Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.26 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 17352 97537 97512 2026-05-02T21:45:56Z DaSupremo 9 Revert edit 97537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kofi Abrefa Busia''' (11 July 1913 – 28 August 1978)<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 August 2017|title=August 28, 1978: Prime Minister of 2nd Republic Dr. Kofi Abrefa Busia Dies in London|url=https://www.eaumf.org/ejm-blog/2017/8/28/august-28-1978-prime-minister-of-2nd-republic-dr-kofi-abrefa-busia-dies-in-london|access-date=13 August 2020|website=Edward A. Ulzen Memorial Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> na he be a [[Ghana|Ghanaian]] political leader den academic wey na he be Prime Minister of Ghana from 1969 to 1972. As a leader den prime minister, na he help make dem restore civilian government to de country dey follow military rule.<ref name="Martin2">{{Cite book|last=Martin|first=G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqYEhtONIBgC|title=African Political Thought|date=23 December 2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137062055|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611034655/https://books.google.com/books?id=rqYEhtONIBgC|archive-date=11 June 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na dem overthrow am insyd a military coup insyd 1972.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lyons |first=Terrence |date=1997 |title=Ghana’s Encouraging Elections: A Major Step Forward |url=https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1997.0019 |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=65–77 |doi=10.1353/jod.1997.0019 |issn=1086-3214 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==Early life den education== Na dem born Busia insyd [[Wenchi]], a town insyd de Brong Ahafo Region (dem now call [[Bono Region]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-04 |title=Brong Ahafo to be known as Bono Region - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2019/February-15th/brong-ahafo-to-be-known-as-bono-region.php |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=myjoyonline.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904041412/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2019/February-15th/brong-ahafo-to-be-known-as-bono-region.php |archive-date=2019-09-04}}</ref> Wenchi dey now insyd de Bono region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=122 |title=Dr Kofi Abrefa Busia, Ex-Prime Minister: 1969 – 1972 |publisher=ghanaweb.com |access-date=4 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006020000/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=122 |archive-date=6 October 2016 }}</ref> Na he be educated at Methodist School, Wenchi, Mfantsipim School, [[Cape Coast]], then at Wesley College, Kumasi, from 1931 to 1932. Na he teach at Wesley College wey na he lef make he study at [[Achimota School|Achimota College]] insyd 1935 wey na he teach der. Na he gain ein first degree plus Honours insyd Medieval den Modern History from de University of London, thru correspondence during dis period. He then go on to study at University College, Oxford,<ref name="ucr79">{{cite magazine|title=Dr. K. A. Busia|magazine=University College Record|volume=VII|issue=5|date=1979|pages=283–286}}</ref> wer na he be de college ein first African student. Na he return to de [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] insyd 1942.<ref name="Heads of States and Governments Since 1945">{{cite book|last=Lentz|first=Harris M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6HKAgAAQBAJ&q=Kofi+Abrefa+Busia+born&pg=PA320|title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945|date=4 February 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-26490-2|page=320}}</ref> Na he take a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA (Hons)]] insyd Philosophy, Politics, den Economics (1941, MA 1946) den a DPhil insyd Social Anthropology insyd 1947 at Nuffield College, Oxford, plus a thesis dem entitle "''The position of the chief in the modern political system of Ashanti: a study of the influence of contemporary social changes on Ashanti political institutions''". Na he be a Fulbright scholar insyd 1954.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fulbright Notable Alumni: Heads of State/Government|url=https://eca.state.gov/fulbright/fulbright-alumni/notable-fulbrighters/heads-stategovernment}}</ref> == Political career == Na Busia serve as a district commissioner from 1942 to 1949, wey na dem appoint am first lecturer insyd African Studies. He cam be de first African make he occupy a chair at de University College of de Gold Coast (now de [[University of Ghana]]). Insyd 1951 na dem he elect am by de Ashanti Confederacy to de Legislative Council. Insyd 1952, na he be Leader of Ghana Congress Party, wich later merge plus de oda opposition parties to form de United Party (UP). ==Bibliography== * ''The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti''. London, 1951 (orig. dissertation, Oxford) * ''The Sociology and Culture of Africa''. Leiden, 1960<ref>{{cite web|last=Busia|first=K.A.|date=1960|title=The sociology and culture of Africa: its nature and scope (Inaugural lecture)|url=https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/33398|url-status=live|access-date=2 August 2022|publisher=Leiden University|location=Netherlands}}</ref> * ''The Challenge of Africa''. New York, 1962 * ''Purposeful Education for Africa''. The Hague, 1964 * ''Urban Churches in Britain''. London, 1966 * ''Africa in Search of Democracy''. London, 1967 == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726104952/http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&listing=Busia,%20Dr%20Kofi%20Abrefa&page=viewListing&lid=250&Itemid=36 Ghana-pedia webpage – Dr Kofi A. Busia] *[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/pop-up.php?ID=122 Ghanaweb about Dr. Busia] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120205063059/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/pop-up.php?ID=122 Archived] 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071009111751/http://www.busiafoundinternational.org/about_busia.html Busia Foundation] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Busia, Kofi Abrefa}} [[Category:1913 births]] [[Category:1978 deaths]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Alumni of Nuffield College, Oxford]] [[Category:Alumni of de University of London]] [[Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford]] [[Category:Fellows of St Antony's College, Oxford]] [[Category:Ghana Congress Party politicians]] [[Category:Ghanaian democracy activists]] [[Category:Ghanaian Methodists]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 1951–1954]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 1954–1956]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 1956–1965]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 1969–1972]] [[Category:Ghanaian royalty]] [[Category:Leaders dem oust by a coup]] [[Category:Academic staff of Leiden University]] [[Category:Mfantsipim School alumni]] [[Category:Politicians wey komot Brong-Ahafo Region]] [[Category:Prime ministers of Ghana]] [[Category:Progress Party (Ghana) politicians]] [[Category:United Party (Ghana) politicians]] [[Category:Academic staff of de University of Ghana]] jbxchhx632czzx5uzrutmti5qyhwgd3 0 26666 97513 97505 2026-05-02T14:59:51Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gastroesophageal reflux disease''' ('''GERD''') anaa '''gastro-oesophageal reflux disease''' ('''GORD''') be a chronic upper gastrointestinal disease insyd wich stomach content persistently den regularly flow up into de esophagus, wey dey result in symptoms den/anaa complications.<ref name="NIH20142">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Acid Reflux (GER & GERD) in Adults |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222022538/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=[[National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]] (NIDDK)}}</ref><ref name="Kah2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kahrilas PJ, Shaheen NJ, Vaezi MF |date=October 2008 |title=American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=1392–1413, 1413.e1–5 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2008.08.044 |pmid=18801365 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=Melinda |date=June 2010 |title=Book Review: Krause's Food and Nutrition TherapyMahanLKEscott-StumpS. Krause's Food and Nutrition Therapy. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; (2007). 1376 pp, $149.95. ISBN: 978-1-4160-3401-8. |journal=Nutrition in Clinical Practice |volume=25 |issue=3 |page=314 |doi=10.1177/0884533610362901 |issn=0884-5336}}</ref> Symptoms dey include dental corrosion, dysphagia, heartburn, odynophagia, regurgitation, non-cardiac chest pain, extraesophageal symptoms such as chronic cough, hoarseness, reflux-induced laryngitis, anaa [[asthma]].<ref name=":2" /> Insyd de long term, den wen no be treated, complications such as esophagitis, esophageal stricture, den Barrett's esophagus fi arise.<ref name="NIH20142" /> Risk factors dey include [[obesity]], [[pregnancy]], smoking, hiatal hernia, den dey take certain medications. Medications wey fi cause anaa worsen de disease dey include benzodiazepines, calcium channel blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, NSAIDs, den certain asthma medicines. Acid reflux be secof poor closure of de lower esophageal sphincter, wich be at de junction between de stomach den de esophagus. Diagnosis among those wey no dey improve plus simpler measures fi involve gastroscopy, upper GI series, esophageal pH monitoring, anaa esophageal manometry.<ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Acid Reflux (GER & GERD) in Adults |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222022538/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=[[National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]] (NIDDK)}}</ref> Treatment options dey include lifestyle changes, medications, den sam times surgery give those wey no dey improve plus de first two measures. Lifestyle changes dey include no dey lie down for three hours after eating, lying down on de left side, raising de pillow anaa bedhead height, losing weight, den stop dey blaze.<ref name="NIH2014" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2019 |title=Best Sleeping Position For Acid Reflux: The Gerd Sleeping Position |url=https://www.sleepscore.com/the-one-sleeping-position-to-avoid-for-acid-reflux/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426142440/https://www.sleepscore.com/the-one-sleeping-position-to-avoid-for-acid-reflux/ |archive-date=26 April 2021 |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=SleepScore |language=en-US}}</ref> Foods wey fi precipitate GERD symptoms dey include coffee, alcohol, chocolate, fatty foods, acidic foods, den spicy foods.<ref name="AGA20082">{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Kahrilas PJ, Shaheen NJ, Vaezi MF, Hiltz SW, Black E, Modlin IM, Johnson SP, Allen J, Brill JV |date=October 2008 |title=American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=1383–91, 1391.e1–5 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2008.08.045 |pmid=18789939 |doi-access=free}} * {{lay source |template=cite web |title=American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease |website=National Guideline Clearinghouse |url=http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=13315 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817113825/http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=13315 |archive-date=17 August 2010}}</ref> Medications dey include antacids, H₂ receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, den prokinetics.<ref name=NIH2014/><ref name="Her2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hershcovici T, Fass R |date=April 2011 |title=Pharmacological management of GERD: where does it stand now? |journal=Trends in Pharmacological Sciences |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=258–64 |doi=10.1016/j.tips.2011.02.007 |pmid=21429600}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] pco14mtfh25122b5g6uqtgua6bumirg 97514 97513 2026-05-02T15:04:10Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gastroesophageal reflux disease''' ('''GERD''') anaa '''gastro-oesophageal reflux disease''' ('''GORD''') be a chronic upper gastrointestinal disease insyd wich stomach content persistently den regularly flow up into de esophagus, wey dey result in symptoms den/anaa complications.<ref name="NIH20142">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Acid Reflux (GER & GERD) in Adults |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222022538/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=[[National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]] (NIDDK)}}</ref><ref name="Kah2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kahrilas PJ, Shaheen NJ, Vaezi MF |date=October 2008 |title=American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=1392–1413, 1413.e1–5 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2008.08.044 |pmid=18801365 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=Melinda |date=June 2010 |title=Book Review: Krause's Food and Nutrition TherapyMahanLKEscott-StumpS. Krause's Food and Nutrition Therapy. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; (2007). 1376 pp, $149.95. ISBN: 978-1-4160-3401-8. |journal=Nutrition in Clinical Practice |volume=25 |issue=3 |page=314 |doi=10.1177/0884533610362901 |issn=0884-5336}}</ref> Symptoms dey include dental corrosion, dysphagia, heartburn, odynophagia, regurgitation, non-cardiac chest pain, extraesophageal symptoms such as chronic cough, hoarseness, reflux-induced laryngitis, anaa [[asthma]].<ref name=":2" /> Insyd de long term, den wen no be treated, complications such as esophagitis, esophageal stricture, den Barrett's esophagus fi arise.<ref name="NIH20142" /> Risk factors dey include [[obesity]], [[pregnancy]], smoking, hiatal hernia, den dey take certain medications. Medications wey fi cause anaa worsen de disease dey include benzodiazepines, calcium channel blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, NSAIDs, den certain asthma medicines. Acid reflux be secof poor closure of de lower esophageal sphincter, wich be at de junction between de stomach den de esophagus. Diagnosis among those wey no dey improve plus simpler measures fi involve gastroscopy, upper GI series, esophageal pH monitoring, anaa esophageal manometry.<ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Acid Reflux (GER & GERD) in Adults |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222022538/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=[[National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]] (NIDDK)}}</ref> Treatment options dey include lifestyle changes, medications, den sam times surgery give those wey no dey improve plus de first two measures. Lifestyle changes dey include no dey lie down for three hours after eating, lying down on de left side, raising de pillow anaa bedhead height, losing weight, den stop dey blaze.<ref name="NIH2014" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2019 |title=Best Sleeping Position For Acid Reflux: The Gerd Sleeping Position |url=https://www.sleepscore.com/the-one-sleeping-position-to-avoid-for-acid-reflux/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426142440/https://www.sleepscore.com/the-one-sleeping-position-to-avoid-for-acid-reflux/ |archive-date=26 April 2021 |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=SleepScore |language=en-US}}</ref> Foods wey fi precipitate GERD symptoms dey include coffee, alcohol, chocolate, fatty foods, acidic foods, den spicy foods.<ref name="AGA20082">{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Kahrilas PJ, Shaheen NJ, Vaezi MF, Hiltz SW, Black E, Modlin IM, Johnson SP, Allen J, Brill JV |date=October 2008 |title=American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=1383–91, 1391.e1–5 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2008.08.045 |pmid=18789939 |doi-access=free}} * {{lay source |template=cite web |title=American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease |website=National Guideline Clearinghouse |url=http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=13315 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817113825/http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=13315 |archive-date=17 August 2010}}</ref> Medications dey include antacids, H₂ receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, den prokinetics.<ref name=NIH2014/><ref name="Her2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hershcovici T, Fass R |date=April 2011 |title=Pharmacological management of GERD: where does it stand now? |journal=Trends in Pharmacological Sciences |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=258–64 |doi=10.1016/j.tips.2011.02.007 |pmid=21429600}}</ref> Insyd de Western world, between 10 den 20% of de population be affected by GERD.<ref name=Her2011/> E be highly prevalent insyd [[North America]], plus 18% to 28% of de population dey suffer from de condition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=El-Serag |first1=Hashem B |last2=Sweet |first2=Stephen |last3=Winchester |first3=Christopher C |last4=Dent |first4=John |date=June 2014 |title=Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review |journal=Gut |language=en |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=871–880 |doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304269 |issn=0017-5749 |pmc=4046948 |pmid=23853213}}</ref> Occasional gastroesophageal reflux widout troublesome symptoms anaa complications even be more common.<ref name=NIH2014/> De classic symptoms of GERD be first described insyd 1925, wen Friedenwald den Feldman comment on heartburn den ein possible relationship to a hiatal hernia.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Granderath |first1=Frank Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbV09gYB6DkC&pg=PA161 |title=Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Principles of Disease, Diagnosis, and Treatment |last2=Kamolz |first2=Thomas |last3=Pointner |first3=Rudolph |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-211-32317-5 |page=161 |access-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101062858/https://books.google.com/books?id=wbV09gYB6DkC&pg=PA161 |archive-date=1 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd 1934, gastroenterologist Asher Winkelstein describe reflux den attribute de symptoms to stomach acid.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Arcangelo |first1=Virginia Poole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaP1yJz4fkEC&pg=PA372 |title=Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice: A Practical Approach |last2=Peterson |first2=Andrew M. |date=2006 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-5784-3 |page=372 |access-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105150606/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaP1yJz4fkEC&pg=PA372 |archive-date=5 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] pgv7wlkocokhhevwz8xf0i23mjd0693 97515 97514 2026-05-02T15:08:36Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gastroesophageal reflux disease''' ('''GERD''') anaa '''gastro-oesophageal reflux disease''' ('''GORD''') be a chronic upper gastrointestinal disease insyd wich stomach content persistently den regularly flow up into de esophagus, wey dey result in symptoms den/anaa complications.<ref name="NIH20142">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Acid Reflux (GER & GERD) in Adults |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222022538/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=[[National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]] (NIDDK)}}</ref><ref name="Kah2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kahrilas PJ, Shaheen NJ, Vaezi MF |date=October 2008 |title=American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=1392–1413, 1413.e1–5 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2008.08.044 |pmid=18801365 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=Melinda |date=June 2010 |title=Book Review: Krause's Food and Nutrition TherapyMahanLKEscott-StumpS. Krause's Food and Nutrition Therapy. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; (2007). 1376 pp, $149.95. ISBN: 978-1-4160-3401-8. |journal=Nutrition in Clinical Practice |volume=25 |issue=3 |page=314 |doi=10.1177/0884533610362901 |issn=0884-5336}}</ref> Symptoms dey include dental corrosion, dysphagia, heartburn, odynophagia, regurgitation, non-cardiac chest pain, extraesophageal symptoms such as chronic cough, hoarseness, reflux-induced laryngitis, anaa [[asthma]].<ref name=":2" /> Insyd de long term, den wen no be treated, complications such as esophagitis, esophageal stricture, den Barrett's esophagus fi arise.<ref name="NIH20142" /> Risk factors dey include [[obesity]], [[pregnancy]], smoking, hiatal hernia, den dey take certain medications. Medications wey fi cause anaa worsen de disease dey include benzodiazepines, calcium channel blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, NSAIDs, den certain asthma medicines. Acid reflux be secof poor closure of de lower esophageal sphincter, wich be at de junction between de stomach den de esophagus. Diagnosis among those wey no dey improve plus simpler measures fi involve gastroscopy, upper GI series, esophageal pH monitoring, anaa esophageal manometry.<ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Acid Reflux (GER & GERD) in Adults |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222022538/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=[[National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]] (NIDDK)}}</ref> Treatment options dey include lifestyle changes, medications, den sam times surgery give those wey no dey improve plus de first two measures. Lifestyle changes dey include no dey lie down for three hours after eating, lying down on de left side, raising de pillow anaa bedhead height, losing weight, den stop dey blaze.<ref name="NIH2014" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2019 |title=Best Sleeping Position For Acid Reflux: The Gerd Sleeping Position |url=https://www.sleepscore.com/the-one-sleeping-position-to-avoid-for-acid-reflux/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426142440/https://www.sleepscore.com/the-one-sleeping-position-to-avoid-for-acid-reflux/ |archive-date=26 April 2021 |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=SleepScore |language=en-US}}</ref> Foods wey fi precipitate GERD symptoms dey include coffee, alcohol, chocolate, fatty foods, acidic foods, den spicy foods.<ref name="AGA20082">{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Kahrilas PJ, Shaheen NJ, Vaezi MF, Hiltz SW, Black E, Modlin IM, Johnson SP, Allen J, Brill JV |date=October 2008 |title=American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=1383–91, 1391.e1–5 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2008.08.045 |pmid=18789939 |doi-access=free}} </ref> Medications dey include antacids, H₂ receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, den prokinetics.<ref name=NIH2014/><ref name="Her2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hershcovici T, Fass R |date=April 2011 |title=Pharmacological management of GERD: where does it stand now? |journal=Trends in Pharmacological Sciences |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=258–64 |doi=10.1016/j.tips.2011.02.007 |pmid=21429600}}</ref> Insyd de Western world, between 10 den 20% of de population be affected by GERD.<ref name=Her2011/> E be highly prevalent insyd [[North America]], plus 18% to 28% of de population dey suffer from de condition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=El-Serag |first1=Hashem B |last2=Sweet |first2=Stephen |last3=Winchester |first3=Christopher C |last4=Dent |first4=John |date=June 2014 |title=Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review |journal=Gut |language=en |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=871–880 |doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304269 |issn=0017-5749 |pmc=4046948 |pmid=23853213}}</ref> Occasional gastroesophageal reflux widout troublesome symptoms anaa complications even be more common.<ref name=NIH2014/> De classic symptoms of GERD be first described insyd 1925, wen Friedenwald den Feldman comment on heartburn den ein possible relationship to a hiatal hernia.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Granderath |first1=Frank Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbV09gYB6DkC&pg=PA161 |title=Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Principles of Disease, Diagnosis, and Treatment |last2=Kamolz |first2=Thomas |last3=Pointner |first3=Rudolph |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-211-32317-5 |page=161 |access-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101062858/https://books.google.com/books?id=wbV09gYB6DkC&pg=PA161 |archive-date=1 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd 1934, gastroenterologist Asher Winkelstein describe reflux den attribute de symptoms to stomach acid.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Arcangelo |first1=Virginia Poole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaP1yJz4fkEC&pg=PA372 |title=Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice: A Practical Approach |last2=Peterson |first2=Andrew M. |date=2006 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-5784-3 |page=372 |access-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105150606/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaP1yJz4fkEC&pg=PA372 |archive-date=5 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Lichtenstein DR, Cash BD, Davila R, Baron TH, Adler DG, Anderson MA, Dominitz JA, Gan SI, Harrison ME, Ikenberry SO, Qureshi WA, Rajan E, Shen B, Zuckerman MJ, Fanelli RD, VanGuilder T |date=August 2007 |title=Role of endoscopy in the management of GERD |url=https://www.asge.org/docs/default-source/education/practice_guidelines/doc-endoscopy_in_the_managment_of_gerd.pdf |journal=[[Gastrointestinal Endoscopy]] |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=219–24 |doi=10.1016/j.gie.2007.05.027 |pmid=17643692}} ** {{cite web |title=Role of endoscopy in the management of GERD |website=National Guideline Clearinghouse |url=http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=12023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928094032/https://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=12023 |archive-date=28 September 2010}} * {{Cite journal |vauthors=Hirano I, Richter JE |date=March 2007 |title=ACG practice guidelines: esophageal reflux testing |journal=American Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=668–85 |citeseerx=10.1.1.619.3818 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00936.x |pmid=17335450 |s2cid=10854440}} * {{Cite journal |vauthors=Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF |date=March 2013 |title=Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease |journal=American Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=108 |issue=3 |pages=308–28 |doi=10.1038/ajg.2012.444 |pmid=23419381 |doi-access=free}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Medical conditions wey relate to obesity]] [[Category:Stomach disorders]] [[Category:Gastrointestinal motility disorders]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] p39hfhutqgebvxenomt3r9lwjeq9pcd 0 26672 97534 97502 2026-05-02T19:02:45Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Distinct anxiety''', insyd de context of [[Autism|autism spectrum disorder]] (ASD), dey refer to anxiety symptoms wey no be typically captured by standard DSM criteria for [[Anxiety disorder|anxiety disorders]].<ref name="laura2">{{cite news|last1=DATTARO|first1=LAURA|title=Anxiety specific to autism linked to amygdala differences|url=https://www.thetransmitter.org/spectrum/anxiety-specific-to-autism-linked-to-amygdala-differences/|work=The Transmitter|date=3 May 2021}}</ref><ref>[https://www.brightpoint-md.com/anxiety-treatment/distinct-anxiety-and-it-impacts/ Distinct Anxiety and Its Impact on Mental Health] Bright Point Wellness, December 27, 2024</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andrews |first=D. S. |last2=Aksman |first2=L. |last3=Kerns |first3=C. M. |last4=Lee |first4=J. K. |last5=Winder-Patel |first5=B. M. |last6=Harvey |first6=D. J. |last7=Waizbard-Bartov |first7=E. |last8=Heath |first8=B. |last9=Solomon |first9=M. |last10=Rogers |first10=S. J. |last11=Altmann |first11=A. |last12=Nordahl |first12=C. W. |last13=Amaral |first13=D. G. |date=1 June 2022 |title=Association of Amygdala Development With Different Forms of Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder |journal=Biological Psychiatry |publisher=National Library of Medicine |volume=91 |issue=11 |pages=977–987 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.01.016 |pmc=9116934 |pmid=35341582}}</ref> Autistic-specific anxiety dey include unique triggers den responses no commonly be observed insyd neurotypical individuals.<ref name="Megan2">{{cite news|last1=Neff|first1=Dr. Megan Anna|title=Autistic Anxiety Vs. Neurotypical Anxiety: Understanding The Difference|url=https://neurodivergentinsights.com/autistic-anxiety/|work=Neurodivergent Insights|date=April 18, 2024}}</ref> Dese anxieties often be unique to individuals plus ASD wey fi manifest as fears of change, uncommon phobias (e.g., specific sounds, facial features), den anxieties wey be related to social confusion rather dan just fear of negative evaluation.<ref name="California2">{{cite news|title=Distinct Anxiety: 6 Triggers You Can’t Ignore|url=https://treatmhcalifornia.com/blog/distinct-anxiety/|work=Treat Mental Health California|date=April 21, 2025}}</ref> Co-occurring anxiety disorders den ASD insyd kiddies be hard to diagnose secof overlapping symptoms of chaw anxiety disorders den ASD den de lack of appropriate diagnostic tools.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Khaleeq |first=Humaira |last2=Malik |first2=Mohsin |last3=Harpwood |first3=Victoria |date=August 2025 |title=A systematic review of the treatments of anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10398562251346614 |journal=Australasian Psychiatry |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=742–755 |doi=10.1177/10398562251346614 |issn=1039-8562 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{Pervasive developmental disorders}} {{Autism resources}} {{Mental and behavioural disorders|selected=neurological}} [[Category:Autism]] qww4hmxmjxzdvdgz3txabwjddfs7nf2 14 26673 97516 2026-05-02T15:10:51Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97516 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26674 97517 2026-05-02T15:11:05Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97517 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26675 97518 2026-05-02T15:49:20Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1469156|Phenobarbital]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 97518 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 97519 97518 2026-05-02T16:01:27Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Phenobarbital''', dem sanso know as '''phenobarbitone''', dem sell under de brand name '''Luminal''' among odas, be a [[medication]] of de barbiturate type.<ref name="AHFS20152">{{cite web |title=Phenobarbital |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=14 August 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> E be recommended by de [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) for de treatment of certain types of [[epilepsy]] insyd developing countries.<ref name=Ila2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ilangaratne NB, Mannakkara NN, Bell GS, Sander JW | title = Phenobarbital: missing in action | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 90 | issue = 12 | pages = 871–871A | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23284189 | pmc = 3524964 | doi = 10.2471/BLT.12.113183 }}</ref> Insyd de developed world, e be commonly used to treat seizures insyd young kiddies,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brodie MJ, Kwan P | title = Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future | journal = Epilepsia | volume = 53 | issue = Suppl 8 | pages = 40–46 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23205961 | doi = 10.1111/epi.12027 | s2cid = 25553143 | doi-access = free }}</ref> while oda medications be generally used insyd older kiddies den adults.<ref>{{cite web | author = National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK) | title = The Epilepsies: The Diagnosis and Management of the Epilepsies in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care: Pharmacological Update of Clinical Guideline 20. | series = National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance | location = London | publisher = Royal College of Physicians (UK) | date = January 2012 | pmid = 25340221 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK247130/ | via = PubMed | access-date = 30 October 2022 | archive-date = 8 November 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221108092313/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK247130/ | url-status = live }}</ref> E sanso be used for veterinary purposes.<ref name = Dewey>{{cite book| vauthors = Thomas WB| chapter = Seizures and narcolepsy| veditors = Dewey CW | title = A Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology| publisher = Iowa State Press| location = Ames, Iowa| year = 2003| isbn = 978-0-8138-1249-6}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 6kjiczffo02oxcr7d6htd69fl768cnl 97520 97519 2026-05-02T16:08:04Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Phenobarbital''', dem sanso know as '''phenobarbitone''', dem sell under de brand name '''Luminal''' among odas, be a [[medication]] of de barbiturate type.<ref name="AHFS20152">{{cite web |title=Phenobarbital |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=14 August 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> E be recommended by de [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) for de treatment of certain types of [[epilepsy]] insyd developing countries.<ref name=Ila2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ilangaratne NB, Mannakkara NN, Bell GS, Sander JW | title = Phenobarbital: missing in action | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 90 | issue = 12 | pages = 871–871A | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23284189 | pmc = 3524964 | doi = 10.2471/BLT.12.113183 }}</ref> Insyd de developed world, e be commonly used to treat seizures insyd young kiddies,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brodie MJ, Kwan P | title = Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future | journal = Epilepsia | volume = 53 | issue = Suppl 8 | pages = 40–46 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23205961 | doi = 10.1111/epi.12027 | s2cid = 25553143 | doi-access = free }}</ref> while oda medications be generally used insyd older kiddies den adults.<ref>{{cite web | author = National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK) | title = The Epilepsies: The Diagnosis and Management of the Epilepsies in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care: Pharmacological Update of Clinical Guideline 20. | series = National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance | location = London | publisher = Royal College of Physicians (UK) | date = January 2012 | pmid = 25340221 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK247130/ | via = PubMed | access-date = 30 October 2022 | archive-date = 8 November 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221108092313/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK247130/ | url-status = live }}</ref> E sanso be used for veterinary purposes.<ref name = Dewey>{{cite book| vauthors = Thomas WB| chapter = Seizures and narcolepsy| veditors = Dewey CW | title = A Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology| publisher = Iowa State Press| location = Ames, Iowa| year = 2003| isbn = 978-0-8138-1249-6}}</ref> E fi be administered by slow intravenous infusion (IV infusion), intramuscularly (IM), anaa orally (dem swallow by mouth). Subcutaneous administration no be recommended.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> De IV anaa IM (injectable forms) fi be used to treat status epilepticus if oda drugs fail to achieve satisfactory results.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Phenobarbital occasionally be used to treat [[insomnia]], [[anxiety disorder|anxiety]], den benzodiazepine withdrawal (as well as withdrawal from certain oda drugs insyd specific circumstances), den prior to surgery as an anxiolytic den to induce sedation.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=14 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> E usually begin dey work within five minutes wen dem use intravenously den half an hour wen dem administer orally.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ein effects dey last for between four hours den two days.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="Marx2010">{{cite book| vauthors = Marx JA |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&pg=PA1352|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 8zh5igd68tdire1vx7ga4gp19bjn8cv 97521 97520 2026-05-02T16:18:36Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Phenobarbital''', dem sanso know as '''phenobarbitone''', dem sell under de brand name '''Luminal''' among odas, be a [[medication]] of de barbiturate type.<ref name="AHFS20152">{{cite web |title=Phenobarbital |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=14 August 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> E be recommended by de [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) for de treatment of certain types of [[epilepsy]] insyd developing countries.<ref name=Ila2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ilangaratne NB, Mannakkara NN, Bell GS, Sander JW | title = Phenobarbital: missing in action | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 90 | issue = 12 | pages = 871–871A | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23284189 | pmc = 3524964 | doi = 10.2471/BLT.12.113183 }}</ref> Insyd de developed world, e be commonly used to treat seizures insyd young kiddies,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brodie MJ, Kwan P | title = Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future | journal = Epilepsia | volume = 53 | issue = Suppl 8 | pages = 40–46 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23205961 | doi = 10.1111/epi.12027 | s2cid = 25553143 | doi-access = free }}</ref> while oda medications be generally used insyd older kiddies den adults.<ref>{{cite web | author = National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK) | title = The Epilepsies: The Diagnosis and Management of the Epilepsies in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care: Pharmacological Update of Clinical Guideline 20. | series = National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance | location = London | publisher = Royal College of Physicians (UK) | date = January 2012 | pmid = 25340221 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK247130/ | via = PubMed | access-date = 30 October 2022 | archive-date = 8 November 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221108092313/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK247130/ | url-status = live }}</ref> E sanso be used for veterinary purposes.<ref name = Dewey>{{cite book| vauthors = Thomas WB| chapter = Seizures and narcolepsy| veditors = Dewey CW | title = A Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology| publisher = Iowa State Press| location = Ames, Iowa| year = 2003| isbn = 978-0-8138-1249-6}}</ref> E fi be administered by slow intravenous infusion (IV infusion), intramuscularly (IM), anaa orally (dem swallow by mouth). Subcutaneous administration no be recommended.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> De IV anaa IM (injectable forms) fi be used to treat status epilepticus if oda drugs fail to achieve satisfactory results.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Phenobarbital occasionally be used to treat [[insomnia]], [[anxiety disorder|anxiety]], den benzodiazepine withdrawal (as well as withdrawal from certain oda drugs insyd specific circumstances), den prior to surgery as an anxiolytic den to induce sedation.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=14 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> E usually begin dey work within five minutes wen dem use intravenously den half an hour wen dem administer orally.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ein effects dey last for between four hours den two days.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="Marx2010">{{cite book| vauthors = Marx JA |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&pg=PA1352|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Potentially serious side effects dey include a decreased level of consciousness den respiratory depression.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Der be potential for both abuse den [[drug withdrawal|withdrawal]] dey follow long-term use.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> E sanso fi increase de risk of [[suicide]].<ref name=AHFS2015 /> E be pregnancy category D insyd [[Australia]], wey dey mean say e fi cause harm wen dem take am during [[pregnancy]].<ref name=AHFS2015 /><ref>{{cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|work=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> If dem use am during [[breastfeeding]] e fi result in drowsiness insyd de baby.<ref>{{cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}}</ref> Phenobarbital dey work by increasing de activity of de inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] s53lkbxcn8gmizcli69k98bkb3cc73w 97522 97521 2026-05-02T16:26:36Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Phenobarbital''', dem sanso know as '''phenobarbitone''', dem sell under de brand name '''Luminal''' among odas, be a [[medication]] of de barbiturate type.<ref name="AHFS20152">{{cite web |title=Phenobarbital |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=14 August 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> E be recommended by de [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) for de treatment of certain types of [[epilepsy]] insyd developing countries.<ref name=Ila2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ilangaratne NB, Mannakkara NN, Bell GS, Sander JW | title = Phenobarbital: missing in action | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 90 | issue = 12 | pages = 871–871A | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23284189 | pmc = 3524964 | doi = 10.2471/BLT.12.113183 }}</ref> Insyd de developed world, e be commonly used to treat seizures insyd young kiddies,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brodie MJ, Kwan P | title = Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future | journal = Epilepsia | volume = 53 | issue = Suppl 8 | pages = 40–46 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23205961 | doi = 10.1111/epi.12027 | s2cid = 25553143 | doi-access = free }}</ref> while oda medications be generally used insyd older kiddies den adults.<ref>{{cite web | author = National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK) | title = The Epilepsies: The Diagnosis and Management of the Epilepsies in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care: Pharmacological Update of Clinical Guideline 20. | series = National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance | location = London | publisher = Royal College of Physicians (UK) | date = January 2012 | pmid = 25340221 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK247130/ | via = PubMed | access-date = 30 October 2022 | archive-date = 8 November 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221108092313/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK247130/ | url-status = live }}</ref> E sanso be used for veterinary purposes.<ref name = Dewey>{{cite book| vauthors = Thomas WB| chapter = Seizures and narcolepsy| veditors = Dewey CW | title = A Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology| publisher = Iowa State Press| location = Ames, Iowa| year = 2003| isbn = 978-0-8138-1249-6}}</ref> E fi be administered by slow intravenous infusion (IV infusion), intramuscularly (IM), anaa orally (dem swallow by mouth). Subcutaneous administration no be recommended.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> De IV anaa IM (injectable forms) fi be used to treat status epilepticus if oda drugs fail to achieve satisfactory results.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Phenobarbital occasionally be used to treat [[insomnia]], [[anxiety disorder|anxiety]], den benzodiazepine withdrawal (as well as withdrawal from certain oda drugs insyd specific circumstances), den prior to surgery as an anxiolytic den to induce sedation.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=14 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> E usually begin dey work within five minutes wen dem use intravenously den half an hour wen dem administer orally.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ein effects dey last for between four hours den two days.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="Marx2010">{{cite book| vauthors = Marx JA |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&pg=PA1352|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Potentially serious side effects dey include a decreased level of consciousness den respiratory depression.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Der be potential for both abuse den [[drug withdrawal|withdrawal]] dey follow long-term use.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> E sanso fi increase de risk of [[suicide]].<ref name=AHFS2015 /> E be pregnancy category D insyd [[Australia]], wey dey mean say e fi cause harm wen dem take am during [[pregnancy]].<ref name=AHFS2015 /><ref>{{cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|work=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> If dem use am during [[breastfeeding]] e fi result in drowsiness insyd de baby.<ref>{{cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}}</ref> Phenobarbital dey work by increasing de activity of de inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Dem discover phenobarbital insyd 1912 wey e be de oldest still commonly used anti-seizure medication.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Brenner GM, Stevens CW | chapter = Antiepileptic Drugs |title=Pharmacology |date=2013 |publisher= Elsevier/Saunders |location=Philadelphia, PA |isbn=978-1-4557-0278-7 |page=204 |edition=4th | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&pg=PA204 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170904150548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&pg=PA204 |archive-date=4 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Engel J |title=Epilepsy: a comprehensive textbook|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|page=1431|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&pg=PA1431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&pg=PA1431|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] dun8qiunrdmu0eufrohdb73bt4ejncc 97523 97522 2026-05-02T16:33:22Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Phenobarbital''', dem sanso know as '''phenobarbitone''', dem sell under de brand name '''Luminal''' among odas, be a [[medication]] of de barbiturate type.<ref name="AHFS20152">{{cite web |title=Phenobarbital |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=14 August 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> E be recommended by de [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) for de treatment of certain types of [[epilepsy]] insyd developing countries.<ref name=Ila2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ilangaratne NB, Mannakkara NN, Bell GS, Sander JW | title = Phenobarbital: missing in action | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 90 | issue = 12 | pages = 871–871A | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23284189 | pmc = 3524964 | doi = 10.2471/BLT.12.113183 }}</ref> Insyd de developed world, e be commonly used to treat seizures insyd young kiddies,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brodie MJ, Kwan P | title = Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future | journal = Epilepsia | volume = 53 | issue = Suppl 8 | pages = 40–46 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23205961 | doi = 10.1111/epi.12027 | s2cid = 25553143 | doi-access = free }}</ref> while oda medications be generally used insyd older kiddies den adults.<ref>{{cite web | author = National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK) | title = The Epilepsies: The Diagnosis and Management of the Epilepsies in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care: Pharmacological Update of Clinical Guideline 20. | series = National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance | location = London | publisher = Royal College of Physicians (UK) | date = January 2012 | pmid = 25340221 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK247130/ | via = PubMed | access-date = 30 October 2022 | archive-date = 8 November 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221108092313/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK247130/ | url-status = live }}</ref> E sanso be used for veterinary purposes.<ref name = Dewey>{{cite book| vauthors = Thomas WB| chapter = Seizures and narcolepsy| veditors = Dewey CW | title = A Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology| publisher = Iowa State Press| location = Ames, Iowa| year = 2003| isbn = 978-0-8138-1249-6}}</ref> E fi be administered by slow intravenous infusion (IV infusion), intramuscularly (IM), anaa orally (dem swallow by mouth). Subcutaneous administration no be recommended.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> De IV anaa IM (injectable forms) fi be used to treat status epilepticus if oda drugs fail to achieve satisfactory results.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Phenobarbital occasionally be used to treat [[insomnia]], [[anxiety disorder|anxiety]], den benzodiazepine withdrawal (as well as withdrawal from certain oda drugs insyd specific circumstances), den prior to surgery as an anxiolytic den to induce sedation.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=14 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> E usually begin dey work within five minutes wen dem use intravenously den half an hour wen dem administer orally.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ein effects dey last for between four hours den two days.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="Marx2010">{{cite book| vauthors = Marx JA |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&pg=PA1352|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Potentially serious side effects dey include a decreased level of consciousness den respiratory depression.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Der be potential for both abuse den [[drug withdrawal|withdrawal]] dey follow long-term use.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> E sanso fi increase de risk of [[suicide]].<ref name=AHFS2015 /> E be pregnancy category D insyd [[Australia]], wey dey mean say e fi cause harm wen dem take am during [[pregnancy]].<ref name=AHFS2015 /><ref>{{cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|work=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> If dem use am during [[breastfeeding]] e fi result in drowsiness insyd de baby.<ref>{{cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}}</ref> Phenobarbital dey work by increasing de activity of de inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Dem discover phenobarbital insyd 1912 wey e be de oldest still commonly used anti-seizure medication.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Brenner GM, Stevens CW | chapter = Antiepileptic Drugs |title=Pharmacology |date=2013 |publisher= Elsevier/Saunders |location=Philadelphia, PA |isbn=978-1-4557-0278-7 |page=204 |edition=4th | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&pg=PA204 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170904150548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&pg=PA204 |archive-date=4 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Engel J |title=Epilepsy: a comprehensive textbook|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|page=1431|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&pg=PA1431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&pg=PA1431|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Barbiturates]] [[Category:Anxiolytics]] [[Category:CYP3A4 inducers]] [[Category:Hypnotics]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Category:IARC Group 2B carcinogens]] [[Category:Drugs wey Bayer develop]] [[Category:Involuntary euthanasia]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] qj6oatbydghtbiu01ckk135jsqy7xzw 14 26676 97524 2026-05-02T16:35:38Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97524 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26677 97525 2026-05-02T16:40:29Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458272|Haemophilia]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 97525 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 97526 97525 2026-05-02T16:53:53Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haemophilia''' (British English), anaa '''hemophilia''' (American English)<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is Hemophilia? |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html |website=cdc.gov |date=12 May 2020 |publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> (from Ancient Greek αἷμα ''(haîma)'' 'blood' den φιλία ''(philía)'' 'love of),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hemophilia&searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|author=Douglas Harper|access-date=10 October 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306042235/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hemophilia&searchmode=none|archive-date=6 March 2008}}</ref> be a mostly inherited genetic disorder wey dey impair de body ein ability to make blood clots, a process dem need to stop bleeding.<ref name="NIH2013What">{{cite web|title=What Is Hemophilia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bleeding-disorders|website=NHLBI|access-date=8 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004222515/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia|archive-date=4 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="CDC2014">{{cite web|title=Hemophilia Facts|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 September 2016|date=26 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827085015/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> Dis dey result in people bleeding for a longer time after an injury, easy bruising, den an increased risk of bleeding insyd joints anaa de brain.<ref name="NIH2013Sym" /> Those plus a mild case of de disease fi get symptoms only after an accident anaa during surgery.<ref name="NIH2013Sym" /> Bleeding into a joint fi result in permanent damage while bleeding insyd de brain fi result in long term headaches, seizures, anaa an altered level of consciousness.<ref name="NIH2013Sym">{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Hemophilia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=8 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917105954/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/signs|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 4xm35ysowwvwawluidre1qmssm75ool 97527 97526 2026-05-02T17:10:31Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haemophilia''' (British English), anaa '''hemophilia''' (American English)<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is Hemophilia? |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html |website=cdc.gov |date=12 May 2020 |publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> (from Ancient Greek αἷμα ''(haîma)'' 'blood' den φιλία ''(philía)'' 'love of),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hemophilia&searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|author=Douglas Harper|access-date=10 October 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306042235/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hemophilia&searchmode=none|archive-date=6 March 2008}}</ref> be a mostly inherited genetic disorder wey dey impair de body ein ability to make blood clots, a process dem need to stop bleeding.<ref name="NIH2013What">{{cite web|title=What Is Hemophilia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bleeding-disorders|website=NHLBI|access-date=8 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004222515/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia|archive-date=4 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="CDC2014">{{cite web|title=Hemophilia Facts|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 September 2016|date=26 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827085015/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> Dis dey result in people bleeding for a longer time after an injury, easy bruising, den an increased risk of bleeding insyd joints anaa de brain.<ref name="NIH2013Sym" /> Those plus a mild case of de disease fi get symptoms only after an accident anaa during surgery.<ref name="NIH2013Sym" /> Bleeding into a joint fi result in permanent damage while bleeding insyd de brain fi result in long term headaches, seizures, anaa an altered level of consciousness.<ref name="NIH2013Sym">{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Hemophilia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=8 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917105954/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/signs|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> Der be two main types of haemophilia: haemophilia A, wich dey occur secof low amounts of clotting factor VIII, den haemophilia B, wich dey occur secof low levels of clotting factor IX.<ref name=NIH2013What/> Dem be typically inherited from one ein parents thru an X chromosome wey dey carry a nonfunctional gene.<ref name=NIH203Cau/> Most commonly dem find insyd men, haemophilia fi affect women too, though very rarely. A woman go need to inherit two affected X chromosomes to be affected, wereas a man go hia one X chromosome per affected. E be possible for a new mutation to occur during early development, anaa haemophilia fi develop later in life secof antibodies dey form against a clotting factor.<ref name=NIH2013What/><ref name=NIH203Cau>{{cite web|title=What Causes Hemophilia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908233612/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/causes|archive-date=8 September 2016}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] j73gycsv9nua671to939ufjnljnb5uk 97528 97527 2026-05-02T17:22:34Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haemophilia''' (British English), anaa '''hemophilia''' (American English)<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is Hemophilia? |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html |website=cdc.gov |date=12 May 2020 |publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> (from Ancient Greek αἷμα ''(haîma)'' 'blood' den φιλία ''(philía)'' 'love of),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hemophilia&searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|author=Douglas Harper|access-date=10 October 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306042235/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hemophilia&searchmode=none|archive-date=6 March 2008}}</ref> be a mostly inherited genetic disorder wey dey impair de body ein ability to make blood clots, a process dem need to stop bleeding.<ref name="NIH2013What">{{cite web|title=What Is Hemophilia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bleeding-disorders|website=NHLBI|access-date=8 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004222515/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia|archive-date=4 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="CDC2014">{{cite web|title=Hemophilia Facts|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 September 2016|date=26 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827085015/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> Dis dey result in people bleeding for a longer time after an injury, easy bruising, den an increased risk of bleeding insyd joints anaa de brain.<ref name="NIH2013Sym" /> Those plus a mild case of de disease fi get symptoms only after an accident anaa during surgery.<ref name="NIH2013Sym" /> Bleeding into a joint fi result in permanent damage while bleeding insyd de brain fi result in long term headaches, seizures, anaa an altered level of consciousness.<ref name="NIH2013Sym">{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Hemophilia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=8 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917105954/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/signs|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> Der be two main types of haemophilia: haemophilia A, wich dey occur secof low amounts of clotting factor VIII, den haemophilia B, wich dey occur secof low levels of clotting factor IX.<ref name=NIH2013What/> Dem be typically inherited from one ein parents thru an X chromosome wey dey carry a nonfunctional gene.<ref name=NIH203Cau/> Most commonly dem find insyd men, haemophilia fi affect women too, though very rarely. A woman go need to inherit two affected X chromosomes to be affected, wereas a man go hia one X chromosome per affected. E be possible for a new mutation to occur during early development, anaa haemophilia fi develop later in life secof antibodies dey form against a clotting factor.<ref name=NIH2013What/><ref name=NIH203Cau>{{cite web|title=What Causes Hemophilia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908233612/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/causes|archive-date=8 September 2016}}</ref> Oda types dey include haemophilia C, wich dey occur secof low levels of factor XI, Von Willebrand disease, wich dey occur secof low levels of a substance dem call von Willebrand factor, den parahaemophilia, wich dey occur secof low levels of factor V.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Franchini|first1=M|last2=Mannucci|first2=PM|title=Inhibitors of propagation of coagulation (factors VIII, IX and XI): a review of current therapeutic practice.|journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|date=October 2011|volume=72|issue=4|pages=553–62|pmid=21204915|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03899.x|pmc=3195733}}</ref><ref name=Thal2013>{{cite journal|last1=Thalji|first1=N|last2=Camire|first2=RM|title=Parahemophilia: new insights into factor v deficiency.|journal=Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis|date=September 2013|volume=39|issue=6|pages=607–12|pmid=23893775|doi=10.1055/s-0033-1349224|s2cid=21053684}}</ref> Haemophilia A, B, den C dey prevent de intrinsic pathway from functioning properly; dis clotting pathway be necessary wen der be damage to de endothelium of a blood vessel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Camire |first=Rodney M |date=1 January 2012 |title=Bioengineered factor Xa as a potential new strategy for hemophilia therapy |journal=Expert Review of Hematology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=121–3 |doi=10.1586/ehm.12.13 |issn=1747-4086 |pmid=22475278|s2cid=7065701 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Fadhil |first1=Nawal |last2=Pathare |first2=Anil |last3=Ganesh |first3=Anuradha |date=1 October 2001 |title=Traumatic Hyphema and Factor XI Deficiency (Hemophilia C) |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/268049 |journal=Archives of Ophthalmology |volume=119 |issue=10 |pages=1546–7 |doi=10.1001/archopht.119.10.1546 |pmid=11594962 |issn=0003-9950|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Chaudhry |first1=Raheel |title=Physiology, Coagulation Pathways |date=2022 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482253/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29489185 |access-date=13 November 2022 |last2=Usama |first2=Syed Muhammad |last3=Babiker |first3=Hani M.}}</ref> Acquired haemophilia be associated plus [[cancer]]s, autoimmune disorders, den [[pregnancy]].<ref name=Franchini13>{{cite journal|last1=Franchini|first1=M|last2=Mannucci|first2=PM|title=Acquired haemophilia A: a 2013 update.|journal=Thrombosis and Haemostasis|date=December 2013|volume=110|issue=6|pages=1114–20|pmid=24008306|doi=10.1160/TH13-05-0363|citeseerx=10.1.1.684.7962|s2cid=2174637}}</ref><ref name=Mul2014>{{cite journal|last1=Mulliez|first1=SM|last2=Vantilborgh|first2=A|last3=Devreese|first3=KM|title=Acquired hemophilia: a case report and review of the literature.|journal=International Journal of Laboratory Hematology|date=June 2014|volume=36|issue=3|pages=398–407|pmid=24750687|doi=10.1111/ijlh.12210|s2cid=205194015|doi-access=free}}</ref> Diagnosis be by testing de blood for ein ability to clot den ein levels of clotting factors.<ref name=NIH213Diag>{{cite web|title=How Is Hemophilia Diagnosed?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bleeding-disorders|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915152750/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/diagnosis|archive-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] tn4qn9wveem2xishmrkmw19w2m3psto 97529 97528 2026-05-02T17:31:25Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haemophilia''' (British English), anaa '''hemophilia''' (American English)<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is Hemophilia? |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html |website=cdc.gov |date=12 May 2020 |publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> (from Ancient Greek αἷμα ''(haîma)'' 'blood' den φιλία ''(philía)'' 'love of),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hemophilia&searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|author=Douglas Harper|access-date=10 October 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306042235/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hemophilia&searchmode=none|archive-date=6 March 2008}}</ref> be a mostly inherited genetic disorder wey dey impair de body ein ability to make blood clots, a process dem need to stop bleeding.<ref name="NIH2013What">{{cite web|title=What Is Hemophilia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bleeding-disorders|website=NHLBI|access-date=8 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004222515/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia|archive-date=4 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="CDC2014">{{cite web|title=Hemophilia Facts|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 September 2016|date=26 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827085015/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> Dis dey result in people bleeding for a longer time after an injury, easy bruising, den an increased risk of bleeding insyd joints anaa de brain.<ref name="NIH2013Sym" /> Those plus a mild case of de disease fi get symptoms only after an accident anaa during surgery.<ref name="NIH2013Sym" /> Bleeding into a joint fi result in permanent damage while bleeding insyd de brain fi result in long term headaches, seizures, anaa an altered level of consciousness.<ref name="NIH2013Sym">{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Hemophilia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=8 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917105954/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/signs|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> Der be two main types of haemophilia: haemophilia A, wich dey occur secof low amounts of clotting factor VIII, den haemophilia B, wich dey occur secof low levels of clotting factor IX.<ref name=NIH2013What/> Dem be typically inherited from one ein parents thru an X chromosome wey dey carry a nonfunctional gene.<ref name=NIH203Cau/> Most commonly dem find insyd men, haemophilia fi affect women too, though very rarely. A woman go need to inherit two affected X chromosomes to be affected, wereas a man go hia one X chromosome per affected. E be possible for a new mutation to occur during early development, anaa haemophilia fi develop later in life secof antibodies dey form against a clotting factor.<ref name=NIH2013What/><ref name=NIH203Cau>{{cite web|title=What Causes Hemophilia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908233612/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/causes|archive-date=8 September 2016}}</ref> Oda types dey include haemophilia C, wich dey occur secof low levels of factor XI, Von Willebrand disease, wich dey occur secof low levels of a substance dem call von Willebrand factor, den parahaemophilia, wich dey occur secof low levels of factor V.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Franchini|first1=M|last2=Mannucci|first2=PM|title=Inhibitors of propagation of coagulation (factors VIII, IX and XI): a review of current therapeutic practice.|journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|date=October 2011|volume=72|issue=4|pages=553–62|pmid=21204915|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03899.x|pmc=3195733}}</ref><ref name=Thal2013>{{cite journal|last1=Thalji|first1=N|last2=Camire|first2=RM|title=Parahemophilia: new insights into factor v deficiency.|journal=Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis|date=September 2013|volume=39|issue=6|pages=607–12|pmid=23893775|doi=10.1055/s-0033-1349224|s2cid=21053684}}</ref> Haemophilia A, B, den C dey prevent de intrinsic pathway from functioning properly; dis clotting pathway be necessary wen der be damage to de endothelium of a blood vessel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Camire |first=Rodney M |date=1 January 2012 |title=Bioengineered factor Xa as a potential new strategy for hemophilia therapy |journal=Expert Review of Hematology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=121–3 |doi=10.1586/ehm.12.13 |issn=1747-4086 |pmid=22475278|s2cid=7065701 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Fadhil |first1=Nawal |last2=Pathare |first2=Anil |last3=Ganesh |first3=Anuradha |date=1 October 2001 |title=Traumatic Hyphema and Factor XI Deficiency (Hemophilia C) |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/268049 |journal=Archives of Ophthalmology |volume=119 |issue=10 |pages=1546–7 |doi=10.1001/archopht.119.10.1546 |pmid=11594962 |issn=0003-9950|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Chaudhry |first1=Raheel |title=Physiology, Coagulation Pathways |date=2022 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482253/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29489185 |access-date=13 November 2022 |last2=Usama |first2=Syed Muhammad |last3=Babiker |first3=Hani M.}}</ref> Acquired haemophilia be associated plus [[cancer]]s, autoimmune disorders, den [[pregnancy]].<ref name=Franchini13>{{cite journal|last1=Franchini|first1=M|last2=Mannucci|first2=PM|title=Acquired haemophilia A: a 2013 update.|journal=Thrombosis and Haemostasis|date=December 2013|volume=110|issue=6|pages=1114–20|pmid=24008306|doi=10.1160/TH13-05-0363|citeseerx=10.1.1.684.7962|s2cid=2174637}}</ref><ref name=Mul2014>{{cite journal|last1=Mulliez|first1=SM|last2=Vantilborgh|first2=A|last3=Devreese|first3=KM|title=Acquired hemophilia: a case report and review of the literature.|journal=International Journal of Laboratory Hematology|date=June 2014|volume=36|issue=3|pages=398–407|pmid=24750687|doi=10.1111/ijlh.12210|s2cid=205194015|doi-access=free}}</ref> Diagnosis be by testing de blood for ein ability to clot den ein levels of clotting factors.<ref name=NIH213Diag>{{cite web|title=How Is Hemophilia Diagnosed?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bleeding-disorders|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915152750/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/diagnosis|archive-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> Prevention fi occur by removing an egg, wey dey fertilise am, den testing de embryo before transferring am go de uterus.<ref name=NIH213Diag/><!-- Quote = Women who are hemophilia carriers also can have "preimplantation diagnosis" to have children who don't have hemophilia. For this process, women have their eggs removed and fertilized by sperm in a laboratory. The embryos are then tested for hemophilia. Only embryos without the disorder are implanted in the womb.--> Human embryos insyd research fi be regarded as de technical object/process. Missing blood clotting factors be replaced to treat haemophilia.<ref name=CDC2014/> Dem fi do dis on a regular basis anaa during bleeding episodes.<ref name=CDC2014/> Replacement fi take place at home anaa insyd hospital.<ref name=NIH2013Tx/> Dem make de clotting factors either from human blood anaa by recombinant methods.<ref name=NIH2013Tx>{{cite web|title=How Is Hemophilia Treated?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bleeding-disorders/treatment|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917160609/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/treatment|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> Up to 20% of people dey develop antibodies to de clotting factors wich dey make treatment more difficult.<ref name=CDC2014/> De medication desmopressin fi be used insyd those plus mild haemophilia A.<ref name=NIH2013Tx/> Gene therapy treatment be insyd clinical trials {{as of|2022|lc=on}}, plus sam approaches den products receive conditional approval.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ashpublications.org/hematology/article/2022/1/569/493523/Gene-therapy-for-hemophilia|title=Gene therapy for hemophilia|first=Amit C. |last=Nathwani|journal=Hematology |date=9 December 2022|issue=1 |pages=569–578 |publisher=ASH Publications |doi=10.1182/hematology.2022000388 |pmid=36485127 |pmc=9821304 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 3hefukmpylasd8g6ivaqaweso9t8kh6 97530 97529 2026-05-02T17:34:32Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haemophilia''' (British English), anaa '''hemophilia''' (American English)<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is Hemophilia? |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html |website=cdc.gov |date=12 May 2020 |publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> (from Ancient Greek αἷμα ''(haîma)'' 'blood' den φιλία ''(philía)'' 'love of),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hemophilia&searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|author=Douglas Harper|access-date=10 October 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306042235/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hemophilia&searchmode=none|archive-date=6 March 2008}}</ref> be a mostly inherited genetic disorder wey dey impair de body ein ability to make blood clots, a process dem need to stop bleeding.<ref name="NIH2013What">{{cite web|title=What Is Hemophilia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bleeding-disorders|website=NHLBI|access-date=8 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004222515/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia|archive-date=4 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="CDC2014">{{cite web|title=Hemophilia Facts|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 September 2016|date=26 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827085015/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> Dis dey result in people bleeding for a longer time after an injury, easy bruising, den an increased risk of bleeding insyd joints anaa de brain.<ref name="NIH2013Sym" /> Those plus a mild case of de disease fi get symptoms only after an accident anaa during surgery.<ref name="NIH2013Sym" /> Bleeding into a joint fi result in permanent damage while bleeding insyd de brain fi result in long term headaches, seizures, anaa an altered level of consciousness.<ref name="NIH2013Sym">{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Hemophilia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=8 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917105954/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/signs|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> Der be two main types of haemophilia: haemophilia A, wich dey occur secof low amounts of clotting factor VIII, den haemophilia B, wich dey occur secof low levels of clotting factor IX.<ref name=NIH2013What/> Dem be typically inherited from one ein parents thru an X chromosome wey dey carry a nonfunctional gene.<ref name=NIH203Cau/> Most commonly dem find insyd men, haemophilia fi affect women too, though very rarely. A woman go need to inherit two affected X chromosomes to be affected, wereas a man go hia one X chromosome per affected. E be possible for a new mutation to occur during early development, anaa haemophilia fi develop later in life secof antibodies dey form against a clotting factor.<ref name=NIH2013What/><ref name=NIH203Cau>{{cite web|title=What Causes Hemophilia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908233612/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/causes|archive-date=8 September 2016}}</ref> Oda types dey include haemophilia C, wich dey occur secof low levels of factor XI, Von Willebrand disease, wich dey occur secof low levels of a substance dem call von Willebrand factor, den parahaemophilia, wich dey occur secof low levels of factor V.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Franchini|first1=M|last2=Mannucci|first2=PM|title=Inhibitors of propagation of coagulation (factors VIII, IX and XI): a review of current therapeutic practice.|journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|date=October 2011|volume=72|issue=4|pages=553–62|pmid=21204915|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03899.x|pmc=3195733}}</ref><ref name=Thal2013>{{cite journal|last1=Thalji|first1=N|last2=Camire|first2=RM|title=Parahemophilia: new insights into factor v deficiency.|journal=Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis|date=September 2013|volume=39|issue=6|pages=607–12|pmid=23893775|doi=10.1055/s-0033-1349224|s2cid=21053684}}</ref> Haemophilia A, B, den C dey prevent de intrinsic pathway from functioning properly; dis clotting pathway be necessary wen der be damage to de endothelium of a blood vessel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Camire |first=Rodney M |date=1 January 2012 |title=Bioengineered factor Xa as a potential new strategy for hemophilia therapy |journal=Expert Review of Hematology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=121–3 |doi=10.1586/ehm.12.13 |issn=1747-4086 |pmid=22475278|s2cid=7065701 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Fadhil |first1=Nawal |last2=Pathare |first2=Anil |last3=Ganesh |first3=Anuradha |date=1 October 2001 |title=Traumatic Hyphema and Factor XI Deficiency (Hemophilia C) |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/268049 |journal=Archives of Ophthalmology |volume=119 |issue=10 |pages=1546–7 |doi=10.1001/archopht.119.10.1546 |pmid=11594962 |issn=0003-9950|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Chaudhry |first1=Raheel |title=Physiology, Coagulation Pathways |date=2022 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482253/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29489185 |access-date=13 November 2022 |last2=Usama |first2=Syed Muhammad |last3=Babiker |first3=Hani M.}}</ref> Acquired haemophilia be associated plus [[cancer]]s, autoimmune disorders, den [[pregnancy]].<ref name=Franchini13>{{cite journal|last1=Franchini|first1=M|last2=Mannucci|first2=PM|title=Acquired haemophilia A: a 2013 update.|journal=Thrombosis and Haemostasis|date=December 2013|volume=110|issue=6|pages=1114–20|pmid=24008306|doi=10.1160/TH13-05-0363|citeseerx=10.1.1.684.7962|s2cid=2174637}}</ref><ref name=Mul2014>{{cite journal|last1=Mulliez|first1=SM|last2=Vantilborgh|first2=A|last3=Devreese|first3=KM|title=Acquired hemophilia: a case report and review of the literature.|journal=International Journal of Laboratory Hematology|date=June 2014|volume=36|issue=3|pages=398–407|pmid=24750687|doi=10.1111/ijlh.12210|s2cid=205194015|doi-access=free}}</ref> Diagnosis be by testing de blood for ein ability to clot den ein levels of clotting factors.<ref name=NIH213Diag>{{cite web|title=How Is Hemophilia Diagnosed?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bleeding-disorders|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915152750/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/diagnosis|archive-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> Prevention fi occur by removing an egg, wey dey fertilise am, den testing de embryo before transferring am go de uterus.<ref name=NIH213Diag/><!-- Quote = Women who are hemophilia carriers also can have "preimplantation diagnosis" to have children who don't have hemophilia. For this process, women have their eggs removed and fertilized by sperm in a laboratory. The embryos are then tested for hemophilia. Only embryos without the disorder are implanted in the womb.--> Human embryos insyd research fi be regarded as de technical object/process. Missing blood clotting factors be replaced to treat haemophilia.<ref name=CDC2014/> Dem fi do dis on a regular basis anaa during bleeding episodes.<ref name=CDC2014/> Replacement fi take place at home anaa insyd hospital.<ref name=NIH2013Tx/> Dem make de clotting factors either from human blood anaa by recombinant methods.<ref name=NIH2013Tx>{{cite web|title=How Is Hemophilia Treated?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bleeding-disorders/treatment|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917160609/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/treatment|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> Up to 20% of people dey develop antibodies to de clotting factors wich dey make treatment more difficult.<ref name=CDC2014/> De medication desmopressin fi be used insyd those plus mild haemophilia A.<ref name=NIH2013Tx/> Gene therapy treatment be insyd clinical trials {{as of|2022|lc=on}}, plus sam approaches den products receive conditional approval.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ashpublications.org/hematology/article/2022/1/569/493523/Gene-therapy-for-hemophilia|title=Gene therapy for hemophilia|first=Amit C. |last=Nathwani|journal=Hematology |date=9 December 2022|issue=1 |pages=569–578 |publisher=ASH Publications |doi=10.1182/hematology.2022000388 |pmid=36485127 |pmc=9821304 }}</ref> Haemophilia A dey affect about 1 insyd 5,000–10,000, while haemophilia B dey affect about 1 insyd 40,000 males at birth.<ref name=NIH2013What/><ref name=Wyn2009/> As haemophilia A den B both be X-linked recessive disorders, females be rarely severely affected.<ref name=NIH203Cau/> Sam females plus a nonfunctional gene on one of de X chromosomes fi be mildly symptomatic.<ref name=NIH203Cau/> Haemophilia C dey occur equally insyd both sexes wey e mostly be found insyd Ashkenazi Jews.<ref name=Wyn2009/> Insyd de 1800s haemophilia B be common within de royal families of Europe.<ref name=Wyn2009/> De difference between haemophilia A den B be determined insyd 1952.<ref name=Wyn2009>{{cite book|last1=Wynbrandt|first1=James|last2=Ludman|first2=Mark D.|title=The Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders and Birth Defects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXaMjwItP0oC&pg=PA194|access-date=25 August 2013|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2095-9|page=194|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108012348/http://books.google.com/books?id=kXaMjwItP0oC&pg=PA194|archive-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] dxhrxc7oisar0j1fbtp606wbd9toemm 97531 97530 2026-05-02T17:36:22Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haemophilia''' (British English), anaa '''hemophilia''' (American English)<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is Hemophilia? |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html |website=cdc.gov |date=12 May 2020 |publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> (from Ancient Greek αἷμα ''(haîma)'' 'blood' den φιλία ''(philía)'' 'love of),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hemophilia&searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|author=Douglas Harper|access-date=10 October 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306042235/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hemophilia&searchmode=none|archive-date=6 March 2008}}</ref> be a mostly inherited genetic disorder wey dey impair de body ein ability to make blood clots, a process dem need to stop bleeding.<ref name="NIH2013What">{{cite web|title=What Is Hemophilia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bleeding-disorders|website=NHLBI|access-date=8 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004222515/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia|archive-date=4 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="CDC2014">{{cite web|title=Hemophilia Facts|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 September 2016|date=26 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827085015/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> Dis dey result in people bleeding for a longer time after an injury, easy bruising, den an increased risk of bleeding insyd joints anaa de brain.<ref name="NIH2013Sym" /> Those plus a mild case of de disease fi get symptoms only after an accident anaa during surgery.<ref name="NIH2013Sym" /> Bleeding into a joint fi result in permanent damage while bleeding insyd de brain fi result in long term headaches, seizures, anaa an altered level of consciousness.<ref name="NIH2013Sym">{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Hemophilia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=8 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917105954/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/signs|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> Der be two main types of haemophilia: haemophilia A, wich dey occur secof low amounts of clotting factor VIII, den haemophilia B, wich dey occur secof low levels of clotting factor IX.<ref name=NIH2013What/> Dem be typically inherited from one ein parents thru an X chromosome wey dey carry a nonfunctional gene.<ref name=NIH203Cau/> Most commonly dem find insyd men, haemophilia fi affect women too, though very rarely. A woman go need to inherit two affected X chromosomes to be affected, wereas a man go hia one X chromosome per affected. E be possible for a new mutation to occur during early development, anaa haemophilia fi develop later in life secof antibodies dey form against a clotting factor.<ref name=NIH2013What/><ref name=NIH203Cau>{{cite web|title=What Causes Hemophilia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908233612/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/causes|archive-date=8 September 2016}}</ref> Oda types dey include haemophilia C, wich dey occur secof low levels of factor XI, Von Willebrand disease, wich dey occur secof low levels of a substance dem call von Willebrand factor, den parahaemophilia, wich dey occur secof low levels of factor V.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Franchini|first1=M|last2=Mannucci|first2=PM|title=Inhibitors of propagation of coagulation (factors VIII, IX and XI): a review of current therapeutic practice.|journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|date=October 2011|volume=72|issue=4|pages=553–62|pmid=21204915|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03899.x|pmc=3195733}}</ref><ref name=Thal2013>{{cite journal|last1=Thalji|first1=N|last2=Camire|first2=RM|title=Parahemophilia: new insights into factor v deficiency.|journal=Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis|date=September 2013|volume=39|issue=6|pages=607–12|pmid=23893775|doi=10.1055/s-0033-1349224|s2cid=21053684}}</ref> Haemophilia A, B, den C dey prevent de intrinsic pathway from functioning properly; dis clotting pathway be necessary wen der be damage to de endothelium of a blood vessel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Camire |first=Rodney M |date=1 January 2012 |title=Bioengineered factor Xa as a potential new strategy for hemophilia therapy |journal=Expert Review of Hematology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=121–3 |doi=10.1586/ehm.12.13 |issn=1747-4086 |pmid=22475278|s2cid=7065701 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Fadhil |first1=Nawal |last2=Pathare |first2=Anil |last3=Ganesh |first3=Anuradha |date=1 October 2001 |title=Traumatic Hyphema and Factor XI Deficiency (Hemophilia C) |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/268049 |journal=Archives of Ophthalmology |volume=119 |issue=10 |pages=1546–7 |doi=10.1001/archopht.119.10.1546 |pmid=11594962 |issn=0003-9950|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Chaudhry |first1=Raheel |title=Physiology, Coagulation Pathways |date=2022 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482253/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29489185 |access-date=13 November 2022 |last2=Usama |first2=Syed Muhammad |last3=Babiker |first3=Hani M.}}</ref> Acquired haemophilia be associated plus [[cancer]]s, autoimmune disorders, den [[pregnancy]].<ref name=Franchini13>{{cite journal|last1=Franchini|first1=M|last2=Mannucci|first2=PM|title=Acquired haemophilia A: a 2013 update.|journal=Thrombosis and Haemostasis|date=December 2013|volume=110|issue=6|pages=1114–20|pmid=24008306|doi=10.1160/TH13-05-0363|citeseerx=10.1.1.684.7962|s2cid=2174637}}</ref><ref name=Mul2014>{{cite journal|last1=Mulliez|first1=SM|last2=Vantilborgh|first2=A|last3=Devreese|first3=KM|title=Acquired hemophilia: a case report and review of the literature.|journal=International Journal of Laboratory Hematology|date=June 2014|volume=36|issue=3|pages=398–407|pmid=24750687|doi=10.1111/ijlh.12210|s2cid=205194015|doi-access=free}}</ref> Diagnosis be by testing de blood for ein ability to clot den ein levels of clotting factors.<ref name=NIH213Diag>{{cite web|title=How Is Hemophilia Diagnosed?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bleeding-disorders|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915152750/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/diagnosis|archive-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> Prevention fi occur by removing an egg, wey dey fertilise am, den testing de embryo before transferring am go de uterus.<ref name=NIH213Diag/><!-- Quote = Women who are hemophilia carriers also can have "preimplantation diagnosis" to have children who don't have hemophilia. For this process, women have their eggs removed and fertilized by sperm in a laboratory. The embryos are then tested for hemophilia. Only embryos without the disorder are implanted in the womb.--> Human embryos insyd research fi be regarded as de technical object/process. Missing blood clotting factors be replaced to treat haemophilia.<ref name=CDC2014/> Dem fi do dis on a regular basis anaa during bleeding episodes.<ref name=CDC2014/> Replacement fi take place at home anaa insyd hospital.<ref name=NIH2013Tx/> Dem make de clotting factors either from human blood anaa by recombinant methods.<ref name=NIH2013Tx>{{cite web|title=How Is Hemophilia Treated?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bleeding-disorders/treatment|website=NHLBI|access-date=10 September 2016|date=13 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917160609/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/treatment|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> Up to 20% of people dey develop antibodies to de clotting factors wich dey make treatment more difficult.<ref name=CDC2014/> De medication desmopressin fi be used insyd those plus mild haemophilia A.<ref name=NIH2013Tx/> Gene therapy treatment be insyd clinical trials {{as of|2022|lc=on}}, plus sam approaches den products receive conditional approval.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ashpublications.org/hematology/article/2022/1/569/493523/Gene-therapy-for-hemophilia|title=Gene therapy for hemophilia|first=Amit C. |last=Nathwani|journal=Hematology |date=9 December 2022|issue=1 |pages=569–578 |publisher=ASH Publications |doi=10.1182/hematology.2022000388 |pmid=36485127 |pmc=9821304 }}</ref> Haemophilia A dey affect about 1 insyd 5,000–10,000, while haemophilia B dey affect about 1 insyd 40,000 males at birth.<ref name=NIH2013What/><ref name=Wyn2009/> As haemophilia A den B both be X-linked recessive disorders, females be rarely severely affected.<ref name=NIH203Cau/> Sam females plus a nonfunctional gene on one of de X chromosomes fi be mildly symptomatic.<ref name=NIH203Cau/> Haemophilia C dey occur equally insyd both sexes wey e mostly be found insyd Ashkenazi Jews.<ref name=Wyn2009/> Insyd de 1800s haemophilia B be common within de royal families of Europe.<ref name=Wyn2009/> De difference between haemophilia A den B be determined insyd 1952.<ref name=Wyn2009>{{cite book|last1=Wynbrandt|first1=James|last2=Ludman|first2=Mark D.|title=The Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders and Birth Defects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXaMjwItP0oC&pg=PA194|access-date=25 August 2013|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2095-9|page=194|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108012348/http://books.google.com/books?id=kXaMjwItP0oC&pg=PA194|archive-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://wfh.org/ World Federation of Hemophilia] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Haemophilia| ]] [[Category:X-linked recessive disorders]] [[Category:Rare diseases]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0i0tkr620729x78g7fhn7mxpqwizp4n 14 26678 97532 2026-05-02T17:36:46Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97532 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26679 97533 2026-05-02T17:40:51Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1459151|Progeria]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 97533 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 97538 97533 2026-05-02T21:58:35Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Progeria''' (sanso be '''Hutchinson–Gilford syndrome''' anaa '''Hutchinson–Gilford progeroid syndrome'''; '''HGPS''') be a type of progeroid syndrome.<ref name=":32">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sinha JK, Ghosh S, Raghunath M |date=May 2014 |title=Progeria: a rare genetic premature ageing disorder |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=139 |issue=5 |pages=667–674 |pmc=4140030 |pmid=25027075}}</ref> A single gene mutation be responsible for causing progeria. De affected gene, dem know as lamin A (''LMNA''), dey make a protein necessary for holding de cell nucleus togeda. Wen dis gene mutate, an abnormal form of lamin A protein dem call progerin be produced. Progeroid syndromes be a group of diseases wey dey cause individuals to age faster dan usual. People born plus progeria typically dey live til dema mid- to late-teens anaa early twenties.<ref name="Roach & Miller">{{cite book |title=Neurocutaneous Disorders |url=https://archive.org/details/neurocutaneousdi00roac |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neurocutaneousdi00roac/page/n163 150] |isbn=978-0-521-78153-4 | vauthors = Roach ES, Miller VS }}</ref><ref name="Hsiao">{{cite book |title=Advances in Clinical Chemistry | edition = 33rd |publisher=Academic Press |year=1998 |page=10 |isbn=978-0-12-010333-1 | vauthors = Hsiao KJ }}</ref> Severe cardiovascular complications usually dey develop by [[puberty]], later on dey result in death. == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == mdqhpbopvt85ktvnzusqnwdhzp4hcj9 97539 97538 2026-05-02T22:09:17Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Progeria''' (sanso be '''Hutchinson–Gilford syndrome''' anaa '''Hutchinson–Gilford progeroid syndrome'''; '''HGPS''') be a type of progeroid syndrome.<ref name=":32">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sinha JK, Ghosh S, Raghunath M |date=May 2014 |title=Progeria: a rare genetic premature ageing disorder |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=139 |issue=5 |pages=667–674 |pmc=4140030 |pmid=25027075}}</ref> A single gene mutation be responsible for causing progeria. De affected gene, dem know as lamin A (''LMNA''), dey make a protein necessary for holding de cell nucleus togeda. Wen dis gene mutate, an abnormal form of lamin A protein dem call progerin be produced. Progeroid syndromes be a group of diseases wey dey cause individuals to age faster dan usual. People born plus progeria typically dey live til dema mid- to late-teens anaa early twenties.<ref name="Roach & Miller">{{cite book |title=Neurocutaneous Disorders |url=https://archive.org/details/neurocutaneousdi00roac |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neurocutaneousdi00roac/page/n163 150] |isbn=978-0-521-78153-4 | vauthors = Roach ES, Miller VS }}</ref><ref name="Hsiao">{{cite book |title=Advances in Clinical Chemistry | edition = 33rd |publisher=Academic Press |year=1998 |page=10 |isbn=978-0-12-010333-1 | vauthors = Hsiao KJ }}</ref> Severe cardiovascular complications usually dey develop by [[puberty]], later on dey result in death. ==Diagnosis== Skin changes, abnormal growth, and loss of hair occur. These symptoms normally start appearing by one year of age. A genetic test for LMNA mutations can confirm the diagnosis of progeria.<ref name="titlegenome.gov1 | Learning About Progeria">{{cite web |url=http://www.genome.gov/11007255#isthere |publisher=genome.gov |title=Learning About Progeria |access-date=17 March 2008 |archive-date=16 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416065357/http://www.genome.gov/11007255#isthere |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pr">{{cite web |url= http://www.progeriaresearch.org/diagnostic_testing.html |title= Progeria Research Foundation &#124; The PRF Diagnostic Testing Program |access-date= 16 November 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160828010535/http://www.progeriaresearch.org/diagnostic_testing.html |archive-date=28 August 2016}}</ref> Prior to the advent of the genetic test, misdiagnosis was common.<ref name="pr"/> === Differential diagnosis === Oda syndromes plus similar symptoms (non-laminopathy progeroid syndromes) include:<ref>{{Citation |last1=Gordon |first1=Leslie B. |title=Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome |date=1993 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1121/ |work=GeneReviews® |editor-last=Adam |editor-first=Margaret P. |access-date=2023-11-12 |place=Seattle (WA) |publisher=University of Washington, Seattle |pmid=20301300 |last2=Brown |first2=W. Ted |last3=Collins |first3=Francis S. |editor2-last=Feldman |editor2-first=Jerry |editor3-last=Mirzaa |editor3-first=Ghayda M. |editor4-last=Pagon |editor4-first=Roberta A.}}</ref> * Acrogeria * Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (congenital generalized lipodystrophy) * Cockayne syndrome * [[Ehlers–Danlos syndromes]], progeroid form * Gerodermia osteodysplastica * Hallermann–Streiff syndrome * Mandibuloacral dysplasia * Neonatal progeroid syndrome (Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome) * Nestor-Guillermo syndrome * Penttinen syndrome * Petty–Laxova–Weidemann progeroid syndrome * POLR3A-related Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome * PYCR1-related Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch-like syndrome * Werner syndrome == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] to2qj0skptr3pocq7wobbqzfaalubbe 97540 97539 2026-05-02T22:23:24Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Progeria''' (sanso be '''Hutchinson–Gilford syndrome''' anaa '''Hutchinson–Gilford progeroid syndrome'''; '''HGPS''') be a type of progeroid syndrome.<ref name=":32">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sinha JK, Ghosh S, Raghunath M |date=May 2014 |title=Progeria: a rare genetic premature ageing disorder |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=139 |issue=5 |pages=667–674 |pmc=4140030 |pmid=25027075}}</ref> A single gene mutation be responsible for causing progeria. De affected gene, dem know as lamin A (''LMNA''), dey make a protein necessary for holding de cell nucleus togeda. Wen dis gene mutate, an abnormal form of lamin A protein dem call progerin be produced. Progeroid syndromes be a group of diseases wey dey cause individuals to age faster dan usual. People born plus progeria typically dey live til dema mid- to late-teens anaa early twenties.<ref name="Roach & Miller">{{cite book |title=Neurocutaneous Disorders |url=https://archive.org/details/neurocutaneousdi00roac |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neurocutaneousdi00roac/page/n163 150] |isbn=978-0-521-78153-4 | vauthors = Roach ES, Miller VS }}</ref><ref name="Hsiao">{{cite book |title=Advances in Clinical Chemistry | edition = 33rd |publisher=Academic Press |year=1998 |page=10 |isbn=978-0-12-010333-1 | vauthors = Hsiao KJ }}</ref> Severe cardiovascular complications usually dey develop by [[puberty]], later on dey result in death. ==Diagnosis== Skin changes, abnormal growth, and loss of hair occur. These symptoms normally start appearing by one year of age. A genetic test for LMNA mutations can confirm the diagnosis of progeria.<ref name="titlegenome.gov1 | Learning About Progeria">{{cite web |url=http://www.genome.gov/11007255#isthere |publisher=genome.gov |title=Learning About Progeria |access-date=17 March 2008 |archive-date=16 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416065357/http://www.genome.gov/11007255#isthere |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pr">{{cite web |url= http://www.progeriaresearch.org/diagnostic_testing.html |title= Progeria Research Foundation &#124; The PRF Diagnostic Testing Program |access-date= 16 November 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160828010535/http://www.progeriaresearch.org/diagnostic_testing.html |archive-date=28 August 2016}}</ref> Prior to the advent of the genetic test, misdiagnosis was common.<ref name="pr"/> === Differential diagnosis === Oda syndromes plus similar symptoms (non-laminopathy progeroid syndromes) include:<ref>{{Citation |last1=Gordon |first1=Leslie B. |title=Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome |date=1993 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1121/ |work=GeneReviews® |editor-last=Adam |editor-first=Margaret P. |access-date=2023-11-12 |place=Seattle (WA) |publisher=University of Washington, Seattle |pmid=20301300 |last2=Brown |first2=W. Ted |last3=Collins |first3=Francis S. |editor2-last=Feldman |editor2-first=Jerry |editor3-last=Mirzaa |editor3-first=Ghayda M. |editor4-last=Pagon |editor4-first=Roberta A.}}</ref> * Acrogeria * Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (congenital generalized lipodystrophy) * Cockayne syndrome * [[Ehlers–Danlos syndromes]], progeroid form * Gerodermia osteodysplastica * Hallermann–Streiff syndrome * Mandibuloacral dysplasia * Neonatal progeroid syndrome (Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome) * Nestor-Guillermo syndrome * Penttinen syndrome * Petty–Laxova–Weidemann progeroid syndrome * POLR3A-related Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome * PYCR1-related Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch-like syndrome * Werner syndrome == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite book | vauthors = Legge J | author-link = |publisher=Cosimo, Inc. |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60520-643-1 |title=The Confucian Analects, the Great Learning & the Doctrine of the Mean |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JiALtt67xicC&pg=PA113 |page=113}} [[Category:Genodermatoses]] [[Category:Progeroid syndromes]] [[Category:Rare diseases]] [[Category:Senescence]] [[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 241cl58zik53d6gu0hzkr79ghzyq46j 0 26680 97535 2026-05-02T19:09:59Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457038|Septic shock]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 97535 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 97536 97535 2026-05-02T19:20:08Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Septic shock''' be a potentially fatal medical condition wey dey occur wen [[sepsis]], wich be defined as an abnormal immune response to infection wey dey lead to life-threatening organ dysfunction, dey lead to dangerously low blood pressure den abnormalities insyd cellular den metabolic dysfunction.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Gauer |first1=Robert |last2=Forbes |first2=Damon |last3=Boyer |first3=Nathan |date=2020-04-01 |title=Sepsis: Diagnosis and Management |journal=American Family Physician |volume=101 |issue=7 |pages=409–418 |issn=1532-0650 |pmid=32227831}}</ref> De Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) dey define septic shock as a subset of sepsis insyd wich particularly profound circulatory, cellular, den metabolic abnormalities be associated plus a greater risk of mortality dan plus sepsis alone.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Guarino |first1=Matteo |last2=Perna |first2=Benedetta |last3=Cesaro |first3=Alice Eleonora |last4=Maritati |first4=Martina |last5=Spampinato |first5=Michele Domenico |last6=Contini |first6=Carlo |last7=De Giorgio |first7=Roberto |date=2023-04-28 |title=2023 Update on Sepsis and Septic Shock in Adult Patients: Management in the Emergency Department |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |language=en |volume=12 |issue=9 |page=3188 |doi=10.3390/jcm12093188 |doi-access=free |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=10179263 |pmid=37176628}}</ref> Patients plus septic shock be cared for insyd de emergency department den intensive care units.<ref name=":1" /> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 7md9of7d5h4e6tq8id9v02g93ym4pi1 97543 97536 2026-05-02T23:11:29Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Septic shock''' be a potentially fatal medical condition wey dey occur wen [[sepsis]], wich be defined as an abnormal immune response to infection wey dey lead to life-threatening organ dysfunction, dey lead to dangerously low blood pressure den abnormalities insyd cellular den metabolic dysfunction.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Gauer |first1=Robert |last2=Forbes |first2=Damon |last3=Boyer |first3=Nathan |date=2020-04-01 |title=Sepsis: Diagnosis and Management |journal=American Family Physician |volume=101 |issue=7 |pages=409–418 |issn=1532-0650 |pmid=32227831}}</ref> De Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) dey define septic shock as a subset of sepsis insyd wich particularly profound circulatory, cellular, den metabolic abnormalities be associated plus a greater risk of mortality dan plus sepsis alone.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Guarino |first1=Matteo |last2=Perna |first2=Benedetta |last3=Cesaro |first3=Alice Eleonora |last4=Maritati |first4=Martina |last5=Spampinato |first5=Michele Domenico |last6=Contini |first6=Carlo |last7=De Giorgio |first7=Roberto |date=2023-04-28 |title=2023 Update on Sepsis and Septic Shock in Adult Patients: Management in the Emergency Department |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |language=en |volume=12 |issue=9 |page=3188 |doi=10.3390/jcm12093188 |doi-access=free |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=10179263 |pmid=37176628}}</ref> Patients plus septic shock be cared for insyd de emergency department den intensive care units.<ref name=":1" /> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Septic Shock}} [[Category:Medical emergencies]] [[Category:Intensive care medicine]] [[Category:Causes of death]] [[Category:Sepsis]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ts2wawgsyf8zobculchoe16nb8ac7qm 14 26681 97541 2026-05-02T22:24:31Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97541 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26682 97542 2026-05-02T22:24:44Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97542 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26683 97544 2026-05-02T23:37:50Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456650|Vaginal discharge]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 97544 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 97545 97544 2026-05-02T23:44:07Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vaginal discharge''' be a mixture of liquid, cells, den bacteria wey dey lubricate den protect de vagina.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Obstetrics and Gynecology|last=Beckmann|first=R.B.|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4511-4431-4|edition=7th|location=Baltimore, MD|pages=260}}</ref><ref name="medicalnewstoday-dischargecolorguide">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-10 |title=Vaginal discharge color guide: Causes and when to see a doctor |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322232 |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> Dis mixture constantly be produced by de cells of de vagina den cervix, wey e dey exit de body thru de vaginal opening. De composition, quality, den amount of discharge dey vary between individuals, den fi vary thru out de menstrual cycle den thru out de stages of sexual den reproductive development.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Hacker & Moore's Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology|last=Hacker|first=Neville F.|publisher=Elsevier|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4557-7558-3|edition=6th|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=276}}</ref> Normal vaginal discharge fi get a thin, watery consistency anaa a thick, sticky consistency, wey fi be clear anaa white in color.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="medicalnewstoday-dischargecolorguide"/> Normal vaginal discharge fi be large in volume buh typically no get a strong odor, nor e be typically associated plus itching anaa pain.<ref name=":6" /> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == iheq4r95cnmtd2ngqpteols1mmfo71s