Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.26 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1415 97479 24283 2026-05-01T15:18:14Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q89756027}} '''Dancing Pallbearers''', dem be known plus chaw names, wey dey include '''Dancing Coffin''', '''Coffin Dancers''', '''Coffin Dance Meme''', anaa '''Coffin Dance''', dem be group of pallbearers wey dey base for de coastal town of Prampram for [[Greater Accra Region]] of Southern Ghana, but dem dey perform across de country den outside Ghana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200502190849/https://www.theghanareport.com/how-prampram-pallbearers-became-an-international-sensation-and-a-meme/ "How Prampram pallbearers became an international sensation – and a meme"]. April 17, 2020.</ref> De founder den leader give de group be Benjamin Aidoo.<ref name=":0">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pt1uw9hTxmA "Viral Coffin Dancers (internet meme legends)"] &#x2013; via www.youtube.com.</ref> Dema local name be '''Nana Otafrija Pallbearing''' den '''Waiting Service''' anaa '''Dada awu'''.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-40716576 "Funeral dancers for hire"]. ''BBC News''. Retrieved 2020-04-19.</ref> De group gain worldwide attention thru BBC dema feature story for 2017 insyd.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-africa-47639452 "Africa Live: Def Jam comes to Africa to 'invest in talent'"]. ''BBC News''. Retrieved 2020-05-27.</ref> For March 2020 insyd, de group cam turn internet meme as dem pair dema videos plus EDM song "Astronomia" by Tony Igy,<ref>Amter, Charlie (April 30, 2020). [https://variety.com/2020/music/news/coffin-dance-meme-music-song-astronomia-origin-russia-1234594523/ "Tracing the 'Coffin Dance' Meme Music's Path From Russia to Ghana to the World"].</ref> wey esan gain popularity for video edits insyd.<ref name=":1">[https://www.myjoyonline.com/ghanas-dancing-pallbearers-sell-meme-nft-for-1-million-2-years-after-going-viral/ "Ghana Pallbearers Funny Coffin Song Is Still in a Trend for a Meme"]. ''XdigitalNews''. April 12, 2020.</ref> == Origin == Benjamin Aidoo wey dey lead de Dancing Pallbearers, wey he start de group as regular pallbear service for 2013 insyd.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200626004154/https://gistvic.com/2020/04/a-peep-into-ghana-dancing-pallbearers-memes-casket-coffin-song-video/ "A Peep Into Ghana Dancing Pallbearers"]. ''Gistvic''. 2020-04-02. Archived from [https://gistvic.com/2020/04/a-peep-into-ghana-dancing-pallbearers-memes-casket-coffin-song-video/ the original] on 2020-06-26. Retrieved 2020-05-23.</ref> Later nu, he get de idea make dem add choreography to dema pallbearing job. Dem dey charge extra fees if dem dance plus de coffin during funeral.<ref>[https://metro.co.uk/2017/07/27/ghanaians-really-know-how-to-celebrate-when-someone-dies-6810712/ "Ghanaians really know how to celebrate when someone dies"]. ''Metro''. 2017-07-27. Retrieved 2020-04-08.</ref> De oldest for de clips dem reuse komot from YouTube by Travelin Sister for January 22nd, 2015.<ref>[https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/coffin-dance-dancing-pallbearers "Coffin Dance / Dancing Pallbearers"]. ''Know Your Meme''. 2020-03-30. Retrieved 2022-11-23.</ref> Though de Dancing Pallbearers first rise go wider prominence for 2017 insyd wen BBC News Report feature dem.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-40716576 "Ghana's dancing pallbearers bring funeral joy"]. ''BBC''. 2017-07-26. Retrieved 2020-04-20.</ref> De third video, wey depict pallbearers dem dey accidentally drop coffin during demma service, Facebook user ''Bigscout Nana Prempeth'' wey first post am for May 2, 2019, wey he gain ova 2,900 reactions, 4,600 shares den 350,000 views for one year insyd.<ref>[https://pop.inquirer.net/91342/viral-dancing-men-with-coffin "Here's the story behind the 'coffin dance crew' we see on the internet every day"]. ''InqPOP!''. April 13, 2020.</ref> == Rise == De video den plus similar material gain significant popularity for TikTok top as punchline give fail clips wey be manner similar to To Be Continued den We'll Be Right Back memes, e dey imply say de person for de fail video die. For example, for March 6, 2020, TikTok account Trickshots post version of de meme wey receive ova 2.9 million views den 237,000 likes.<ref name=":1" /> == Oda appearances for media insyd == De Dancing Pallbearers make appearance for internet memes insyd. For example, easter egg for ''Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War'' insyd dey reference de meme.<ref>[https://screenrant.com/zombies-coffin-dance-easter-egg-cod-black-ops-cold-war/ "How to Complete Zombies Coffin Dance Easter Egg in COD: Black Ops Cold War"]. ''ScreenRant''. 2020-11-23. Retrieved 2021-03-15.</ref> In addition, de meme experience revival for social media top after de White House COVID-19 outbreak, de tym wey Donald Trump test positive for COVID-19 for early October 2020 insyd.<ref>[https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkyj3k/the-ghanaian-pallbearers-have-come-for-trump "The Ghanaian Pallbearers Have Come For Trump"]. ''www.vice.com''. Retrieved 2020-10-03.</ref> == References == [[Category:Ghanaian culture]] [[Category:21st-century dance]] [[Category:Funerals]] [[Category:Ghanaian dancers]] <references /> [[Category:Dance insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Internet memes dem introduce insyd 2020]] [[Category:Social impact of de COVID-19 pandemic]] [[Category:2020s fads den trends]] [[Category:Novelty den fad dances]] a9s8wq8rlhky07sowgjo2ddjeaq6zi5 0 1574 97504 39868 2026-05-01T22:20:34Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q104340}} '''Harold Clayton Lloyd, Sr.''' (April 20, 1893 – March 8, 1971) be American actor, comedian, den stunt performer wey appear for chaw silent comedy films insyd.<ref>Obituary ''Variety'', March 10, 1971, page 55.</ref> == Ein early life == Dem born Lloyd for April 20, 1893, for Burchard, Nebraska insyd,<ref>Shilling, Donovan A. (September 1, 2013). ''[https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=GvPxgAi_zRoC&pg=PA284&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Rochester's Movie Mania]''. Pancoast Publishing. p. 284. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-9821090-4-5|978-0-9821090-4-5]]</bdi>.</ref> he be James Darsie Lloyd den Sarah Elisabeth Fraser dema kiddie.<ref>D'Agostino, Annette M. (2004). ''[https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=smlZAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y The Harold Lloyd Encyclopedia]''. McFarland. p. 190. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1514-4|978-0-7864-1514-4]]</bdi>.</ref> Ein paternal great-grandparents be Welsh.<ref>[http://www.alphadragondesign.com/final_project/pages/others/harold.html "Comedy in the 1920s - 1950s"]. ''alphadragondesign.com''. [https://archive.ph/20120724133810/http://www.alphadragondesign.com/final_project/pages/others/harold.html Archived] from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2015.</ref> For 1910 insyd, after ein poppie get several business venture failures, Lloyd ein parents divorce wey ein poppie move plus ein kiddie go San Diego, California,<ref>Wishart, David J. (January 1, 2004). ''[https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=rtRFyFO4hpEC&pg=PA272&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Encyclopedia of the Great Plains]''. University of Nebraska Press. p. 272. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4787-1|978-0-8032-4787-1]]</bdi>.</ref> wer he attend San Diego High School.<ref>Cash, John. [https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/1982/april/photographic/ "San Diego High School, 1882-1982 A Photographic Perspective"]. ''The Journal of San Diego History''. '''28''' (2): 105 – via San Diego History Center.</ref> Lloyd cam get interest for theater insyd de time he be kiddie, wey he job for repertory companies insyd.<ref>Wynn, Neil A. (July 16, 2009). ''[https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=m-ismXvbPkwC&pg=PA174&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The A to Z from the Great War to the Great Depression]''. Scarecrow Press. p. 174. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6330-9|978-0-8108-6330-9]]</bdi>.</ref> He often experiment plus makeup, so say he go disguise ein youthful appearance. == Ein death == Lloyd die of prostate cancer for March 8, 1971, he chop 77, for ein Greenacres home insyd Beverly Hills, California insyd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130824111937/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904932,00.html "Died"]. ''Time''. March 22, 1971. Archived from [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904932,00.html the original] on December 21, 2008. Retrieved June 8, 2008.</ref><ref>Dick Main (March 9, 1971). [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48893721/harold-lloyd-bespectacled-film-comic/ "Harold Lloyd, Bespectacled Film Comic, Dies of Cancer at 77"]. ''Los Angeles Times''. pp. 1, 12. Retrieved April 16, 2020.</ref><ref>Illson, Murray (March 9, 1971). [https://www.nytimes.com/1971/03/09/archives/hornrims-his-trademark-harold-lloyd-screen-comedian-dies-at-77.html "Horn-Rims His Trademark; Harold Lloyd, Screen Comedian, Dies at 77"]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved June 8, 2008.</ref> Dem inter am for crypt insyd for de Great Mausoleum for Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery for Glendale, California insyd.<ref>Ellenberger, Allan R. (May 1, 2001). ''[https://books.google.ca/books?id=ZraJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA59&q=harold%20lloyd%20great%20mausoleum#v=snippet&q=harold%20lloyd%20great%20mausoleum&f=false Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries: A Directory]''. McFarland. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780786450190|9780786450190]]</bdi>. Retrieved September 8, 2023 – via Google Books.</ref> Ein former co-start Bebe Daniels die eight days after am,<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48893947/bebe-daniels/ "Bebe Daniels, 70, Star in Silents, Early Talkies, Dies in London"]. ''Los Angeles Times''. March 16, 1971. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.</ref> wey ein kiddie Harold Lloyd Jr. die three months after am.<ref>D'Agostino 1994. pp. 54-55.</ref><ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48894033/movie-comic-harold-lloyds-son-dies-at/ "Movie Comic Harold Lloyd's Son Dies at 40"]. ''Los Angeles Times''. June 10, 1971. p. II-3.</ref> == References == [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Film actors]] <references /> == Read further == * Agee, James (2000) [1958]. "Comedy's Greatest Era" from ''Life'' magazine (9/5/1949), reprinted in ''Agee on Film''. McDowell, Obolensky, Modern Library. * Bengtson, John (2011). ''Silent Visions: Discovering Early Hollywood and New York Through the Films of Harold Lloyd''. Santa Monica Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781595808882|9781595808882]]</bdi>. * Brownlow, Kevin (1976) [1968]. "Harold Lloyd" from ''The Parade's Gone By''. Alfred A. Knopf, University of California Press. * Byron, Stuart; Weis, Elizabeth (1977). ''The National Society of Film Critics on Movie Comedy''. Grossman/Viking. * Cahn, William (1964). ''Harold Lloyd's World of Comedy''. Duell, Sloane & Pearce. * D'Agostino, Annette M. (1994). ''[[iarchive:haroldlloydbiobi00dago|Harold Lloyd: A Bio-Bibliography]]''. Greenwood Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-313-28986-7|0-313-28986-7]]</bdi>. * Dale, Alan (2002). ''Comedy is a Man in Trouble: Slapstick In American Movies''. University of Minnesota Press. * Dardis, Tom (1983). ''Harold Lloyd: The Man on the Clock''. Viking. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-14-007555-0|0-14-007555-0]]</bdi>. * Durgnat, Raymond (1970). "Self-Help with a Smile" from ''The Crazy Mirror: Hollywood Comedy and the American Image''. Dell. * Everson, William K. (1978). ''American Silent Film''. Oxford University Press. * Gilliatt, Penelope (1973). "Physicists" from ''Unholy Fools: Wits, Comics, Disturbers of the Peace''. Viking. * Hayes, Suzanne Lloyd (1992). ''3-D Hollywood with Photography by Harold Lloyd''. Simon & Schuster. * Kerr, Walter (1990) [1975]. ''The Silent Clowns''. Alfred A. Knopf, Da Capo Press. * Lacourbe, Roland (1970). ''Harold Lloyd''. Paris: Editions Seghers. * Lahue, Kalton C. (1966). ''World of Laughter: The Motion Picture Comedy Short, 1910–1930''. University of Oklahoma Press. * Lloyd, Annette D'Agostino (2003). ''The Harold Lloyd Encyclopedia''. McFarland & Company. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-7864-1514-2|0-7864-1514-2]]</bdi>. * Lloyd, Annette D'Agostino (2009). ''Harold Lloyd: Magic in a Pair of Horn-Rimmed Glasses''. BearManor Media. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-59393-332-6|978-1-59393-332-6]]</bdi>. * Lloyd, Harold; Stout, W. W. (1971) [1928]. ''An American Comedy''. Dover. * Lloyd, Suzanne (2004). ''Harold Lloyd's Hollywood Nudes in 3-D''. Black Dog & Leventhal. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-57912-394-9|978-1-57912-394-9]]</bdi>. * Maltin, Leonard (1978). ''The Great Movie Comedians''. Crown Publishers. * Mast, Gerald (1979) [1973]. ''The Comic Mind: Comedy and the Movies''. University of Chicago Press. * McCaffrey, Donald W. (1968). ''4 Great Comedians: Chaplin, Lloyd, Keaton, Langdon''. A.S. Barnes. * McCaffrey, Donald W. (1976). ''[[iarchive:threeclassicsile00mcca|Three Classic Silent Screen Comedies Starring Harold Lloyd]]''. Associated University Presses. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-8386-1455-8|0-8386-1455-8]]</bdi>. * Mitchell, Glenn (2003). ''A–Z of Silent Film Comedy''. B.T. Batsford Ltd. * Reilly, Adam (1977). ''Harold Lloyd: The King of Daredevil Comedy''. Macmillan. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-02-601940-X|0-02-601940-X]]</bdi>. * Robinson, David (1969). ''The Great Funnies: A History of Film Comedy''. E.P. Dutton. * Schickel, Richard (1974). ''[[iarchive:haroldlloydshape0000schi|Harold Lloyd: The Shape of Laughter]]''. New York Graphic Society. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-8212-0595-1|0-8212-0595-1]]</bdi>. * Vance, Jeffrey; Lloyd, Suzanne (2002). ''Harold Lloyd: Master Comedian''. Harry N Abrams. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-8109-1674-6|0-8109-1674-6]]</bdi>. ==External links== '''Harold Lloyd''' at Wikipedia ein sisto projects: * [[File:Commons-logo.svg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Basshunter?uselang=gpe|16x16px]] [[commons:Category:Harold_Lloyd|Wikimedia Commons]] * [[File:Wikiquote-logo.svg|link=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Basshunter?uselang=gpe|16x16px]] [[wikiquote:Harold_Lloyd|Wikiquote]] (en) * [[File:Wikidata-logo.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383541|16x16px]] [[wikidata:Q104340|Wikidata]] * [http://haroldlloyd.com/ Official website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230608031825/https://haroldlloyd.us/ Harold Lloyd .us] by Annette D'Agostino Lloyd * [http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=102 Harold Lloyd] Photographs den bibliography * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200817123440/http://lloyd.comedyclassics.org/ Index of Lloyd Comedy Classics] ;Interviews * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/arts/backrow/backrow_20020525.shtml BBC Radio Interview with Suzanne Lloyd (2002)] * [http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/article-summary/silent-film_actor_harold_lloyd_interview 1922 magazine interview] ;Media * [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Lloyd%2C%20Harold%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Harold%20Lloyd%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lloyd%2C%20Harold%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Harold%20Lloyd%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lloyd%2C%20H%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Harold%20Lloyd%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lloyd%2C%20Harold%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Harold%20Lloyd%22%29%20OR%20%28%221893-1971%22%20AND%20Lloyd%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29 Works by or about Harold Lloyd] at de Internet Archive * [https://archive.org/details/harolddiddlebock Harold Lloyd in The Sin Of Harold Diddlebock] at de Internet Archive * [https://archive.org/details/OTRR_Old_Gold_Comedy_Theater_Singles Old Gold Comedy Theater Episodes] at de Internet Archive * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060506211514/http://silentgents.com/PLloyd.html Harold Lloyd Photos] at Silent Ladies & Gents ;Data *[https://catalog.afi.com/Person/66024-Harold-Lloyd AFI|Catalog] *[http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/115143%7C66024/Harold-Lloyd/ Harold Lloyd] *[https://www.allmovie.com/artist/harold-lloyd-vn15322105 Harold Lloyd | Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos] * [[imdbname:0516001|Harold Lloyd]] at IMDb [[Category:Harold Lloyd]] [[Category:1893 births]] [[Category:1971 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century American comedians]] [[Category:20th-century American male actors]] [[Category:Academy Honorary Award recipients]] [[Category:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences founders]] [[Category:American amputees]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male screenwriters]] [[Category:American male silent film actors]] [[Category:American people of Welsh descent]] [[Category:American stunt performers]] [[Category:American cinema pioneers]] [[Category:Film producers wey komot California]] [[Category:Hal Roach Studios actors]] [[Category:Male actors wey komot Los Angeles]] [[Category:Male actors wey komot Nebraska]] [[Category:Male actors wey komot San Diego]] [[Category:People wey komot Beverly Hills, California]] [[Category:People wey komot Burchard, Nebraska]] [[Category:Silent film comedians]] [[Category:American silent film directors]] [[Category:Silent film producers]] [[Category:American vaudeville performers]] [[Category:Film directors wey komot California]] [[Category:Film directors wey komot Nebraska]] [[Category:Amputee actors]] [[Category:American actors plus disabilities]] [[Category:Screenwriters wey komot California]] [[Category:20th-century American male writers]] [[Category:20th-century American writers]] [[Category:20th-century American screenwriters]] [[Category:San Diego High School alumni]] [[Category:Film directors plus disabilities]] [[Category:California Republicans]] [[Category:Comedians wey komot Nebraska]] [[Category:Comedians wey komot Los Angeles]] [[Category:Comedians wey komot San Diego]] [[Category:American male comedians]] 2fskf3qdt7d88xohngqcreh7muzpkc2 0 1595 97507 79665 2026-05-02T00:12:26Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q59647853}} '''Inspector Bediako''' be Ghanaian TV series wey dem air for de 1990s insyd. E dey portray young detective character wey be intelligent wey dey use various investigative methods so say he go catch criminals no matter de situation he dey succeed.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181011093422/http://citifmonline.com/2017/02/26/inspector-bediako-tv-series-to-bounce-back/ "Inspector Badiako TV Series"]. ''citifmonline.com''. Citifmonline.com. Retrieved 11 October 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/90-s-crime-thriller-Inspector-Bediako-makes-grand-return-to-TV-497709 "90's crime thriller Inspector Bediako makes grand return to TV"]. ''www.ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 2020-02-15.</ref> Stephanie Sanders Sullivan dey love de TV series waa.<ref>Larbi, Stephen Odoi (2019-05-15). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173956/https://kasapafmonline.com/2019/05/i-loved-inspector-bediako-u-s-amb-sullivan-reveals-her-favorite-tv-show/ "I loved 'Inspector Bediako' - U.S. Amb. Sullivan reveals her favorite TV Show"]. ''Kasapa102.5FM''. Archived from [https://kasapafmonline.com/2019/05/i-loved-inspector-bediako-u-s-amb-sullivan-reveals-her-favorite-tv-show/ the original] on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2020-02-15.</ref> Den times wey e dey air, na e be de only law enforcement series dem produce for television top for Ghana insyd.<ref>Mensa-Bonsu, Henrietta Joy Abena Nyarko (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Rllfqn6zIEoC&q=%22inspector+bediako%22&pg=PA1215 "67 - Transplanting the English Oak: legalism, legality, legal pluralism and the criminal law of Ghana"]. In Lauer, Helen; Anyidoho, Kofi (eds.). ''Reclaiming the Human Sciences and Humanities Through African Perspectives'' (Volume 2 ed.). Legon: Sub-Saharan Publishers. p. 1215. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-9988-647-71-1|978-9988-647-71-1]]</bdi>. Retrieved 6 July 2020. <q>After the very interesting but short-lived TV seriers, "Inspector Bediako" ended some years ago, there has been no other law enforcement series on Ghana television</q></ref> == Cast == * Oscar Provencal<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173808/https://www.theghanareport.com/project-ghanas-values-in-local-movies-inspector-bediako-to-scriptwriters/ "Project Ghana's values in local movies - 'Inspector Bediako' to scriptwriters"]. ''The Ghana Report''. 2019-08-28. Retrieved 2020-02-15.</ref> na he be de lead actor, Inspector Bediako. * Ray Bediako dem report am say he dey play Inspector Bediako ein part for de first episode insyd. * Akosua Abdallah<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220920174132/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201802/342930.php "TV Shows That Made Stars"]. ''www.peacefmonline.com''. Peace FM. 2 February 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2020.</ref> * Gloria Nsia Ababio (Dela) * Martin Owusu (Bentle) * Teiko == Creator == Kojo Yankah wey create de series<ref>Asare-Donkoh, Frankie (13 April 1993). Aryeh, Elvis (ed.). [https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=wNdmAAAAcAAJ&q=%22inspector+bediako%22&pg=PA7&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=%22inspector%20bediako%22&f=false "Inspector Bediako: A classic"]. ''Daily Graphic'' (13178). Accra: Graphic Communications Group Ltd: 7. Retrieved 7 July 2020.</ref> wey he invite Odie Hawkins make he write den direct Inspector Bediako.<ref name=":0">Hawkins, Odie (10 January 2014). ''[https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=sLyYAgAAQBAJ&q=%22inspector+bediako%22&pg=PA129&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=%22inspector%20bediako%22&f=false Black, White & Brown on the Blue Line]''. AuthorHouse. p. 129. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781491844830|9781491844830]]</bdi>. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</ref> == Director == Na de initial writer den director be Odie Hawkins.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Hawkins, Odie. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172245/http://odiehawkins.com/about-us/#screenplays "About Odie"]. ''odiehawkins.com''. Archived from [http://odiehawkins.com/about-us/#screenplays the original] on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</ref> Jim Fara Awindor write den direct six episodes of Inspector Bediako for 1997 insyd.<ref>Awindor, Jim Fara. [https://africanuniversitycollegeofcommunications.academia.edu/FARAAWINDOR/CurriculumVitae "CV: Jim Fara Panbonor Awindor"]. ''africanuniversitycollegeofcommunications.academai.edu''. African University College of Communications. Retrieved 7 July 2020.</ref> == Music == William Anku wey he compose sam of de music for de series insyd.<ref>Bonsu, Adwoa Serwaa, ed. (22 April 2010). [https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=PoXnCPddrPAC&q=%22inspector+bediako%22&pg=PA15&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=%22inspector%20bediako%22&f=false "William Anku - Life of a gentle music genius"]. ''Graphic Showbiz'' (620). Accra: Graphic Communications Group Ltd: 15. Retrieved 7 July 2020.</ref> == Awards == Provencal chop de best Actor for Comedy (Bigman Wahala) insyd for de Golden Movie Awards Africa.<ref name=":1" /> == References == [[Category:Ghanaian movies]] [[Category:1990s Ghanaian television series]] [[Category:Ghanaian television series]] [[Category:1990s crime television series]] [[Category:Television shows set for Ghana insyd]] [[Category:Ghana Broadcasting Corporation original programming]] [[Category:Ghana]] <references /> == External links == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpC19i0LIIo INSPECTOR BEDIAKO Ninovation] j7th2ogfby42ry4yohohc3pw2bkq8yk 0 4964 97506 30108 2026-05-01T22:48:50Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Higher Institute of Technology of Ivory Coast''' (French: ''Institut Supérieur de Technologie de Côte d'Ivoire (IST-CI)'') be private institution of higher education den research<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190718213151/http://www.mesrsci.com/images/stories/fichierPDF/universites%20et%20post%20bts%20fevrier%202010.pdf "Universities"] (PDF). ''mesrsci.com''. 8 August 2011. Archived from [http://www.mesrsci.com/images/stories/fichierPDF/universites%20et%20post%20bts%20fevrier%202010.pdf the original] (PDF) on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2011.</ref> wey ein headquarters dey insyd de district of Plateau insyd Abidjan, de economic capital of [[Ivory Coast]]. == History == Group of teachers-researchers wey dem create am, de Institut Supérieur de Technologie de Côte d'Ivoire be varsity institution for scientific, cultural den professional character, wey dey enjoy corporate personality, pedagogical den scientific, administrative den financial autonomy. Edey contribute to de missions of higher education den scientific research thru five specialized higher schools. De IST-CI be member institution of de Network of Universities of Science den Technology of de Countries of Africa south of de Sahara (French: ''Réseau des Universités des Sciences et Technologies des pays d'Afrique au Sud du Sahara (RUSTA)'').<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131006125539/http://www.rusta-comrefas.org/usttg-et-istci.html "Comrefas"]. Archived from [http://www.rusta-comrefas.org/usttg-et-istci.html the original] on 2013-10-06. Retrieved 2012-12-12.</ref> == Organization == De IST-CI get five specialized higher schools<ref>[http://rusta-istci.org/index.html "ISTCI - Accueil"].</ref> den one research centre: === Specialized higher schools === * Higher School of Management and Business Administration (ESMAE) * Higher School of Communication (ESCOM) * Higher School of Public Works, Mines and Geology (ESTPMG) * Higher School of Industrial Technology (ESTI) * Higher School of Applied Informatics (ESIA) === Research centre === * Consortium for the Management of Basic and Applied Research in Africa south of the Sahara (French: ''Consortium pour le Management de la Recherche Fondamentale et Appliquée en Afrique au sud du Sahara (COMREFAS)'') == International relations == Since ein inception, de IST-CI work make e develop network of international cooperation plus foreign universities, wey dey include plus de University of Poitiers.<ref>[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:azHkDAdhDgUJ:www.univ-poitiers.fr/servlet/com.univ.collaboratif.utils.LectureFichiergw?CODE_FICHIER=1287746883994&ID_FICHE=75081+higher+business+school+of+management+poitiers&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShvNA7DpPIM9KZvQgQ6V2wQe6nUtJx1bi1ZLnRrWJzuEmem0CMg3nJf2ORKQrmTPPSDBU04_QX3gRO8Cqz_mFAGWRrrRJIbRTPk8z2U_bI40YlkpGDN17xAQtyg7RffPxt4JDUc&sig=AHIEtbSZ8TxAywNDgiZ4OCc-71Ks2tQQPg "Higher business school of management"]. ''docs.google.com''. 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-29.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130529165735/http://www.rusta-istci.org/ Official website] (insyd French) [[Category:Universities insyd Ivory Coast]] [[Category:Organizations base insyd Abidjan]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 2007]] [[Category:2007 establishments insyd Ivory Coast]] [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Abidjan]] [[Category:Education insyd Abidjan]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2007]] nelth7ytjdi9s9agizpapeixuksccym 0 6406 97466 84400 2026-05-01T14:31:13Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:2015-_Clean_energy_vs_fossil_fuel_investment_-_IEA.svg|thumb|Investments for sustainable energy (be clean energy) be an example for climate finance. For 2023, dem increase am due to high fossil fuel prices den growth policy support wey dey go across various nations insyd.<ref>[https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2023/overview-and-key-findings "World Energy Investment 2023 / Overview and key findings"]. International Energy Agency (IEA). 25 May 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230531004551/https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2023/overview-and-key-findings Archived] from the original on 31 May 2023. "Global energy investment in clean energy and in fossil fuels, 2015-2023 (chart)" — From pages 8 and 12 of ''[https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/8834d3af-af60-4df0-9643-72e2684f7221/WorldEnergyInvestment2023.pdf World Energy Investment 2023]'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230531003621/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/8834d3af-af60-4df0-9643-72e2684f7221/WorldEnergyInvestment2023.pdf archive]).</ref>]] '''Climate finance''' be umbrella term give financial resources such as loans, grants, anaa domestic budget allocations give climate change mitigation, adaptation den/anaa resiliency. Finance fi cam from private den public sources, wey dem fi channel am by various intermediaries such as multilateral development banks anaa oda development agencies. Development agencies be particularly important insyd de transfer of public resources from countries dem develop to countries dem dey develop for light of dema UN Climate Convention obligations insyd.<ref name=":1">[https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/top-down-climate-finance-needs/ "Top-down Climate Finance Needs"]. ''CPI''. Retrieved 2024-06-27.</ref> Dem get two main sub-categories for climate finance insyd dey base for different aims top. Mitigation finance be investment wey dey aim make e reduce global carbon emissions. Adaptation finance dey aim say ego respond to de consequences for climate change.<ref name=":2">Kreibiehl, S., T. Yong Jung, S. Battiston, P. E. Carvajal, C. Clapp, D. Dasgupta, N. Dube, R. Jachnik, K. Morita, N. Samargandi, M. Williams, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Investment and finance. In IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi:[[doi:10.1017/9781009157926.017|10.1017/9781009157926.017]]</ref> Globally, dem get much greater focus for mitigation, wey dey account for over 90% spending for climate top.<ref name=":0">OECD (2022), [https://www.oecd.org/climate-change/finance-usd-100-billion-goal/aggregate-trends-of-climate-finance-provided-and-mobilised-by-developed-countries-in-2013-2020.pdf Aggregate trends of Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013-2020].</ref><ref name=":5">New, M., D. Reckien, D. Viner, C. Adler, S.-M. Cheong, C. Conde, A. Constable, E. Coughlan de Perez, A. Lammel, R. Mechler, B. Orlove, and W. Solecki, 2022: Chapter 17: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Decision-Making Options for Managing Risk. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2539–2654, doi:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.026|10.1017/9781009325844.026]]</ref> Renewable energy be important growth area for mitigation investment den e get growing policy for support.<ref name=":3">[https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Global-Landscape-of-Climate-Finance-2023.pdf "Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2023"] (PDF). ''CPI''.</ref> Finance fi cam from private den public sources, den sam times de two fi to join sure say dem fi create financial solutions. Ebe widely recognized say public budgets go be insufficient wey ego meet de total needs give climate finance, den dat private finance go be important to close de finance gap.<ref name=":6">United Nations Environment Programme (2023). [[doi:10.59117/20.500.11822/43796|Adaptation Gap Report 2023: Underfinanced. Underprepared. Inadequate investment and planning on climate adaptation leaves world exposed. Nairobi]].</ref> Na dem dey use chaw different financial models anaa instruments give financing climate actions. For example, green bonds (anaa climate bonds), carbon offsetting, den payment give ecosystem services be sam solutions dem promote. Der be considerable innovation for dis area insyd as well as transfer of solutions wey dem no develop am specifically give climate finance, such as public–private partnerships den blended finance. Der sanso be chaw challenges wey dey include dat of dem dey measure den dey track financial flows, for equitable financial support to countries wey dey develop for cutting emissions den adapting to impacts, den for incentivizing further private sector investments top. == De Definition den context == Climate finance be "finance dat dey aims dey reduce emissions, den enhancing sinks for greenhouse gases den aims at reducing vulnerability for, den maintaining den increasing da resilience for, humans den ecological systems to negative climate change impacts", as ebe defined by da United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Standing Committee on Finance.<ref>[https://unfccc.int/documents "Documents | UNFCCC"]. ''unfccc.int''. Retrieved 2018-09-08.</ref> === De UNFCCC obligations === For de UN Climate Convention insyd, climate finance be da transfer of public money from high income countries to a low den middle income countries. Dis would be dema obligations sure say dem go provide fresh den additional financial resources. Den for 2015 insyd, United Nations Climate Change Conference introduced de new era for climate finance, policies, den markets. Da Paris Agreement, which dem adopted at da conference, defined a global action plan wey edey put de world on track sure say ego avoid dangerous climate change wey ego limit global warming to well below 2&nbsp;°C above pre-industrial levels. Da agreement dey cover climate change mitigation, adaptation, den finance. Da financing element dey include climate-specific support mechanisms den financial aid for mitigation den adaptation activities. Da aims for da activities for dey speed up de energy transition towards low-carbon economy den climate-resilient growth.<ref>Barbara Buchner, Angela Falconer, Morgan Hervé-Mignucci, Chiara Trabacchi and Marcel Brinkman (2011) [http://climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/the-landscape-of-climate-finance/ "The Landscape of Climate Finance"] A CPI Report, Climate Policy Initiative, Venice (Italy), p. 1 and 2.</ref> For de 16th Conference insyd for Parties in 2010 (Cancun 2010) dem develop countries wey dem make committed to da goal for mobilizing joint USD 100 billion year by 2020 wey ego address de needs of developing countries insyd. De decision by de 21st Conference for de Parties (Paris 2015) dem sanso atache commitment make dem continue dema existing collective mobilization goal for 2025 insyd.<ref name=":9">Thwaites, Joe; Bos, Julie (2021). [https://www.wri.org/research/breakdown-developed-countries-public-climate-finance-contributions-towards-100-billion "A Breakdown of Developed Countries' Public Climate Finance Contributions Towards the $100 Billion Goal"]. ''World Resources Institute'': 58.</ref><ref name=":10">[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/nov/11/banks-around-world-in-joint-pledge-on-green-recovery-after-covid "Banks around world in joint pledge on 'green recovery' after Covid"]. ''the Guardian''. 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-11-12.</ref> For 2025 insyd new goal go be expected to be adopted. However, de amount of finance wey dem provide dem estimate am to be below what dem target. According to OECD figures, climate finance dey provid den mobilized catch $83.3bn for 2020 den $89.6bn for 2021 insyd.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":11">OECD (2023), ''[[doi:10.1787/e20d2bc7-en|Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013-2021: Aggregate Trends and Opportunities for Scaling Up Adaptation and Mobilised Private Finance]]'', Climate Finance and the USD 100 Billion Goal, OECD Publishing, Paris</ref> Dis dey mean dat de US$100 billion per year by 2020 target has been missed. == De Global estimates for financing needs insyd == For de Global climate finance insyd,dem estimate am to reached around $1.3 trillion per year in 2021/2022. Sometimes, much more dey need to keep global temperature wey edey rise for 1.5°C den avoid da worst impacts for climate change insyd. For 2024 report insyd, dem estimate am dat climate finance flows for increase by sixfold on 2021/2022 levels, wey ego reach $8.5 trillion per year by 2030.<ref name=":1" /> [[File:Green_firms_lead_investment.png|thumb|351x351px|European Investment Bank Investment Survey for 2020 on green firms investing den climate ]] == Subcategories Dis == Dem get two main sub-categories for climate finance insyd dey base on different aims. Mitigation finance be investment wey edey aim to reduce global carbon emissions. Adaptation finance dey aim say ego reduce da consequences for climate change insyd.<ref name=":2" /> Globally, dem get greater focus for mitigation, accounting for over 90% spending wey edey go climate insyd.2590  Renewable energy be important for growth area for mitigation investment den e get growing policy for support. === De Finance for mitigation === For Global climate finance be heavily focused for mitigation. Key sectors wey dey invest be renewable energy, energy efficiency den transport.<ref name=":2" /> : For 1549, 1564  Dem increase international climate finance towards de 100 billion target. Most of de estimated US$83.3 billion wey dem dey provide to developing countries for 2020 insyd, be targeted at mitigation (US$48.6 billion, anaa 58%).<ref name=":0" /> For worldwide scale, mitigation financing accounts for be over 90% of investment for climate finance insyd. Around 70% for dis mitigation money dey go towards renewable energy, however low-carbon mobility be key for da development sector.<ref>Bank, European Investment (2023-09-27). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230088-finance-in-africa Finance in Africa - Uncertain times, resilient banks: African finance at a crossroads]''. European Investment Bank. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5598-7|978-92-861-5598-7]]</bdi>.</ref><ref name=":3" /> Global energy investment dey increased since de 2020 COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Sometimes, de crisis dey place great additional strain for de global economy, debt den de availability of finance, wich dem go expect say ego be felt in years wey edey come.<ref name=":2" /> ==== De Mitigation costs den mitigation financing needs insyd ==== For 2010 insyd, de World Development Report en preliminary estimates for financing needs for de mitigation den adaptation of activities in developing countries wey edey range from $140 to 175 billion per year for mitigation over de next 20 years where en associated financing needs for $265–565 billion den $30–100 billion a year over de period for 2010–2050 for adaptation.<ref>[https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm "Error - System Unavailable"]. ''message.worldbank.org''. Retrieved 2024-07-16.</ref> De International Energy Agency's 2011 World Energy Outlook (WEO) dey estimates dat in order say dem go meet de growing demand for energy through 2035, $16.9 trillion be new investment for new power generation wey edey project, de renewable energy (RE) wey edey comprising of 60% of de total. De capital dey require say dem go meet projected energy wey ego demand through 2030 amounts to $1.1 trillion a year for an average, distributed (almost evenly) between de large emerging economies (like China, India, Brazil, etc.) den de remaining developing countries. We for believe dat over de next 15 years, de world will require about $90 trillion in new infrastructure – most of it in de developing den middle-income countries.<ref name=":4">[https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic "Topics"]. ''World Bank''. Retrieved 2024-07-16.</ref> De IEA dey estimate dat limiting de rise of global temperature for below 2 Celsius by de end of de century dey require an average of $3.5&nbsp;trillion a year in energy sector investments until 2050.<ref name=":4" /> De meta-analysis for 2023 wey investigated dey "require technology-level investment shifts for climate-relevant infrastructure until 2035" within de EU, den found say des be de "most drastic for power plants, electricity grids den rail infrastructure", ~€87 billion above de planned budgets in de near-term (2021–25), den in need of sustainable finance policies.<ref>mdr.de. [https://www.mdr.de/wissen/mehrbedarf-bei-erneuerbaren-und-e-verkehr100.html "Studie sieht EU-weit 87 Milliarden Euro Mehrbedarf bei Erneuerbaren und E-Verkehr | MDR.DE"]. ''www.mdr.de'' (insyd German). Retrieved 2024-07-16.</ref> === De Finance for adaptation === For Finance ebe de important enabler for climate adaptation insyd, for both de developed den developing countries.<ref name=":5" />  e fit to come from a variety of sources. Public finance dey come directly from da governments or via intermediaries like development finance institutions (e.g. MDBs den oda development agencies). Dem fi to channel am through multilateral climate funds insyd. Some multilateral climate funds get specific focus for adaptation for dema mandate insyd. Des dey include de Green Climate Fund, de CIFs den de Adaptation Fund. Private finance fit to come from commercial banks, institutional investors, oda private equity den oda companies den from household den community funding. De vast majority of tracked finance (around 98%) dey come from public sources. Dis be partly because of de lack of a well-defined income stream den business case wey edey bring an attractive return on investment on projects.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":12">Environment, U. N. (2018-12-06). [https://www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2018 "Adaptation Gap report 2018"]. ''www.unep.org''. Retrieved 2024-07-16.</ref> Finance be delivered through a range of instruments including grants den subsidies, concessional den non-concessional (i.e. market) loans for oda debt instruments, equity issuances ( wey dem get listed or unlisted shares) den can be delivered through own funds, like savings.<ref name=":5" />  for de largest proportions of adaptation finance wey dem invested for infrastructure, energy, built environment, agriculture, forestry/nature den water-related projects.<ref name=":5" /> Ebe around 4-8% for de total climate finance has been allocated to adaptation. De vast majority dem allocate dem to mitigation plus only around 1-2% for multiple objectives.<ref name=":5" /> ==== De Adaptation costs den adaptation financing needs insyd ==== Adaptation costs be de costs of planning, preparing for, facilitating den implementing adaptation.<ref name=":6" />  Adaptation wey en benefits be estimated in de terms wey efi fit to reduce damages from de effects of climate change. For economic terms, de cost wey edey benefit de ratio for adaptation dey show dat each dollar can deliver large benefits. For example, dem estimate say every US$1 billion wey dem invest for adaptation against coastal flooding wey dey lead to a US$14 billion reduction for economic damages.<ref name=":6" />  Investing for more resilient infrastructure for developing countries wey dey provide an average for $4 wey edey benefit for each $1 invested.<ref>[https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/c3a753a6-2310-501b-a37e-5dcab3e96a0b "Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity"]. 2019-06-19. doi:[[doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1430-3|10.1596/978-1-4648-1430-3]].</ref> For oda words, ebe small percentage increase in investment costs dey mitigate de potentially very large disruption to infrastructure costs. For 2023 insyd, dem do study wey dem find de overall adaptation costs for all de developing countries wey ebe around US$215 billion for a year wey de period be up to 2030. De highest adaptation expenses dey from river flood protection, infrastructure den coastal protection. Dem also see dat most cases, be adaptation costs go go higher by 2050.<ref name=":6" />  Ebe difficult say you fi to estimate both de costs of adaptation den de adaptation finance needs. De costs of adaptation varies plus de objective den de level of adaptation required dan what be acceptable for residual, i.e. 'unmanaged' risk.<ref name=":6" />  Similarly, adaptation finance dey need to vary depending on de overall adaptation plans for de country, city, or region. Edey also dey depend on de assessment methods used. For 2023 dem do study wey e analyse country dem ma level of information wey dem submit give UNFCCC for de National Adaptation Plans den Nationally Determined Contributions (85 countries). Dem estimate de global adaptation needs for developing countries annual average be US$387 billion, for de period wey edey go to 2030.<ref name=":6" />  Both de cost dem estimates den needs estimates get high uncertainty. Adaptation costs dey usually be derived from economic modelling den analysis (global or sectoral models). Adaptation needs dey base on programme den project-level costing.  Des programmes dey depend on de high level adaptation instrument – wey be plan, policy or strategy. For many developing countries, de implementation for certain actions specified for de plans be conditional for receiving international support. For des countries insyd, de majority (85%) for finance needs dey expect say ego met dem from international public climate finance, i.e. funding from developed to developing countries.<ref name=":6" />  Der be less data available for adaptation costs den adaptation finance needs in high income countries. Data dey show dat per capita needs dey increase plus income level, but des countries fit to afford to invest more domestically.<ref name=":6" />  ==== Current levels of financing den de finance gap ==== Between 2017 den 2021, total international public finance to developing countries for climate adaptation dem remained well below US$30 billion per year.<ref name=":6" />  Dis equals about 33% for de total public climate finance, for an additional 14% spending on cross-cutting activities (supporting both adaptation den mitigation). Dis includes finance from multilateral development banks, bilateral agencies den multilateral climate funds be de three largest types of provider. 63% of de adaptation-specific funding was provided as loans, den 36% as grants. <ref name=":6" />  Disbursement of funds for adaptation, at 66% for de amounts committed, be much lower dan for mitigation. Dis indicates difficulty den complexity of implementation.<ref name=":6" />  De adaptation finance gap be de difference between de estimated costs den adaptation den de amount of finance available for adaptation. <ref name=":6" />  Based on data over 2017-2021, De estimated costs den needs dey around 10-18 times for much as current levels insyd of public flows. Domestic budgets den private climate finance for adaptation dem no include for des figures insyd. De gap dey widened as we dey compare am to previous assessments. Increasing both international den domestic public finance den mobilising private finance dey help to close de finance gap. Oda options include remittances, increased finance for small businesses, den reform of de international financial system, for example dey go through changes in managing vulnerable countries' debt burden.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" />  == De Types of finance == === De Multilateral climate finance === ==== De Multilateral climate funds ==== De multilateral climate funds (i.e. governed by multiple national governments) ebe important for paying out money for climate finance.For 2022 insyd, dem get five multilateral climate funds wey ebe coordinated by de UNFCCC. Des be de Green Climate Fund (GCF), De Adaptation Fund (AF), de Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), de Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) den de Global Environment Facility (GEF). De largest for des be, de GCF, na dem form am insyd 2010.<ref>[https://unfccc.int/topics/climate-finance/the-big-picture/climate-finance-in-the-negotiations "Climate finance in the negotiations"]. ''unfccc.int''. 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</ref><ref>Global, IndraStra. [https://www.indrastra.com/2022/12/climate-finance-essential-components.html "Climate Finance: Essential Components, Existing Challenges, and On-going Initiatives"]. ''IndraStra Global''. Retrieved 2024-07-16.</ref> De oda main multilateral fund, Climate Investment Funds (CIFs), be coordinated by de World Bank. De Climate Investment Funds be important for climate finance since 2008.<ref>[https://www.cif.org/documents/10-years-climate-action "10 Years of Climate Action | Climate Investment Funds"]. ''www.cif.org''. Retrieved 2024-07-16.</ref> Edey comprise of two funds, de Clean Technology Fund den de Strategic Climate Fund. De latter sponsors innovative approaches wey existing climate change challenges, wey de former invests for clean technology projects for developing countries insyd. For 2022 insyd, nations dey agree for a proposal sure say dem fi to establish a multilateral loss den damage fund to support communities averting, minimizing, den dey address damages den risks den where adaptation no dey der enough or dey come late.<ref>Environment, U. N. (2023-11-02). [https://www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2023 "Adaptation Gap Report 2023 | UNEP - UN Environment Programme"]. ''www.unep.org''. Retrieved 2024-07-16.</ref> Some multi-lateral climate change funds dey work through grant-only programmes. Oda multilateral climate funds dey use a wider range of financing instruments, which dey including grants, concessional loans, equity (shares for an entity) den risk mitigation options.<ref name=":5" /> Des be intended to crowd in oda sources for finance, weda ebe from domestic governments, oda donors, anaa de private sector. ==== De Multilateral development banks ==== Multilateral development banks (MDBs) be important providers for international climate finance. MDBs be financial vehicles created by governments to support economic den social efforts, predominantly in developing countries. de MDBs goals usually dey mirror de aid den collaboration regulations of deir founding members.<ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/about/partners/development-banks/index.htm "Multilateral development banks"]. ''www.eib.org''. Retrieved 2024-07-16.</ref> Dey complement de programmes for (national government) members' bilateral development agencies, wey ego allow dem to work for more countries dan for larger scale.<ref name=":7">[https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/multilateral-aid-review-ensuring-maximum-value-money-uk-aid-through-multilateral "Multilateral Aid Review: ensuring maximum value for money for UK aid through multilateral organisations | PreventionWeb"]. ''www.preventionweb.net''. 2011-03-04. Retrieved 2024-07-16.</ref> De Paris Agreement also dey provide momentum for de MDBs sure say ego align plus dema investments den strategies plus climate goals, den for 2018 insyd de MDBs collectively announced de joint framework for financial flows insyd.<ref name=":2" />  De MDBs use de widest range for financing instruments wey edey include grants, investment loans, equity, guarantees, policy-based financing den results-based financing.<ref name=":5" /> De World Bank dey use money contributed by governments den companies for OECD countries dey purchase project-based greenhouse gas emission reductions in developing countries den countries plus economies in transition. Dis dey include de BioCarbon Fund Initiative, wey public-private partnership providing finance for de land use sector. De Partnership for Market Readiness dey focuse on market-based mechanisms. Den Forest Carbon Partnership Facility explores de use of carbon market wey revenues dey reduce emissions from deforestation den forest degradation (REDD+). === De Bilateral climate finance === [[File:Financial_flows_for_climate_change_mitigation_and_adaptation_in_developing_countries.jpg|thumb|De Financial flows for climate change mitigation den adaptation for developing countries insyd]] Bilateral institutions dey include development cooperation agencies den national development banks. Until quite recently dem get de largest contributors for climate finance, but since 2020 bilateral flows dey decrease whilst multilateral funding dey grow.<ref name=":2" /> Some bilateral donors get thematic anaa sectoral priorities, whilst many dey have geopolitical preferences for working for certain countries den regions.<ref name=":5" /> Bilateral institutions dey include donors like de USAID, de Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Germany ein KfW Development Bank den de UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO). Many bilateral agencies dey make donations for multilateral channels den dis dey allows dem to work for more countries dan at a larger scale.<ref name=":7" /> Sometimes de overall international climate finance system (for financial flows for developed to developing countries) be complex den fragmented, for overlapping mandates den objectives. Dis dey create significant co-ordination problems.<ref>Klein, Richard J. T.; Siebert, Clarisse Kehler; Tella, Patricia Vilchis; Atteridge, Aaron (21 January 2010). [https://www.sei.org/publications/bilateral-finance-institutions-climate-change-mapping-climate-portfolios/ "Bilateral Finance Institutions and Climate Change: A Mapping of Climate Portfolios"].</ref><ref name=":8">[https://search.worldcat.org/title/1099681274 "Coordination Challenges in Climate Finance | WorldCat.org"]. ''search.worldcat.org''. Retrieved 2024-07-16.</ref> === De Domestic public climate finance === Financial flows den expenditures by national governments for climate be significant. Domestic targets for addressing climate change be set out for national strategies den plans, dey include those dem submit am to de UNFCCC under de Paris Agreement. For many developing countries insight, de plans submitted dey include targets attached to international financial den technical support (i.e. conditional targets). De National-level coordination for climate funding be important for meeting dese domestic targets, den in de case of developing countries, also for accessing international funding.<ref name=":8" />  For all countries den regions, Dem recognised dat public funding no go be sufficient to meet all finance needs. Dis means Dat policy makers for make strategic approach for using public funding to leverage additional private finance. Oda funding fit to come from financial institutions like banks, pension funds, insurance companies den asset managers. Sometimes public den private sources for funding, wey we fi to blend into single solution, for example for insurance we go make public funds provide part of de capital.<ref name=":2" /> === De Private climate finance === Public finance get traditional significant for source infrastructure investment. Sometimes, public budgets dey often be insufficient for larger den more complex infrastructure projects, particularly for lower-income countries. Climate-compatible investments often have higher investment needs dan conventional (fossil fuel) measures,<ref>Gouldson, Andy; Colenbrander, Sarah; Sudmant, Andrew; McAnulla, Faye; Kerr, Niall; Sakai, Paola; Hall, Stephen; Papargyropoulou, Effie; Kuylenstierna, Johan (2015-11-01). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378015300169 "Exploring the economic case for climate action in cities"]. ''Global Environmental Change''. '''35''': 93–105. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.009|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.009]]. ISSN [[issn:0959-3780|0959-3780]].</ref> dis dey also dey carry higher financial risks because sake of technologies no be proven den de projects get high upfront costs.<ref>Schmidt, Tobias S. (2014-04-01). [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCC...4..237S "Low-carbon investment risks and de-risking"]. ''Nature Climate Change''. '''4''': 237–239. doi:[[doi:10.1038/nclimate2112|10.1038/nclimate2112]].</ref> If countries dey go access de scale of funding required, ebe critical say de full spectrum of funding sources den dema requirements, as well as de different mechanisms available from dem, den how dem fit to combined.<ref>[https://cdkn.org/resource/understanding-bankability-unlocking-climate-finance-development?loclang=en_ "WORKING PAPER: Understanding 'bankability' and unlocking climate finance for climate compatible development | Climate & Development Knowledge Network"]. ''cdkn.org''. 2017-06-23. Retrieved 2024-07-16.</ref> Dem get growing recognition for private finance wey ego need cover to finance shortfall.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2023/11/23/the-rich-world-claims-it-has-paid-its-overdue-climate-debts "The rich world claims it has paid its overdue climate debts"]. ''The Economist''. ISSN [[issn:0013-0613|0013-0613]]. Retrieved 2024-07-16.</ref> Private investors fi to support sustainable urban infrastructure projects where a sufficient return for investment be forecast based on project income flows den low-risk government debt repayments. Bankability den creditworthiness dey hia waa sure say ego attract private finance. Potential sources for climate finance like commercial banks, pension funds, insurance companies, asset managers, sovereign wealth funds, venture capital (such as fixed income den listed equity products), infrastructure funds den bank lending (wey dey include loans wey dey come from credit unions). Edey also include companies from oda sectors insyd such as renewable energy den water companies, den individual households den communities.<ref name=":2" /> Des different investor types dey have different risk-return expectations den investment horizons, den projects will need to be structured appropriately.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240714170839/https://newclimateeconomy.net/content/publications?field_publication_type_target_id=309&field_publication_year_value=&field_pub_date_value=&field_research_programme_target_id=All&field_pub_country_target_id= "New Climate Economy Publications"]. ''newclimateeconomy.net''. Retrieved 2024-07-16.</ref> During de COVID-19 pandemic, climate change be one thing wey ebe addressed by 43% of EU enterprises. Sake-off de pandemic's effect for businesses dema top, de percentage of firms wey dem dey plan climate-related investment go upto 47%. Dis be a rise from 2020, when de percentage of climate dey relate to investment be at 41%.<ref>Bank, European Investment (2022-01-12). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/investment-report-2021 EIB Investment Report 2021/2022: Recovery as a springboard for change]''. European Investment Bank. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5155-2|978-92-861-5155-2]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2021-434-latest-eib-survey-the-state-of-eu-business-investment-2021 "Latest EIB survey: The state of EU business investment 2021"]. ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 2024-07-16.</ref> Climate investment for Europe has been growing in de 2020s. However, de need for de EU's "Fit for 55" climate package dey remain 356 billion euros for every year insyd. For 2020, US firms' dey won innovate get increased, wey European firms' dey decrease.<ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/stories/investment-offensive "European investment offensive needed to keep up with US subsidies"]. ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 2024-07-16.</ref> For 2022 insyd, spending for climate for European enterprises climbed by 10%, reaching 53% on average. Dis has been especially noticeable by Central den Eastern Europe at 25% den be small den medium-sized firms (SMEs) plus 22% for increase in climate financing.<ref>Bank, European Investment (2023-06-14). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230114-what-drives-firms-investment-in-climate-change What drives firms’ investment in climate action? Evidence from the 2022-2023 EIB Investment Survey]''. European Investment Bank. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5537-6|978-92-861-5537-6]]</bdi>.</ref> Carbon offsetting dey go through voluntary carbon markets as way for private sector enterprises wey dem go invest in projects dat avoid den reduce emissions elsewhere. De original carbon offsetting den credit mechanisms be "flexibility mechanisms" defined in de Kyoto Protocol. Edey comprise de compliance for carbon market, focusing on trading/crediting (obligatory) emission reductions between countries. For voluntary carbon markets, companies or individuals dey use carbon offsets to meet de goals dey set dema body for reducing emissions. Voluntary carbon markets are growing significantly. Mechanisms like REDD+ wey edey include private sector contributions via voluntary carbon markets.<ref name=":2" /> However, de relative flows of private finance from developed to developing countries remain quite small. Dem estimate say over 90% of private climate flows remain within national borders.<ref name=":2" /> == De Financial instruments == More different financial models den instruments get financing climate actions. De overall business model dey include chaw financing mechanism wey dem put am togeda sure say we fi create climate solution. Financial models fit to belong to different categories e.g. public budgets, debt, equity, land value capture den revenue generating models etc. === De Debt-for-climate swaps === Debt-for-climate swaps dey happen where debt accumulated by country be repaid upon fresh discounted terms agreed between de debtor den creditor, repayment funds for local currency dey redirected to domestic projects dat dey boost climate mitigation den adaptation activities. Climate mitigation activities wey edey benefit from debt-for-climate swaps dey include projects dat dey enhance carbon sequestration, wey ebe renewable energy den conservation of biodiversity as well as oceans. For instance, Argentina succeed dey carrying out such swap which dem implement am by de Environment Minister at de time, Romina Picolotti. De value of debt addressed was $38,100,000 den de environmental swap was $3,100,000 which dem redirected am to conservation of biodiversity, forests den oda climate mitigation activities.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201126220613/https://www.iisd.org/sustainable-recovery/debt-for-climate-swaps-can-help-developing-countries-make-a-green-recovery/ "Debt-for-Climate Swaps Can Help Developing Countries Make a Green Recovery - Sustainable Recovery 2020"]. ''web.archive.org''. 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2024-07-16.</ref> Seychelles in collaboration plus de Nature Conservancy also undertook similar debt-for-nature swap where $27 million of debt be redirected to establish marine parks, ocean conservation den ecotourism activities. === De Green bonds (anaa climate bonds) === === Oda financial instruments === De following financial instruments can be used for climate finance but were not developed specifically for climate finance: * De Revenue-generating models (subscription business model, fee-for-service); Revenue generation through for example water-user fees den tariffs can incentivise investment in climate projects. * Revolving Loan Fund * Public–private partnership * Blended finance * Land Value Capture == De Finance dem commit den disperse == For 2019 insyd, de CPI estimat say annual climate finance reached more dan US$600 billion.<ref>[https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/updated-view-on-the-global-landscape-of-climate-finance-2019/ "Updated View on the Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2019"]. ''CPI''. Retrieved 2024-07-16.</ref> Data for 2021/2022 show ebe almost USD 1.3 trillion, plus most of de increase coming from acceleration in mitigation finance (renewable energy den transport sectors).<ref name=":3" /> Des figures dey take into account all countries wey be both private den public finance. De bulk for dis finance dey raise den spend domestically (84% in 2021/2022). De International public climate finance wey be developed to developing countries dem found am to be well below US$70 billion per year for de period 2017-2021.<ref name=":6" />  De OECD, which dey include export credits den mobilised private finance, dem estimate 2021 flows to be USD$89.6 billion.<ref name=":11" /> Dem get differences in estimates due to different definitions den methods used. For November 2020, development banks den private finance no reach de US$100 billion per year wey dema investment stipulated by de UN climate negotiations for 2020.<ref name=":10" /> Sometimes, in de face of de COVID-19 pandemic's economic downturn, 450 development banks dey pledge to fund "Green recovery" for developing countries insyd.<ref name=":10" /> For 2016, de four main multilateral climate funds approved $2.78 billion for project support. India received de most single-country support, followed by Ukraine den Chile. Tuvalu received de most funding per person, followed by Samoa den Dominica. De US be de largest donor across de four funds, while Norway makes de largest contribution relative to population size.<ref>Pearce, Rosamund (2017-11-06). [https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-where-multilateral-climate-funds-spend-their-money/ "Mapped: Where multilateral climate funds spend their money"]. ''Carbon Brief''. Retrieved 2024-07-16.</ref> Climate financing by de world's six largest multilateral development banks (MDBs) rose to a seven-year high of $35.2&nbsp;billion in 2017. For to OECD figures, climate finance dey provide den mobilized reached $83.3bn in 2020. Anoda study dey report say de money given for climate change was only worth about a third of what was said ($21–24.5bn). For 2009 insyd, developed countries had committed to jointly mobilize $100 billion annually in climate finance by 2020 sure say we fi support developing countries in reducing emissions den adapting to climate change.<ref>Bos, Julie; Gonzalez, Lorena; Thwaites, Joe (2021-10-07). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230820113932/https://www.wri.org/insights/developed-countries-contributions-climate-finance-goal "Are Countries Providing Enough to the $100 Billion Climate Finance Goal?"].</ref> === De European Investment Bank === For 2012 insyd, de European Investment Bank (EIB) dey provide €170 billion in climate funding, which dem take fund over €600&nbsp;billion programs wey dem go take stop emissions den help people respond to climate change den biodiversity depletion across Europe den de world.<ref>Ltd, World Climate (2020-10-27). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230604231203/https://www.climateinvestmentsummit.org/post/cis-interview-vice-president-ambroise-fayolle-the-european-investment-bank "CIS Interview: Vice President Ambroise Fayolle, the European Investment Bank"]. ''CIS''. Retrieved 2024-07-17.</ref><ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/stories/climate-bank-roadmap "A plan for the long haul to contribute finance to the European Green Deal"]. ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 2024-07-17.</ref> For 2022, De Bank's funding for climate change den environmental sustainability projects be €36.5 billion. Dis includes €35 billion for initiatives supporting climate action den €15.9 billion for programs supporting environmental sustainability goals. Projects wey dey combined climate action den environmental sustainability advantages received €14.3 billion for funding. For 2021-2030, de Bank dey want assist €1 trillion for green investment.<ref>Bank, European Investment (2023-06-29). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230023-sustainability-report-2022 EIB Group Sustainability report 2022]''. European Investment Bank. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5543-7|978-92-861-5543-7]]</bdi>.</ref> Currently, 5.4% per of de Bank ein loans for climate action dem dedicate to climate adaptation, secof funding increase significantly for 2022 insyd, dey reach €1.9 billion.<ref>[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en "Press corner"]. ''European Commission - European Commission''. Retrieved 2024-07-17.</ref> == De Challenges == === De Tracking climate finance flows === Information for climate finance flows be better for international climate finance dan for domestic climate finance.  International public finance from multilateral den bilateral sources we fi tag am to specify that efi to target climate mitigation den adaptation or both (i.e. is cross-cutting).<ref>[https://oecd.org/en/networks/dac-network-on-environment-and-development-co-operation-.html "DAC Network on Environment and Development Co-operation"]. ''OECD''. Retrieved 2024-07-17.</ref> Number of initiatives wey dem dey monitor den track flows for international climate finance. For example analysts for Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) dey track public den private sector climate finance flows for a variety of sources on a yearly basis since 2011. Dis work be fed into de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Biennial Assessment den Overview of Climate Finance Flows<ref name=":13">[https://unfccc.int/topics/climate-finance/resources/biennial-assessment-and-overview-of-climate-finance-flows "Biennial assessment and overview of climate finance flows"]. ''unfccc.int''. 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.</ref> den in de IPCC Fifth Assessment Report den IPCC Sixth Assessment Report chapters on climate finance. Des suggestion dey need for more efficient monitoring for climate finance flows. In particular, dey suggest dat funds can do better at synchronizing deir reporting of data, being consistent in de way that dey report dema figures, den providing detailed information on de implementation of projects den programs over time. Der is also a need sure say we fi to improve reporting den tracking by domestic den private climate finance actors. Dis could be achieved through national regulations for mandatory den standardized disclosure. <ref name=":12" /> === De Climate finance gap === Research dey find say substantially lower bilateral climate finance numbers dan current official estimates.<ref>Toetzke, Malte; Stünzi, Anna; Egli, Florian (2022-09-01). [[bibcode:2022NatCC..12..897T|"Consistent and replicable estimation of bilateral climate finance"]]. ''Nature Climate Change''. '''12''': 897–900. doi:[[doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01482-7|10.1038/s41558-022-01482-7]].</ref><ref>Donner, Simon D; Kandlikar, Milind; Webber, Sophie (2016-05-01). [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/054006 "Measuring and tracking the flow of climate change adaptation aid to the developing world"]. ''Environmental Research Letters''. '''11''' (5): 054006. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/054006. ISSN [[issn:1748-9326|1748-9326]].</ref> Reasons be among oda lack of universally agreed-upon definitions for what qualifies as international climate finance den no oversight. Dis has led to an inclusion of non-climate projects, a lack of transparency den ultimately a credibility issue regarding official international climate finance reporting. De estimates for de climate finance gap - dat be, de shortfall for investment - vary according to de geographies, sectors den activities included, timescale den phasing, target den de underlying assumptions. De 2018 Biennial Assessment estimated financing needs for mitigation between 2020 den 2030 to be USD$1.7-2.4 trillion per year.<ref name=":13" /> === De Moral responsibility den legal obligation === For Developed countries dem be responsible for de majority of cumulative greenhouse gas emissions since de industrialization den generally get greater capacity to provide support. Sometimes, dem dey argue say dem get a moral responsibility den legal obligation wey dem go provide finance sure say dem fi to help developing countries dey undertake climate action'''.'''<ref name=":9" /> For de 16th Conference of de Parties for 2010 developed countries committed to de goal of mobilizing jointly USD 100 billion per year by 2020 to address de needs of developing countries, den de decision by de 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference also dey included de commitment to continue dema existing collective mobilization goal for 2025.<ref name=":9" /> Sometimes, des agreements no offer guidance for how we fi to allocate climate finance responsibility to individual countries. Several institutions den researchers dem developed methodologies wey dem determine country-specific contribution for shared equity-principles. All models get in common dat dem at least use one wealth variable (e.g. share of GDP den GNI) to consider de ability to pay den an emission variable (share for CO2 den GHG) to reflect emission responsibility.<ref name=":9" /> Some models additionally consider countries' population den dier willingness to pay.<ref name=":9" /> Furthermore, anoda proposal for a mechanism suggests to incorporate forward-looking data in so-called dynamic model. For de dynamic components, de share for GDP be determined for 2030 forecast we dem adjust for expected climate damages den de share of GHGs covers future emissions up to 2030 den accounts for unconditional emission reduction targets submitted by de countries where available'''.'''<ref>Egli, Florian; Stünzi, Anna (2019-11-01). [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab443b "A dynamic climate finance allocation mechanism reflecting the Paris Agreement"]. ''Environmental Research Letters''. '''14''' (11): 114024. doi:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab443b|10.1088/1748-9326/ab443b]]. ISSN [[issn:1748-9326|1748-9326]].</ref> === De Incentivizing private investment for adaptation === For Climate change adaptation be more complex investment area dan mitigation. Dis be mainly because for de lack of well-defined income stream den business case for an attractive return on investment on projects. Dem get several specific challenges for private investment insyd:<ref>OECD (2015). ''[https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/climate-change-risks-and-adaptation_9789264234611-en Climate Change Risks and Adaptation: Linking Policy and Economics]''. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.</ref><ref>Environment, U. N. (2018-12-06). [https://www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2018 "Adaptation Gap report 2018"]. ''www.unep.org''. Retrieved 2024-07-17.</ref> * For adaptation be often needed for non-market sectors den edey focus on public goods wey edey benefit chaw menez. So dem get shortage of projects wey ebe attractive to de private sector; * Der be mismatch between de timing of investments needed for de short term den de benefits dat may occur for de medium den long term. De future returns be less attractive to investors dan short-term returns; * Dem dey lack information about investment opportunities. Dis dey concerns uncertainties associated plus future impacts den benefits. Des be key considerations when returns may accrue over longer timeframes; * De gaps in human resources den capacities wey edey design adaptation projects den understand financial implications for legal, economic den regulatory frameworks. Sometimes, dem get considerable innovation for dis area. Dis be increasing de potential for de private sector finance sure say dem fi to play a larger role in de closing of de adaptation finance gap.<ref>Environment, U. N. (2021-01-09). [https://www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2020 "Adaptation Gap Report 2020"]. ''www.unep.org''. Retrieved 2024-07-17.</ref> Economists dey talk say climate adaptation initiatives for be urgent priority for business investment.<ref>Chidambaram, Ravi; Khanna, Parag (2022-08-01). [https://hbr.org/2022/08/its-time-to-invest-in-climate-adaptation "It's Time to Invest in Climate Adaptation"]. ''Harvard Business Review''. ISSN&nbsp;0017-8012. Retrieved 2024-07-17.</ref><ref>Dolšak, Nives; Prakash, Aseem (2018-10-17). [https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025739 "The Politics of Climate Change Adaptation"]. ''Annual Review of Environment and Resources''. '''43''' (1): 317–341. doi:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025739|10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025739]]. ISSN [[issn:1543-5938|1543-5938]].</ref> == See also == * Adaptation Fund * Carbon emission trading * Climate Investment Funds * Climate finance in Jamaica * Climate-related asset stranding * Eco-investing * Fossil fuel divestment * Global Environment Facility * Green Climate Fund * Sustainable finance ==References== <references /> == External links == * Climate Finance Landscape - [http://www.climatefinancelandscape.org/ Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2019] * Bryant, Gareth; Webber, Sophie (2024). ''[https://www.agendapub.com/page/detail/climate-finance/?k=9781788214629 Climate Finance: Taking a Position on Climate Futures (open access)]''. Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom: Agenda Publishing Limited. [[Category:Ethical investment]] [[Category:Renewable energy commercialization]] [[Category:Climate change finance]] o7qk9v1aj39qk7xthxy3374y7aezvqq 0 7394 97510 85030 2026-05-02T04:57:49Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elizabeth Clegg''' (born 24 March 1990)<ref>[https://paralympics.org.uk/athletes/libby-clegg "ParalympicsGB | Libby clegg"]. ''ParalympicsGB''. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</ref> be Scottish Paralympic sprinter den tandem track cyclist wey represent both Scotland den Great Britain for international events. She represent Great Britain insyd de T12 100m den 200m for de 2008 Summer Paralympics,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/disability_sport/7292859.stm BBC Sport – GB Paralympic team for Beijing], 24 July 2008</ref> wey win silver medal insyd de T12 100m race.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/disability_sport/7605548.stm "Pistorius wins dramatic 100m gold"]. BBC Sport. 9 September 2008.</ref> She win Gold insyd Rio for de 2016 Paralympic Games insyd 100m T11<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/disability-sport/53901651 "Tokyo Paralympics: Libby Clegg ends season early because of restrictions"]. ''BBC Sport''. 25 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</ref> wer na she break de world record den T11 200m, wey she beat de previous Paralympic record insyd de process, thus dey make am double Paralympic champion. == Athletics career == Clegg get deteriorating eye condition dem know as Stargardt's Macular Dystrophy disease wey dey give am slight peripheral vision per insyd ein left eye – she be registered blind. Clegg dey boot plus runs de aid of guide runner Chris Clarke.<ref>[https://www.espn.com/espnw/culture/feature/article/17613452/be-paralympic-guide-runner-chris-clarke-tells-all "What's it like to be a Paralympic guide runner?"]. ''ESPN.com''. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.mosaicsite.org/main/2022/5/26/learn-to-match-your-stride "Learn to Match Your Stride"]. ''Mosaic''. 26 May 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</ref> She take up athletics aged 9, wey she join Macclesfield Harriers AC. She originally try middle-distance running den cross country before she start dey sprint.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131010102552/http://www.paralympics.org.uk/gb/athletes/libby-clegg "Libby Clegg | London 2012"]. ''British Paralympic Association''. Archived from [http://www.paralympics.org.uk/gb/athletes/libby-clegg the original] on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2016.</ref> Insyd 2006, she compete for de IPC World Championships, wey she win silver medal insyd de T12 200 metres.<ref>Athletics, Cardiff Met. [http://www.elizabethclegg.co.uk/biography/ "Biography | Libby Clegg | Eyes Wide Shut, Running Blind"]. ''www.elizabethclegg.co.uk''. Retrieved 1 June 2016.</ref> Na dis be followed by appearance for de 2008 Summer Olympics, wer na she win silver medal insyd de 100 metres. From 2006 til 2010 na ein guide runner be Lincoln Asquith.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220641/http://www.athleticsweekly.com/featured/libby-clegg-guide-runner-mikail-huggins-36323 "Libby Clegg ends partnership with guide runner Mikail Huggins"]. ''Athletics Weekly Federation''.</ref> Insyd January 2011, she compete insyd de IPC World Championships. Whilst der na she take bronze insyd de 200m. Clegg be Paralympic silver medallist den current World Champion insyd de T12 100m den 200m sprints. Na she be one of de major success stories from de 2011 IPC World Championships insyd New Zealand den IBSA World Championships insyd Turkey.<ref name=":0">Stevenson, Gemma-Louise (26 September 2018). [https://www.skysports.com/more-sports/athletics/news/29175/11509321/libby-clegg-tells-my-icon-about-her-journey-to-double-paralympic-gold-and-mental-health-issues "Libby Clegg tells My Icon about her journey to double Paralympic gold and mental health issues"]. ''Sky Sports''. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</ref><ref>[https://scottishdisabilitysport.com/category/athletes-hall-of-fame/ "SDS Hall of Fame -"]. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/paralympic-sport/8281355/Libby-Clegg-wins-100m-gold-at-the-IPC-Athletics-World-Championships-in-Christchurch-New-Zealand.html "Libby Clegg wins 100m gold at the IPC Athletics World Championships in Christchurch, New Zealand"]. ''The Telegraph''. 25 January 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</ref> Insyd June 2012, Clegg win de 100m den 200m for de IPC Athletics European Championships.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121016030148/http://paralympics.channel4.com/the-athletes/athleteid%3D138/index.html "About Libby Clegg"]. Channel 4. Archived from [http://paralympics.channel4.com/the-athletes/athleteid=138/index.html the original] on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.</ref> Clegg win silver for de London Paralympics for 2 September 2012 insyd de T12 100m.<ref>Hart, Simon (2 September 2012). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/paralympic-sport/9516467/Paralympics-2012-Libby-Clegg-makes-it-a-family-double-as-parents-and-boyfriend-sprint-between-stadiums-to-see-it.html "Paralympics 2012: Libby Clegg makes it a family double as parents and boyfriend sprint between stadiums to see it"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. Retrieved 14 November 2012.</ref> Clegg den guide Mikail Huggins break de European record insyd de final.<ref>[https://www.runnersworld.com/uk/training/motivation/a772061/libby-clegg-mikail-huggins/ "Libby Clegg & Mikail Huggins"]. ''Runner's World''. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</ref><ref>Muller, Antoinette (30 July 2014). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2014-07-31-guide-runners-and-the-spirit-of-the-games/ "Guide runners and the spirit of the Games"]. ''Daily Maverick''. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/sport-olympics/london-2012-paralympics-sibling-rivalry-drives-sprinter-libby-clegg-on-to-beat-little-brother-8102351.html "London 2012 Paralympics: Sibling rivalry drives sprinter Libby Clegg"]. ''Evening Standard''. 3 September 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</ref> Insyd October 2012, Clegg win "Para Athlete of the Year" for de Scottish Athletics awards wey na fellow GB Paralympian David Weir present am de award.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130115102719/http://www.scottishathletics.org.uk/index.php?p=17 "Libby joy at landing Haven Para Athlete of Year"]. scottishathletics.org.uk. 30 October 2012. Archived from [http://www.scottishathletics.org.uk/index.php?p=17&itemType=news&itemId=6750 the original] on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2012.</ref> She san win de award insyd October 2013.<ref>[http://scottishathletics.org.uk/index.php?p=17 "Child Crowned Athlete of the Year"]. ''Scottishathletics''. 27 October 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140625131025/http://scottishathletics.org.uk/index.php?p=17 Archived] from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.</ref> Insyd 2013, Clegg win double silver for de IPC World Championships insyd Lyon wey she clock 12.23 den 25.31 over 100m den 200m respectively. Clegg be sponsored by de property marketing business ESPC wer na she participate insyd work experience for 2008 insyd during ein time for The Royal Blind School.<ref>Athletics, Cardiff Met. [http://www.elizabethclegg.co.uk/sponsors/ "Sponsors | Libby Clegg | Eyes Wide Shut, Running Blind"]. ''www.elizabethclegg.co.uk''. Retrieved 1 June 2016.</ref> Clegg get two bros wey sanso compete for de Paralympics: James, wey compete insyd de pool insyd de S12 category for London 2012,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160709063227/http://paralympics.org.uk/gb/athletes/james-clegg James Clegg]. British Paralympic Association</ref> den Stephen, wey sanso swim insyd de same class for Rio 2016 den Tokyo 2020.<ref>Toney, James (27 August 2021). [https://www.scotsman.com/sport/other-sport/paralympics-2021-relieved-stephen-clegg-wont-settle-until-medal-is-gold-maria-lyle-lands-bronze-3362678 "Paralympics 2021: Relieved Stephen Clegg won't settle until medal is gold; Maria Lyle lands bronze"]. ''scotsman.com''. Retrieved 9 September 2021.</ref> Clegg win de 2014 Commonwealth Games T11/T12 100m plus run of 12.20 seconds, world-leading time for de year.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/commonwealth-games/28536793 "Glasgow 2014: Libby Clegg strikes gold in T12 100m"]. BBC Sport. 28 July 2014.</ref> Secof illness, na she be unable make she defend ein European titles insyd Swansea shortly after de Commonwealth games. She split plus guide runner Mikhail Huggins insyd 2015.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/34919627 "Libby Clegg splits with guide runner Mikail Huggins"]. BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 June 2016.</ref> Ein fresh guide runner be Chris Clarke.<ref>Hudson, Elizabeth. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/disability-sport/35602789 "Libby Clegg: Paralympic sprinter targets Rio medal with new guide"]. BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 June 2016.</ref> Na dem sanso make am withdraw from de 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships after one race per secof ankle injury wey dis sanso mean say she lost funding from British Athletics.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/34766516 "Libby Clegg: Sprinter loses UK Athletics funding for 2015–16"]. BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 June 2016.</ref> Insyd 2016, na dem reclassify am as T11 athlete secof ein deteriorating eye condition, wey dey require am make she wear blindfold while she dey race.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/36869545 "Rio 2016 Paralympics: Libby Clegg to wear blindfold following reclassification"]. BBC Sport. Retrieved 26 August 2016.</ref> Alongsyd guide Chris Clarke she win de T11 100m title den 200m title for de 2016 Paralympics. Na Clegg be late addition to de British team for de postponed 2020 Summer Paralympics insyd Tokyo for 21 July 2021. Na de oda additions be Jonnie Peacock, Kadeena Cox den David Weir.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/disability-sport/57914302 "Peacock & Clegg named in GB squad"]. ''BBC Sport''. Retrieved 23 July 2021.</ref> Joe McDonnell wey dey train am.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/aug/23/ten-paralympicsgb-unsung-heroes-tokyo-games-2021 "Ten ParalympicsGB unsung heroes who can shine at the Tokyo Games"]. ''the Guardian''. 23 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</ref> Insyd June 2022 she appear as guest presenter for episode of ''The Gadget Show'' top while na Georgie Barrat dey for maternity leave.<ref>[https://thetvdb.com/series/the-gadget-show/episodes/9160003 "The Gadget Show - Episode 8 - TheTVDB.com"]. ''thetvdb.com''. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</ref> == Cycling career == Insys 2022, Clegg switch from athletics go cycling.<ref>Lewis, Jane (29 May 2022). [https://www.bbc.com/sport/cycling/61609730 "Libby Clegg: Para-cycling newcomer ready for Commonwealth Games after switching from athletics"]. ''BBC Scotland''.</ref> She compete insyd cycling for de 2022 Commonwealth Games, wey she fini 4th insyd de women's tandem 1 km time trial B den women's tandem sprint B events. Insyd October 2022, Clegg den James Ball earn gold medal give Great Britain insyd de mixed team sprint event for de 2022 UCI Para-cycling Track World Championships. == Honours == Na dem appoint Clegg Member of de Order of the British Empire (MBE) insyd de 2017 New Year Honours list for services to athletics den charity.<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/61803/supplement/N16 "No. 61803"]. ''The London Gazette'' (Supplement). 31 December 2016. p. N16.</ref> Na dem award Clegg ''Scottish Athletics'' Athlete of de Year record seven times (insyd 2006, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, den 2016).<ref>[https://www.scotstats.net/competition/ "Competition (Awards)"]. SCOTSTATS. Retrieved 17 April 2019.</ref> Na dem sanso award am de ''Scottish Disability Sport'' Athlete of de Year give athletics (de Findlay Calder Trophy) record six times (insyd 2007, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014, den 2016).<ref name=":1">[https://www.scottishdisabilitysport.com/sds-award-winners/ "SDS Award Winners"]. SDS. Retrieved 17 April 2019.</ref> Na dem sanso vote am ''SDS'' Athletes' Athlete of de Year (de Gordon Brown Trophy) for parasports by ein peers insyd 2012.<ref name=":1" /> == Ein life matter == Insyd October 2018, Clegg announce na she dey expect ein first kiddie plus fiancé Dan Powell insyd March 2019.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/disability-sport/45985369 Libby Clegg: Scottish Paralympian announces pregnancy] ''BBC Sport'', 25 October 2018</ref> Na dem engage insyd October 2017.<ref>[https://www.paralympic.org/news/best-british-libby-clegg Best of British: Libby Clegg] www.paralympic.org 24 May 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2019</ref> Na she get physical injuries wey she be affected by mental health issues.<ref name=":0" /> Dem dey bell ein guide dog Bramble. Insyd April 2019 Clegg give birth to son, Edward, via emergency C-Section.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/48752816 "Libby Clegg on track for athletics return after traumatic birth"]. 25 June 2019 – via www.bbc.co.uk.</ref> Insyd September 2019 na dem announce say she go be de first blind contestant make she star insyd de reality TV series ''Dancing on Ice''.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/disability-sport/50235472 "World Para-Athletics Championships: Libby Clegg on motherhood and Dancing On Ice"]. 10 November 2019 – via www.bbc.co.uk.</ref> Na she appear insyd de show ein 12th series insyd 2020 plus partner Mark Hanretty, cam insyd third place. Insyd January 2024, Clegg announce to ein followers for Instagram top say she split from ein husby wey now she be ‘single mum’ wey she state say “2023 was one of the hardest years”.<ref>Barr, Sabrina (24 January 2024). [https://metro.co.uk/2024/01/24/dancing-ice-star-announces-split-fiance-emotional-post-20163264/ "Dancing On Ice star announces split from fiancé in emotional post"]. ''Metro''. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</ref> She get two bros, James, wey win bronze insyd de pool for London 2012 den Stephen, wey cam turn de first para swimmer insyd ein class make he break 28 seconds insyd de men’s 50m backstroke for 2023 insyd.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/libby-clegg-paralympics-paris-2024-crufts-b2506716.html "Paralympic star Libby Clegg ready to turn cheerleader for brother at Paris 2024"]. ''The Independent''. 4 March 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:Libby_Clegg|Libby Clegg]]'''''. * [https://www.paralympic.org/elizabeth-clegg Elizabeth Clegg] at de International Paralympic Committee * [https://web.archive.org/web/1/http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/TheASP.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=-1&personid=687317 Elizabeth Clegg] at IPC.InfostradaSports.com (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211201153909/https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/63373 Elizabeth Clegg] at de Commonwealth Games Federation (archived) * [https://results.birmingham2022.com/#/athlete-details/60810 Libby Clegg] at de Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games * [https://www.teamscotland.scot/athlete/libby-clegg/ Libby Clegg] at Team Scotland * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240811160930/https://www.thepowerof10.info/athletes/profile.aspx?athleteid=48549 Libby Clegg] at Power of 10 [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1990 births]] [[Category:Scottish female sprinters]] [[Category:British female sprinters]] [[Category:Scottish female cyclists]] [[Category:Scottish track cyclists]] [[Category:Paralympic athletes for Great Britain]] [[Category:Paralympic gold medalists for Great Britain]] [[Category:Paralympic silver medalists for Great Britain]] [[Category:Paralympic gold medalists insyd athletics (track den field)]] [[Category:Paralympic sprinters]] [[Category:Scottish Paralympic competitors]] [[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2008 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2012 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2016 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2008 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2012 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2016 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Scotland]] [[Category:Commonwealth Games medallists insyd athletics]] [[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2014 Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:Medallists at de 2014 Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:Cyclists at de 2022 Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:Medalists at de World Para Athletics Championships]] [[Category:Medalists at de World Para Athletics European Championships]] [[Category:Members of de Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:Visually impaired sprinters]] [[Category:People wey komot Bollington]] [[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Cheshire]] [[Category:Scottish blind people]] [[Category:Anglo-Scots]] 4dz2z524aw9izdv4xzsnxmf1sb3woo4 0 12312 97511 97374 2026-05-02T09:31:30Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Moussa Sene Absa''', '''Moussa Sène Absa''', anaa '''Moussa Sène Absa''' (proper name: '''Moussa Sène''') be a Senegalese film director, editor, producer, screenwriter, painter den songwriter.<ref>{{cite book|title=African filmmaking: North and South of the Sahara|last=Armes|first=Roy|page=[https://archive.org/details/africanfilmmakin0000arme/page/136 136]|year=2006|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-21898-8|url=https://archive.org/details/africanfilmmakin0000arme/page/136}}</ref><ref name="AfricaCultures">Africa Cultures ''Biography''</ref> Na dem born am insyd 1958 insyd Tableau Ferraille, a suburb of Dakar, Senegal, to a Serer family.<ref name="AfricaCultures" /><ref name="FrenchTelevision">French Television (TV5Monde): ''Les cinémas d'Afrique, l'encyclopédie du film africain''</ref> == Film == Moussa Sène begin ein career as an actor, buh he eventually move on make he direct ein own play ''La Légende de Ruba'', wich he sanso wrep. Na dem honor Moussa for ein screenplay ''Les Enfants de Dieu'' (''The Children of God'') for de Francophone film festival insyd Fort-de-France.<ref name="AfricaCultures" /> Ein first film ''Le Prix du mensonge'' (''The Price of Lies'') earn am de Tanit d'argent (Silver Tanit) for de Journées cinématographiques de Carthage (Carthage Film Festival) insyd 1988 wich propel ein career as a film maker. He go on make he win chaw international awards insyd 1992 plus ein feature film ''Ça Twiste À Poponguine''. Ein film ''Tableau Ferraille'' dem release insyd 1996 earn am chaw awards wey dey include Best Cinematography for de FESPACO insyd 1997.<ref name="AfricaCultures" /><ref name="FrenchTelevision" /> Na he sanso be de producer give Senegal Television ein comedy series ''Goorgorlu'' (2002).<ref name="AfricaCultures" /><ref name="WorldService">BBC World Service : Specials: ''"Who's who at Frespaco"'' (2003)</ref><ref name="atplaymall">[http://www.atplaymall.com/cgi-bin/shop.pl/page=msa-beggars-in-the-city.htm/SID=1331503339.22825 At play mall : The Art Biography - ''Moussa Sene Absa's art gallery'']</ref> Na Moussa make at least ten Senegal related documentaries wey he be de songwriter anaa co-songwriter give all of ein films as well as de editor, producer, director den screenwriter.<ref name="AfricaCultures" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250814130619/http://www.atplaymall.com/cgi-bin/shop.pl/page=msa-bio.htm/SID=1329134421.3993 At play mall : The Art Biography - ''Moussa Sene Absa's art gallery'']</ref><ref>Africa International Film Festival (2010)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220408113710/http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/store/movies/principal/credits/0,,2057180,00.html Artist Direct : ''"Moussa Sene Absa Credit"'']</ref> == Art == Dem know am for ein films, music den documentaries, he sanso be a prominent artist wey na dem exhibit ein works insyd Senegal, Europe den [[North America]] ([[United States|United States of America]] for particular) wey dey fetch thousands of Dollars.<ref name="AfricaCultures" /><ref name="WorldService" /><ref name="atplaymall" /> Moussa ein art works be vivid den colourful, wey na dem exhibit dem since 1976. Ein style be inspired by de works of Rufino Tamayo den Joan Miró, plus elements of de older African technique. Na dem exhibit sam of ein art works for de ''Frieda and Roy Furman Gallery'' for Lincoln Center, New York City.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250814130619/http://www.atplaymall.com/cgi-bin/shop.pl/page=msa-bio.htm/SID=1329134421.3993 At play mall]</ref> == Selection of work == === Filmography === * 1988: ''Le Prix du mensonge'' * 1990: ''Ken Bugul'' * 1991: ''Entre nos mains''; ''Jaaraama''; ''Set Setal'' * 1992: ''Moolan'' * 1993: ''Offrande à Mame Njare'' * 1994: ''Ça twiste à Poponguine''; ''Yalla yaana'' * 1995: ''Tableau Ferraille'' * 1998: ''Jëf Jël'' * 1999: ''Blues pour une diva'' * 2001: ''Ainsi meurent les anges'' * 2002: ''L'Extraordinaire destin de Madame Brouette'' (Madame Brouette) * 2004: ''Ngoyaan, le chant de la séduction'' * 2007: ''Téranga Blues'' * 2010: ''Yoole''<ref name="AfricaCultures" /><ref name="FrenchTelevision" /><ref>BBC World Service : Specials: ''"Who's who at Frespaco"'' (2003)</ref> * ''2010: De Lost Wings of Angels'' (documentary)<ref>Africa International Film Festival (2010), p 15</ref> * 2020: ''Black and White'' (television series) * 2022: ''Xalé'' === Art === * ''Telling Oracle'' * ''A Lullaby For Massene'' * ''Beauty From Tableau Ferraille'' * ''Baay Faals Insyd Paradise'' * ''Clando'' * ''Beggars Insyd De City'' * ''De Fiance'' * ''Blues Insyd Paradise'' * ''Cops Of Another Time''<ref name="atplaymall" /> == References == <references /> == External links == * (insyd French) Africa Cultures ''Biography''[http://www.africultures.com/php/index.php?nav=personne&no=3319] * (insyd French) French Television (TV5Monde) : ''Les cinémas d'Afrique, l'encyclopédie du film africain [http://www.tv5.org/cms/cinema/p-779-Les_cinemas_d_Afrique.htm?recherche=Moussa+S%C3%A8ne+Absa&search=films&pays=&categorie=&genre=&annee=&action=ok&ficheId=&valForm.x=0&valForm.y=0]'' * (insyd English) BBC World Service : Specials: ''"Who's who at Frespaco"'' (2003)[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1537_whoswho/page4.shtml] * (insyd English) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317100733/http://www.africafilmfest.com/file/foto/Catalogue_last.pdf Africa International Film Festival (2010)] * (insyd English) [https://web.archive.org/web/20250814130619/http://www.atplaymall.com/cgi-bin/shop.pl/page=msa-bio.htm/SID=1329134421.3993 At play mall : The Art Biography - ''Moussa Sene Absa's art gallery''] * (insyd English) [https://web.archive.org/web/20100312000203/http://spot.pcc.edu/~mdembrow/absainterview.htm ''"INTERVIEW WITH MOUSSA SENE ABSA, Director of Madame Brouette"'' by PCC, original source: ''"La Fête Films, 2002"'', translated into English by Michael Dembrow] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Absa, Moussa Sene}} [[Category:1958 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Senegalese people]] [[Category:People wey komot Dakar]] [[Category:Senegalese film directors]] [[Category:Serer film directors]] [[Category:20th-century Senegalese people]] 3ulraa5wyo2t50qq6xx3zjvmh6wtvfx 0 14162 97480 54390 2026-05-01T15:24:17Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Danièle Darlan''' (born 1952)<ref name="ja">{{cite web|last=Pabandji|first=Pacôme|date=25 December 2020|title=Centrafrique : Danièle Darlan, une « dame de fer » à la tête de la Cour constitutionnelle|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1094691/politique/centrafrique-daniele-darlan-une-dame-de-fer-a-la-tete-de-la-cour-constitutionnelle/|access-date=28 May 2022|work=Jeune Afrique|language=fr}}</ref> be a [[Central African Republic|Central African]] lawyer, professor den jurist wey serve as Presido for de country ein Constitutional Court from 2017 to 2022. Na dem revoke ein appointment abruptly by dema Presido Faustin-Archange Touadéra by a presidential decree insyd October 2022, plus Jean-Pierre Waboe temporarily wey dem assume ein role for 28 October 2022.<ref name="tr">{{cite web|date=31 October 2022|title=Ousted head of Central African Republic's top court cries foul|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/centralafrica-politics-idAFL8N31W53H|access-date=3 November 2022|website=Reuters|publisher=|language=en}}</ref> == Early life den education == Na Darlan ein poppie Georges Darlan be de presido of de Representative Council of Ubangi-Shari from 1949 to 1952.<ref name="ja" /> She obtain a doctorate insyd law insyd France.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230308101322/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/constitutional-court-president-daniele-darlan-difficult-and-delicate-mandate "Constitutional Court President Danièle Darlan – 'A difficult and delicate mandate'"]. ''United Nations Peacekeeping''. 26 December 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</ref> == Recognition == Insyd March 2023, na Darlan be one of de recipients of dat year ein International Women of Courage Awards, wey de United States Department of State present in recognition of ein tenure for de Central African Constitutional Court.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Powell|first=Anita|date=8 March 2023|title=White House Hosts International Women of Courage Awards|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/white-house-hosts-international-women-of-courage-awards-/6996921.html|access-date=8 October 2023|website=VOA|language=en}}</ref> ==Publications dem select== * {{cite book|title=L'évolution constitutionnelle et juridictionnelle de la République centrafricaine à travers les textes|year=2018|language=French|first=Danièle|last=Darlan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zZmDwAAQBAJ|publisher=L'Harmattan|isbn=9782140096358 }} * {{cite book|first=Danièle|last=Darlan|language=English|chapter=Transitional elections in the Central African Republic, 2013– 2016|pages=32–40|publisher=International IDEA|title=Timing and Sequencing of Transitional Elections: Case Studies|year=2019|editor1=Sead Alihodžić|editor2=Nicholas Matatu|editor3=Alexandre Raffoul|url=https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/chapters/timing-sequencing-transitional-elections/timing-and-sequencing-of-transitional-elections-case-studies.pdf#page=32}} == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Darlan, Danièle}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Academic staff of de University of Bangui]] [[Category:Central African Republic judges]] [[Category:Central African Republic lawyers]] [[Category:21st-century judges]] [[Category:21st-century women judges]] [[Category:Constitutional court women judges]] [[Category:Constitutional court judges]] [[Category:Women chief justices]] [[Category:Recipients of de International Women of Courage Award]] [[Category:Women lawyers]] [[Category:Women judges]] <references />{{authority control}} [[Category:Central African Republic people]] ffv4fhg8v0hefrfgikhqo3palqsnozr 0 15210 97463 97446 2026-05-01T12:41:48Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Borderline personality disorder''' ('''BPD'''), dem sanso know am as '''emotionally unstable personality disorder''' ('''EUPD'''), be a mental illness wey be characterized by a long-term pattern of unstable relationships, distorted sense of self, den strong emotional reactions.<ref name=":0">American Psychiatric Association 2013, pp. [[iarchive:diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/645|645, 663–6]]</ref><ref name="NIH20163">{{cite web|title=Borderline Personality Disorder|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder/index.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322130612/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder/index.shtml|archive-date=22 March 2016|access-date=16 March 2016|website=NIMH}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Chapman AL|title=Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation|journal=Development and Psychopathology|volume=31|issue=3|pages=1143–1156|date=August 2019|pmid=31169118|doi=10.1017/S0954579419000658|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0954579419000658/type/journal_article|url-status=live|publisher=Cambridge University Press|s2cid=174813414|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204232023/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/development-and-psychopathology/article/abs/borderline-personality-disorder-and-emotion-dysregulation/EA2CB1C041307A34392F49279C107987|archive-date=4 December 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Individuals often dey engage insyd self-harm den oda dangerous behavior.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Bozzatello P, Rocca P, Baldassarri L, Bosia M, Bellino S|title=The Role of Trauma in Early Onset Borderline Personality Disorder: A Biopsychosocial Perspective|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=12|pages=721361|date=23 September 2021|pmid=34630181|pmc=8495240|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2021.721361|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Cattane N, Rossi R, Lanfredi M, Cattaneo A|title=Borderline personality disorder and childhood trauma: exploring the affected biological systems and mechanisms|journal=BMC Psychiatry|volume=17|issue=1|pages=221|date=June 2017|pmid=28619017|pmc=5472954|doi=10.1186/s12888-017-1383-2|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=December 2017|title=Borderline Personality Disorder|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder/index.shtml|access-date=25 February 2021|publisher=The National Institute of Mental Health|quote=Other signs or symptoms may include: [...] Impulsive and often dangerous behaviors [...] Self-harming behavior [...]. Borderline personality disorder is also associated with a significantly higher rate of self-harm and suicidal behavior than the general public.|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329213453/http://nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder/index.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Those wey be affected sanso fi struggle plus a feeling of emptiness, fear of abandonment, den detachment from reality. Symptoms fi be triggered by events dem consider normal to odas.<ref name="NIH20163" /> De behavior typically dey begin by early adulthood den dey occur across a variety of situations.<ref name=":0" /> Substance abuse,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Helle AC, Watts AL, Trull TJ, Sher KJ|title=Alcohol Use Disorder and Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorders|journal=Alcohol Research: Current Reviews|volume=40|issue=1|pages=arcr.v40.1.05|year=2019|pmid=31886107|pmc=6927749|doi=10.35946/arcr.v40.1.05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Trull|first1=Timothy J.|last2=Freeman|first2=Lindsey K.|last3=Vebares|first3=Tayler J.|last4=Choate|first4=Alexandria M.|last5=Helle|first5=Ashley C.|last6=Wycoff|first6=Andrea M.|date=19 September 2018|title=Borderline personality disorder and substance use disorders: an updated review|journal=Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|page=15|doi=10.1186/s40479-018-0093-9|doi-access=free|pmid=30250740|pmc=6145127|issn=2051-6673}}</ref> depression, den eating disorders<ref name="NIH20163" /> be commonly associated plus BPD. Approximately 10% of people wey be affected die by suicide.<ref name="Kreisman J, Strauss H 2004">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sometimesiactcra00jero|title=Sometimes I Act Crazy. Living With Borderline Personality Disorder|vauthors=Kreisman J, Strauss H|publisher=Wiley & Sons|year=2004|isbn=978-0-471-22286-6|url-access=registration|page=206}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kaurin|first1=Aleksandra|last2=Dombrovski|first2=Alexandre|last3=Hallquist|first3=Michael|last4=Wright|first4=Aidan|date=2020-12-10|title=Momentary Interpersonal Processes of Suicidal Surges in Borderline Personality Disorder|journal=Psychological Medicine|volume=52|issue=13|pages=2702–2712|doi=10.1017/S0033291720004791|pmid=33298227|quote=People diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are at high risk of dying by suicide: almost all report chronic suicidal ideation, 84% of patients with BPD engage in suicidal behavior, 70% attempt suicide, with a mean of 3.4 lifetime attempts per individual, and 5–10% die by suicide (Black et al., 2004; McGirr et al., 2007; Soloff et al., 1994).|pmc=8190164}}</ref> Onset of symptoms fi be triggered by events odas perceive as normal,<ref name="NIH20163" /> plus de disorder typically dey manifest insyd early adulthood den dey persist across diverse contexts.<ref name="DSM532">{{harvnb|American Psychiatric Association|2013|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/645 645, 663–6]}}</ref> BPD often be comorbid plus substance use disorders,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Helle AC, Watts AL, Trull TJ, Sher KJ|title=Alcohol Use Disorder and Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorders|journal=Alcohol Research: Current Reviews|volume=40|issue=1|article-number=arcr.v40.1.05|year=2019|pmid=31886107|pmc=6927749|doi=10.35946/arcr.v40.1.05}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trull |first1=Timothy J. |last2=Freeman |first2=Lindsey K. |last3=Vebares |first3=Tayler J. |last4=Choate |first4=Alexandria M. |last5=Helle |first5=Ashley C. |last6=Wycoff |first6=Andrea M. |title=Borderline personality disorder and substance use disorders: an updated review |journal=Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation |date=December 2018 |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s40479-018-0093-9 |pmid=30250740 |doi-access=free |pmc=6145127 }}</ref> depressive disorders, den [[eating disorder]]s.<ref name="NIH20163" /> Studies dey estimate up to 10 percent of people plus BPD die by [[suicide]].<ref name="Kreisman J, Strauss H 2004"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kaurin|first1=Aleksandra|last2=Dombrovski|first2=Alexandre|last3=Hallquist|first3=Michael|last4=Wright|first4=Aidan|date=2020-12-10|title=Momentary Interpersonal Processes of Suicidal Surges in Borderline Personality Disorder|journal=[[Psychological Medicine]]|volume=52|issue=13|pages=2702–2712|doi=10.1017/S0033291720004791|pmid=33298227|quote=People diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are at high risk of dying by suicide: almost all report chronic suicidal ideation, 84% of patients with BPD engage in suicidal behavior, 70% attempt suicide, with a mean of 3.4 lifetime attempts per individual, and 5–10% die by suicide (Black et al., 2004; McGirr et al., 2007; Soloff et al., 1994).|pmc=8190164}}</ref> BPD dey face significant stigmatization insyd media portrayals den de psychiatric field, wey dey lead to underdiagnosis den insufficient treatment.<ref name="Borderline personality disorder, st">{{cite journal |last1=Aviram |first1=Ron B. |last2=Brodsky |first2=Beth S. |last3=Stanley |first3=Barbara |title=Borderline Personality Disorder, Stigma, and Treatment Implications |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry |date=September 2006 |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=249–256 |doi=10.1080/10673220600975121 |pmid=16990170 |quote=The stigmatization of BPD is likely to be a result of several characteristics of the BPD syndrome. [... Pejorative] terms such as "difficult," "treatment resistant," "manipulative," "demanding," and "attention seeking" [are used to describe such individuals. This] can have an impact upon the treater's a priori expectations. [... Such] stigmatization is likely to be a result of several [behaviour characteristics of individuals with BPD, and the fact that] psychotherapy with [them] may involve disturbing and frightening behavior, including intense anger, chronic suicidal ideation, self-injury, and suicide attempts. [... Clinicians, under the stigma, may] see lower levels of [their patient's] functioning as deliberate and within [ones] control, or as manipulation, or as a rejection of help, [and may therefore respond] in unintentially damaging ways, [possibly by withdrawing] physically and emotionally. [...] It has been found that when one person has negative expectations of another, the former changes his or her behavior toward the latter. These interpersonal situations have been described as self-fulfilling prophecies. }}</ref><ref name="EP">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dixon-Gordon KL, Peters JR, Fertuck EA, Yen S |year=2017 |title=Emotional Processes in Borderline Personality Disorder: An Update for Clinical Practice |journal=[[Journal of Psychotherapy Integration]] |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=425–438 |doi=10.1037/int0000044 |pmc=5842953 |pmid=29527105 |quote=[Clinicians] may hesitate to [provide treatment for BPD patients] due to discomfort working with the high-risk behaviours and intense interpersonal and emotional dysregulation typical of [the disorder. Treatments supported by empirical evidence include Dialectical behavior therapy, Mentalization-based treatment, Transference-focused psychotherapy, Schema-focused therapy, and General Psychiatric Management... On the psychopathology side, it's possible that] emotional reactivity may be [more] pronounced [...] in response to social stressors and in interpersonal and self-conscious emotions (e.g., anger, shame) [...] Emotional vulnerability in BPD may also vary across specific emotions, [to which] sadness, hostility, and fear [are particularly damaging].}}</ref> Causes of BPD be unclear den complex, wey dey implicate genetic, neurological, den psychosocial conditions insyd ein development.<ref name="NIH2016">{{cite web |title=Borderline Personality Disorder |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322130612/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder/index.shtml |archive-date=22 March 2016 |access-date=16 March 2016 |website=NIMH}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-12 |title=Causes - Borderline personality disorder |url=https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/causes/ |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> De current hypothesis dey suggest BPD be caused by an interaction between genetic factors den adverse childhood experiences.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Chapman |first1=Jennifer |title=Borderline Personality Disorder |date=2025 |work=StatPearls |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430883/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |place=Treasure Island, Fla. |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=28613633 |quote=The current hypothesis is that BPD is caused by an interaction between genetic factors and adverse childhood experiences affecting brain development via neuropeptides and hormones. The relative importance of these factors is unclear. |last2=Jamil |first2=Radia T. |last3=Fleisher |first3=Carl |last4=Torrico |first4=Tyler J.}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{cite journal |last1=Leichsenring |first1=Falk |last2=Fonagy |first2=Peter |last3=Heim |first3=Nikolas |last4=Kernberg |first4=Otto F. |last5=Leweke |first5=Frank |last6=Luyten |first6=Patrick |last7=Salzer |first7=Simone |last8=Spitzer |first8=Carsten |last9=Steinert |first9=Christiane |title=Borderline personality disorder: a comprehensive review of diagnosis and clinical presentation, etiology, treatment, and current controversies |journal=World Psychiatry |date=February 2024 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=4–25 |doi=10.1002/wps.21156 |pmc=10786009 |pmid=38214629 |quote=It is currently hypothesized that, in BPD, genetic factors and adverse childhood experiences interact to influence brain development via hormones and neuropeptides. Adverse childhood experiences are thought to modulate gene expression and lead to stable personality traits that may predispose to BPD. [...] There is familial aggregation of BPD, with recent data from a Swedish population-based study estimating heritability at 46%. The risk of receiving a BPD diagnosis was increased 4.7-fold for full siblings. The hazard ratio in identical twins was 11.5.}}</ref> BPD significantly be more common insyd people plus a family history of BPD, particularly immediate relatives, wey dey suggest genetic predisposition.<ref name=":13" /> Der be a risk of misdiagnosis, wey BPD commonly be confused plus a [[mood disorder]], substance use disorder, anaa oda mental health disorders.<ref name="DSM532" /> Therapeutic interventions predominantly dey involve psychotherapy, plus dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) den schema therapy be de most effective.<ref name="NIH2016" /><ref name="EP" /> Although pharmacotherapy no dey cure BPD, e fi be employed to mitigate symptoms,<ref name="NIH2016" /> plus atypical antipsychotics den [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]] (SSRI) antidepressants commonly prescribed. Dem dey use medications cautiously wey fi get minimal impact on neural function.<ref name=":42">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cattarinussi G, Delvecchio G, Prunas C, Moltrasio C, Brambilla P |date=June 2021 |title=Effects of pharmacological treatments on emotional tasks in borderline personality disorder: A review of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=288 |pages=50–57 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.088 |pmid=33839558}}</ref><ref name="pmid372564842">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pascual JC, Arias L, Soler J |date=31 May 2023 |title=Pharmacological Management of Borderline Personality Disorder and Common Comorbidities |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=489–497 |doi=10.1007/s40263-023-01015-6 |pmc=10276775 |pmid=37256484 |quote=Comorbidity with other mental disorders is common in individuals with BPD [... Despite no drug has been approved specifically for the treatment of BPD,] various medications are routinely prescribed off label [, but] agreement among clinical guidelines [is lacking]. Comorbidity [of] other psychiatric disorders is considered [the] main [reason for the effectiveness of] pharmacological treatment and polypharmacy[. Patients receiving] BPD-specific psychotherapy usually require fewer medications[.]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gerolymos |first=Cyril |last2=Garosi |first2=Alexandra |last3=Boyer |first3=Laurent |last4=Yon |first4=Dong Keon |last5=Rahmati |first5=Masoud |last6=Gavaudan |first6=Mika |last7=Fond |first7=Guillaume |date=2026-02-10 |title=Efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments in borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-026-03451-4 |journal=Molecular Psychiatry |language=en |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1038/s41380-026-03451-4 |issn=1476-5578}}</ref> Despite de high utilization of healthcare resources by people plus BPD,<ref name="Bourke_2018">{{cite journal|vauthors=Bourke J, Murphy A, Flynn D, Kells M, Joyce M, Hurley J|title=Borderline personality disorder: resource utilisation costs in Ireland|journal=Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine|volume=38|issue=3|pages=169–176|date=September 2021|pmid=34465404|doi=10.1017/ipm.2018.30|hdl-access=free|hdl=10468/7005}}</ref> up to half fi show significant improvement over ten years plus appropriate treatment.<ref name="DSM532" /> Estimation of BPD ein prevalence dey vary. Insyd de US, around 1% of de population be diagnosed plus am.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal |last1=Ellison |first1=William D. |last2=Rosenstein |first2=Lia K. |last3=Morgan |first3=Theresa A. |last4=Zimmerman |first4=Mark |title=Community and Clinical Epidemiology of Borderline Personality Disorder |journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America |date=December 2018 |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=561–573 |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2018.07.008 |pmid=30447724 |quote=BPD tends to be more prevalent in adult women than adult men, [but] this gender split is not apparent among adolescents. [...] BPD has been found to decrease and even remit as individuals age. [...] BPD [has] a point prevalence around 1%. [Prevalence differ between subpopulations, being] substantially higher [for psychiatric population, around 12% for outpatient and 22% for inpatient.] Research also suggests [potential] differences [between] ethnic groups[. Deliberate] self-harm [...] differs among ethnic groups, [with] African-American individuals [reporting] more affective instability and emotion dysregulation, but less suicidal behavior and deliberate self-harm, than White American individuals with the disorder.}}</ref> BPD be more prevalent among adolescents den young adults dan elderly, wey symptoms fi remit plus age.<ref name=":5" /> De term 'borderline' be debated, as e refer to concepts of borderline insanity den patients on de border between [[neurosis]] den [[psychosis]], wich now be considered clinically imprecise.<ref name="NIH2016" /><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Gunderson JG|title=Borderline personality disorder: ontogeny of a diagnosis|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=166|issue=5|pages=530–539|date=May 2009|pmid=19411380|pmc=3145201|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121825}}</ref> == References == <references /> == General bibliography == * {{cite book|author=American Psychiatric Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|year=2000|isbn=978-0-89042-025-6|edition=4th}} * {{cite book|author=American Psychiatric Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=5th}} * {{cite book|vauthors=Chapman AL, Gratz KL|year=2007|title=The Borderline Personality Disorder Survival Guide: Everything You Need to Know About Living with BPD|location=Oakland, CA|publisher=New Harbinger Publications|isbn=978-1-57224-507-5}} * {{cite journal|vauthors=Linehan MM, Comtois KA, Murray AM, Brown MZ, Gallop RJ, Heard HL, Korslund KE, Tutek DA, Reynolds SK, Lindenboim N|date=July 2006|title=Two-year randomized controlled trial and follow-up of dialectical behavior therapy vs therapy by experts for suicidal behaviors and borderline personality disorder|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=63|issue=7|pages=757–66|pmid=16818865|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.63.7.757|doi-access=free}} * {{cite book|vauthors=Linehan M|year=1993|title=Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder|location=New York|publisher=Guilford Press|isbn=978-0-89862-183-9}} * {{cite book|vauthors=Manning S|year=2011|title=Loving Someone with Borderline Personality Disorder|publisher=The Guilford Press|isbn=978-1-59385-607-6}} * {{cite book|vauthors=Millon T|year=1996|title=Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV-TM and Beyond|location=New York|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-01186-6}} * {{cite book|vauthors=Millon T|year=2004|title=Personality Disorders in Modern Life|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-32355-6}} * {{cite book|vauthors=Millon T, Grossman S, Meagher SE|year=2004|title=Masters of the mind: exploring the story of mental illness from ancient times to the new millennium|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-46985-8}} * {{cite web|vauthors=Millon T|year=2006|title=Personality Subtypes|url=http://millon.net/taxonomy/summary.htm|access-date=1 November 2010|archive-date=4 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104162306/http://www.millon.net/taxonomy/summary.htm|url-status=dead|website=Institute for Advanced Studies in Personology and Psychopathology|publisher=Dicandrien, Inc.}} == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q208166|c=Category:Borderline personality disorder|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder|publisher=[[National Institute of Mental Health]]|title=Borderline personality disorder}} * [https://www.bpdfamily.com/content/borderline-personality-disorder APA DSM 5 Definition of Borderline personality disorder] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250421180239/https://div12.org/psychological-treatments/disorders/borderline-personality-disorder/ APA Division 12 treatment page for Borderline personality disorder] * [https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.focus.11.2.189 Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders] (with AMPD definition of BPD) * [https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/en#2006821354 ICD-11 definition of Personality disorder, Borderline pattern by the World Health Organization] * [https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/overview/ NHS] * {{cite web|url=https://borderlinesupport.org.uk|title=Borderline Support UK}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Borderline personality disorder}} [[Category:Borderline personality disorder| ]] [[Category:Cluster B personality disorders]] [[Category:Women den psychology]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] hy6wvq55n7m3fwypao4p7v2y80jh16s 0 15737 97464 59538 2026-05-01T13:00:02Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''British Togoland''', officially de '''Mandate Territory of Togoland''' den later officially de '''Trust Territory of Togoland''', na e be a territory insyd [[West Africa]] under de administration of de [[United Kingdom]], wich subsequently enter a union plus [[Ghana]], part of wich cam turn ein [[Volta Region]]. Na dem effectively form de territory insyd 1916 by de splitting of de German protectorate of Togoland into two territories, French Togoland den British Togoland, during de First World War. Initially, na e be a League of Nations Class B mandate. Insyd 1922, na dem formally place British Togoland under British rule, wey na dem place French Togoland, now [[Togo]], under French rule. After de Second World War, na dem change de political status of British Togoland. Na e cam turn a United Nations Trust Territory buh na e still be administered by de United Kingdom. During de decolonization of Africa, na dem organise a status plebiscite insyd British Togoland insyd May 1956 make e decide de future of de territory; na 58% of de voters wey dey take part vote make dem merge de territory plus de neighbouring British Crown colony of de [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]], wich na e dey head towards independence, rada dan make dem remain a trusteeship den await developments insyd French Togoland. For 13 December 1956, na de [[United Nations General Assembly]] pass General Assembly resolution 1044 on "De future of Togoland under British administration". By dat resolution, na de UN acknowledge de outcome of de plebiscite dem hold insyd de territory plus a majority in favour of union plus de Gold Coast. Na de resolution recommend say de United Kingdom effect de union of British Togoland plus [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]] upon de independence of Gold Coast. Make dem achieve dat, na de [[Ghana Independence Act 1957]] make de United Kingdom annex British Togoland make dem form part of Her Majesty ein dominions wey dey comprise de [[Dominion of Ghana]].<ref>‘Commonwealth and Colonial Law’ by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 789.</ref> Insyd a letter wey date 6 March 1957, na de British government inform de Secretary-General of de United Nations dat plus effect from midnight 6 March 1957, under de terms of de Ghana Independence Act 1957, na de territories wey dem comprise insyd de Gold Coast cam turn de independent State of Ghana den dat under de same Act, de union of de former Trust Territory of Togoland under British administration plus de independent State of Ghana take place from de same time den date.<ref>[http://unyearbook.un.org/1956YUN/1956_P1_SEC3_CH5.pdf UN Publication entitled "The Future of the Togolands"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20131217051012/http://unyearbook.un.org/1956YUN/1956_P1_SEC3_CH5.pdf Archived] 17 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine </ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180417205702/http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/UNGARsn/1957/8.pdf General Assembly, Eleventh Session, General Assembly resolution 1044 on "The future of Togoland under British administration"]</ref> Na British Togoland ein capital be [[Ho, Ghana|Ho]], wich now dey serve as de capital of [[Volta Region]]. De region dey include chaw of de former mandate ein territory. == United Nations trust territory == After World War II, na de mandate cam be a United Nations trust territory wey be administered by de United Kingdom. Prior to de mandate den trusteeship periods, na British Togoland be administered as part of de adjoining territory of de [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]], under de name of ''Trans-Volta Togo'' (TVT).<ref>[http://www.ghanadistricts.com/region/?r=7&sa=40&PHPSESSID=56a7bc7467f44316475c0e4af05a5e0b Volta Region] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234201/http://www.ghanadistricts.com/region/?r=7&sa=40&PHPSESSID=56a7bc7467f44316475c0e4af05a5e0b Archived] 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine </ref> === Togoland Congress === Insyd 1954, na de British government inform de UN say e go be unable make e administer de Trust Territory after 1957. For response, insyd December 1955, na de [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] pass a resolution wey dey advise de British government make dem hold a plebiscite on de future of British Togoland. On 9 May 1956, na dem hold dis plebiscite under UN supervision plus de choice between formal integration plus de future independent Gold Coast anaa continuation as a Trust Territory. Na de Togoland Congress campaign against integration. Na der be vocal opposition to de incorporation of Togoland from de Ewe people wey na dem vote against insyd British Togoland, as na de Ewe want de unification of de Ewe people insyd British Togoland den French Togoland as a separate Ewe state (modern [[Togo]]).<ref name="pim">McLaughlin (1994), "The Politics of the Independence Movements".</ref> Na dem report say na de vote results be 42% against from de Ewe people (Togoland Congress), den 58% for integration. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * Bourret, Florence Mabel. ''Gold Coast: A survey of the Gold Coast and British Togoland, 1919–1946.'' (Stanford University Press, 1949). [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/36011/GIPE-023967.pdf?sequence=3 online] * {{Cite web |url=https://research.un.org/en/docs/tc/britishtogoland |title=Research Guides: UN Documentation: Trusteeship Council: Togoland under British administration |last=Kurtas |first=Susan |date=9 October 2019 |publisher=United Nations |language=en |access-date=20 February 2020 |quote=Agreement, Petitions, Reports of Administering Power, and Reports of Visiting Missions }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:British Togoland| ]] [[Category:1916 establishments insyd Africa]] [[Category:1916 establishments insyd de British Empire]] [[Category:1956 disestablishments insyd Africa]] [[Category:British West Africa]] [[Category:Former British colonies den protectorates insyd Africa|Togoland, British]] [[Category:Former British protectorates|Togoland, British]] [[Category:Former countries insyd Africa|Togoland, British]] [[Category:Ghana den de Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:League of Nations mandates|Togoland, British]] [[Category:Togoland]] [[Category:United Nations trust territories|Togoland, British]] hahdl7e6owgh4x3xi9edmfnluf6dnje 0 17242 97509 63187 2026-05-02T01:58:31Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Garang De Mabior''' (June 23, 1945 – July 30, 2005)<ref>{{Cite news|date=2005-08-01|title=Sudan VP Garang killed in crash|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4733571.stm|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> na he be a Sudanese politician den revolutionary leader. From 1983 to 2005, na he lead de Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M, Now be known as South Sudan People's Defense Forces) as a commander in chief during de Second Sudanese Civil War. Na he serve as First Vice President of Sudan for three weeks, from de comprehensive peace agreement of 2005 til ein death insyd a helicopter crash on July 30, 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.people.cn/200507/10/eng20050710_195278.html|newspaper=People's Daily Online|title=Sudanese new government leaders take office|access-date=August 8, 2017|archive-date=August 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808153639/http://en.people.cn/200507/10/eng20050710_195278.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na he be a developmental economist by profession,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wheeler|first=Jake|date=2021-07-31|title=Ten years after independence, South Sudan must return to Garang's vision|url=https://www.almendron.com/tribuna/ten-years-after-independence-south-sudan-must-return-to-garangs-vision/|access-date=2022-09-15|website=Revista de Prensa|language=es}}</ref> na Garang be one of de major influences on de movement wey lead to de foundation of [[South Sudan]] ein independence from de rule of [[Sudan|Sudanese]] presido Omar al-Bashir. == Early life den education == Na dem born John Garang on 23 June 1945 into a poor family insyd Wangulei village, Twic East County, insyd de Upper Nile region of Sudan. Na he be a member of de Dinka ethnic group den an orphan by de age of ten, na ein realtive wey dey bia ein fees for school, wey he go to schools insyd Wau den then Rumbek.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moorcraft|first=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PT-uCAAAQBAJ&q=John%2520Garang%2520a%2520young%2520officer%2520from%2520Twic%2520Dinka&pg=PA62|title=Omar Al-Bashir and Africa's Longest War|date=2015-04-30|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=9781473828230}}</ref> Insyd 1962, na he join de separatist rebels of southern Sudan during de First Sudanese Civil War. However, secof ein young age, na de rebel leaders encourage am den odas of ein age make dem pursue higher education den secof de ongoing fighting, na Garang be forced make he plete ein secondary school education insyd [[Tanzania]]. After he win a scholarship, he go on to earn a Bachelor of Arts insyd Economics insyd 1969 from Grinnell College insyd Iowa, [[United States]].<ref name="BBC Obituary2">{{cite web|last=Phombeah|first=Gray|date=2005-08-03|title=Obituary: John Garang|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2134220.stm|access-date=2018-11-18|website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/02/world/africa/leaders-call-death-of-former-rebel-leader-a-great-loss-to-sudan.html|title=Leaders call death of former rebel leader a great loss to Sudan|date=2005-08-02|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en}}</ref> ==Death== Insyd late July 2005, na Garang die after de Ugandan presidential Mi-172 helicopter wey na he dey fly insyd crash. Na he dey return from a meeting insyd Rwakitura plus long-time ally Presido Yoweri Museveni of Uganda. Na he no flow de Sudanese government say he dey go to dis meeting wey therefore, he no take de presidential plane. In fact, na Garang say na he dey go spend de weekend insyd New Cush, a small village near de Kenyan borders wey Garang found einself. To dis day, neither de identity of any oda participants at de meeting nor ein purpose be known. ==Publications == *Garang, John, 1987 ''John Garang Speaks''. M. Khalid, ed. London: Kegan Paul International. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4496451 John Garang] on National Public Radio * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210426215721/http://www.splmtoday.com/ Official website] of the Sudan People's Liberation Army * [https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/issues/relief/sudanproject.html A State Department archive] of information from before January 2001 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4666701.stm Sudan ex-rebel joins government], BBC, July 9, 2005 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2134220.stm Obituary], BBC * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050910234906/http://today.reuters.com/News/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2005-08-01T165844Z_01_L0128099_RTRIDST_0_INTERNATIONAL-SUDAN-DC.XML Deadly riots erupt in Sudan after Garang death], Reuters, August 1, 2005 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110407044319/http://dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=5&article_id=16869 The return of a Sudanese survivor], opinion piece in The Daily Star, Lebanon, July 19, 2005 – some info on early life * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050820124511/http://voanews.com/english/2005-08-09-voa37.cfm Uganda Joins Sudan in Investigating Garang's Death], William Eagle, ''Voice of America'', August 9, 2005 * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSXoeqoIwL4 John Garang’s mysterious death] | Al Jazeera World Documentary, 26 Jul 2023. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Garang, John}} [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:2005 deaths]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:South Sudanese people]] [[Category:De Mabior family]] [[Category:Dinka people]] [[Category:Grinnell College alumni]] [[Category:Iowa State University alumni]] [[Category:People wey komot Jonglei State]] [[Category:Second Sudanese Civil War]] [[Category:South Sudanese Protestants]] [[Category:SPLM/SPLA Political-Military High Command]] [[Category:State leaders dem kill insyd aviation accidents anaa incidents]] [[Category:Sudanese expatriates insyd Tanzania]] [[Category:Sudanese expatriates insyd de United States]] [[Category:Sudan People's Liberation Movement politicians]] [[Category:University of Dar es Salaam alumni]] [[Category:Unsolved deaths]] [[Category:Vice presidents of Sudan]] [[Category:Victims of aviation accidents anaa incidents insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Victims of aviation accidents anaa incidents insyd 2005]] [[Category:Victims of helicopter accidents anaa incidents]] [[Category:Watson Fellows]] [[Category:Former Marxists]] [[Category:Sudanese Christians]] [[Category:African revolutionaries]] [[Category:Sudanese economists]] ng6ksuuxah3mhckgs6zhyexirnj3ad1 0 17352 97512 65786 2026-05-02T10:21:45Z Salma A. L Suhuyini 3102 removed hyperlink 97512 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kofi Abrefa Busia''' (11 July 1913 – 28 August 1978)<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 August 2017|title=August 28, 1978: Prime Minister of 2nd Republic Dr. Kofi Abrefa Busia Dies in London|url=https://www.eaumf.org/ejm-blog/2017/8/28/august-28-1978-prime-minister-of-2nd-republic-dr-kofi-abrefa-busia-dies-in-london|access-date=13 August 2020|website=Edward A. Ulzen Memorial Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> na [[Ghanaian]] pipo ein political leader and academic. Im be Prime Minister of Ghana from 1969 to 1972. As a leader and prime minister, e help bring back civilian government for the country after military rule..<ref name="Martin">{{Cite book|last=Martin|first=G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqYEhtONIBgC|title=African Political Thought|date=23 December 2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137062055|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611034655/https://books.google.com/books?id=rqYEhtONIBgC|archive-date=11 June 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem carry am comot for power for 1972 through military coup..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lyons |first=Terrence |date=1997 |title=Ghana’s Encouraging Elections: A Major Step Forward |url=https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1997.0019 |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=65–77 |doi=10.1353/jod.1997.0019 |issn=1086-3214 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> lt53itz759wq8ku0o7xn4jjs3e4uybk 0 22938 97467 83297 2026-05-01T14:34:35Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cluttering''' be a [[Speech disorder|speech]] den communication disorder wey be characterized by a rapid rate of speech, erratic rhythm, den poor syntax anaa grammar, wey dey make speech difficult to understand. == Classification == Cluttering be a [[Speech disorder|speech]] den communication disorder wey na dem sanso describe am as a fluency disorder.<ref>{{cite book |last=Daly |first=David A. |title=Stuttering and Related Disorders of Fluency |author2=Burnett, Michelle L. |publisher=Thieme |year=1999 |isbn=0-86577-764-0 |editor=Curlee, Richard F. |location=New York |page=222}}</ref> == References == <references /> == Sources == * Studies in Tachyphemia, An Investigation of Cluttering and General Language Disability. Speech Rehabilitation Institute. New York, 1963. * Myers, F. and K. St. Louis, (1992) Cluttering: A Clinical Perspective, Leicester, England: Far Communications == External links == *[http://www.toofastforwords.com: Too fast for words: Easy explanations and tips for treatment and coping] *[http://www.stutteringhelp.org/DeskLeftDefault.aspx?TabID=82 Cluttering: Some Guidelines] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210517132411/http://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/kuster/related.html Overview of Cluttering] *[http://associations.missouristate.edu/ica/ International Cluttering Association page] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070406231648/http://www.asha.org/about/publications/leader-online/archives/2003/q4/f031118a.htm ASHA Cluttering Updated Article] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210323172245/http://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/isad8/papers/dewey8.html ISAD presentation on cluttering experience] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210510044020/https://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/isad8/papers/bakker8/bakker8.html Computer Aided Assessment of Cluttering Severity] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Communication disorders]] [[Category:Sociolinguistics]] [[Category:Human voice]] [[Category:Oral communication]] [[Category:Human communication]] [[Category:Speech disorders]] [[Category:Medical terminology]] [[Category:Speech den language pathology]] otfgc845cjhddy3zrjrugzzy9vpkrwx 0 24537 97471 89693 2026-05-01T14:48:21Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Shahnameh3-1.jpg|thumb|Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas dey lead Rashidun Caliphate forces insyd de Battle of al-Qadisiyyah (image <abbr>c.</abbr> 1523–1535)]] [[File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0152.1.1.jpg|thumb|A caravan wey Abd Allah ibn Jahsh lead return from a raid by companions of Muhammad (image <abbr>c.</abbr> 1594–1595)]] De '''Sahabah''' (Arabic: اَلصَّحَابَةُ, <small>romanized:</small> ''aṣ-ṣaḥāba'', <small>lit. </small>'the companions'), dem sanso know as de '''Companions of Muhammad''', be de Muslim disciples den followers of de Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] wey na dem see anaa meet am during ein lifetime.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{cite book |author=Encyclopaedia Britannica |author-link=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ea-bAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA441 |title=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-59339-492-9 |page=441}}</ref> De companions play a major role insyd [[Muslims|Muslim]] battles, society, [[hadith]] narration, den governance during den after de life of Muhammad. De era of de companions begin dey follow de death of Muhammad insyd 632 CE, wey e end insyd 110 AH (728 CE) wen de last companion Abu al-Tufayl die. Later Islamic scholars accept dema testimony of de words den deeds of Muhammad, de occasions on wich na dem reveal de [[Quran]] den oda important matters insyd Islamic history den practice. De testimony of de companions, as na e be passed down thru trusted chains of narrators (''asānīd''), be de basis of de developing Islamic tradition. From de traditions (''[[hadith]]'') of de life of Muhammad den ein companions be drawn de Muslim way of life (''sunnah''), de code of conduct (''sharia'') e dey require, den Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]''). De two largest Islamic denominations, de [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] den [[Shia Islam|Shia]], take different approaches to weighing de value of de companions dema testimonies, dem get different ''hadith'' collections den, as a result, dem get different views about de ṣaḥābah.<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|entry=Companions of the Prophet|entry-url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Companions-of-the-Prophet}}</ref> De second generation of Muslims after de ṣaḥāba, dem born after de death of Muhammad, wey know at least one ṣaḥāba, dem call ''Tābi'ūn'' (sanso be "de successors"). De third generation of Muslims after de ''Tābi'ūn'', wey know at least one ''Tābi'', be called ''tabi' al-Tabi'in''.<ref name="ODI-301">{{cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=John L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |date=2003 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195125597 |page=301 |access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> De three generations dey make up de ''salaf'' of Islam. == Etymology == De term sahaba dey mean "companions" den dey derive from de verb {{lang|ar|صَحِبَ}} wey dey mean "accompany", "keep company plus", "associate plus". "Al-ṣaḥāba" be definite plural; de indefinite singular be masculine {{lang|ar|صَحَابِيٌّ}} (''ṣaḥābiyy''), feminine {{lang|ar|صَحَابِيَّةٌ}} (''ṣaḥābiyyah''). == Types == Insyd Islam, companions of Muhammad be classified into categories wey dey include de Muhajirun wey accompany Muhammad from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]], de Ansar wey live insyd Medina, den de Badriyyun wey fight at de Battle of Badr.<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|entry=Companions of the Prophet|entry-url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Companions-of-the-Prophet}}</ref> Two important groups among de companions be de '''Muhajirun''' "migrants", those wey get faith insyd Muhammad wen he begin to preach insyd Mecca den who depart plus am wen he be persecuted der, den de '''Ansar''', de people of [[Medina]] wey welcam Muhammad den ein companions wey dem stand as dema protectors. Lists of prominent companions usually dey include 50 anaa 60 names of de people dem think to be most closely associated plus Muhammad. However, der clearly be chaw odas wey na dem get sam contact plus Muhammad, den chaw of those names den biographies be recorded insyd religious reference texts such as ibn Sa'd ein early ''Book of the Major Classes''. Al-Qurtubi ein ''Istīʻāb fī maʻrifat al-Aṣhāb'' (d. 1071 CE) dey consist of 2770 biographies of male den 381 biographies of female ṣaḥābah. According to an observation insyd al-Qastallani ein ''Al-Muwahib al-Ladunniyyah'', an untold number of persons already convert to Islam by de time Muhammad die. Der be 10,000 by de time of de Conquest of Mecca den 70,000 during de Expedition of Tabuk insyd 630. Sam Muslims dey assert say dem be more dan 200,000 in number: dem dey believe say 124,000 pilgrims witness de Farewell Sermon Muhammad deliver after making [[Farewell Pilgrimage]] to Mecca. == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q188711|c=Category:Sahabah|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} *[https://muslimnames.com/male-sahabi-names List of Male Sahaba] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20260121184947/https://muslimnames.com/female-sahabi-names List of Female Sahaba] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171959/http://sahaba.net/ Sahaba: Companions of the Prophet] *[http://www.al-islam.org/then-i-was-guided-muhammad-al-tijani-al-samawi/companions-prophet-seen-shi%E2%80%99-and-sunnis The Companions of the Prophet as seen by the Shi'a and the Sunnis ] *[http://www.al-islam.org/nahj Sermons of the Commander of the Faithful, Imam Ali b. Abi Talib, from ''Nahj al-Balaghah''] *[https://educatebox.com/names-of-sahabiyat-sahabiat-%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85/ Names of Sahabiyat] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Islamic terminology]] [[Category:Life of Muhammad]] [[Category:2026 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]] [[Category:Companions of de Prophet]] qybggfds8d81zdu7jrk4x81mu7pw7pp 0 25103 97508 94252 2026-05-02T00:33:29Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isfahan''' (Persian: اصفهان [esfæˈhɒːn]) be a city insyd de Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. E be de capital of de province, de county, den de district.<ref name="Isfahan Structure">{{cite web |last=Habibi |first=Hassan |date=21 June 1369 |title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Isfahan province, centered in the city of Isfahan |url=https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113034 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204010546/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113034 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Lamtakam |publisher=Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board |language=fa}}</ref> E dey locate {{convert|440|km|mi|abbr=off}} south of Tehran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance Tehran > Isfahan - Air line, driving route, midpoint |url=https://www.distance.to/Tehran/Isfahan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822132039/https://www.distance.to/Tehran/Isfahan |archive-date=22 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=www.distance.to |language=en-us}}</ref> De city get a population of approximately 2,238,000, wey dey make am de third-most populous city insyd Iran, after Tehran den Mashhad, den de second-largest metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web |title=اخبار راه‌آهن ایران: فهرست ایستگاه‌های راه‌آهن ایران |url=http://rail-news.ir/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628155103/http://rail-news.ir/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/ |archive-date=28 June 2021 |access-date=2019-11-02 |website=Rail News Iran}}</ref> Isfahan dey locate at de intersection of de two principal routes wey traverse Iran, north–south den east–west. Isfahan flourish between de 9th den 18th centuries. Under de Safavid Empire, Isfahan cam be de capital of Iran, for de second time insyd ein history, under Abbas the Great. E be known for ein Persian–Muslim architecture, grand boulevards, dem cover bridges, palaces, tiled mosques, den minarets. Isfahan sanso get chaw historical buildings, monuments, paintings, den artifacts. De fame of Isfahan lead to de Persian proverb ''Esfahān nesf-e-jahān ast'' ('Isfahan be half de world').<ref>{{cite news|title=Isfahan Is Half The World|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1975/11/02/archives/isfahan-is-half-the-world-isfahan-is-half-the-world.html|website=New York Times|date=2 November 1975|access-date=23 July 2018|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723124239/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/11/02/archives/isfahan-is-half-the-world-isfahan-is-half-the-world.html|url-status=live|last1=McKown|first1=Robin|authorlink=Robin McKown}}</ref> Naqsh-e Jahan Square insyd Isfahan be one of de largest city squares insyd de world, den a [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meidan Emam, Esfahan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/115/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002190138/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/115 |archive-date=2 October 2020 |access-date=September 9, 2021 |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)}}</ref> Isfahan be de second Iranian city to experience de highest volume den number of Israeli airstrikes during de Twelve-Day War.<ref>{{cite web |title=اصفهان جزو شهرهای دارای بیشترین حملات دشمن و کمترین آسیب‌ها بود |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/85979309 |access-date=October 28, 2025 |publisher=IRNA}}</ref> ==Religion== ===Mosques=== {{div col}} * Agha Nour mosque (16th century) * Hakim Mosque * Ilchi mosque * Jameh Mosque<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fz-az.fotopages.com/?entry=942627&back=http://fz-az.fotopages.com/?page=0jame |title=Isfahan Jame(Congregative) mosque – BackPack |publisher=Fz-az.fotopages.com |access-date=2009-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213026/http://fz-az.fotopages.com/?entry=942627&back=http%3A%2F%2Ffz-az.fotopages.com%2F%3Fpage%3D0jame |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> * Jarchi mosque (1610) * Lonban mosque * Maghsoudbeyk mosque (1601) * Mohammad Jafar Abadei mosque (1878) * Rahim Khan mosque (19th century) * Roknolmolk mosque * Seyyed mosque (19th century) * [[Shah Mosque (Isfahan)]] (1629)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-62214619 |title=Isfahan's Shah Mosque: Important Iranian site damaged in restoration - BBC News |publisher=Bbc.com |date=2021-08-13 |accessdate=2022-07-19 |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719154030/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-62214619 |url-status=live }}</ref> * Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque (1618) * Agha Mirza Muhammad Baqir Chahar Suqi Mosque {{div col end}} ===Imamzadehs (shrine tombs)=== {{div col}} * Imamzadeh Ahmad * Imamzadeh Esmaeil and Isaiah mausoleum * Imamzadeh Haroun-e-Velayat * Imamzadeh Ja'far * Imamzadeh Shah Zeyd {{div col end}} ===Churches den cathedrals=== *St. Jakob Church (1607) *St. Georg Church (17th century), *St. Mary Church (1613) *Bedkhem Church (1627) *Vank Cathedral]] (1664).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.archnet.org/sites/3908 | title=Archnet > Site > Surp Amenaprgich Vank | access-date=4 December 2022 | archive-date=4 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204161543/https://www.archnet.org/sites/3908 | url-status=live }}</ref> ===Synagogues=== {{div col}} * Kenisa-ye Bozorg (Mirakhor's kenisa) * Kenisa-ye Molla Rabbi * Kenisa-ye Sang-bast * Mullah Jacob Synagogue * Mullah Neissan Synagogue * Kenisa-ye Keter David {{div col end}} === Modern age === <gallery mode="packed"> File:Isfahan from above.jpg| De Archs[[File:The_Archs.gif|thumb|The Archs]]Street from above File:ETH-BIB-Rundblick von der Schahburg, Isfahan-Persienflug 1924-1925-LBS MH02-02-0159-AL-FL.tif|Isfahan insyd 1924 File:Foolad Mobarakeh49.jpg|Foolad Mobarakeh Steel Mill File:General map of Isfahan by Pascal Coste.jpg|Map of Isfahan by Pascal Coste </gallery> ==Geography== ===Climate === {{Weather box | location = Isfahan (1991–2020, records 1951-present) | width = auto | metric first = yes | single line = yes | Jan record high C = 20.8 | Feb record high C = 26.9 | Mar record high C = 30.0 | Apr record high C = 35.3 | May record high C = 39.4 | Jun record high C = 42.1 | Jul record high C = 44.6 | Aug record high C = 43.8 | Sep record high C = 39.4 | Oct record high C = 34.0 | Nov record high C = 27.5 | Dec record high C = 23.4 | year record high C = 44.6 | Jan high C = 10.0 | Feb high C = 13.6 | Mar high C = 18.0 | Apr high C = 23.4 | May high C = 29.2 | Jun high C = 35.2 | Jul high C = 37.6 | Aug high C = 36.2 | Sep high C = 32.4 | Oct high C = 25.8 | Nov high C = 17.1 | Dec high C = 11.7 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.4 | Feb mean C = 6.8 | Mar mean C = 11.4 | Apr mean C = 16.8 | May mean C = 22.3 | Jun mean C = 27.9 | Jul mean C = 30.3 | Aug mean C = 28.5 | Sep mean C = 24.4 | Oct mean C = 17.9 | Nov mean C = 9.9 | Dec mean C = 4.9 | year mean C = | Jan low C = -2.8 | Feb low C = -0.1 | Mar low C = 4.6 | Apr low C = 9.7 | May low C = 14.5 | Jun low C = 19.2 | Jul low C = 21.7 | Aug low C = 19.5 | Sep low C = 15.3 | Oct low C = 9.6 | Nov low C = 3.1 | Dec low C = -1.1 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -19.4 | Feb record low C = -12.2 | Mar record low C = -8.3 | Apr record low C = -4.0 | May record low C = 4.5 | Jun record low C = 10.0 | Jul record low C = 13.0 | Aug record low C = 11.0 | Sep record low C = 5.0 | Oct record low C = 0.0 | Nov record low C = -8.0 | Dec record low C = -13.0 | year record low C = -19.4 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 20.2 | Feb precipitation mm = 15.9 | Mar precipitation mm = 27.1 | Apr precipitation mm = 20.8 | May precipitation mm = 9.4 | Jun precipitation mm = 1.7 | Jul precipitation mm = 0.7 | Aug precipitation mm = 0.3 | Sep precipitation mm = 0.1 | Oct precipitation mm = 3.2 | Nov precipitation mm = 18.2 | Dec precipitation mm = 18.2 | year precipitation mm = | Jan snow cm = 7.7 | Feb snow cm = 0.3 | Mar snow cm = 0.1 | Apr snow cm = 0.0 | May snow cm = 0.0 | Jun snow cm = 0.0 | Jul snow cm = 0.0 | Aug snow cm = 0.0 | Sep snow cm = 0.0 | Oct snow cm = 0.0 | Nov snow cm = 0.1 | Dec snow cm = 2.4 | year snow cm = | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days = 3.6 | Feb precipitation days = 2.7 | Mar precipitation days = 3.8 | Apr precipitation days = 3.6 | May precipitation days = 1.6 | Jun precipitation days = 0.3 | Jul precipitation days = 0.1 | Aug precipitation days = 0.1 | Sep precipitation days = 0.0 | Oct precipitation days = 0.7 | Nov precipitation days = 2.6 | Dec precipitation days = 3.2 | year precipitation days = | Jan snow days = 2.1 | Feb snow days = 0.1 | Mar snow days = 0.4 | Apr snow days = 0.1 | May snow days = 0.0 | Jun snow days = 0.0 | Jul snow days = 0.0 | Aug snow days = 0.0 | Sep snow days = 0.0 | Oct snow days = 0.0 | Nov snow days = 0.0 | Dec snow days = 0.7 | year snow days = | Jan humidity = 56 | Feb humidity = 43 | Mar humidity = 37 | Apr humidity = 35 | May humidity = 29 | Jun humidity = 19 | Jul humidity = 19 | Aug humidity = 20 | Sep humidity = 22 | Oct humidity = 33 | Nov humidity = 48 | Dec humidity = 59 | year humidity = | Jan dew point C =-5.8 | Feb dew point C =-6.3 | Mar dew point C =-4.9 | Apr dew point C =-0.6 | May dew point C =1.3 | Jun dew point C =0.8 | Jul dew point C =3.1 | Aug dew point C =2.5 | Sep dew point C =0.1 | Oct dew point C =-0.3 | Nov dew point C =-1.8 | Dec dew point C =-3.5 | Jan sun = 210 | Feb sun = 228 | Mar sun = 255 | Apr sun = 262 | May sun = 317 | Jun sun = 358 | Jul sun = 356 | Aug sun = 358 | Sep sun = 322 | Oct sun = 286 | Nov sun = 217 | Dec sun = 199 | year sun = |source 1 = [[NCEI|NOAA NCEI]],<ref name="ncei">{{cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Esfahan-40800 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Iran/CSV/Esfahan_40800.csv |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=17 March 2024 |format=CSV}}</ref> (snowfall 1981-2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981-2010: Esfahan-40800 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-II/Iran/WMO_Normals_Excel_IRAN_060719.xls |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=28 March 2024 |format=XLS |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120051914/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-II/Iran/WMO_Normals_Excel_IRAN_060719.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> |source 2 = Iran Meteorological Organization (records)<ref name=records> *{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/esf/ESFAHAN/7.asp |title= Highest record temperature in Esfahan by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 7, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150414135119/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/esf/ESFAHAN/7.asp |archive-date= April 14, 2015 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }} *{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/esf/ESFAHAN/6.asp |title= Lowest record temperature in Esfahan by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 7, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150414140635/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/esf/ESFAHAN/6.asp |archive-date= April 14, 2015 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }} *{{cite web |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=40833&ndays=31&ano=2025&mes=05&day=23&hora=9&ord=REV&enviar=Ver|title= 40800: Esfahan (Iran, Islamic Republic of)|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 23 May 2025|website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |access-date= 22 August 2025 |quote=}}</ref> }} ==Education den science== ===Notable schools=== {{div col}} * Chahar Bagh School (early 17th century) * Kordi<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haratischool.ir/en/harati-high-school/ |title=Harati School |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204161820/https://www.haratischool.ir/en/harati-high-school/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * Kassegaran school (1694) * Khajoo Madrasa * Nimavar School (1691) * Sadr Madrasa (19th century) {{div col end}} In total, der more dan 7,329 schools insyd Isfahan province.<ref>{{cite web|title=پایگاه مدارس استان اصفهان|url=http://old.roshd.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=250&SSOReturnPage=Check&Rand=0|access-date=2020-10-06|website=old.roshd.ir|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230145720/http://old.roshd.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=250&SSOReturnPage=Check&Rand=0|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Colleges=== * Isfahan University of Medical Sciences * American School of Isfahan * Isfahan University of Technology * Isfahan University of Art * Mohajer Technical And Vocational College of Isfahan * Payame Noor University * Islamic Azad University of Isfahan * Islamic Azad University of Najafabad * Islamic Azad University of Majlesi. ==International relations== ===Twin towns – sisto cities=== Isfahan be twinned plus:<ref>{{cite web|title=شهرهای خواهر|url=https://new.isfahan.ir/Index.aspx?page_=form&lang=1&sub=52&tempname=tem93&PageID=4020|website=isfahan.ir|publisher=Isfahan|language=fa|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618113813/https://new.isfahan.ir/Index.aspx?page_=form&lang=1&sub=52&tempname=tem93&PageID=4020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Cooperation Center of Municipality of Isfahan Bagh Zereshk international affairs |url=https://intaffairs.isfahan.ir/ |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503083212/http://intaffairs.isfahan.ir/ |url-status=live }}</ref> #{{flagicon|CHN}} Xi'an, Shaanxi, [[China]] (1989) #Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1997) #{{flagicon|ITA}} Florence, Italy (1998) #Iași, Romania (1999) #Barcelona, Spain #Yerevan, [[Armenia]] (2000) #{{flagicon|GER}} Freiburg im Breisgau, [[Germany]] (2000) #Kuwait City, Kuwait (2000) #Havana, Cuba (2001) #Lahore, Pakistan (2004) #Saint Petersburg, [[Russia]] (2004) #Dakar, [[Senegal]] (2009) #Baalbek, Lebanon (2010) #Samarkand, Uzbekistan since July 2021 #Porto, Portugal since July 2021 #Kazan, Russia 2025 <ref>{{Cite web | title=Kazan and Isfahan become sister cities — RealnoeVremya.com | url=https://m.realnoevremya.com/articles/8722-kazan-and-isfahan-become-sister-cities?_url=%2Farticles%2F8722-kazan-and-isfahan-become-sister-cities#from_desktop | access-date=2026-01-16 | website=m.realnoevremya.com}}</ref> #Gyeongju, South Korea (2013)<ref>{{cite web|title=SisterCities|url=https://www.gyeongju.go.kr/open_content/eng/page.do?mnu_uid=1369&|publisher=Gyeongju|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621052510/https://www.gyeongju.go.kr/open_content/eng/page.do?mnu_uid=1369&|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Cooperation agreements=== Isfahan dey cooperate plus: *Barcelona, Spain (2000) In addition, de New Julfa quarter of Isfahan get friendly relations plus:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.issy.com/decouvrir-issy/international/asie-et-orient/ispahanquartier-de-la-nouvelle-jolfa-iran|title=Ispahan/Quartier de la Nouvelle-Jolfâ (Iran)|access-date=17 February 2021|archive-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210220431/https://www.issy.com/decouvrir-issy/international/asie-et-orient/ispahanquartier-de-la-nouvelle-jolfa-iran|url-status=live}}</ref> *Issy-les-Moulineaux, [[France]] (2018) ==Notable people== {{Main|Category:People wey komot Isfahan}} <!-- Descending alphabetical order; Artists, Martyrs, Religious,...--> ;Music * Alireza Eftekhari (1956–), singer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biographyy.ir/1392/11/علی‌رضا-افتخاری-بیوگرافی/|title=بیوگرافی علیرضا افتخاری|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305040810/http://www.biographyy.ir/1392/11/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C/|archive-date=2014-03-05|url-status=dead|access-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> * Leila Forouhar (1959–), pop singer<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gahar.ir/بیوگرافی-لیلا-فروهر-عکس/|title=بیوگرافی لیلا فروهر / عکس · جدید 96 -گهر|newspaper=جدید ۱۴۰۳ -❤️ گهر |date=18 April 2014 |access-date=14 July 2017|archive-date=23 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723211630/http://gahar.ir/%d8%a8%db%8c%d9%88%da%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%db%8c-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%84%d8%a7-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%87%d8%b1-%d8%b9%da%a9%d8%b3/|url-status=live |author1=Saeid }}</ref> * Hassan Kassai (1928–2012), musician<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kassaimusic.ir/Content/Default.aspx?Landir=ltr&Lan=En&State=0|title=Hassan Kassai|access-date=14 July 2017|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702151235/http://www.kassaimusic.ir/Content/Default.aspx?Landir=ltr&Lan=En&State=0|url-status=live}}</ref> *Saeidi brothers (born 1981), traditional singers<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2021 |title=Saeidi vocalist brothers dedicate music video "Your Pure Way" to health workers |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/460894/Saeidi-vocalist-brothers-dedicate-music-video-Your-Pure-Way |access-date=28 February 2024 |work=Theran Times}}</ref> * Hassan Shamaizadeh (born 1943), singer-songwriter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biography91.blogfa.com/post/1|title=بیوگرافی حسن شماعی‌زاده|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831043049/http://biography91.blogfa.com/post/1|url-status=live}}</ref> * Jalil Shahnaz (1921–2013), tar soloist, a traditional Persian instrument<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harmonytalk.com/archives/000556.html|title=شهسوار تار|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-date=10 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610065236/http://www.harmonytalk.com/archives/000556.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ; Film * Rasul Sadr Ameli (1953–), director * Sara Bahrami (1983–), actor<ref>{{cite web |title=سارا بهرامی + بیوگرافی |url=http://ariapix.net/سار-بهرامی-بیوگرافی-عکس/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829055900/http://ariapix.net/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3/ |archive-date=29 August 2018 |access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref> * Homayoun Ershadi (1947–), Hollywood actor den architect * Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari (1956–2001), de former princess of Iran den actress * Bahman Farmanara (1942–), director * Jahangir Forouhar (1916–1997), actor den poppie of Leila Forouhar (Iranian singer) * Mohamad Ali Keshvarz (1930–2020), actor<ref>{{cite web |date=9 September 2013 |title=بیوگرافی "محمد علی کشاورز" + عکس |url=http://namnak.com/محمد-علی-کشاورز.p4003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827003459/http://namnak.com/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2.p4003 |archive-date=27 August 2018 |access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref> * Mahdi Pakdel (1980–), actor<ref>{{cite web |title=بیوگرافی مهدی پاکدل و همسرش |url=http://namnak.com/مهدی-پاکدل.p11177 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901081910/http://namnak.com/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AF%D9%84.p11177 |archive-date=1 September 2018 |access-date=20 August 2018 |work=نمناک}}</ref> * Nosratollah Vahdat (1925–2020), actor<ref>{{cite web |date=24 April 2016 |title=گفتگو با نصرت‌الله وحدت در بهار 90 سالگی |url=http://namnak.com/%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AA.p29845 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227133143/http://namnak.com/%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AA.p29845 |archive-date=27 December 2018 |access-date=27 December 2018 |work=نمناک}}</ref> ; Craftsmen den painters * Mahmoud Farshchian (1930–2025), painter den miniaturist<ref>{{cite web |title=مروری کوتاه بر زندگی‌نامه استاد محمود فرشچیان |url=http://farshchian.honar.ac.ir/index.aspx?siteid=10&pageid=548 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019033605/http://farshchian.honar.ac.ir/index.aspx?siteid=10&pageid=548 |archive-date=2013-10-19 |access-date=15 July 2017}}</ref> * Bogdan Saltanov (1630s–1703), Russian icon painter of Isfahanian Armenian origin ; Political figures * Ahmad Amir-Ahmadi (1906–1965), military leader den cabinet minister * Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti (1928–1981), cleric, Chairman of de Council of Revolution of Iran<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه شهید بهشتی |url=http://www.hawzah.net/fa/Question/View/7274/زندگی-نامه-شهید-بهشتی |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909131147/http://www.hawzah.net/fa/Question/View/7274/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C |archive-date=9 September 2017 |access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref> * Nusrat Bhutto (1929–2011), Chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party from 1979 to 1983; wifey of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto; mommie of Benazir Bhutto * Meir Ezri (1924–2015), Israeli ambassador to Tehran * Hossein Fatemi, PhD (1919–1954), politician, foreign minister insyd Mohamed Mossadegh ein cabinet * Mohammad-Ali Foroughi (1875–1942), politician den Prime Minister of Iran insyd de World War II era<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.isna.ir/news/97060603209/%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%DB%8C-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF|title=با "محمدعلی فروغی" بیشتر آشنا شوید|date=28 August 2018|archive-date=27 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227230506/https://www.isna.ir/news/97060603209/%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%DB%8C-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF|url-status=live}}</ref> * Dariush Forouhar (1928–1998), a founder den leader of de Hezb-e Mellat-e Iran (Nation of Iran Party) * Hossein Kharrazi (1957–1987), chief of de army insyd de Iran–Iraq War<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/4781905/حسین-خرازی-که-بود-و-چگونه-به-شهادت-رسید|title=حسین خرازی که بود و چگونه به شهادت رسید؟|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831084928/http://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/4781905/%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%88-%DA%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF|url-status=live}}</ref> * Mohsen Nourbakhsh (1948–2003), economist, Governor of de Central Bank of Iran * Mohammad Javad Zarif (1960–), Minister of Foreign Affairs den former Ambassador of Iran to de [[United Nations]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.entekhab.ir/fa/news/184251/ناشنیده‌هایی-از-زندگی-ظریف-در-روز-تولدش|title=ناشنیده‌هایی از زندگی "محمدجواد ظریف" در روز تولدش|access-date=17 August 2017|archive-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162205/http://www.entekhab.ir/fa/news/184251/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B4|url-status=live}}</ref> ; Religious figures * Al-Masih ad-Dajjal, Jewish Mosiach den figure insyd Islamic eschatology * Lady Amin (Banou Amin) (1886–1983), female jurisprudent, theologian den Muslim mystic ('arif), a ''Lady [[Ijtihad|Mujtahideh]]'' * Amina Begum Bint al-Majlisi, female Safavid [[Ijtihad|mujtahideh]]. * Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti (1928–1981), cleric, Chairman of de Council of Revolution of Iran * Allamah al-Majlisi (1616–1698), Safavid cleric, Sheikh ul-Islam insyd Isfahan * [[Salman the Persian]] * [[Ibn Manda|Muhammad Ibn Manda]] (d. 1005 / AH 395), Sunni Hanbali scholar of hadith den historian * [[Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani|Abu Nu'aym Al-Ahbahani Al-Shafi'i]] (d. 1038 / AH 430), Sunni Shafi'i Scholar * Seyyed Ali Qazi Askar (1954) Iran ein supreme leader representative, insyd Haj * Fethullah Qa'ravi Isfahani (1850–1920), Qajar cleric, anti-British rebel == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Persian-Potteries-17th-Century-Isfahan.jpg|Persian pottery from de city of Isfahan, 17th century File:Vanderaa1725.jpg|Isfahan, capital of de Kingdom of Persia File:Ispahan - Pont Alla - Werdie - Chan - Bruyn Cornelis De - 1725.jpg|Si-o-se-pol Bridge by Cornelis de Bruijn, 1705 File: Isfahan to the south side by Eugène Flandin.jpg|Isfahan to de south side, drawing by Eugène Flandin File:Ali minaret by Eugène Flandin.jpg|Ali minaret, 1840, drawing by Eugène Flandin File:"Les Russes à Ispahan" by Eugène Damblans in Le Petit Journal, 23 April 1916.jpg|Russian army insyd Isfahan insyd de 1890s </gallery> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Sister project links}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100309070147/http://www.isfahan.ir/ Official website] * [https://tourismapp.isfahan.ir/ tourism guide]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130051402/http://esup.isfahan.ir/ |date=30 November 2020 }} * {{URL|ica.isfahan.ir/ | esro}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210416095635/https://isfahan.iranpl.ir/portal/home/ Public libraries atlas]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416095635/https://isfahan.iranpl.ir/portal/home/ |date=16 April 2021 }} (Persian) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210624113955/http://dlim.ir/dl/search/ Digital Library of Isfahan Municipality]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624113955/http://dlim.ir/dl/search/ |date=24 June 2021 }} * {{Cite web | title=Hokiku88 {{!}} Situs Taruhan Bola Terbaru & Game Slot Populer Di Indonesia | url=https://shora-isfahan.com/ | access-date=2026-01-16 | website=shora-isfahan.com}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Isfahan| ]] [[Category:Achaemenid cities]] [[Category:Cities insyd Isfahan province]] [[Category:Former capitals of Iran]] [[Category:Iranian provincial capitals]] [[Category:Parthian cities]] [[Category:Populated places insyd Isfahan County]] [[Category:Sasanian cities]] [[Category:Seleucid colonies]] [[Category:2026 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]] mp2szznkimfm4qvk3ncn7xh704wq4pn 0 26633 97484 97397 2026-05-01T16:38:05Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dracunculiasis''', dem sanso call '''Guinea-worm disease''', be a parasitic infection by de Guinea worm (''Dracunculus medinensis).'' A person cam be infected by drinking water dem contaminate plus Guinea-worm larvae wey dey reside insyd copepods (a type of small crustacean). Stomach acid dey digest de copepod den dey release de Guinea worm larva, wich dey penetrate de digestive tract den dey escape into de body. Around a year later, de adult female worm dey migrate to an exit site – usually de lower leg – den dey induce an intensely painful blister on de skin. Eventually, de blister bursts, wey dey create a painful wound from wich de worm gradually dey emerge over several weeks. De wound remain painful thru out de worm ein emergence, wey dey disable de affected person for de three to ten weeks e dey take de worm to emerge. De female worm release larvae wen de host submerge de wound insyd water in attempts to relieve de pain, thus dey continue de life cycle. Der be no [[medication]] to treat anaa prevent dracunculiasis. Instead, de mainstay of treatment be de careful wrapping of de emerging worm around a small stick anaa gauze to encourage den speed up ein exit. Each day, a few more centimeters of de worm emerge, den de stick be turned to maintain gentle tension. Too much tension fi break den kill de worm insyd de wound, wey dey cause severe pain den swelling. Dracunculiasis be a disease of extreme poverty, wey dey occur insyd places plus poor access to clean drinking water. Prevention efforts dey center on filtering drinking water to remove copepods as well as public education campaigns to discourage people from soaking affected limbs insyd sources of drinking water, as dis action dey allow de worms to spread dema larvae. Accounts consistent plus dracunculiasis dey appear in surviving documents from physicians of Greco-Roman antiquity. Insyd de 19th den early 20th centuries, dracunculiasis be widespread across much of [[Africa]] den South Asia, wey dey affect as many as 48&nbsp;million people per year. De effort to eradicate dracunculiasis begin insyd de 1980s dey follow de successful eradication of smallpox insyd 1977. By 1995, nearly every country plus endemic dracunculiasis establish a national eradication program. Insyd de ensuing years, dracunculiasis cases drop precipitously, wey dey fall below 100,000 cases per year insyd 1997, below 10,000 cases insyd 2007, below 1,000 cases insyd 2012, below 100 cases insyd 2015, den to 10 cases insyd 2025 per.<!-- two in South Sudan and four each in Chad and Ethiopia in 2025 --> Since 1986, 16 previously endemic countries eradicate dracunculiasis, wey dey leave de disease primarily endemic insyd three landlocked developing countries of central Africa{{snd}} [[Chad]], [[Ethiopia]] den [[South Sudan]]. Three additional countries remain to be certified as free of dracunculiasis transmission wey dem get no reported human cases since de end of 2023: [[Angola]], [[Mali]], den [[Sudan]]. One of dese, Sudan, be pre-certified buh no yet be confirmed free of transmissions. Additionally, although na [[Cameroon]] be certified free of internal transmission since 2007, e experience three cases since 2019 along ein border plus Chad. ''D.&nbsp;medinensis'' sanso fi infect dogs, cats, den baboons, though non-human cases sanso dey fall secof de eradication efforts. Oda ''Dracunculus'' species dey cause dracunculiasis insyd reptiles worldwide den insyd mammals insyd de Americas. Insyd 2020, de [[World Health Organization]] set 2027 as ein target date for eradication of dracunculiasis. If de eradication program succeed, dracunculiasis be expected to cam be tde second human disease to be eradicated, after smallpox. == References == * {{cite journal |vauthors=Biswas G, Sankara DP, Agua-Agum J, Maiga A |title=Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease): eradication without a drug or a vaccine |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B |volume=368 |issue=1623 |article-number=20120146 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23798694 |pmc=3720044 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0146 }} * {{cite journal|vauthors=Callahan K, Bolton B, Hopkins DR, Ruiz-Tiben E, Withers PC, Meagley K |title=Contributions of the Guinea Worm Disease eradication campaign toward achievement of the Millennium Development Goals |date=30 May 2013 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002160 |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|volume=7 |issue=5 |article-number=e2160 |pmid=23738022 |pmc=3667764 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Cleveland CA, Garrett KB, Cozad RA, Williams BM, Murray MH, Yabsley MJ |title=The wild world of Guinea Worms: A review of the genus ''Dracunculus'' in wildlife |journal=International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=289–300 |date=December 2018 |pmid=30094178 |pmc=6072916 |doi=10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.07.002 |bibcode=2018IJPPW...7..289C }} * {{cite book |vauthors=Despommier DD, Griffin DO, Gwadz RW, Hotez PJ, Knirsch CA |chapter=25. ''Dracunculus medinensis'' |title=Parasitic Diseases |edition=7 |publisher=Parasites Without Borders |date=2019 |url=https://parasiteswithoutborders.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/PD7thEditionLowResVersion5-11-2019.pdf |access-date=26 January 2021 |pages=285–290 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124214329/https://parasiteswithoutborders.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/PD7thEditionLowResVersion5-11-2019.pdf |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Eberhard ML, Ruiz-Tiben E, Hopkins DR, Farrell C, Toe F, Weiss A, Withers PC, Jenks MH, Thiele EA, Cotton JA, Hance Z, Holroyd N, Cama VA, Tahir MA, Mounda T |title=The peculiar epidemiology of dracunculiasis in Chad |journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=61–70 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24277785 |pmc=3886430 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0554 }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Greenaway C |title=Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=495–500 |date=February 2004 |pmid=14970098 |pmc=332717 |doi= }} * {{cite book |vauthors=Grove DI |title=A History of Human Helminthology |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International|C.A.B International]] |date=1990 |url=http://www.users.on.net/%7Edavid.grove/BOOK.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404043015/http://www.users.on.net/~david.grove/BOOK.PDF |archive-date=4 April 2015 |access-date=13 March 2022 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Hopkins DR, Ruiz-Tiben E, Eberhard ML, Weiss A, Withers PC, Roy SL, Sienko DG |title=Dracunculiasis eradication: are we there yet? |journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=388–395 |date=August 2018 |pmid=29869608 |pmc=6090361 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.18-0204 }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Hopkins DR, Weiss AJ, Roy SL, Yerian S, Cama VA |title=Progress toward global eradication of dracunculiasis, January 2020–June 2021 |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=70 |issue=44 |pages=1527–1533 |date=November 2021 |pmid=34735420 |pmc=8568094 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm7044a1 |url=}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Hopkins DR, Weiss AJ, Torres-Velez FJ, Sapp SG, Ijaz K |title=Dracunculiasis eradication: end-stage challenges |journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=373–382 |date=August 2022 |pmid=35895421 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.22-0197 |url=|doi-access=free |pmc=9393450 }} * {{cite book|vauthors=Hotez PJ |title=Forgotten People, Forgotten Diseases: The Neglected Tropical Diseases and Their Impact on Global Health and Development |publisher=[[American Society for Microbiology]] (ASM) Press |date=2013 |pages=57–75 |chapter=The filarial infections: lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) and dracunculiasis (Guinea worm) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1128/9781555818753.ch4 |doi=10.1128/9781555818753.ch4 |isbn=978-1-55581-874-6 |url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Miller RL |title=Dqr, spinning and treatment of Guinea worm in P. Ebers 875 |journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |date=1989 |volume=75 |pages=249–254 |doi=10.2307/3821922 |jstor=3821922 }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Molyneux D, Sankara DP |title=Guinea worm eradication: Progress and challenges— should we beware of the dog? |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=11 |issue=4 |article-number=e0005495 |date=April 2017 |pmid=28426663 |pmc=5398503 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005495 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Ruiz-Tiben E, Hopkins DR |title=Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) eradication |journal=Advances in Parasitology |volume=61 |issue= |pages=275–309 |date=2006 |pmid=16735167 |doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(05)61007-X |isbn=978-0-12-031761-5 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0065308X0561007X |url-access=subscription}} * {{cite book|veditors=Spector JM, Gibson TE |chapter=Dracunculiasis |title=Atlas of Pediatrics in the Tropics and Resource-Limited Settings |pages=109–115 |edition=2 |publisher=[[American Academy of Pediatrics]] |isbn=978-1-58110-960-3 |date=2016}} * {{cite report |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |title=Dracunculiasis eradication: global surveillance summary, 2021 |date=27 May 2022 |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer9721-22-225-247 |access-date=29 July 2022 |ref={{harvid|WHO|2022}} |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729201051/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer9721-22-225-247 |url-status=live }} == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dracunculiasis-(guinea-worm-disease) Dracunculiasis (Guinea-worm disease)] fact sheet published by the [[World Health Organization]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814020531/https://cartercenter.org/health/guinea_worm/index.html Guinea Worm Disease Eradication Program]—Carter Center * [https://www.nytimes.com/video/opinion/1247467891260/anyak-vs-the-guinea-worm.html Anyak vs. the Guinea Worm]—Nicholas D. Kristof from ''[[The New York Times]]'' follows a young Sudanese boy with a Guinea worm parasite infection who is quarantined for treatment as part of the Carter Center program [[Category:Helminthiases]] [[Category:Infectious diseases plus eradication efforts]] [[Category:Rare infectious diseases]] [[Category:Tropical diseases]] [[Category:Waterborne diseases]] [[Category:Zoonoses]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] c7g3uxxyw2sdgno5oxrqxsr28jnkvej 0 26635 97465 97408 2026-05-01T13:57:29Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Childbirth''', dem sanso know as '''labour''' anaa '''delivery''', be de completion of [[pregnancy]], wer one anaa more fetuses exit de internal environment of de mommie vaginally anaa via [[caesarean section]]<ref name="Mart2015">{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |title=Concise Colour Medical l.p.Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-968799-2 |page=375 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> wey e cam be a newborn. Insyd 2023, der be about 132&nbsp;million human births globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of births and deaths per year |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230105956/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100 |archive-date=30 December 2025 |access-date=10 February 2026 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> Insyd developed countries, chaw births dey occur insyd hospitals,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Co-Operation |first=Organisation for Economic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |title=Doing better for children |last2=Development |date=2009 |publisher=OECD |isbn=978-92-64-05934-4 |location=Paris |page=105 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olsen |first=Ole |last2=Clausen |first2=Jette A. |date=2023-03-08 |title=Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2023 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000352.pub3 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=9994459 |pmid=36884026 |article-number=CD000352}}</ref> while insyd developing countries chaw be home births.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fossard |first=Esta de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |title=Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education |last2=Bailey |first2=Michael |date=2016 |publisher=Sage Publications India |isbn=978-93-5150-758-1 |access-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Vaginal birth be de most common mode of birth worldwide.<ref name="Mem2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Memon HU, Handa VL | title = Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders | journal = Women's Health | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 265–77; quiz 276–77 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23638782 | pmc = 3877300 | doi = 10.2217/whe.13.17 }}</ref> E dey involve three stages of labour: de shortening den opening of de cervix during de first stage, descent den birth of de baby during de second, den de birth of de placenta during de third. During de first stage, contractions gradually cam be stronger den closer togeda.<ref name="NIH2010">{{cite web|title=Pregnancy Labor and Birth|url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|website=Office on Women's Health|access-date=10 February 2026|date=25 September 2025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108144423/https://womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-and-beyond/labor-and-birth|archive-date=8 January 2026|quote=The first stage begins with the onset of labour and ends when the cervix is fully opened. It is the longest stage of labour, usually lasting about 12 to 19 hours<br />..<br />The second stage involves pushing and the birth of the baby. It usually lasts 20 minutes to two hours.}}</ref> De postpartum period be de time of recovery for de mommie den infant, insyd wich both newborn den mommie be monitored. All major health organisations advise say immediately after giving birth, regardless of de mode of birth, wey de infant be placed on de mommie ein chest (dem term skin-to-skin contact), den to delay any oda routine procedures for at least one to two hours anaa til de baby get ein first [[breastfeeding]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Brimdyr |first1=Kajsa |last2=Stevens |first2=Jeni |last3=Svensson |first3=Kristin |last4=Blair |first4=Anna |last5=Turner-Maffei |first5=Cindy |last6=Grady |first6=Julie |last7=Bastarache |first7=Louise |last8=al Alfy |first8=Abla |last9=Crenshaw |first9=Jeannette T. |last10=Giugliani |first10=Elsa Regina Justo |last11=Ewald |first11=Uwe |last12=Haider |first12=Rukhsana |last13=Jonas |first13=Wibke |last14=Kagawa |first14=Mike |last15=Lilliesköld |first15=Siri |date=11 May 2023 |title=Skin-to-skin contact after birth: Developing a research and practice guideline |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apa.16842 |journal=Acta Paediatrica |language=en |volume=112 |issue=8 |pages=1633–1643 |doi=10.1111/apa.16842 |pmid=37166443 |issn=0803-5253|hdl=20.500.11815/4374 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Medscape">{{cite web | url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806325_9 | title=Uninterrupted Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately After Birth |website=Medscape | access-date=21 December 2014 |last=Phillips |first=Raylene | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403065140/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806325_9 | archive-date=3 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Intrapartum Care">{{cite web |url=http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190/evidence/cg190-intrapartum-care-full-guideline3 |title=Care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence |work=National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health |date=December 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212090530/http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190/evidence/cg190-intrapartum-care-full-guideline3 |archive-date=12 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Skin-to-skin contact |url=https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/implementing-standards-resources/skin-to-skin-contact/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=UNICEF Baby Friendly Initiative |language=en-GB}}</ref> Vaginal delivery generally be recommended as a first option. Caesarean section fi lead to increased risk of complications den a significantly slower recovery. Der sanso be chaw natural benefits of a vaginal delivery insyd both de mother den de baby. Various methods fi help plus pain, such as relaxation techniques, opioids, den spinal blocks.<ref name="NIH2010" /> E be best practice to limit de number of interventions wey occur during labour den delivery, such as an elective cesarean section. However, insyd sam cases, a scheduled cesarean section for be planned for a successful delivery den recovery of de mommie. An emergency cesarean section fi be recommended if unexpected complications occur anaa little to no progression thru de birthing canal be observed insyd a vaginal delivery. Each year, complications from pregnancy den childbirth result in about 260,000 birthing deaths<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maternal mortality |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>, seven million women get serious long-term problems, den 50 million women wey give birth get negative health outcomes dey follow delivery, chaw of wich dey occur insyd de developing world.<ref name="WHO2008Ed" /> Complications insyd de mommie include obstructed labour, postpartum bleeding, eclampsia, den postpartum infection.<ref name="WHO2008Ed">{{cite book |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/44145/9789241546669_1_eng.pdf |title=Education material for teachers of midwifery: midwifery education modules |date=2008 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-154666-9 |edition=2nd |location=Geneva [Switzerland] |page= |hdl=10665/44145 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221002801/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1 |archive-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Complications insyd de baby include lack of oxygen at birth (birth asphyxia), birth trauma, den prematurity.<ref name="Mar2014">{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Richard J. |last2=Fanaroff |first2=Avroy A. |last3=Walsh |first3=Michele C.| name-list-style = vanc |title=Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-29537-6|page=116|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|archive-date=11 September 2017|date=2014}}</ref><ref name="WHO2018New">{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs333/en/ | title=Newborns: reducing mortality | publisher=World Health Organization | access-date=1 February 2017 | author=World Health Organization | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403211834/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs333/en/ | archive-date=3 April 2017 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Sister project links}} * [https://players.brightcove.net/3850378299001/SyAEZ6ptl_default/index.html?videoId=4703722752001 Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery], Video by Merck Manual Professional Edition * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220727193827/https://opqic.org/maternal-morbidity-mortality-in-the-media/ Maternal Morbidity/Mortality in the Media] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727193827/https://opqic.org/maternal-morbidity-mortality-in-the-media/ |date=27 July 2022 }} * [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74224 Social Devices for Impelling Women to Bear and Rear Children] (1916) by Leta Stetter Hollingworth {{Authority control}} [[Category:Childbirth| ]] [[Category:Midwifery]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 1ovvafj01nmhjr5n03ftwp8zcifaap6 0 26656 97468 97459 2026-05-01T14:39:07Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Buprenorphine''' be an opioid dem use to treat opioid use disorder, acute pain, den chronic pain.<ref name="ASHP20172">{{cite web |date=26 January 2017 |title=Buprenorphine Hydrochloride |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/buprenorphine-hydrochloride.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718164516/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/buprenorphine-hydrochloride.html |archive-date=18 July 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> E fi be used under de tongue (sublingual), insyd de cheek (buccal), by injection (intravenous den subcutaneous), as a skin patch (transdermal), anaa as an implant.<ref name="ASHP20172" /><ref>{{cite press release |title=FDA approves first buprenorphine implant for treatment of opioid dependence |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-buprenorphine-implant-treatment-opioid-dependence |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|date=26 May 2016|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=30 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130112207/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm503719.htm}}</ref> Insyd de United States, de combination formulation of buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) usually be prescribed to discourage misuse by injection.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Maximum pain relief generally be within an hour plus effects up to 24 hours.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Buprenorphine dey affect different types of opioid receptors insyd different ways.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Dey depend on de type of opioid receptor, e fi be an agonist, partial agonist, anaa antagonist.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Buprenorphine ein activity as an agonist/antagonist be important insyd de treatment of opioid use disorder: e dey relieve withdrawal symptoms from oda opioids den dey induce sam euphoria (primarily wen first dey start treatment if one no already be opioid tolerant/dependent), buh sanso dey block de ability give chaw oda opioids, wey dey include [[heroin]], to cause an effect. Unlike full agonists like heroin anaa methadone, buprenorphine get a ceiling effect, such that taking more medicine past a certain point no go increase de effects of de drug.<ref name="pmid22346191">{{cite journal |vauthors=Whelan PJ, Remski K |title=Buprenorphine vs methadone treatment: A review of evidence in both developed and developing worlds |journal=Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=45–50 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22346191 |pmc=3271614 |doi=10.4103/0976-3147.91934 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Being a partial MOR agonist, buprenorphine dey offer flexibility to prescribers treating opioid use disorder as de dosage fi be easily adjusted. Side effects fi include respiratory depression (decreased breathing), sleepiness, adrenal insufficiency, changes insyd heart electrophysiology (QT prolongation), low blood pressure, allergic reactions, constipation, den opioid addiction.<ref name="ASHP20172" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Buprenorphine|date=15 June 2015|publisher=The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|url=https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/buprenorphine|access-date=14 October 2020|archive-date=26 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826213906/https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/buprenorphine|url-status=live}}</ref> Among those plus a history of seizures, a risk exists of further seizures.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Opioid withdrawal dey follow stopping buprenorphine generally be less severe dan plus oda opioids.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Whether ein use during [[pregnancy]] be safe be unclear, buh ein use while [[breastfeeding]] probably be safe, since de dose de infant receive be 1–2% dat of de maternal dose, on a weight basis.<ref name="ASHP20172" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/buprenorphine.html |title=Buprenorphine use while Breastfeeding |website=Drugs.com |access-date=7 February 2021 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110125323/https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/buprenorphine.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Buprenorphine generally be used as a medication for treating opioid use disorder. Insyd de [[United States]], buprenorphine hydrochloride (den a combination formula, buprenorphine hydrochloride/naloxone,) be schedule III controlled substances. == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == izc296bju2dl47und5vl041dq7bmuug 97469 97468 2026-05-01T14:43:00Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Buprenorphine''' be an opioid dem use to treat opioid use disorder, acute pain, den chronic pain.<ref name="ASHP20172">{{cite web |date=26 January 2017 |title=Buprenorphine Hydrochloride |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/buprenorphine-hydrochloride.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718164516/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/buprenorphine-hydrochloride.html |archive-date=18 July 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> E fi be used under de tongue (sublingual), insyd de cheek (buccal), by injection (intravenous den subcutaneous), as a skin patch (transdermal), anaa as an implant.<ref name="ASHP20172" /><ref>{{cite press release |title=FDA approves first buprenorphine implant for treatment of opioid dependence |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-buprenorphine-implant-treatment-opioid-dependence |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|date=26 May 2016|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=30 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130112207/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm503719.htm}}</ref> Insyd de United States, de combination formulation of buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) usually be prescribed to discourage misuse by injection.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Maximum pain relief generally be within an hour plus effects up to 24 hours.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Buprenorphine dey affect different types of opioid receptors insyd different ways.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Dey depend on de type of opioid receptor, e fi be an agonist, partial agonist, anaa antagonist.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Buprenorphine ein activity as an agonist/antagonist be important insyd de treatment of opioid use disorder: e dey relieve withdrawal symptoms from oda opioids den dey induce sam euphoria (primarily wen first dey start treatment if one no already be opioid tolerant/dependent), buh sanso dey block de ability give chaw oda opioids, wey dey include [[heroin]], to cause an effect. Unlike full agonists like heroin anaa methadone, buprenorphine get a ceiling effect, such that taking more medicine past a certain point no go increase de effects of de drug.<ref name="pmid22346191">{{cite journal |vauthors=Whelan PJ, Remski K |title=Buprenorphine vs methadone treatment: A review of evidence in both developed and developing worlds |journal=Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=45–50 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22346191 |pmc=3271614 |doi=10.4103/0976-3147.91934 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Being a partial MOR agonist, buprenorphine dey offer flexibility to prescribers treating opioid use disorder as de dosage fi be easily adjusted. Side effects fi include respiratory depression (decreased breathing), sleepiness, adrenal insufficiency, changes insyd heart electrophysiology (QT prolongation), low blood pressure, allergic reactions, constipation, den opioid addiction.<ref name="ASHP20172" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Buprenorphine|date=15 June 2015|publisher=The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|url=https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/buprenorphine|access-date=14 October 2020|archive-date=26 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826213906/https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/buprenorphine|url-status=live}}</ref> Among those plus a history of seizures, a risk exists of further seizures.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Opioid withdrawal dey follow stopping buprenorphine generally be less severe dan plus oda opioids.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Whether ein use during [[pregnancy]] be safe be unclear, buh ein use while [[breastfeeding]] probably be safe, since de dose de infant receive be 1–2% dat of de maternal dose, on a weight basis.<ref name="ASHP20172" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/buprenorphine.html |title=Buprenorphine use while Breastfeeding |website=Drugs.com |access-date=7 February 2021 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110125323/https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/buprenorphine.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Dem patent buprenorphine insyd 1965, FDA approve give medical use as an analgesic insyd 1981, wey FDA approve for treating opioid use disorder insyd 2002.<ref name=ASHP2017>{{cite web|title=Buprenorphine Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/buprenorphine-hydrochloride.html|website=drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=17 March 2017|date=26 January 2017|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718164516/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/buprenorphine-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book |vauthors=Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 |page=528 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA528 |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110212258/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA528 |url-status=live}}</ref> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO22nd">{{cite book |title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021) |year=2021 |hdl=10665/345533 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=Geneva |id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02 |hdl-access=free| vauthors = Organization WH }}</ref> Despite dem originally market am as an analgesic e be far more commonly prescribed den used to treat opioid use disorders, such as addiction to [[heroin]].<ref name="DEA2019">{{cite web |date=July 2019 |title=Buprenorphine |url=https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/buprenorphine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820141229/https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/buprenorphine |archive-date=20 August 2020 |access-date=9 January 2020 |publisher=SAMHSA Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT)}}</ref> Insyd 2020, e be de 186th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 2.8{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Top 300 of 2020 |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx |website=ClinCalc |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Buprenorphine – Drug Usage Statistics |website=ClinCalc |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Buprenorphine |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011050244/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Buprenorphine |url-status=live}}</ref> Buprenorphine generally be used as a medication for treating opioid use disorder. Insyd de [[United States]], buprenorphine hydrochloride (den a combination formula, buprenorphine hydrochloride/naloxone,) be schedule III controlled substances. == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] twaydgzr7mph906xmmz33pbb18f5w6q 97470 97469 2026-05-01T14:46:38Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Buprenorphine''' be an opioid dem use to treat opioid use disorder, acute pain, den chronic pain.<ref name="ASHP20172">{{cite web |date=26 January 2017 |title=Buprenorphine Hydrochloride |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/buprenorphine-hydrochloride.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718164516/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/buprenorphine-hydrochloride.html |archive-date=18 July 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> E fi be used under de tongue (sublingual), insyd de cheek (buccal), by injection (intravenous den subcutaneous), as a skin patch (transdermal), anaa as an implant.<ref name="ASHP20172" /><ref>{{cite press release |title=FDA approves first buprenorphine implant for treatment of opioid dependence |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-buprenorphine-implant-treatment-opioid-dependence |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|date=26 May 2016|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=30 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130112207/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm503719.htm}}</ref> Insyd de United States, de combination formulation of buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) usually be prescribed to discourage misuse by injection.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Maximum pain relief generally be within an hour plus effects up to 24 hours.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Buprenorphine dey affect different types of opioid receptors insyd different ways.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Dey depend on de type of opioid receptor, e fi be an agonist, partial agonist, anaa antagonist.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Buprenorphine ein activity as an agonist/antagonist be important insyd de treatment of opioid use disorder: e dey relieve withdrawal symptoms from oda opioids den dey induce sam euphoria (primarily wen first dey start treatment if one no already be opioid tolerant/dependent), buh sanso dey block de ability give chaw oda opioids, wey dey include [[heroin]], to cause an effect. Unlike full agonists like heroin anaa methadone, buprenorphine get a ceiling effect, such that taking more medicine past a certain point no go increase de effects of de drug.<ref name="pmid22346191">{{cite journal |vauthors=Whelan PJ, Remski K |title=Buprenorphine vs methadone treatment: A review of evidence in both developed and developing worlds |journal=Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=45–50 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22346191 |pmc=3271614 |doi=10.4103/0976-3147.91934 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Being a partial MOR agonist, buprenorphine dey offer flexibility to prescribers treating opioid use disorder as de dosage fi be easily adjusted. Side effects fi include respiratory depression (decreased breathing), sleepiness, adrenal insufficiency, changes insyd heart electrophysiology (QT prolongation), low blood pressure, allergic reactions, constipation, den opioid addiction.<ref name="ASHP20172" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Buprenorphine|date=15 June 2015|publisher=The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|url=https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/buprenorphine|access-date=14 October 2020|archive-date=26 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826213906/https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/buprenorphine|url-status=live}}</ref> Among those plus a history of seizures, a risk exists of further seizures.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Opioid withdrawal dey follow stopping buprenorphine generally be less severe dan plus oda opioids.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Whether ein use during [[pregnancy]] be safe be unclear, buh ein use while [[breastfeeding]] probably be safe, since de dose de infant receive be 1–2% dat of de maternal dose, on a weight basis.<ref name="ASHP20172" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/buprenorphine.html |title=Buprenorphine use while Breastfeeding |website=Drugs.com |access-date=7 February 2021 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110125323/https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/buprenorphine.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Dem patent buprenorphine insyd 1965, FDA approve give medical use as an analgesic insyd 1981, wey FDA approve for treating opioid use disorder insyd 2002.<ref name=ASHP2017>{{cite web|title=Buprenorphine Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/buprenorphine-hydrochloride.html|website=drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=17 March 2017|date=26 January 2017|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718164516/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/buprenorphine-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book |vauthors=Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 |page=528 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA528 |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110212258/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA528 |url-status=live}}</ref> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO22nd">{{cite book |title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021) |year=2021 |hdl=10665/345533 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=Geneva |id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02 |hdl-access=free| vauthors = Organization WH }}</ref> Despite dem originally market am as an analgesic e be far more commonly prescribed den used to treat opioid use disorders, such as addiction to [[heroin]].<ref name="DEA2019">{{cite web |date=July 2019 |title=Buprenorphine |url=https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/buprenorphine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820141229/https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/buprenorphine |archive-date=20 August 2020 |access-date=9 January 2020 |publisher=SAMHSA Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT)}}</ref> Insyd 2020, e be de 186th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 2.8{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Top 300 of 2020 |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx |website=ClinCalc |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Buprenorphine – Drug Usage Statistics |website=ClinCalc |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Buprenorphine |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011050244/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Buprenorphine |url-status=live}}</ref> Buprenorphine generally be used as a medication for treating opioid use disorder. Insyd de [[United States]], buprenorphine hydrochloride (den a combination formula, buprenorphine hydrochloride/naloxone,) be schedule III controlled substances. Buprenorphine no dey produce de same sense of euphoria den/anaa "sense of well-being" as dem report in use of full-agonist opioids. A "ceiling effect"<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Infantino R, Mattia C, Locarini P, Pastore AL, Maione S, Luongo L | date = May 2021 | title = Buprenorphine: Far Beyond the "Ceiling" | journal = Biomolecules | volume = 11 | issue = 6 | pages = 816 | doi = 10.3390/biom11060816 | pmc = 8230089 | pmid = 34072706 | doi-access = free }}</ref> be observed in regards to de potentially fatal side effects of oda opioids, such as respiratory depression. While de medication fi produce comparably mild side effects to dat of oda drugs insyd ein classification, e still dey carry sam abuse potential. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite magazine | vauthors = McGray D | date = 1 April 2005 | url = https://www.wired.com/2005/04/bupe/ | title = The bitter pill | magazine = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] }} * {{cite magazine | vauthors = Wood G | date = 7 May 2013 | url = https://newrepublic.com/article/113051/georgias-war-drugs-how-its-subutex-addiction-ended | title = Subu Must Die – How a nation of junkies went cold turkey | magazine = [[The New Republic|New Republic]] }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 9hflbiclpu9dne6uurz2ejhc81kksnm 97472 97470 2026-05-01T14:48:33Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 97472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Buprenorphine''' be an opioid dem use to treat opioid use disorder, acute pain, den chronic pain.<ref name="ASHP20172">{{cite web |date=26 January 2017 |title=Buprenorphine Hydrochloride |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/buprenorphine-hydrochloride.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718164516/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/buprenorphine-hydrochloride.html |archive-date=18 July 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> E fi be used under de tongue (sublingual), insyd de cheek (buccal), by injection (intravenous den subcutaneous), as a skin patch (transdermal), anaa as an implant.<ref name="ASHP20172" /><ref>{{cite press release |title=FDA approves first buprenorphine implant for treatment of opioid dependence |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-buprenorphine-implant-treatment-opioid-dependence |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|date=26 May 2016|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=30 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130112207/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm503719.htm}}</ref> Insyd de United States, de combination formulation of buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) usually be prescribed to discourage misuse by injection.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Maximum pain relief generally be within an hour plus effects up to 24 hours.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Buprenorphine dey affect different types of opioid receptors insyd different ways.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Dey depend on de type of opioid receptor, e fi be an agonist, partial agonist, anaa antagonist.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Buprenorphine ein activity as an agonist/antagonist be important insyd de treatment of opioid use disorder: e dey relieve withdrawal symptoms from oda opioids den dey induce sam euphoria (primarily wen first dey start treatment if one no already be opioid tolerant/dependent), buh sanso dey block de ability give chaw oda opioids, wey dey include [[heroin]], to cause an effect. Unlike full agonists like heroin anaa methadone, buprenorphine get a ceiling effect, such that taking more medicine past a certain point no go increase de effects of de drug.<ref name="pmid22346191">{{cite journal |vauthors=Whelan PJ, Remski K |title=Buprenorphine vs methadone treatment: A review of evidence in both developed and developing worlds |journal=Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=45–50 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22346191 |pmc=3271614 |doi=10.4103/0976-3147.91934 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Being a partial MOR agonist, buprenorphine dey offer flexibility to prescribers treating opioid use disorder as de dosage fi be easily adjusted. Side effects fi include respiratory depression (decreased breathing), sleepiness, adrenal insufficiency, changes insyd heart electrophysiology (QT prolongation), low blood pressure, allergic reactions, constipation, den opioid addiction.<ref name="ASHP20172" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Buprenorphine|date=15 June 2015|publisher=The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|url=https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/buprenorphine|access-date=14 October 2020|archive-date=26 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826213906/https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/buprenorphine|url-status=live}}</ref> Among those plus a history of seizures, a risk exists of further seizures.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Opioid withdrawal dey follow stopping buprenorphine generally be less severe dan plus oda opioids.<ref name="ASHP20172" /> Whether ein use during [[pregnancy]] be safe be unclear, buh ein use while [[breastfeeding]] probably be safe, since de dose de infant receive be 1–2% dat of de maternal dose, on a weight basis.<ref name="ASHP20172" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/buprenorphine.html |title=Buprenorphine use while Breastfeeding |website=Drugs.com |access-date=7 February 2021 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110125323/https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/buprenorphine.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Dem patent buprenorphine insyd 1965, FDA approve give medical use as an analgesic insyd 1981, wey FDA approve for treating opioid use disorder insyd 2002.<ref name=ASHP2017>{{cite web|title=Buprenorphine Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/buprenorphine-hydrochloride.html|website=drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=17 March 2017|date=26 January 2017|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718164516/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/buprenorphine-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book |vauthors=Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 |page=528 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA528 |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110212258/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA528 |url-status=live}}</ref> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO22nd">{{cite book |title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021) |year=2021 |hdl=10665/345533 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=Geneva |id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02 |hdl-access=free| vauthors = Organization WH }}</ref> Despite dem originally market am as an analgesic e be far more commonly prescribed den used to treat opioid use disorders, such as addiction to [[heroin]].<ref name="DEA2019">{{cite web |date=July 2019 |title=Buprenorphine |url=https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/buprenorphine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820141229/https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/buprenorphine |archive-date=20 August 2020 |access-date=9 January 2020 |publisher=SAMHSA Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT)}}</ref> Insyd 2020, e be de 186th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 2.8{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Top 300 of 2020 |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx |website=ClinCalc |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Buprenorphine – Drug Usage Statistics |website=ClinCalc |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Buprenorphine |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011050244/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Buprenorphine |url-status=live}}</ref> Buprenorphine generally be used as a medication for treating opioid use disorder. Insyd de [[United States]], buprenorphine hydrochloride (den a combination formula, buprenorphine hydrochloride/naloxone,) be schedule III controlled substances. Buprenorphine no dey produce de same sense of euphoria den/anaa "sense of well-being" as dem report in use of full-agonist opioids. A "ceiling effect"<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Infantino R, Mattia C, Locarini P, Pastore AL, Maione S, Luongo L | date = May 2021 | title = Buprenorphine: Far Beyond the "Ceiling" | journal = Biomolecules | volume = 11 | issue = 6 | pages = 816 | doi = 10.3390/biom11060816 | pmc = 8230089 | pmid = 34072706 | doi-access = free }}</ref> be observed in regards to de potentially fatal side effects of oda opioids, such as respiratory depression. While de medication fi produce comparably mild side effects to dat of oda drugs insyd ein classification, e still dey carry sam abuse potential. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite magazine | vauthors = McGray D | date = 1 April 2005 | url = https://www.wired.com/2005/04/bupe/ | title = The bitter pill | magazine = Wired}} * {{cite magazine | vauthors = Wood G | date = 7 May 2013 | url = https://newrepublic.com/article/113051/georgias-war-drugs-how-its-subutex-addiction-ended | title = Subu Must Die – How a nation of junkies went cold turkey | magazine = New Republic}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Cat medications]] [[Category:CYP2D6 inhibitors]] [[Category:CYP2A6 inhibitors]] [[Category:CYP3A4 inhibitors]] [[Category:Delta-opioid receptor antagonists]] [[Category:Dog medications]] [[Category:Drug rehabilitation]] [[Category:4,5-Epoxymorphinans]] [[Category:Ethers]] [[Category:Euphoriants]] [[Category:Kappa-opioid receptor antagonists]] [[Category:Drugs wey Merck & Co. develop]] [[Category:Mu-opioid receptor agonists]] [[Category:Nociceptin receptor agonists]] [[Category:Nociceptin receptor antagonists]] [[Category:Oripavines]] [[Category:Hydroxyarenes]] [[Category:Drugs wey Schering-Plough develop]] [[Category:Semisynthetic opioids]] [[Category:Sodium channel blockers]] [[Category:Tertiary alcohols]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] g6ulwxr06yclanm0rl390rpj3m6mux0 14 26657 97473 2026-05-01T14:49:21Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97473 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26658 97474 2026-05-01T14:49:33Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97474 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26659 97475 2026-05-01T14:49:47Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97475 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26660 97476 2026-05-01T14:54:33Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1492442|Serotonin syndrome]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 97476 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 97477 97476 2026-05-01T15:09:20Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Serotonin syndrome''' ('''SS'''<ref name="Scotton Hill Williams Barnes 2019 p=1178646919873922">{{cite journal |last1=Scotton |first1=William J |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa J |last3=Williams |first3=Adrian C |last4=Barnes |first4=Nicholas M |year=2019 |title=Serotonin Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Management, and Potential Future Directions |journal=International Journal of Tryptophan Research |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=12 |page=117864691987392 |doi=10.1177/1178646919873925 |issn=1178-6469 |pmc=6734608 |pmid=31523132 |article-number=1178646919873925}}</ref>) dey consist of a group of symptoms wey fi occur plus de use of certain serotonergic medications anaa drugs.<ref name="Fer2016">{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-44838-3|pages=1154–1155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1154|language=en}}</ref> De symptoms fi range from mild to severe, wey be potentially fatal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=New|first1=Andrea M.|last2=Nelson|first2=Sarah|last3=Leung|first3=Jonathan G.|date=2015-10-01|editor-last=Alexander|editor-first=Earnest|editor2-last=Susla|editor2-first=Gregory M.|title=Psychiatric Emergencies in the Intensive Care Unit|url=https://aacnjournals.org/aacnacconline/article/26/4/285/15256/Psychiatric-Emergencies-in-the-Intensive-Care-Unit|journal=AACN Advanced Critical Care|language=en|volume=26|issue=4|pages=285–293|doi=10.4037/NCI.0000000000000104|pmid=26484986|issn=1559-7768|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Boyer EW , Shannon M . The serotonin syndrome . N Engl J Med. 2005 ; 352 ( 11 ): 1112-1120</ref><ref name="Vol2013" /> Symptoms insyd mild cases dey include high blood pressure den a fast heart rate, usually widout a fever.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Symptoms insyd moderate cases dey include high body temperature, agitation, overactive reflexes, tremor, sweating, dilated pupils, den [[diarrhea]].<ref name="Fer2016" /><ref name="Vol2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Volpi-Abadie J, Kaye AM, Kaye AD | title = Serotonin syndrome | journal = The Ochsner Journal | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 533–40 | date = 2013 | pmid = 24358002 | pmc = 3865832 }}</ref> Insyd severe cases, body temperature fi increase to greater dan {{convert|41.1|C|F|1}}.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Complications fi include seizures den [[rhabdomyolysis|extensive muscle breakdown]].<ref name="Vol2013" /> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == ksqw6f20ux3yut4qprjjv9qhsju2iop 97478 97477 2026-05-01T15:13:00Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Serotonin syndrome''' ('''SS'''<ref name="Scotton Hill Williams Barnes 2019 p=1178646919873922">{{cite journal |last1=Scotton |first1=William J |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa J |last3=Williams |first3=Adrian C |last4=Barnes |first4=Nicholas M |year=2019 |title=Serotonin Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Management, and Potential Future Directions |journal=International Journal of Tryptophan Research |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=12 |page=117864691987392 |doi=10.1177/1178646919873925 |issn=1178-6469 |pmc=6734608 |pmid=31523132 |article-number=1178646919873925}}</ref>) dey consist of a group of symptoms wey fi occur plus de use of certain serotonergic medications anaa drugs.<ref name="Fer2016">{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-44838-3|pages=1154–1155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1154|language=en}}</ref> De symptoms fi range from mild to severe, wey be potentially fatal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=New|first1=Andrea M.|last2=Nelson|first2=Sarah|last3=Leung|first3=Jonathan G.|date=2015-10-01|editor-last=Alexander|editor-first=Earnest|editor2-last=Susla|editor2-first=Gregory M.|title=Psychiatric Emergencies in the Intensive Care Unit|url=https://aacnjournals.org/aacnacconline/article/26/4/285/15256/Psychiatric-Emergencies-in-the-Intensive-Care-Unit|journal=AACN Advanced Critical Care|language=en|volume=26|issue=4|pages=285–293|doi=10.4037/NCI.0000000000000104|pmid=26484986|issn=1559-7768|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Boyer EW , Shannon M . The serotonin syndrome . N Engl J Med. 2005 ; 352 ( 11 ): 1112-1120</ref><ref name="Vol2013" /> Symptoms insyd mild cases dey include high blood pressure den a fast heart rate, usually widout a fever.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Symptoms insyd moderate cases dey include high body temperature, agitation, overactive reflexes, tremor, sweating, dilated pupils, den [[diarrhea]].<ref name="Fer2016" /><ref name="Vol2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Volpi-Abadie J, Kaye AM, Kaye AD | title = Serotonin syndrome | journal = The Ochsner Journal | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 533–40 | date = 2013 | pmid = 24358002 | pmc = 3865832 }}</ref> Insyd severe cases, body temperature fi increase to greater dan {{convert|41.1|C|F|1}}.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Complications fi include seizures den [[rhabdomyolysis|extensive muscle breakdown]].<ref name="Vol2013" /> Serotonin syndrome typically be caused by de use of two anaa more serotonergic medications anaa drugs.<ref name=Vol2013/> Dese fi include [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), amphetamines, pethidine (meperidine), [[tramadol]], [[dextromethorphan]], [[buspirone]], {{nowrap|L-tryptophan}}, {{nowrap|5-hydroxytryptophan}}, St. John's wort, triptans, [[MDMA]], metoclopramide, anaa [[cocaine]].<ref name=Vol2013/> E dey occur insyd about 15% of SSRI overdoses.<ref name="Dom20132">{{cite book |last1=Domino |first1=Frank J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1124 |title=The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014 |last2=Baldor |first2=Robert A. |date=2013 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-1-4511-8850-9 |page=1124 |language=en}}</ref> E be a predictable consequence of excess serotonin on de central nervous system.<ref name="BoyerShannon2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Boyer EW, Shannon M | title = The serotonin syndrome | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 352 | issue = 11 | pages = 1112–1120 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15784664 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra041867 | url = http://toxicology.ucsd.edu/art%203%20serotonin%20syndrome.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130618053344/http://toxicology.ucsd.edu/art%203%20serotonin%20syndrome.pdf | url-status = live | archive-date = 2013-06-18 | author-link2 = Michael Shannon (pediatrician) }}</ref> Onset of symptoms typically be within a day of de extra serotonin.<ref name=Vol2013/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 3znb19je7uoieawu78wk0uvu1trvqi0 97481 97478 2026-05-01T16:03:42Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Serotonin syndrome''' ('''SS'''<ref name="Scotton Hill Williams Barnes 2019 p=1178646919873922">{{cite journal |last1=Scotton |first1=William J |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa J |last3=Williams |first3=Adrian C |last4=Barnes |first4=Nicholas M |year=2019 |title=Serotonin Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Management, and Potential Future Directions |journal=International Journal of Tryptophan Research |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=12 |page=117864691987392 |doi=10.1177/1178646919873925 |issn=1178-6469 |pmc=6734608 |pmid=31523132 |article-number=1178646919873925}}</ref>) dey consist of a group of symptoms wey fi occur plus de use of certain serotonergic medications anaa drugs.<ref name="Fer2016">{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-44838-3|pages=1154–1155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1154|language=en}}</ref> De symptoms fi range from mild to severe, wey be potentially fatal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=New|first1=Andrea M.|last2=Nelson|first2=Sarah|last3=Leung|first3=Jonathan G.|date=2015-10-01|editor-last=Alexander|editor-first=Earnest|editor2-last=Susla|editor2-first=Gregory M.|title=Psychiatric Emergencies in the Intensive Care Unit|url=https://aacnjournals.org/aacnacconline/article/26/4/285/15256/Psychiatric-Emergencies-in-the-Intensive-Care-Unit|journal=AACN Advanced Critical Care|language=en|volume=26|issue=4|pages=285–293|doi=10.4037/NCI.0000000000000104|pmid=26484986|issn=1559-7768|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Boyer EW , Shannon M . The serotonin syndrome . N Engl J Med. 2005 ; 352 ( 11 ): 1112-1120</ref><ref name="Vol2013" /> Symptoms insyd mild cases dey include high blood pressure den a fast heart rate, usually widout a fever.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Symptoms insyd moderate cases dey include high body temperature, agitation, overactive reflexes, tremor, sweating, dilated pupils, den [[diarrhea]].<ref name="Fer2016" /><ref name="Vol2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Volpi-Abadie J, Kaye AM, Kaye AD | title = Serotonin syndrome | journal = The Ochsner Journal | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 533–40 | date = 2013 | pmid = 24358002 | pmc = 3865832 }}</ref> Insyd severe cases, body temperature fi increase to greater dan {{convert|41.1|C|F|1}}.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Complications fi include seizures den [[rhabdomyolysis|extensive muscle breakdown]].<ref name="Vol2013" /> Serotonin syndrome typically be caused by de use of two anaa more serotonergic medications anaa drugs.<ref name=Vol2013/> Dese fi include [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), amphetamines, pethidine (meperidine), [[tramadol]], [[dextromethorphan]], [[buspirone]], {{nowrap|L-tryptophan}}, {{nowrap|5-hydroxytryptophan}}, St. John's wort, triptans, [[MDMA]], metoclopramide, anaa [[cocaine]].<ref name=Vol2013/> E dey occur insyd about 15% of SSRI overdoses.<ref name="Dom20132">{{cite book |last1=Domino |first1=Frank J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1124 |title=The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014 |last2=Baldor |first2=Robert A. |date=2013 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-1-4511-8850-9 |page=1124 |language=en}}</ref> E be a predictable consequence of excess serotonin on de central nervous system.<ref name="BoyerShannon2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Boyer EW, Shannon M | title = The serotonin syndrome | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 352 | issue = 11 | pages = 1112–1120 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15784664 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra041867 | url = http://toxicology.ucsd.edu/art%203%20serotonin%20syndrome.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130618053344/http://toxicology.ucsd.edu/art%203%20serotonin%20syndrome.pdf | url-status = live | archive-date = 2013-06-18 | author-link2 = Michael Shannon (pediatrician) }}</ref> Onset of symptoms typically be within a day of de extra serotonin.<ref name=Vol2013/> Diagnosis dey base on a person ein symptoms den history of medication use.<ref name=Vol2013/> Oda conditions wey fi produce similar symptoms such as neuroleptic malignant syndrome, malignant hyperthermia, anticholinergic toxicity, heat stroke, den [[meningitis]] for be ruled out.<ref name=Vol2013/> As of 2013, no laboratory tests dey exist wey fi confirm de diagnosis.<ref name=Vol2013/> Initial treatment dey consist of discontinuing medications wich fi be contributing.<ref name=Fer2016/> Insyd those wey be agitated, benzodiazepines fi be used.<ref name=Fer2016/> If dis no be sufficient, a serotonin antagonist such as cyproheptadine fi be used.<ref name=Fer2016/> Insyd those plus a high body temperature, active cooling measures fi be needed.<ref name=Fer2016/> De number of cases of serotonin syndrome wey dey occur each year be unclear.<ref name=Dom2013>{{cite book|last1=Domino|first1=Frank J.|last2=Baldor|first2=Robert A.|title=The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014|date=2013|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4511-8850-9|page=1124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1124|language=en}}</ref> Plus appropriate medical intervention de risk of death be low, likely less dan 1%.<ref name=Fri2015>{{cite book|last1=Friedman|first1=Joseph H.|title=Medication-Induced Movement Disorders|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-06600-7|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqymCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|language=en}}</ref> De high-profile case of Libby Zion, wey be generally accepted dem die from serotonin syndrome, result in changes to graduate medical school education insyd New York State.<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /><ref name=Bre1998>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brensilver JM, Smith L, Lyttle CS | title = Impact of the Libby Zion case on graduate medical education in internal medicine | journal = The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York | volume = 65 | issue = 4 | pages = 296–300 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9757752 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 83iisui4hv8rv771ob5j9sfiu8wv5bi 97482 97481 2026-05-01T16:09:15Z DaSupremo 9 /* Signs den symptoms */ Improve article 97482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Serotonin syndrome''' ('''SS'''<ref name="Scotton Hill Williams Barnes 2019 p=1178646919873922">{{cite journal |last1=Scotton |first1=William J |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa J |last3=Williams |first3=Adrian C |last4=Barnes |first4=Nicholas M |year=2019 |title=Serotonin Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Management, and Potential Future Directions |journal=International Journal of Tryptophan Research |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=12 |page=117864691987392 |doi=10.1177/1178646919873925 |issn=1178-6469 |pmc=6734608 |pmid=31523132 |article-number=1178646919873925}}</ref>) dey consist of a group of symptoms wey fi occur plus de use of certain serotonergic medications anaa drugs.<ref name="Fer2016">{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-44838-3|pages=1154–1155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1154|language=en}}</ref> De symptoms fi range from mild to severe, wey be potentially fatal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=New|first1=Andrea M.|last2=Nelson|first2=Sarah|last3=Leung|first3=Jonathan G.|date=2015-10-01|editor-last=Alexander|editor-first=Earnest|editor2-last=Susla|editor2-first=Gregory M.|title=Psychiatric Emergencies in the Intensive Care Unit|url=https://aacnjournals.org/aacnacconline/article/26/4/285/15256/Psychiatric-Emergencies-in-the-Intensive-Care-Unit|journal=AACN Advanced Critical Care|language=en|volume=26|issue=4|pages=285–293|doi=10.4037/NCI.0000000000000104|pmid=26484986|issn=1559-7768|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Boyer EW , Shannon M . The serotonin syndrome . N Engl J Med. 2005 ; 352 ( 11 ): 1112-1120</ref><ref name="Vol2013" /> Symptoms insyd mild cases dey include high blood pressure den a fast heart rate, usually widout a fever.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Symptoms insyd moderate cases dey include high body temperature, agitation, overactive reflexes, tremor, sweating, dilated pupils, den [[diarrhea]].<ref name="Fer2016" /><ref name="Vol2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Volpi-Abadie J, Kaye AM, Kaye AD | title = Serotonin syndrome | journal = The Ochsner Journal | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 533–40 | date = 2013 | pmid = 24358002 | pmc = 3865832 }}</ref> Insyd severe cases, body temperature fi increase to greater dan {{convert|41.1|C|F|1}}.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Complications fi include seizures den [[rhabdomyolysis|extensive muscle breakdown]].<ref name="Vol2013" /> Serotonin syndrome typically be caused by de use of two anaa more serotonergic medications anaa drugs.<ref name=Vol2013/> Dese fi include [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), amphetamines, pethidine (meperidine), [[tramadol]], [[dextromethorphan]], [[buspirone]], {{nowrap|L-tryptophan}}, {{nowrap|5-hydroxytryptophan}}, St. John's wort, triptans, [[MDMA]], metoclopramide, anaa [[cocaine]].<ref name=Vol2013/> E dey occur insyd about 15% of SSRI overdoses.<ref name="Dom20132">{{cite book |last1=Domino |first1=Frank J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1124 |title=The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014 |last2=Baldor |first2=Robert A. |date=2013 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-1-4511-8850-9 |page=1124 |language=en}}</ref> E be a predictable consequence of excess serotonin on de central nervous system.<ref name="BoyerShannon2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Boyer EW, Shannon M | title = The serotonin syndrome | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 352 | issue = 11 | pages = 1112–1120 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15784664 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra041867 | url = http://toxicology.ucsd.edu/art%203%20serotonin%20syndrome.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130618053344/http://toxicology.ucsd.edu/art%203%20serotonin%20syndrome.pdf | url-status = live | archive-date = 2013-06-18 | author-link2 = Michael Shannon (pediatrician) }}</ref> Onset of symptoms typically be within a day of de extra serotonin.<ref name=Vol2013/> Diagnosis dey base on a person ein symptoms den history of medication use.<ref name=Vol2013/> Oda conditions wey fi produce similar symptoms such as neuroleptic malignant syndrome, malignant hyperthermia, anticholinergic toxicity, heat stroke, den [[meningitis]] for be ruled out.<ref name=Vol2013/> As of 2013, no laboratory tests dey exist wey fi confirm de diagnosis.<ref name=Vol2013/> Initial treatment dey consist of discontinuing medications wich fi be contributing.<ref name=Fer2016/> Insyd those wey be agitated, benzodiazepines fi be used.<ref name=Fer2016/> If dis no be sufficient, a serotonin antagonist such as cyproheptadine fi be used.<ref name=Fer2016/> Insyd those plus a high body temperature, active cooling measures fi be needed.<ref name=Fer2016/> De number of cases of serotonin syndrome wey dey occur each year be unclear.<ref name=Dom2013>{{cite book|last1=Domino|first1=Frank J.|last2=Baldor|first2=Robert A.|title=The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014|date=2013|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4511-8850-9|page=1124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1124|language=en}}</ref> Plus appropriate medical intervention de risk of death be low, likely less dan 1%.<ref name=Fri2015>{{cite book|last1=Friedman|first1=Joseph H.|title=Medication-Induced Movement Disorders|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-06600-7|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqymCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|language=en}}</ref> De high-profile case of Libby Zion, wey be generally accepted dem die from serotonin syndrome, result in changes to graduate medical school education insyd New York State.<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /><ref name=Bre1998>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brensilver JM, Smith L, Lyttle CS | title = Impact of the Libby Zion case on graduate medical education in internal medicine | journal = The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York | volume = 65 | issue = 4 | pages = 296–300 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9757752 }}</ref> ==Signs den symptoms== [[File:ClonusfromSS (edited).webm|thumb|upright=1.5|Clonus dem see insyd a person plus serotonin syndrome]] De symptoms be often present as a clinical triad of abnormalities wey fi be used to assess de severity of serotonin syndrome:<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /><ref name="Dunkley2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dunkley EJ, Isbister GK, Sibbritt D, Dawson AH, Whyte IM |date=September 2003 |title=The Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria: simple and accurate diagnostic decision rules for serotonin toxicity |journal=QJM |volume=96 |issue=9 |pages=635–642 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcg109 |pmid=12925718 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Serotonin syndrome severity assessment scale<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /><ref name="Dunkley2" /> !Severity !Autonomic effects !Neurological (somatic) signs !Mental status !Oda symptoms |- !mild | * absent anaa low-grade fever * tachycardia * mydriasis * excessive sweating * shivering | * intermittent tremor * akathisia * myoclonus * mild hyperreflexia | * restlessness * anxiety | |- !moderate | * increased tachycardia * fever up to 41&nbsp;°C * nausea * diarrhea * hyperactive bowel sounds * excessive sweating * vasoconstriction | * moderate hyperreflexia * inducible clonus * ocular clonus (slow continuous eye movements) * myoclonus (muscle twitching) | * easily induced startle response * confusion * agitation * hypervigilance | * rhabdomyolysis * metabolic acidosis * renal failure * disseminated intravascular coagulopathy |- !severe | * temperature higher than 41&nbsp;°C (wey increased muscle tone cause) | * increased muscle tone, wich be more severe insyd lower limbs * spontaneous clonus * intense myoclonus * severe hyperreflexia | * delirium * coma |as above |} == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] mjc8rq3w7m6wrm5umj7xcu4ubpy0u20 97483 97482 2026-05-01T16:17:45Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Serotonin syndrome''' ('''SS'''<ref name="Scotton Hill Williams Barnes 2019 p=1178646919873922">{{cite journal |last1=Scotton |first1=William J |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa J |last3=Williams |first3=Adrian C |last4=Barnes |first4=Nicholas M |year=2019 |title=Serotonin Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Management, and Potential Future Directions |journal=International Journal of Tryptophan Research |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=12 |page=117864691987392 |doi=10.1177/1178646919873925 |issn=1178-6469 |pmc=6734608 |pmid=31523132 |article-number=1178646919873925}}</ref>) dey consist of a group of symptoms wey fi occur plus de use of certain serotonergic medications anaa drugs.<ref name="Fer2016">{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-44838-3|pages=1154–1155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1154|language=en}}</ref> De symptoms fi range from mild to severe, wey be potentially fatal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=New|first1=Andrea M.|last2=Nelson|first2=Sarah|last3=Leung|first3=Jonathan G.|date=2015-10-01|editor-last=Alexander|editor-first=Earnest|editor2-last=Susla|editor2-first=Gregory M.|title=Psychiatric Emergencies in the Intensive Care Unit|url=https://aacnjournals.org/aacnacconline/article/26/4/285/15256/Psychiatric-Emergencies-in-the-Intensive-Care-Unit|journal=AACN Advanced Critical Care|language=en|volume=26|issue=4|pages=285–293|doi=10.4037/NCI.0000000000000104|pmid=26484986|issn=1559-7768|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Boyer EW , Shannon M . The serotonin syndrome . N Engl J Med. 2005 ; 352 ( 11 ): 1112-1120</ref><ref name="Vol2013" /> Symptoms insyd mild cases dey include high blood pressure den a fast heart rate, usually widout a fever.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Symptoms insyd moderate cases dey include high body temperature, agitation, overactive reflexes, tremor, sweating, dilated pupils, den [[diarrhea]].<ref name="Fer2016" /><ref name="Vol2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Volpi-Abadie J, Kaye AM, Kaye AD | title = Serotonin syndrome | journal = The Ochsner Journal | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 533–40 | date = 2013 | pmid = 24358002 | pmc = 3865832 }}</ref> Insyd severe cases, body temperature fi increase to greater dan {{convert|41.1|C|F|1}}.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Complications fi include seizures den [[rhabdomyolysis|extensive muscle breakdown]].<ref name="Vol2013" /> Serotonin syndrome typically be caused by de use of two anaa more serotonergic medications anaa drugs.<ref name=Vol2013/> Dese fi include [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), amphetamines, pethidine (meperidine), [[tramadol]], [[dextromethorphan]], [[buspirone]], {{nowrap|L-tryptophan}}, {{nowrap|5-hydroxytryptophan}}, St. John's wort, triptans, [[MDMA]], metoclopramide, anaa [[cocaine]].<ref name=Vol2013/> E dey occur insyd about 15% of SSRI overdoses.<ref name="Dom20132">{{cite book |last1=Domino |first1=Frank J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1124 |title=The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014 |last2=Baldor |first2=Robert A. |date=2013 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-1-4511-8850-9 |page=1124 |language=en}}</ref> E be a predictable consequence of excess serotonin on de central nervous system.<ref name="BoyerShannon2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Boyer EW, Shannon M | title = The serotonin syndrome | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 352 | issue = 11 | pages = 1112–1120 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15784664 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra041867 | url = http://toxicology.ucsd.edu/art%203%20serotonin%20syndrome.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130618053344/http://toxicology.ucsd.edu/art%203%20serotonin%20syndrome.pdf | url-status = live | archive-date = 2013-06-18 | author-link2 = Michael Shannon (pediatrician) }}</ref> Onset of symptoms typically be within a day of de extra serotonin.<ref name=Vol2013/> Diagnosis dey base on a person ein symptoms den history of medication use.<ref name=Vol2013/> Oda conditions wey fi produce similar symptoms such as neuroleptic malignant syndrome, malignant hyperthermia, anticholinergic toxicity, heat stroke, den [[meningitis]] for be ruled out.<ref name=Vol2013/> As of 2013, no laboratory tests dey exist wey fi confirm de diagnosis.<ref name=Vol2013/> Initial treatment dey consist of discontinuing medications wich fi be contributing.<ref name=Fer2016/> Insyd those wey be agitated, benzodiazepines fi be used.<ref name=Fer2016/> If dis no be sufficient, a serotonin antagonist such as cyproheptadine fi be used.<ref name=Fer2016/> Insyd those plus a high body temperature, active cooling measures fi be needed.<ref name=Fer2016/> De number of cases of serotonin syndrome wey dey occur each year be unclear.<ref name=Dom2013>{{cite book|last1=Domino|first1=Frank J.|last2=Baldor|first2=Robert A.|title=The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014|date=2013|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4511-8850-9|page=1124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1124|language=en}}</ref> Plus appropriate medical intervention de risk of death be low, likely less dan 1%.<ref name=Fri2015>{{cite book|last1=Friedman|first1=Joseph H.|title=Medication-Induced Movement Disorders|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-06600-7|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqymCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|language=en}}</ref> De high-profile case of Libby Zion, wey be generally accepted dem die from serotonin syndrome, result in changes to graduate medical school education insyd New York State.<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /><ref name=Bre1998>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brensilver JM, Smith L, Lyttle CS | title = Impact of the Libby Zion case on graduate medical education in internal medicine | journal = The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York | volume = 65 | issue = 4 | pages = 296–300 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9757752 }}</ref> ==Signs den symptoms== [[File:ClonusfromSS (edited).webm|thumb|upright=1.5|Clonus dem see insyd a person plus serotonin syndrome]] De symptoms be often present as a clinical triad of abnormalities wey fi be used to assess de severity of serotonin syndrome:<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /><ref name="Dunkley2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dunkley EJ, Isbister GK, Sibbritt D, Dawson AH, Whyte IM |date=September 2003 |title=The Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria: simple and accurate diagnostic decision rules for serotonin toxicity |journal=QJM |volume=96 |issue=9 |pages=635–642 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcg109 |pmid=12925718 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Serotonin syndrome severity assessment scale<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /><ref name="Dunkley2" /> !Severity !Autonomic effects !Neurological (somatic) signs !Mental status !Oda symptoms |- !mild | * absent anaa low-grade fever * tachycardia * mydriasis * excessive sweating * shivering | * intermittent tremor * akathisia * myoclonus * mild hyperreflexia | * restlessness * anxiety | |- !moderate | * increased tachycardia * fever up to 41&nbsp;°C * nausea * diarrhea * hyperactive bowel sounds * excessive sweating * vasoconstriction | * moderate hyperreflexia * inducible clonus * ocular clonus (slow continuous eye movements) * myoclonus (muscle twitching) | * easily induced startle response * confusion * agitation * hypervigilance | * rhabdomyolysis * metabolic acidosis * renal failure * disseminated intravascular coagulopathy |- !severe | * temperature higher than 41&nbsp;°C (wey increased muscle tone cause) | * increased muscle tone, wich be more severe insyd lower limbs * spontaneous clonus * intense myoclonus * severe hyperreflexia | * delirium * coma |as above |} ==Causes== Chaw medications den street drugs fi cause serotonin syndrome wen dem take dem alone at high doses anaa in combination plus oda serotonergic agents. De table below dey list sam of dese. {| class="wikitable" |- !Class !Drugs wey fi induce serotonin syndrome |- |Antidepressants |Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs),<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs),<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|SSRI]]s,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> SNRIs,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> nefazodone,<ref name="Ener">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ener RA, Meglathery SB, Van Decker WA, Gallagher RM |title=Serotonin syndrome and other serotonergic disorders |journal=Pain Medicine |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=63–74 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12873279 |doi=10.1046/j.1526-4637.2003.03005.x |doi-access= free }}</ref> [[trazodone]]<ref name="Ener"/> |- |Opioids |Dextropropoxyphene,<ref name="National Prescribing Service" /> [[tramadol]],<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> tapentadol, pethidine (meperidine),<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> [[fentanyl]],<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> pentazocine,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> [[buprenorphine]]<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Isenberg D, Wong SC, Curtis JA |title=Serotonin syndrome triggered by a single dose of suboxone |journal=American Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=840.e3–5 |date=September 2008 |pmid=18774063 |doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2008.01.039 }}</ref> [[oxycodone]],<ref name="Gnanadesigan">{{cite journal|vauthors= Gnanadesigan N, Espinoza RT, Smith RL |title=The serotonin syndrome |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=352 |issue=23 |pages=2454–2456 |date=June 2005 |pmid=15948273 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200506093522320}}</ref> [[hydrocodone]]<ref name="Gnanadesigan"/> |- |Stimulants den entactogens |[[MDMA]],<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> MDA,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> AMT,<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite report |title=Alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT) – Critical Review Report |date=20 June 2014 |publisher=World Health Organisation – Expert Committee on Drug Dependence |publication-date=2014-06-20 |url=https://legal-high-inhaltsstoffe.de/sites/default/files/uploads/amt.pdf |access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> caffeine,<ref name="h020">{{cite web | last=Taylor | first=Marygrace | title=Does the Caffeine in Your Coffee, Tea, or Soft Drinks Interfere With Antidepressants? | website=HealthCentral | date=2009-05-12 | url=https://www.healthcentral.com/article/coffee-tea-not-good-maintaining-antidepressants-system | access-date=2024-06-30}}</ref> [[methamphetamine]],<ref name="Schep">{{cite journal|vauthors=Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM |title=The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine |journal=Clinical Toxicology |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=675–694 |date=August 2010 |pmid=20849327 |doi= 10.3109/15563650.2010.516752|s2cid=42588722 }}</ref> [[lisdexamfetamine]],<ref>{{Cite news| url= http://www.rxlist.com/vyvanse-drug/side-effects-interactions.htm |title=Vyvanse (Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate) Drug Information: Side Effects and Drug Interactions – Prescribing Information |work= RxList.com |access-date=2017-03-22 |language=en| url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325051612/http://www.rxlist.com/vyvanse-drug/side-effects-interactions.htm|archive-date=2017-03-25}}</ref> amphetamine,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rxlist.com/adderall-drug/side-effects-interactions.htm|title=Adderall (Amphetamine, Dextroamphetamine Mixed Salts) Drug Information: Side Effects and Drug Interactions – Prescribing Information |work=RxList|access-date=2017-03-22|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323053309/http://www.rxlist.com/adderall-drug/side-effects-interactions.htm|archive-date=2017-03-23}}</ref> phentermine,<ref name="National Prescribing Service">{{cite web |year=2005 |title=Prescribing Practice Review 32: Managing depression in primary care |publisher=National Prescribing Service Limited |url=http://www.nps.org.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/16971/ppr32.pdf |access-date=16 July 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110727175404/http://www.nps.org.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/16971/ppr32.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> amfepramone (diethylpropion),<ref name="National Prescribing Service"/> sibutramine,<ref name= "BoyerShannon2005"/> [[methylphenidate]],<ref name= "National Prescribing Service"/> [[cocaine]]<ref name="National Prescribing Service"/> |- |5-HT₁ agonists |Triptans<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /><ref name="National Prescribing Service"/> |- |Psychedelics | NBOMes (e.g., 25I-NBOMe)<ref name="Thomas2024">{{cite book | vauthors = Thomas K | title=Toxicology and Pharmacological Interactions of Classic Psychedelics | series=Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | publication-place=Berlin, Heidelberg | date=2024 | doi=10.1007/7854_2024_508 | url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/7854_2024_508 | access-date=14 May 2025 | page=| pmid=39042251 }}</ref> |- |Herbs |St John's wort,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> Syrian rue,<ref name= "BoyerShannon2005"/> ''Panax'' ginseng,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> nutmeg,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Braun U, Kalbhen DA |title=Evidence for the Biogenic Formation of Amphetamine Derivatives from Components of Nutmeg |journal=Pharmacology |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=312–316 |date=October 1973 |pmid=4737998 |doi=10.1159/000136402 }}</ref> yohimbe<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.erowid.org/plants/yohimbe/yohimbe_info1.shtml |title=Erowid Yohimbe Vaults: Notes on Yohimbine by William White, 1994 |publisher= | website= Erowid.org |access-date=2013-01-28 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130126141846/http://www.erowid.org/plants/yohimbe/yohimbe_info1.shtml |archive-date=2013-01-26 }}</ref> |- |Others |Tryptophan,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> {{small|L}}-DOPA, valproate,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> [[buspirone]],<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> lithium,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> linezolid,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Steinberg M, Morin AK |title= Mild serotonin syndrome associated with concurrent linezolid and fluoxetine |journal=American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages= 59–62 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17189581 |doi=10.2146/ajhp060227}}</ref> [[dextromethorphan]],<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> {{nowrap|5-hydroxytryptophan}},<ref name="Ener"/> chlorpheniramine,<ref name="National Prescribing Service"/> [[risperidone]],<ref name="pmid12639169">{{cite journal|vauthors=Karki SD, Masood GR |title=Combination risperidone and SSRI-induced serotonin syndrome |journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=388–391 |year=2003 |pmid=12639169 |doi=10.1345/aph.1C228|s2cid=36677580 }}</ref> [[olanzapine]],<ref name="Verre">{{cite journal |vauthors=Verre M, Bossio F, Mammone A, etal |title=Serotonin syndrome caused by olanzapine and clomipramine |journal=Minerva Anestesiologica |volume=74 |issue=1–2 |pages=41–45 |year=2008 |pmid=18004234 |url= http://www.minervamedica.it/index2.t?show=R02Y2008N01A0041 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090108231948/http://www.minervamedica.it/index2.t?show=R02Y2008N01A0041 |archive-date=2009-01-08 }}</ref> [[ondansetron]],<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> granisetron,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> metoclopramide,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> ritonavir,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> metaxalone,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> [[methylene blue]]<ref name="pmid 17721552">{{cite journal|vauthors= Ramsay RR, Dunford C, Gillman PK |title=Methylene blue and serotonin toxicity: inhibition of monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) confirms a theoretical prediction |journal= Br J Pharmacol |volume=152 |issue=6 |pages= 946–51 |year=2007 |pmid=17721552 |doi= 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707430 |pmc=2078225 }}</ref> |} == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] k5qwfg1m5fvxf7pmm635syjfxs0xme7 97485 97483 2026-05-01T16:41:15Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Serotonin syndrome''' ('''SS'''<ref name="Scotton Hill Williams Barnes 2019 p=1178646919873922">{{cite journal |last1=Scotton |first1=William J |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa J |last3=Williams |first3=Adrian C |last4=Barnes |first4=Nicholas M |year=2019 |title=Serotonin Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Management, and Potential Future Directions |journal=International Journal of Tryptophan Research |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=12 |page=117864691987392 |doi=10.1177/1178646919873925 |issn=1178-6469 |pmc=6734608 |pmid=31523132 |article-number=1178646919873925}}</ref>) dey consist of a group of symptoms wey fi occur plus de use of certain serotonergic medications anaa drugs.<ref name="Fer2016">{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-44838-3|pages=1154–1155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1154|language=en}}</ref> De symptoms fi range from mild to severe, wey be potentially fatal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=New|first1=Andrea M.|last2=Nelson|first2=Sarah|last3=Leung|first3=Jonathan G.|date=2015-10-01|editor-last=Alexander|editor-first=Earnest|editor2-last=Susla|editor2-first=Gregory M.|title=Psychiatric Emergencies in the Intensive Care Unit|url=https://aacnjournals.org/aacnacconline/article/26/4/285/15256/Psychiatric-Emergencies-in-the-Intensive-Care-Unit|journal=AACN Advanced Critical Care|language=en|volume=26|issue=4|pages=285–293|doi=10.4037/NCI.0000000000000104|pmid=26484986|issn=1559-7768|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Boyer EW , Shannon M . The serotonin syndrome . N Engl J Med. 2005 ; 352 ( 11 ): 1112-1120</ref><ref name="Vol2013" /> Symptoms insyd mild cases dey include high blood pressure den a fast heart rate, usually widout a fever.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Symptoms insyd moderate cases dey include high body temperature, agitation, overactive reflexes, tremor, sweating, dilated pupils, den [[diarrhea]].<ref name="Fer2016" /><ref name="Vol2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Volpi-Abadie J, Kaye AM, Kaye AD | title = Serotonin syndrome | journal = The Ochsner Journal | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 533–40 | date = 2013 | pmid = 24358002 | pmc = 3865832 }}</ref> Insyd severe cases, body temperature fi increase to greater dan {{convert|41.1|C|F|1}}.<ref name="Vol2013" /> Complications fi include seizures den [[rhabdomyolysis|extensive muscle breakdown]].<ref name="Vol2013" /> Serotonin syndrome typically be caused by de use of two anaa more serotonergic medications anaa drugs.<ref name=Vol2013/> Dese fi include [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), amphetamines, pethidine (meperidine), [[tramadol]], [[dextromethorphan]], [[buspirone]], {{nowrap|L-tryptophan}}, {{nowrap|5-hydroxytryptophan}}, St. John's wort, triptans, [[MDMA]], metoclopramide, anaa [[cocaine]].<ref name=Vol2013/> E dey occur insyd about 15% of SSRI overdoses.<ref name="Dom20132">{{cite book |last1=Domino |first1=Frank J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1124 |title=The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014 |last2=Baldor |first2=Robert A. |date=2013 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-1-4511-8850-9 |page=1124 |language=en}}</ref> E be a predictable consequence of excess serotonin on de central nervous system.<ref name="BoyerShannon2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Boyer EW, Shannon M | title = The serotonin syndrome | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 352 | issue = 11 | pages = 1112–1120 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15784664 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra041867 | url = http://toxicology.ucsd.edu/art%203%20serotonin%20syndrome.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130618053344/http://toxicology.ucsd.edu/art%203%20serotonin%20syndrome.pdf | url-status = live | archive-date = 2013-06-18 | author-link2 = Michael Shannon (pediatrician) }}</ref> Onset of symptoms typically be within a day of de extra serotonin.<ref name=Vol2013/> Diagnosis dey base on a person ein symptoms den history of medication use.<ref name=Vol2013/> Oda conditions wey fi produce similar symptoms such as neuroleptic malignant syndrome, malignant hyperthermia, anticholinergic toxicity, heat stroke, den [[meningitis]] for be ruled out.<ref name=Vol2013/> As of 2013, no laboratory tests dey exist wey fi confirm de diagnosis.<ref name=Vol2013/> Initial treatment dey consist of discontinuing medications wich fi be contributing.<ref name=Fer2016/> Insyd those wey be agitated, benzodiazepines fi be used.<ref name=Fer2016/> If dis no be sufficient, a serotonin antagonist such as cyproheptadine fi be used.<ref name=Fer2016/> Insyd those plus a high body temperature, active cooling measures fi be needed.<ref name=Fer2016/> De number of cases of serotonin syndrome wey dey occur each year be unclear.<ref name=Dom2013>{{cite book|last1=Domino|first1=Frank J.|last2=Baldor|first2=Robert A.|title=The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014|date=2013|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4511-8850-9|page=1124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1124|language=en}}</ref> Plus appropriate medical intervention de risk of death be low, likely less dan 1%.<ref name=Fri2015>{{cite book|last1=Friedman|first1=Joseph H.|title=Medication-Induced Movement Disorders|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-06600-7|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqymCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|language=en}}</ref> De high-profile case of Libby Zion, wey be generally accepted dem die from serotonin syndrome, result in changes to graduate medical school education insyd New York State.<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /><ref name=Bre1998>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brensilver JM, Smith L, Lyttle CS | title = Impact of the Libby Zion case on graduate medical education in internal medicine | journal = The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York | volume = 65 | issue = 4 | pages = 296–300 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9757752 }}</ref> ==Signs den symptoms== [[File:ClonusfromSS (edited).webm|thumb|upright=1.5|Clonus dem see insyd a person plus serotonin syndrome]] De symptoms be often present as a clinical triad of abnormalities wey fi be used to assess de severity of serotonin syndrome:<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /><ref name="Dunkley2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dunkley EJ, Isbister GK, Sibbritt D, Dawson AH, Whyte IM |date=September 2003 |title=The Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria: simple and accurate diagnostic decision rules for serotonin toxicity |journal=QJM |volume=96 |issue=9 |pages=635–642 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcg109 |pmid=12925718 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Serotonin syndrome severity assessment scale<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /><ref name="Dunkley2" /> !Severity !Autonomic effects !Neurological (somatic) signs !Mental status !Oda symptoms |- !mild | * absent anaa low-grade fever * tachycardia * mydriasis * excessive sweating * shivering | * intermittent tremor * akathisia * myoclonus * mild hyperreflexia | * restlessness * anxiety | |- !moderate | * increased tachycardia * fever up to 41&nbsp;°C * nausea * diarrhea * hyperactive bowel sounds * excessive sweating * vasoconstriction | * moderate hyperreflexia * inducible clonus * ocular clonus (slow continuous eye movements) * myoclonus (muscle twitching) | * easily induced startle response * confusion * agitation * hypervigilance | * rhabdomyolysis * metabolic acidosis * renal failure * disseminated intravascular coagulopathy |- !severe | * temperature higher than 41&nbsp;°C (wey increased muscle tone cause) | * increased muscle tone, wich be more severe insyd lower limbs * spontaneous clonus * intense myoclonus * severe hyperreflexia | * delirium * coma |as above |} ==Causes== Chaw medications den street drugs fi cause serotonin syndrome wen dem take dem alone at high doses anaa in combination plus oda serotonergic agents. De table below dey list sam of dese. {| class="wikitable" |- !Class !Drugs wey fi induce serotonin syndrome |- |Antidepressants |Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs),<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs),<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|SSRI]]s,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> SNRIs,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> nefazodone,<ref name="Ener">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ener RA, Meglathery SB, Van Decker WA, Gallagher RM |title=Serotonin syndrome and other serotonergic disorders |journal=Pain Medicine |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=63–74 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12873279 |doi=10.1046/j.1526-4637.2003.03005.x |doi-access= free }}</ref> [[trazodone]]<ref name="Ener"/> |- |Opioids |Dextropropoxyphene,<ref name="National Prescribing Service" /> [[tramadol]],<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> tapentadol, pethidine (meperidine),<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> [[fentanyl]],<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> pentazocine,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> [[buprenorphine]]<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Isenberg D, Wong SC, Curtis JA |title=Serotonin syndrome triggered by a single dose of suboxone |journal=American Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=840.e3–5 |date=September 2008 |pmid=18774063 |doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2008.01.039 }}</ref> [[oxycodone]],<ref name="Gnanadesigan">{{cite journal|vauthors= Gnanadesigan N, Espinoza RT, Smith RL |title=The serotonin syndrome |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=352 |issue=23 |pages=2454–2456 |date=June 2005 |pmid=15948273 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200506093522320}}</ref> [[hydrocodone]]<ref name="Gnanadesigan"/> |- |Stimulants den entactogens |[[MDMA]],<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> MDA,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> AMT,<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite report |title=Alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT) – Critical Review Report |date=20 June 2014 |publisher=World Health Organisation – Expert Committee on Drug Dependence |publication-date=2014-06-20 |url=https://legal-high-inhaltsstoffe.de/sites/default/files/uploads/amt.pdf |access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> caffeine,<ref name="h020">{{cite web | last=Taylor | first=Marygrace | title=Does the Caffeine in Your Coffee, Tea, or Soft Drinks Interfere With Antidepressants? | website=HealthCentral | date=2009-05-12 | url=https://www.healthcentral.com/article/coffee-tea-not-good-maintaining-antidepressants-system | access-date=2024-06-30}}</ref> [[methamphetamine]],<ref name="Schep">{{cite journal|vauthors=Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM |title=The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine |journal=Clinical Toxicology |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=675–694 |date=August 2010 |pmid=20849327 |doi= 10.3109/15563650.2010.516752|s2cid=42588722 }}</ref> [[lisdexamfetamine]],<ref>{{Cite news| url= http://www.rxlist.com/vyvanse-drug/side-effects-interactions.htm |title=Vyvanse (Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate) Drug Information: Side Effects and Drug Interactions – Prescribing Information |work= RxList.com |access-date=2017-03-22 |language=en| url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325051612/http://www.rxlist.com/vyvanse-drug/side-effects-interactions.htm|archive-date=2017-03-25}}</ref> amphetamine,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rxlist.com/adderall-drug/side-effects-interactions.htm|title=Adderall (Amphetamine, Dextroamphetamine Mixed Salts) Drug Information: Side Effects and Drug Interactions – Prescribing Information |work=RxList|access-date=2017-03-22|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323053309/http://www.rxlist.com/adderall-drug/side-effects-interactions.htm|archive-date=2017-03-23}}</ref> phentermine,<ref name="National Prescribing Service">{{cite web |year=2005 |title=Prescribing Practice Review 32: Managing depression in primary care |publisher=National Prescribing Service Limited |url=http://www.nps.org.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/16971/ppr32.pdf |access-date=16 July 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110727175404/http://www.nps.org.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/16971/ppr32.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> amfepramone (diethylpropion),<ref name="National Prescribing Service"/> sibutramine,<ref name= "BoyerShannon2005"/> [[methylphenidate]],<ref name= "National Prescribing Service"/> [[cocaine]]<ref name="National Prescribing Service"/> |- |5-HT₁ agonists |Triptans<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /><ref name="National Prescribing Service"/> |- |Psychedelics | NBOMes (e.g., 25I-NBOMe)<ref name="Thomas2024">{{cite book | vauthors = Thomas K | title=Toxicology and Pharmacological Interactions of Classic Psychedelics | series=Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | publication-place=Berlin, Heidelberg | date=2024 | doi=10.1007/7854_2024_508 | url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/7854_2024_508 | access-date=14 May 2025 | page=| pmid=39042251 }}</ref> |- |Herbs |St John's wort,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> Syrian rue,<ref name= "BoyerShannon2005"/> ''Panax'' ginseng,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> nutmeg,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Braun U, Kalbhen DA |title=Evidence for the Biogenic Formation of Amphetamine Derivatives from Components of Nutmeg |journal=Pharmacology |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=312–316 |date=October 1973 |pmid=4737998 |doi=10.1159/000136402 }}</ref> yohimbe<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.erowid.org/plants/yohimbe/yohimbe_info1.shtml |title=Erowid Yohimbe Vaults: Notes on Yohimbine by William White, 1994 |publisher= | website= Erowid.org |access-date=2013-01-28 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130126141846/http://www.erowid.org/plants/yohimbe/yohimbe_info1.shtml |archive-date=2013-01-26 }}</ref> |- |Others |Tryptophan,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> {{small|L}}-DOPA, valproate,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> [[buspirone]],<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> lithium,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> linezolid,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Steinberg M, Morin AK |title= Mild serotonin syndrome associated with concurrent linezolid and fluoxetine |journal=American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages= 59–62 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17189581 |doi=10.2146/ajhp060227}}</ref> [[dextromethorphan]],<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> {{nowrap|5-hydroxytryptophan}},<ref name="Ener"/> chlorpheniramine,<ref name="National Prescribing Service"/> [[risperidone]],<ref name="pmid12639169">{{cite journal|vauthors=Karki SD, Masood GR |title=Combination risperidone and SSRI-induced serotonin syndrome |journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=388–391 |year=2003 |pmid=12639169 |doi=10.1345/aph.1C228|s2cid=36677580 }}</ref> [[olanzapine]],<ref name="Verre">{{cite journal |vauthors=Verre M, Bossio F, Mammone A, etal |title=Serotonin syndrome caused by olanzapine and clomipramine |journal=Minerva Anestesiologica |volume=74 |issue=1–2 |pages=41–45 |year=2008 |pmid=18004234 |url= http://www.minervamedica.it/index2.t?show=R02Y2008N01A0041 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090108231948/http://www.minervamedica.it/index2.t?show=R02Y2008N01A0041 |archive-date=2009-01-08 }}</ref> [[ondansetron]],<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> granisetron,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> metoclopramide,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> ritonavir,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> metaxalone,<ref name="BoyerShannon2005" /> [[methylene blue]]<ref name="pmid 17721552">{{cite journal|vauthors= Ramsay RR, Dunford C, Gillman PK |title=Methylene blue and serotonin toxicity: inhibition of monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) confirms a theoretical prediction |journal= Br J Pharmacol |volume=152 |issue=6 |pages= 946–51 |year=2007 |pmid=17721552 |doi= 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707430 |pmc=2078225 }}</ref> |} == References == <references /> == External links == * [http://www.nejm.org/action/showImage?doi=10.1056%2FNEJMra041867&iid=f02 Image demonstrating findings in moderately severe serotonin syndrome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829054104/https://www.nejm.org/action/showImage?doi=10.1056%2FNEJMra041867&iid=f02 |date=2021-08-29 }} from {{cite journal|vauthors=Boyer EW, Shannon M |title=The serotonin syndrome |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=352 |issue=11 |pages=1112–20 |year=2005 |pmid=15784664 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra041867|s2cid=37959124 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Serotonin Syndrome}} [[Category:Neuropharmacology]] [[Category:Clinical pharmacology]] [[Category:Rare syndromes]] [[Category:Adverse effects of psychoactive drugs]] [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] f74h6iems6ujfldjepxus08152hcvgm 14 26661 97486 2026-05-01T16:42:59Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97486 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26662 97487 2026-05-01T16:44:35Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97487 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26663 97488 2026-05-01T16:50:54Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1467660|Lidocaine]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 97488 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 97489 97488 2026-05-01T17:06:49Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lidocaine''', dem sanso know as '''lignocaine''' dem sell under de brand name '''Xylocaine''' among odas, be a local anesthetic of de amino amide type.<ref name="beecham">{{cite web |vauthors= Beecham GB, Nessel TA, Goyal A |title=Lidocaine |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539881/ |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=23 July 2024 |date=11 December 2022}}</ref> E sanso be used to treat ventricular tachycardia den ventricular fibrillation.<ref name=AHFS2015A>{{cite web|title=Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Antiarrhythmic)|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-antiarrhythmic.html|publisher=Drugs.com, The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 July 2024|date=10 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="AHFS2015L">{{cite web|title=Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Local)|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-local.html|date=22 January 2024|access-date=23 July 2024|publisher=Drugs.com, The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> Wen used for local anaesthesia anaa insyd nerve blocks, lidocaine typically begin dey work within several minutes den dey last for half an hour to three hours.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /><ref name="Wh1997">{{cite book | vauthors = Nolan JP, Baskett PJ |year=1997 |chapter=Analgesia and anaesthesia | veditors = Skinner D, Swain A, Peyton R, Robertson C, Whinster F |title=Cambridge Textbook of Accident and Emergency Medicine |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-43379-2 |page=194 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0bNaDhkaukC&pg=PA194 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908150741/https://books.google.com/books?id=m0bNaDhkaukC&pg=PA194 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref> Lidocaine mixtures sanso fi be applied directly to de skin anaa mucous membranes to numb de area.<ref name=beecham/><ref name="AHFS2015L" /> E often be used dem mix plus a small amount of adrenaline (epinephrine) to prolong ein local effects den to decrease bleeding.<ref name=AHFS2015L/> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 885ojbkecfow56b5cgr0qwve904jt26 97490 97489 2026-05-01T17:14:23Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lidocaine''', dem sanso know as '''lignocaine''' dem sell under de brand name '''Xylocaine''' among odas, be a local anesthetic of de amino amide type.<ref name="beecham">{{cite web |vauthors= Beecham GB, Nessel TA, Goyal A |title=Lidocaine |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539881/ |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=23 July 2024 |date=11 December 2022}}</ref> E sanso be used to treat ventricular tachycardia den ventricular fibrillation.<ref name=AHFS2015A>{{cite web|title=Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Antiarrhythmic)|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-antiarrhythmic.html|publisher=Drugs.com, The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 July 2024|date=10 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="AHFS2015L">{{cite web|title=Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Local)|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-local.html|date=22 January 2024|access-date=23 July 2024|publisher=Drugs.com, The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> Wen used for local anaesthesia anaa insyd nerve blocks, lidocaine typically begin dey work within several minutes den dey last for half an hour to three hours.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /><ref name="Wh1997">{{cite book | vauthors = Nolan JP, Baskett PJ |year=1997 |chapter=Analgesia and anaesthesia | veditors = Skinner D, Swain A, Peyton R, Robertson C, Whinster F |title=Cambridge Textbook of Accident and Emergency Medicine |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-43379-2 |page=194 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0bNaDhkaukC&pg=PA194 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908150741/https://books.google.com/books?id=m0bNaDhkaukC&pg=PA194 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref> Lidocaine mixtures sanso fi be applied directly to de skin anaa mucous membranes to numb de area.<ref name=beecham/><ref name="AHFS2015L" /> E often be used dem mix plus a small amount of adrenaline (epinephrine) to prolong ein local effects den to decrease bleeding.<ref name=AHFS2015L/> If dem inject am intravenously, e fi cause cerebral effects such as confusion, changes insyd vision, numbness, tingling, den vomiting.<ref name=beecham/><ref name=AHFS2015A/> E fi cause low blood pressure den an irregular heart rate.<ref name=AHFS2015A/> Der be concerns say injecting am into a joint fi cause problems plus de cartilage.<ref name=AHFS2015L/> E dey appear to be generally safe for use insyd [[pregnancy]].<ref name=AHFS2015A/> A lower dose fi be required insyd those plus liver problems.<ref name=AHFS2015A/> E be generally safe to use insyd those allergic to tetracaine anaa benzocaine.<ref name=AHFS2015L/> Lidocaine be an antiarrhythmic medication of de class Ib type.<ref name=AHFS2015A/> Dis dey mean e dey work by blocking sodium channels thus dey decrease de rate of contractions of de heart.<ref name=beecham/><ref name=AHFS2015A/> Wen dem inject am near nerves, de nerves no fi conduct signals to anaa from de brain.<ref name=AHFS2015L/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 8kzcf053f1vtnubg4cqzcjzgh2yh8a4 97491 97490 2026-05-01T17:17:29Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lidocaine''', dem sanso know as '''lignocaine''' dem sell under de brand name '''Xylocaine''' among odas, be a local anesthetic of de amino amide type.<ref name="beecham">{{cite web |vauthors= Beecham GB, Nessel TA, Goyal A |title=Lidocaine |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539881/ |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=23 July 2024 |date=11 December 2022}}</ref> E sanso be used to treat ventricular tachycardia den ventricular fibrillation.<ref name=AHFS2015A>{{cite web|title=Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Antiarrhythmic)|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-antiarrhythmic.html|publisher=Drugs.com, The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 July 2024|date=10 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="AHFS2015L">{{cite web|title=Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Local)|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-local.html|date=22 January 2024|access-date=23 July 2024|publisher=Drugs.com, The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> Wen used for local anaesthesia anaa insyd nerve blocks, lidocaine typically begin dey work within several minutes den dey last for half an hour to three hours.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /><ref name="Wh1997">{{cite book | vauthors = Nolan JP, Baskett PJ |year=1997 |chapter=Analgesia and anaesthesia | veditors = Skinner D, Swain A, Peyton R, Robertson C, Whinster F |title=Cambridge Textbook of Accident and Emergency Medicine |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-43379-2 |page=194 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0bNaDhkaukC&pg=PA194 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908150741/https://books.google.com/books?id=m0bNaDhkaukC&pg=PA194 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref> Lidocaine mixtures sanso fi be applied directly to de skin anaa mucous membranes to numb de area.<ref name=beecham/><ref name="AHFS2015L" /> E often be used dem mix plus a small amount of adrenaline (epinephrine) to prolong ein local effects den to decrease bleeding.<ref name=AHFS2015L/> If dem inject am intravenously, e fi cause cerebral effects such as confusion, changes insyd vision, numbness, tingling, den vomiting.<ref name=beecham/><ref name=AHFS2015A/> E fi cause low blood pressure den an irregular heart rate.<ref name=AHFS2015A/> Der be concerns say injecting am into a joint fi cause problems plus de cartilage.<ref name=AHFS2015L/> E dey appear to be generally safe for use insyd [[pregnancy]].<ref name=AHFS2015A/> A lower dose fi be required insyd those plus liver problems.<ref name=AHFS2015A/> E be generally safe to use insyd those allergic to tetracaine anaa benzocaine.<ref name=AHFS2015L/> Lidocaine be an antiarrhythmic medication of de class Ib type.<ref name=AHFS2015A/> Dis dey mean e dey work by blocking sodium channels thus dey decrease de rate of contractions of de heart.<ref name=beecham/><ref name=AHFS2015A/> Wen dem inject am near nerves, de nerves no fi conduct signals to anaa from de brain.<ref name=AHFS2015L/> Dem discover lidocaine insyd 1946 wey e go on sale insyd 1948.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Scriabine A |year=1999 |chapter=Discovery and development of major drugs currently in use |title=Pharmaceutical Innovation: Revolutionizing Human Health | veditors = Landau R, Achilladelis B, Scriabine A |publisher=Chemical Heritage Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-941901-21-5 |page=211 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IH4lPs6S1bMC&pg=PA211 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908150741/https://books.google.com/books?id=IH4lPs6S1bMC&pg=PA211 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref> E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> E be available as a generic medication.<ref name=AHFS2015L/><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Hamilton R |title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1-284-05756-0|page=22}}</ref> Insyd 2023, e be de 277th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 800,000 prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=17 August 2025 | archive-date=17 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817043812/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Lidocaine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lidocaine | access-date = 17 August 2025 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] gt3zmy6drevtdm0lfo9fxe2bkraes6q 97492 97491 2026-05-01T17:20:35Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lidocaine''', dem sanso know as '''lignocaine''' dem sell under de brand name '''Xylocaine''' among odas, be a local anesthetic of de amino amide type.<ref name="beecham">{{cite web |vauthors= Beecham GB, Nessel TA, Goyal A |title=Lidocaine |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539881/ |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=23 July 2024 |date=11 December 2022}}</ref> E sanso be used to treat ventricular tachycardia den ventricular fibrillation.<ref name=AHFS2015A>{{cite web|title=Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Antiarrhythmic)|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-antiarrhythmic.html|publisher=Drugs.com, The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 July 2024|date=10 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="AHFS2015L">{{cite web|title=Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Local)|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-local.html|date=22 January 2024|access-date=23 July 2024|publisher=Drugs.com, The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> Wen used for local anaesthesia anaa insyd nerve blocks, lidocaine typically begin dey work within several minutes den dey last for half an hour to three hours.<ref name="AHFS2015L" /><ref name="Wh1997">{{cite book | vauthors = Nolan JP, Baskett PJ |year=1997 |chapter=Analgesia and anaesthesia | veditors = Skinner D, Swain A, Peyton R, Robertson C, Whinster F |title=Cambridge Textbook of Accident and Emergency Medicine |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-43379-2 |page=194 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0bNaDhkaukC&pg=PA194 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908150741/https://books.google.com/books?id=m0bNaDhkaukC&pg=PA194 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref> Lidocaine mixtures sanso fi be applied directly to de skin anaa mucous membranes to numb de area.<ref name=beecham/><ref name="AHFS2015L" /> E often be used dem mix plus a small amount of adrenaline (epinephrine) to prolong ein local effects den to decrease bleeding.<ref name=AHFS2015L/> If dem inject am intravenously, e fi cause cerebral effects such as confusion, changes insyd vision, numbness, tingling, den vomiting.<ref name=beecham/><ref name=AHFS2015A/> E fi cause low blood pressure den an irregular heart rate.<ref name=AHFS2015A/> Der be concerns say injecting am into a joint fi cause problems plus de cartilage.<ref name=AHFS2015L/> E dey appear to be generally safe for use insyd [[pregnancy]].<ref name=AHFS2015A/> A lower dose fi be required insyd those plus liver problems.<ref name=AHFS2015A/> E be generally safe to use insyd those allergic to tetracaine anaa benzocaine.<ref name=AHFS2015L/> Lidocaine be an antiarrhythmic medication of de class Ib type.<ref name=AHFS2015A/> Dis dey mean e dey work by blocking sodium channels thus dey decrease de rate of contractions of de heart.<ref name=beecham/><ref name=AHFS2015A/> Wen dem inject am near nerves, de nerves no fi conduct signals to anaa from de brain.<ref name=AHFS2015L/> Dem discover lidocaine insyd 1946 wey e go on sale insyd 1948.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Scriabine A |year=1999 |chapter=Discovery and development of major drugs currently in use |title=Pharmaceutical Innovation: Revolutionizing Human Health | veditors = Landau R, Achilladelis B, Scriabine A |publisher=Chemical Heritage Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-941901-21-5 |page=211 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IH4lPs6S1bMC&pg=PA211 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908150741/https://books.google.com/books?id=IH4lPs6S1bMC&pg=PA211 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref> E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> E be available as a generic medication.<ref name=AHFS2015L/><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Hamilton R |title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1-284-05756-0|page=22}}</ref> Insyd 2023, e be de 277th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 800,000 prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=17 August 2025 | archive-date=17 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817043812/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Lidocaine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lidocaine | access-date = 17 August 2025 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite web | title=Lidocaine Transdermal Patch | website=MedlinePlus | url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a603026.html }} * {{cite patent |country=US |number=2441498 |status=patent |title=Alkyl glycinanilides |pubdate=1948-05-11 |gdate=1948-05-11 |fdate=1944-07-12 |pridate=1943-07-15 |invent1=Nils Magnus Loefgren |invent2=Bengt Josef Lundqvist |assign1=ASTRA APOTEKARNES KEM FAB |url=https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?II=1&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19480511&CC=US&NR=2441498A&KC=A }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Acetamides]] [[Category:Antiarrhythmic agents]] [[Category:Chemical substances for emergency medicine]] [[Category:Drugs wey AstraZeneca develop]] [[Category:Investigational tinnitus drugs]] [[Category:Diethylamino compounds]] [[Category:Local anesthetics]] [[Category:Premature ejaculation drugs]] [[Category:Sodium channel blockers]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Category:Over-the-counter drugs insyd de United States]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] bjswvzpl0fwlpsukreg1rbd056e057c 14 26664 97493 2026-05-01T17:20:57Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97493 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26665 97494 2026-05-01T17:21:07Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97494 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26666 97495 2026-05-01T17:29:09Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458322|Gastroesophageal reflux disease]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 97495 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 97503 97495 2026-05-01T22:15:07Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gastroesophageal reflux disease''' ('''GERD''') anaa '''gastro-oesophageal reflux disease''' ('''GORD''') be a chronic upper gastrointestinal disease insyd wich stomach content persistently den regularly flow up into de esophagus, wey dey result in symptoms den/anaa complications.<ref name="NIH20142">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Acid Reflux (GER & GERD) in Adults |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222022538/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=[[National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]] (NIDDK)}}</ref><ref name="Kah2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kahrilas PJ, Shaheen NJ, Vaezi MF |date=October 2008 |title=American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=1392–1413, 1413.e1–5 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2008.08.044 |pmid=18801365 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=Melinda |date=June 2010 |title=Book Review: Krause's Food and Nutrition TherapyMahanLKEscott-StumpS. Krause's Food and Nutrition Therapy. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; (2007). 1376 pp, $149.95. {{text|ISBN}}: 978-1-4160-3401-8. |journal=Nutrition in Clinical Practice |volume=25 |issue=3 |page=314 |doi=10.1177/0884533610362901 |issn=0884-5336}}</ref> Symptoms dey include dental corrosion, dysphagia, heartburn, odynophagia, regurgitation, non-cardiac chest pain, extraesophageal symptoms such as chronic cough, hoarseness, reflux-induced laryngitis, anaa [[asthma]].<ref name=":2" /> Insyd de long term, den wen no be treated, complications such as esophagitis, esophageal stricture, den Barrett's esophagus fi arise.<ref name="NIH20142" /> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == o0q658lsarbdgnpj1ci7vn466jkzou3 97505 97503 2026-05-01T22:37:14Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gastroesophageal reflux disease''' ('''GERD''') anaa '''gastro-oesophageal reflux disease''' ('''GORD''') be a chronic upper gastrointestinal disease insyd wich stomach content persistently den regularly flow up into de esophagus, wey dey result in symptoms den/anaa complications.<ref name="NIH20142">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Acid Reflux (GER & GERD) in Adults |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222022538/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=[[National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]] (NIDDK)}}</ref><ref name="Kah2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kahrilas PJ, Shaheen NJ, Vaezi MF |date=October 2008 |title=American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=1392–1413, 1413.e1–5 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2008.08.044 |pmid=18801365 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=Melinda |date=June 2010 |title=Book Review: Krause's Food and Nutrition TherapyMahanLKEscott-StumpS. Krause's Food and Nutrition Therapy. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; (2007). 1376 pp, $149.95. ISBN: 978-1-4160-3401-8. |journal=Nutrition in Clinical Practice |volume=25 |issue=3 |page=314 |doi=10.1177/0884533610362901 |issn=0884-5336}}</ref> Symptoms dey include dental corrosion, dysphagia, heartburn, odynophagia, regurgitation, non-cardiac chest pain, extraesophageal symptoms such as chronic cough, hoarseness, reflux-induced laryngitis, anaa [[asthma]].<ref name=":2" /> Insyd de long term, den wen no be treated, complications such as esophagitis, esophageal stricture, den Barrett's esophagus fi arise.<ref name="NIH20142" /> Risk factors dey include [[obesity]], [[pregnancy]], smoking, hiatal hernia, den dey take certain medications. Medications wey fi cause anaa worsen de disease dey include benzodiazepines, calcium channel blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, NSAIDs, den certain asthma medicines. Acid reflux be secof poor closure of de lower esophageal sphincter, wich be at de junction between de stomach den de esophagus. Diagnosis among those wey no dey improve plus simpler measures fi involve gastroscopy, upper GI series, esophageal pH monitoring, anaa esophageal manometry.<ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Acid Reflux (GER & GERD) in Adults |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222022538/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=[[National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]] (NIDDK)}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ijzuxyk9mwrn4r8bwctnxf4x2lwxuzm 0 26667 97496 2026-05-01T18:43:30Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350857011|Alexithymia]]" 97496 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alexithymia''' (/əˌlɛksɪˈθaɪmiə/, ə-LEK-sih-THY-mee-ə), dem sanso call '''emotional blindness''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Emotional Blindness of Alexithymia |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/mind-guest-blog/the-emotional-blindness-of-alexithymia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521183234/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/mind-guest-blog/the-emotional-blindness-of-alexithymia/ |archive-date=2023-05-21 |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Scientific American Blog Network |language=en}}</ref> be a neuropsychological phenomenon wey be characterized by difficulties processing anaa describing one ein emotions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Preece |first=David A. |last2=Gross |first2=James J. |date=2023-12-01 |title=Conceptualizing alexithymia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886923002982 |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=215 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2023.112375 |issn=0191-8869 |article-number=112375}}</ref> Alexithymia dey occur insyd 5% of de general population, though e be more common for those plus conditions such as autism (50%),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kinnaird |first=Emma |last2=Stewart |first2=Catherine |last3=Tchanturia |first3=Kate |date=January 2019 |title=Investigating alexithymia in autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=European Psychiatry |language=en |volume=55 |pages=80–89 |doi=10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.09.004 |issn=0924-9338 |pmc=6331035 |pmid=30399531}}</ref> post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 42%),<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Putica |first=Andrea |last2=Van Dam |first2=Nicholas T. |last3=Steward |first3=Trevor |last4=Agathos |first4=James |last5=Felmingham |first5=Kim |last6=O'Donnell |first6=Meaghan |date=1 January 2021 |title=Alexithymia in post-traumatic stress disorder is not just emotion numbing: Systematic review of neural evidence and clinical implications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032720327968 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=278 |pages=519–527 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.100 |issn=0165-0327 |pmid=33017680}}</ref> den cancer (37%).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Yaxin |last2=Du |first2=Qiufeng |last3=Jiang |first3=Yunlan |date=2023-11-07 |title=Prevalence of alexithymia in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08106-6 |journal=Supportive Care in Cancer |language=en |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=675 |doi=10.1007/s00520-023-08106-6 |issn=1433-7339 |pmid=37932546}}</ref> E be often associated plus difficulties insyd attachment den interpersonal relations. == Etymology == Dem introduce de term ''alexithymia'' by psychotherapists John Case Nemiah den Peter Sifneos insyd 1970 to describe a particular psychological phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=John |title='Modern Trends in Psychosomatic Medicine |publisher=Butterworths |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-407-31301-9 |editor-last=Hill |editor-first=Oscar W. |volume=2 |location=London |pages=26–34 |chapter=Affect and fantasy in patients with psychosomatic disorders |issn=0091-343X}}</ref><ref name="Bar-On">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofemotio0000unse_i1e3 |title=The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Development, Assessment, and Application at Home, School, and in the Workplace |vauthors=Bar-On R, Parker JD |publisher=Jossey-Bass |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7879-4984-6 |location=San Francisco, California |url-access=registration}} pp. 40–59</ref><ref name="Taylor28312">Taylor GJ & Taylor HS (1997). Alexithymia. In M. McCallum & W.E. Piper (Eds.) ''Psychological mindedness: A contemporary understanding''. Munich: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates pp. 28–31. <nowiki>ISBN 9780805817225</nowiki></ref><ref name="Duden Medizin2">{{cite book |title=[[Duden]]. Das Wörterbuch medizinischer Fachausdrücke. Software für PC-Bibliothek. |publisher=Bibliographisches Institut |location=Mannheim |chapter=Stichwort <nowiki>Alexi | thymie</nowiki>}}</ref> De word be formed by combining de alpha privative prefix ἀ- (''a-'', wey dey mean 'not') plus λέξις (''léxis'', wey dey refer to 'words') den θῡμός (''thȳmós'', wey dey denote 'disposition,' 'feeling,' anaa 'rage') insyd a way wey be like "[[dyslexia]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=alexithymic - definition of alexithymic in English |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/alexithymic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011225303/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/alexithymic |archive-date=11 October 2016 |access-date=11 October 2016 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> Insyd ein literal sense, ''alexithymia'' dey signify de "inability to describe feelings correctly".<ref name="Duden Medizin2" /> People wey exhibit alexithymic traits anaa characteristics commonly be referred to as ''alexithymics'' anaa ''alexithymiacs''.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mark A |year=2005 |title=Organizing emotions in health care |journal=Journal of Health Organization and Management |volume=19 |issue=4–5 |pages=277–289 |doi=10.1108/14777260510615332 |pmid=16206913}}</ref> d0kssvsq7zjyt75ayapj5ilkr7vfbs8 97497 97496 2026-05-01T18:53:34Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alexithymia''' (/əˌlɛksɪˈθaɪmiə/, ə-LEK-sih-THY-mee-ə), dem sanso call '''emotional blindness''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Emotional Blindness of Alexithymia |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/mind-guest-blog/the-emotional-blindness-of-alexithymia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521183234/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/mind-guest-blog/the-emotional-blindness-of-alexithymia/ |archive-date=2023-05-21 |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Scientific American Blog Network |language=en}}</ref> be a neuropsychological phenomenon wey be characterized by difficulties processing anaa describing one ein emotions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Preece |first=David A. |last2=Gross |first2=James J. |date=2023-12-01 |title=Conceptualizing alexithymia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886923002982 |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=215 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2023.112375 |issn=0191-8869 |article-number=112375}}</ref> Alexithymia dey occur insyd 5% of de general population, though e be more common for those plus conditions such as autism (50%),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kinnaird |first=Emma |last2=Stewart |first2=Catherine |last3=Tchanturia |first3=Kate |date=January 2019 |title=Investigating alexithymia in autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=European Psychiatry |language=en |volume=55 |pages=80–89 |doi=10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.09.004 |issn=0924-9338 |pmc=6331035 |pmid=30399531}}</ref> post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 42%),<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Putica |first=Andrea |last2=Van Dam |first2=Nicholas T. |last3=Steward |first3=Trevor |last4=Agathos |first4=James |last5=Felmingham |first5=Kim |last6=O'Donnell |first6=Meaghan |date=1 January 2021 |title=Alexithymia in post-traumatic stress disorder is not just emotion numbing: Systematic review of neural evidence and clinical implications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032720327968 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=278 |pages=519–527 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.100 |issn=0165-0327 |pmid=33017680}}</ref> den cancer (37%).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Yaxin |last2=Du |first2=Qiufeng |last3=Jiang |first3=Yunlan |date=2023-11-07 |title=Prevalence of alexithymia in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08106-6 |journal=Supportive Care in Cancer |language=en |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=675 |doi=10.1007/s00520-023-08106-6 |issn=1433-7339 |pmid=37932546}}</ref> E be often associated plus difficulties insyd attachment den interpersonal relations. == Etymology == Dem introduce de term ''alexithymia'' by psychotherapists John Case Nemiah den Peter Sifneos insyd 1970 to describe a particular psychological phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=John |title='Modern Trends in Psychosomatic Medicine |publisher=Butterworths |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-407-31301-9 |editor-last=Hill |editor-first=Oscar W. |volume=2 |location=London |pages=26–34 |chapter=Affect and fantasy in patients with psychosomatic disorders |issn=0091-343X}}</ref><ref name="Bar-On">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofemotio0000unse_i1e3 |title=The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Development, Assessment, and Application at Home, School, and in the Workplace |vauthors=Bar-On R, Parker JD |publisher=Jossey-Bass |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7879-4984-6 |location=San Francisco, California |url-access=registration}} pp. 40–59</ref><ref name="Taylor28312">Taylor GJ & Taylor HS (1997). Alexithymia. In M. McCallum & W.E. Piper (Eds.) ''Psychological mindedness: A contemporary understanding''. Munich: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates pp. 28–31. <nowiki>ISBN 9780805817225</nowiki></ref><ref name="Duden Medizin2">{{cite book |title=[[Duden]]. Das Wörterbuch medizinischer Fachausdrücke. Software für PC-Bibliothek. |publisher=Bibliographisches Institut |location=Mannheim |chapter=Stichwort <nowiki>Alexi | thymie</nowiki>}}</ref> De word be formed by combining de alpha privative prefix ἀ- (''a-'', wey dey mean 'not') plus λέξις (''léxis'', wey dey refer to 'words') den θῡμός (''thȳmós'', wey dey denote 'disposition,' 'feeling,' anaa 'rage') insyd a way wey be like "[[dyslexia]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=alexithymic - definition of alexithymic in English |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/alexithymic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011225303/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/alexithymic |archive-date=11 October 2016 |access-date=11 October 2016 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> Insyd ein literal sense, ''alexithymia'' dey signify de "inability to describe feelings correctly".<ref name="Duden Medizin2" /> People wey exhibit alexithymic traits anaa characteristics commonly be referred to as ''alexithymics'' anaa ''alexithymiacs''.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mark A |year=2005 |title=Organizing emotions in health care |journal=Journal of Health Organization and Management |volume=19 |issue=4–5 |pages=277–289 |doi=10.1108/14777260510615332 |pmid=16206913}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q1129046|c=Category:Alexithymia|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=Alexithymia|species=no}} {{Pervasive developmental disorders}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Agnosia]] [[Category:Cognition]] [[Category:Neuropsychology]] [[Category:Personality traits]] [[Category:Symptoms den signs of mental disorders]] [[Category:1970s neologisms]] [[Category:Personality psychology]] [[Category:Autism]] ioslp7bhxmn43euhi128mfgnc96z15u 14 26668 97498 2026-05-01T18:55:16Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97498 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26669 97499 2026-05-01T18:55:49Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97499 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26670 97500 2026-05-01T18:56:03Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97500 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26671 97501 2026-05-01T18:56:16Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97501 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26672 97502 2026-05-01T19:04:52Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348873732|Distinct anxiety]]" 97502 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Distinct anxiety''', insyd de context of [[Autism|autism spectrum disorder]] (ASD), dey refer to anxiety symptoms wey no be typically captured by standard DSM criteria for [[Anxiety disorder|anxiety disorders]].<ref name="laura2">{{cite news|last1=DATTARO|first1=LAURA|title=Anxiety specific to autism linked to amygdala differences|url=https://www.thetransmitter.org/spectrum/anxiety-specific-to-autism-linked-to-amygdala-differences/|work=The Transmitter|date=3 May 2021}}</ref><ref>[https://www.brightpoint-md.com/anxiety-treatment/distinct-anxiety-and-it-impacts/ Distinct Anxiety and Its Impact on Mental Health] Bright Point Wellness, December 27, 2024</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andrews |first=D. S. |last2=Aksman |first2=L. |last3=Kerns |first3=C. M. |last4=Lee |first4=J. K. |last5=Winder-Patel |first5=B. M. |last6=Harvey |first6=D. J. |last7=Waizbard-Bartov |first7=E. |last8=Heath |first8=B. |last9=Solomon |first9=M. |last10=Rogers |first10=S. J. |last11=Altmann |first11=A. |last12=Nordahl |first12=C. W. |last13=Amaral |first13=D. G. |date=1 June 2022 |title=Association of Amygdala Development With Different Forms of Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder |journal=Biological Psychiatry |publisher=National Library of Medicine |volume=91 |issue=11 |pages=977–987 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.01.016 |pmc=9116934 |pmid=35341582}}</ref> Autistic-specific anxiety dey include unique triggers den responses no commonly be observed insyd neurotypical individuals.<ref name="Megan2">{{cite news|last1=Neff|first1=Dr. Megan Anna|title=Autistic Anxiety Vs. Neurotypical Anxiety: Understanding The Difference|url=https://neurodivergentinsights.com/autistic-anxiety/|work=Neurodivergent Insights|date=April 18, 2024}}</ref> Dese anxieties often be unique to individuals plus ASD wey fi manifest as fears of change, uncommon phobias (e.g., specific sounds, facial features), den anxieties wey be related to social confusion rather dan just fear of negative evaluation.<ref name="California2">{{cite news|title=Distinct Anxiety: 6 Triggers You Can’t Ignore|url=https://treatmhcalifornia.com/blog/distinct-anxiety/|work=Treat Mental Health California|date=April 21, 2025}}</ref> Co-occurring anxiety disorders den ASD insyd kiddies be hard to diagnose secof overlapping symptoms of chaw anxiety disorders den ASD den de lack of appropriate diagnostic tools.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Khaleeq |first=Humaira |last2=Malik |first2=Mohsin |last3=Harpwood |first3=Victoria |date=August 2025 |title=A systematic review of the treatments of anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10398562251346614 |journal=Australasian Psychiatry |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=742–755 |doi=10.1177/10398562251346614 |issn=1039-8562 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == References == t11ktwd4s8r6usf8hb8mdjtn64t88pc