delivery insyd both de mother den de baby. Various methods fi help plus pain, such as relaxation techniques, opioids, den spinal blocks.<ref name="NIH2010" /> E be best practice to limit de number of interventions wey occur during labour den delivery, such as an elective cesarean section. However, insyd sam cases, a scheduled cesarean section for be planned for a successful delivery den recovery of de mommie. An emergency cesarean section fi be recommended if unexpected complications occur anaa little to no progression thru de birthing canal be observed insyd a vaginal delivery. Each year, complications from pregnancy den childbirth result in about 260,000 birthing deaths<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maternal mortality |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>, seven million women get serious long-term problems, den 50 million women wey give birth get negative health outcomes dey follow delivery, chaw of wich dey occur insyd de developing world.<ref name="WHO2008Ed" /> Complications insyd de mommie include obstructed labour, postpartum bleeding, eclampsia, den postpartum infection.<ref name="WHO2008Ed">{{cite book |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/44145/9789241546669_1_eng.pdf |title=Education material for teachers of midwifery: midwifery education modules |date=2008 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-154666-9 |edition=2nd |location=Geneva [Switzerland] |page= |hdl=10665/44145 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221002801/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1 |archive-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Complications insyd de baby include lack of oxygen at birth (birth asphyxia), birth trauma, den prematurity.<ref name="Mar2014">{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Richard J. |last2=Fanaroff |first2=Avroy A. |last3=Walsh |first3=Michele C.| name-list-style = vanc |title=Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-29537-6|page=116|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|archive-date=11 September 2017|date=2014}}</ref><ref name="WHO2018New">{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs333/en/ | title=Newborns: reducing mortality | publisher=World Health Organization | access-date=1 February 2017 | author=World Health Organization | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403211834/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs333/en/ | archive-date=3 April 2017 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Sister project links}} * [https://players.brightcove.net/3850378299001/SyAEZ6ptl_default/index.html?videoId=4703722752001 Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery], Video by Merck Manual Professional Edition * [https://opqic.org/maternal-morbidity-mortality-in-the-media/ Maternal Morbidity/Mortality in the Media] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727193827/https://opqic.org/maternal-morbidity-mortality-in-the-media/ |date=27 July 2022 }} * [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74224 Social Devices for Impelling Women to Bear and Rear Children] (1916) by Leta Stetter Hollingworth {{Authority control}} [[Category:Childbirth| ]] [[Category:Midwifery]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] qe5p4oday5oy79bctt8cqkdfte6nuwd 0 26636 97401 2026-04-29T18:40:19Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315210301|Childhood disintegrative disorder]]" 97401 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Childhood disintegrative disorder''' ('''CDD'''), dem sanso know as '''Heller syndrome''' den '''disintegrative psychosis''', be a rare condition wey be characterized by a late onset of developmental delays—anaa severe den sudden reversals—insyd language (receptive den expressive), social engagement, bowel den bladder, play den motor skills.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Charan |first=Sri Hari |date=January–April 2012 |title=Childhood disintegrative disorder |journal=Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=55–57 |doi=10.4103/1817-1745.97627 |pmc=3401658 |pmid=22837782 |quote=Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), also known as Heller's syndrome and disintegrative psychosis, is a rare condition characterized by late onset (>3 years of age) of developmental delays in language, social function, and motor skills. [...] The cause of childhood disintegrative disorder is unknown. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Researchers no be successful in finding a cause for dis disorder.<ref name=":02" /> CDD get sam similarities to [[autism]] wey e sam times be considered a [[Classic autism|low-functioning]] form of am.<ref name="McPartland 2012">{{Cite book |last=McPartland |first=James |title=Neurobiology of Psychiatric Disorders |last2=Volkmar |first2=Fred R. |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-444-52002-9 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=106 |pages=407–18 |chapter=Autism and Related Disorders |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-52002-9.00023-1 |issn=0072-9752 |pmc=3848246 |pmid=22608634}}</ref><ref name="Venkat 2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Venkat A, Jauch E, Russell WS, Crist CR, Farrell R |date=August 2012 |title=Care of the patient with an autism by the general physician |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=88 |issue=1042 |pages=472–81 |doi=10.1136/postgradmedj-2011-130727 |pmid=22427366 |s2cid=12331005}}</ref> Insyd May 2013, CDD be one of several subtypes of [[pervasive developmental disorder]] (PDD)—wey dey include [[Asperger syndrome|Asperger's syndrome]], [[classic autism]], den [[pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified]]—wey be subsumed into a single diagnostic term dem call "[[Autism|autism spectrum disorder]]" insyd de DSM-5 manual.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2021 |title=Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (Heller's Syndrome) |url=http://patient.info/doctor/childhood-disintegrative-disorder-hellers-syndrome}}</ref> r2edm2klpbtc1jsj0h54jxoiif61b51 97402 97401 2026-04-29T18:48:57Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Childhood disintegrative disorder''' ('''CDD'''), dem sanso know as '''Heller syndrome''' den '''disintegrative psychosis''', be a rare condition wey be characterized by a late onset of developmental delays—anaa severe den sudden reversals—insyd language (receptive den expressive), social engagement, bowel den bladder, play den motor skills.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Charan |first=Sri Hari |date=January–April 2012 |title=Childhood disintegrative disorder |journal=Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=55–57 |doi=10.4103/1817-1745.97627 |pmc=3401658 |pmid=22837782 |quote=Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), also known as Heller's syndrome and disintegrative psychosis, is a rare condition characterized by late onset (>3 years of age) of developmental delays in language, social function, and motor skills. [...] The cause of childhood disintegrative disorder is unknown. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Researchers no be successful in finding a cause for dis disorder.<ref name=":02" /> CDD get sam similarities to [[autism]] wey e sam times be considered a [[Classic autism|low-functioning]] form of am.<ref name="McPartland 2012">{{Cite book |last=McPartland |first=James |title=Neurobiology of Psychiatric Disorders |last2=Volkmar |first2=Fred R. |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-444-52002-9 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=106 |pages=407–18 |chapter=Autism and Related Disorders |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-52002-9.00023-1 |issn=0072-9752 |pmc=3848246 |pmid=22608634}}</ref><ref name="Venkat 2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Venkat A, Jauch E, Russell WS, Crist CR, Farrell R |date=August 2012 |title=Care of the patient with an autism by the general physician |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=88 |issue=1042 |pages=472–81 |doi=10.1136/postgradmedj-2011-130727 |pmid=22427366 |s2cid=12331005}}</ref> Insyd May 2013, CDD be one of several subtypes of [[pervasive developmental disorder]] (PDD)—wey dey include [[Asperger syndrome|Asperger's syndrome]], classic autism, den [[pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified]]—wey be subsumed into a single diagnostic term dem call "autism spectrum disorder" insyd de DSM-5 manual.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2021 |title=Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (Heller's Syndrome) |url=http://patient.info/doctor/childhood-disintegrative-disorder-hellers-syndrome}}</ref> CDD be originally described by Austrian educator Theodor Heller (1869–1938) insyd 1908, 35 years before Leo Kanner den Hans Asperger describe autism. Heller previously use de name ''dementia infantilis'' for dis disorder.<ref name="Mouridsen 2003">{{cite journal |author=Mouridsen SE |date=June 2003 |title=Childhood disintegrative disorder |journal=Brain Dev. |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=225–8 |doi=10.1016/s0387-7604(02)00228-0 |pmid=12767450 |s2cid=25420772}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001535.htm NIH/Medline] {{Pervasive developmental disorders}} {{Autism resources}} {{Nonverbal communication}} [[Category:Pervasive developmental disorders]] [[Category:Neurological disorders insyd kiddies]] [[Category:Learning disabilities]] pbhe1bw1sdxik6s3lcam3ufx82vdej1 97403 97402 2026-04-29T19:07:44Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Childhood disintegrative disorder''' ('''CDD'''), dem sanso know as '''Heller syndrome''' den '''disintegrative psychosis''', be a rare condition wey be characterized by a late onset of developmental delays—anaa severe den sudden reversals—insyd language (receptive den expressive), social engagement, bowel den bladder, play den motor skills.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Charan |first=Sri Hari |date=January–April 2012 |title=Childhood disintegrative disorder |journal=Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=55–57 |doi=10.4103/1817-1745.97627 |pmc=3401658 |pmid=22837782 |quote=Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), also known as Heller's syndrome and disintegrative psychosis, is a rare condition characterized by late onset (>3 years of age) of developmental delays in language, social function, and motor skills. [...] The cause of childhood disintegrative disorder is unknown. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Researchers no be successful in finding a cause for dis disorder.<ref name=":02" /> CDD get sam similarities to [[autism]] wey e sam times be considered a [[Classic autism|low-functioning]] form of am.<ref name="McPartland 2012">{{Cite book |last=McPartland |first=James |title=Neurobiology of Psychiatric Disorders |last2=Volkmar |first2=Fred R. |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-444-52002-9 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=106 |pages=407–18 |chapter=Autism and Related Disorders |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-52002-9.00023-1 |issn=0072-9752 |pmc=3848246 |pmid=22608634}}</ref><ref name="Venkat 2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Venkat A, Jauch E, Russell WS, Crist CR, Farrell R |date=August 2012 |title=Care of the patient with an autism by the general physician |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=88 |issue=1042 |pages=472–81 |doi=10.1136/postgradmedj-2011-130727 |pmid=22427366 |s2cid=12331005}}</ref> Insyd May 2013, CDD be one of several subtypes of [[pervasive developmental disorder]] (PDD)—wey dey include [[Asperger syndrome|Asperger's syndrome]], classic autism, den [[pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified]]—wey be subsumed into a single diagnostic term dem call "autism spectrum disorder" insyd de DSM-5 manual.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2021 |title=Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (Heller's Syndrome) |url=http://patient.info/doctor/childhood-disintegrative-disorder-hellers-syndrome}}</ref> CDD be originally described by Austrian educator Theodor Heller (1869–1938) insyd 1908, 35 years before Leo Kanner den Hans Asperger describe autism. Heller previously use de name ''dementia infantilis'' for dis disorder.<ref name="Mouridsen 2003">{{cite journal |author=Mouridsen SE |date=June 2003 |title=Childhood disintegrative disorder |journal=Brain Dev. |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=225–8 |doi=10.1016/s0387-7604(02)00228-0 |pmid=12767450 |s2cid=25420772}}</ref> An apparent period of fairly normal development be often noted before regressions insyd skills occurs.<ref name="Rogers 2004">{{cite journal |author=Rogers SJ |title=Developmental regression in autism spectrum disorders |journal=Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=139–43 |year=2004 |pmid=15362172 |doi=10.1002/mrdd.20027 |doi-access=free }}</ref> De age at wich dis regression fi occur varies,<ref name="Hendry 2000">{{cite journal |author=Hendry CN |title=Childhood disintegrative disorder: should it be considered a distinct diagnosis? |journal=Clin Psychol Rev |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=77–90 |date=January 2000 |pmid=10660829 |doi= 10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00094-4}}</ref> buh regression after three years of normal development be typical.<ref name="Malhotra 1999">{{cite journal |vauthors=Malhotra S, Gupta N |s2cid=189899310 |title=Childhood disintegrative disorder |journal=J Autism Dev Disord |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=491–8 |date=December 1999 |pmid=10638461 |doi= 10.1023/A:1022247903401}}</ref> De regression, dem know as a prodrome, fi be so dramatic say de kiddie fi be aware of am, den fi insyd ein beginning even ask, vocally, wat dey happen to dem.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dobbs |first=David |date=6 July 2016 |title=The most terrifying childhood condition you've never heard of |language=English |work=Spectrum |publisher=Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative |url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/deep-dive/the-most-terrifying-childhood-condition-youve-never-heard-of/ |url-status=live |access-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925105846/https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/deep-dive/the-most-terrifying-childhood-condition-youve-never-heard-of/ |archive-date=25 September 2022 |quote=During this anxiety-ridden prologue, known as a 'prodrome,' a child will often seem keenly aware that something is wrong.}}</ref> Sam kiddies dey describe anaa appear to be reacting to hallucinations, buh de most obvious symptom be dat skills apparently attain be lost. Chaw kiddies be already sam wat delay wen de disorder cam be apparent, buh dese delays no always be obvious insyd young kiddies. Chaw writers describe de condition ein impact as devastating, wey dey affect both de family den de individual ein future. As be de case plus all PDD categories, der be considerable controversy about de right treatment give CDD. == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001535.htm NIH/Medline] {{Pervasive developmental disorders}} {{Autism resources}} {{Nonverbal communication}} [[Category:Pervasive developmental disorders]] [[Category:Neurological disorders insyd kiddies]] [[Category:Learning disabilities]] cldtgrxe7caody1ajj720syvdm8eqco 0 26637 97404 2026-04-29T21:53:40Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457381|Pulmonary fibrosis]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 97404 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 97409 97404 2026-04-29T23:29:09Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pulmonary fibrosis''' be typically a condition insyd wich de lungs cam be scarred over time.<ref name=NIH2019/> Symptoms dey include shortness of breath, a dry cough, feeling tired, weight loss, den nail clubbing.<ref name=NIH2019>{{cite web |title=Pulmonary Fibrosis |url=https://medlineplus.gov/pulmonaryfibrosis.html |website=medlineplus.gov |access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> Complications fi include pulmonary hypertension, respiratory failure, pneumothorax, den [[lung cancer]].<ref name=Mayo2019Sym>{{cite web |title=Pulmonary fibrosis – Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353690 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=20 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4fvgugtb702ty4f3i1b9s1apl6hox24 97410 97409 2026-04-30T11:11:52Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pulmonary fibrosis''' be typically a condition insyd wich de lungs cam be scarred over time.<ref name=NIH2019/> Symptoms dey include shortness of breath, a dry cough, feeling tired, weight loss, den nail clubbing.<ref name=NIH2019>{{cite web |title=Pulmonary Fibrosis |url=https://medlineplus.gov/pulmonaryfibrosis.html |website=medlineplus.gov |access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> Complications fi include pulmonary hypertension, respiratory failure, pneumothorax, den [[lung cancer]].<ref name=Mayo2019Sym>{{cite web |title=Pulmonary fibrosis – Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353690 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=20 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Causes dey include environmental pollution, certain medications, connective tissue diseases, infections, den interstitial lung diseases.<ref name=NIH2019/><ref name=Med2019>{{cite web|title=Pulmonary Fibrosis|url=http://www.medicinenet.com/pulmonary_fibrosis/article.htm|publisher=MedicineNet, Inc.|access-date=26 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719070851/http://www.medicinenet.com/pulmonary_fibrosis/article.htm|archive-date=19 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ahmad Alhiyari|first1=Mousa|last2=Ata|first2=Fateen|last3=Islam Alghizzawi|first3=Mohd|last4=Bint I Bilal|first4=Ammara|last5=Salih Abdulhadi|first5=Ahmad|last6=Yousaf|first6=Zohaib|date=31 December 2020|title=Post COVID-19 fibrosis, an emerging complicationof SARS-CoV-2 infection|journal=IDCases|volume=23|article-number=e01041|doi=10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e01041|issn=2214-2509|pmc=7785952|pmid=33425682}}</ref> Buh insyd chaw cases de cause be unknown ([[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]).<ref name="NIH2019" /><ref name="Med2019" /> Diagnosis fi be based on symptoms, medical imaging, lung biopsy, den lung function tests.<ref name=NIH2019/> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] jttei4k8p187ol7yrplkxt3rp7txgk9 97411 97410 2026-04-30T11:14:05Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pulmonary fibrosis''' be typically a condition insyd wich de lungs cam be scarred over time.<ref name=NIH2019/> Symptoms dey include shortness of breath, a dry cough, feeling tired, weight loss, den nail clubbing.<ref name=NIH2019>{{cite web |title=Pulmonary Fibrosis |url=https://medlineplus.gov/pulmonaryfibrosis.html |website=medlineplus.gov |access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> Complications fi include pulmonary hypertension, respiratory failure, pneumothorax, den [[lung cancer]].<ref name=Mayo2019Sym>{{cite web |title=Pulmonary fibrosis – Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353690 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=20 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Causes dey include environmental pollution, certain medications, connective tissue diseases, infections, den interstitial lung diseases.<ref name=NIH2019/><ref name=Med2019>{{cite web|title=Pulmonary Fibrosis|url=http://www.medicinenet.com/pulmonary_fibrosis/article.htm|publisher=MedicineNet, Inc.|access-date=26 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719070851/http://www.medicinenet.com/pulmonary_fibrosis/article.htm|archive-date=19 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ahmad Alhiyari|first1=Mousa|last2=Ata|first2=Fateen|last3=Islam Alghizzawi|first3=Mohd|last4=Bint I Bilal|first4=Ammara|last5=Salih Abdulhadi|first5=Ahmad|last6=Yousaf|first6=Zohaib|date=31 December 2020|title=Post COVID-19 fibrosis, an emerging complicationof SARS-CoV-2 infection|journal=IDCases|volume=23|article-number=e01041|doi=10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e01041|issn=2214-2509|pmc=7785952|pmid=33425682}}</ref> Buh insyd chaw cases de cause be unknown ([[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]).<ref name="NIH2019" /><ref name="Med2019" /> Diagnosis fi be based on symptoms, medical imaging, lung biopsy, den lung function tests.<ref name=NIH2019/> No cure dey exist wey treatment options be limited.<ref name=NIH2019/> Treatment be directed toward improving symptoms den fi include [[oxygen therapy]] den [[pulmonary rehabilitation]].<ref name=NIH2019/><ref name=Mayo2019Tx/> Certain medications may slow the scarring.<ref name=Mayo2019Tx>{{cite web |title=Pulmonary fibrosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353695 |website=mayoclinic.org |access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> [[Lung transplantation]] fi be an option.<ref name=Med2019/> At least 5 million people be affected globally.<ref name=ATS2019>{{cite web |title=American Thoracic Society – General Information about Pulmonary Fibrosis |url=https://www.thoracic.org/patients/lung-disease-week/2015/pulmonary-fibrosis-week/general-info.php |website=thoracic.org |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220102922/https://www.thoracic.org/patients/lung-disease-week/2015/pulmonary-fibrosis-week/general-info.php }}</ref> Life expectancy generally be less dan five years dey follow diagnosis.<ref name=Med2019/> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == pm7su1swioe3qbc8ov5satctqtn52l0 97412 97411 2026-04-30T11:27:36Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pulmonary fibrosis''' be typically a condition insyd wich de lungs cam be scarred over time.<ref name=NIH2019/> Symptoms dey include shortness of breath, a dry cough, feeling tired, weight loss, den nail clubbing.<ref name=NIH2019>{{cite web |title=Pulmonary Fibrosis |url=https://medlineplus.gov/pulmonaryfibrosis.html |website=medlineplus.gov |access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> Complications fi include pulmonary hypertension, respiratory failure, pneumothorax, den [[lung cancer]].<ref name=Mayo2019Sym>{{cite web |title=Pulmonary fibrosis – Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353690 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=20 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Causes dey include environmental pollution, certain medications, connective tissue diseases, infections, den interstitial lung diseases.<ref name=NIH2019/><ref name=Med2019>{{cite web|title=Pulmonary Fibrosis|url=http://www.medicinenet.com/pulmonary_fibrosis/article.htm|publisher=MedicineNet, Inc.|access-date=26 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719070851/http://www.medicinenet.com/pulmonary_fibrosis/article.htm|archive-date=19 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ahmad Alhiyari|first1=Mousa|last2=Ata|first2=Fateen|last3=Islam Alghizzawi|first3=Mohd|last4=Bint I Bilal|first4=Ammara|last5=Salih Abdulhadi|first5=Ahmad|last6=Yousaf|first6=Zohaib|date=31 December 2020|title=Post COVID-19 fibrosis, an emerging complicationof SARS-CoV-2 infection|journal=IDCases|volume=23|article-number=e01041|doi=10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e01041|issn=2214-2509|pmc=7785952|pmid=33425682}}</ref> Buh insyd chaw cases de cause be unknown ([[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]).<ref name="NIH2019" /><ref name="Med2019" /> Diagnosis fi be based on symptoms, medical imaging, lung biopsy, den lung function tests.<ref name=NIH2019/> No cure dey exist wey treatment options be limited.<ref name=NIH2019/> Treatment be directed toward improving symptoms den fi include oxygen therapy den pulmonary rehabilitation.<ref name=NIH2019/><ref name=Mayo2019Tx/> Certain medications may slow the scarring.<ref name=Mayo2019Tx>{{cite web |title=Pulmonary fibrosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353695 |website=mayoclinic.org |access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> Lung transplantation fi be an option.<ref name=Med2019/> At least 5 million people be affected globally.<ref name=ATS2019>{{cite web |title=American Thoracic Society – General Information about Pulmonary Fibrosis |url=https://www.thoracic.org/patients/lung-disease-week/2015/pulmonary-fibrosis-week/general-info.php |website=thoracic.org |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220102922/https://www.thoracic.org/patients/lung-disease-week/2015/pulmonary-fibrosis-week/general-info.php }}</ref> Life expectancy generally be less dan five years dey follow diagnosis.<ref name=Med2019/> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pulmonary Fibrosis}} [[Category:Lung disorders]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] f1burezgxy738bvl7om4hw5ki23sctk 0 26638 97413 2026-04-30T11:31:24Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1492447|Codeine]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 97413 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 97414 97413 2026-04-30T11:58:19Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Codeine''' be an opiate den prodrug of [[morphine]] dem mainly use to treat pain, coughing, den [[diarrhea]]. E be commonly used as a recreational drug. E be found naturally insyd de sap of de opium poppy, ''Papaver somniferum''.<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web|title=Codeine |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/codeine.html |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118164241/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/codeine.html|archive-date=18 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Prommer E | title = Role of codeine in palliative care | journal = Journal of Opioid Management | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | pages = 401–406 | date = 2010 | pmid = 22165039 | doi = 10.5055/jom.2011.0081 }}</ref> E be typically used to treat mild to moderate degrees of pain.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Greater benefit fi occur wen combined plus [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) as codeine/paracetamol anaa a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as [[aspirin]] anaa [[ibuprofen]].<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Evidence no dey support ein use for acute cough suppression insyd kiddies.<ref name="paul-im-2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Paul IM | title = Therapeutic options for acute cough due to upper respiratory infections in children | journal = Lung | volume = 190 | issue = 1 | pages = 41–44 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 21892785 | doi = 10.1007/s00408-011-9319-y | s2cid = 23865647 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T |date=November 2014 |title=Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2014 |issue= 11|article-number= CD001831|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub5 |pmid=25420096|pmc=7061814 }}</ref> Insyd Europe, e no be recommended as a cough medicine give those under 12 years of age.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Dem generally dey take am orally.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> E usually dey start dey work after half an hour, plus maximum effect at two hours.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> Ein effects dey last for about four to six hours. Codeine dey exhibits abuse potential similar to oda opioid medications, wey dey include a risk of addiction den overdose.<ref name=AHFS2016 /> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == h4h3oux10q17cvitk1lklo47z6q6599