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Vaginal discharge
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'''Vaginal discharge''' be a mixture of liquid, cells, den bacteria wey dey lubricate den protect de vagina.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Obstetrics and Gynecology|last=Beckmann|first=R.B.|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4511-4431-4|edition=7th|location=Baltimore, MD|pages=260}}</ref><ref name="medicalnewstoday-dischargecolorguide">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-10 |title=Vaginal discharge color guide: Causes and when to see a doctor |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322232 |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> Dis mixture constantly be produced by de cells of de vagina den cervix, wey e dey exit de body thru de vaginal opening. De composition, quality, den amount of discharge dey vary between individuals, den fi vary thru out de menstrual cycle den thru out de stages of sexual den reproductive development.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Hacker & Moore's Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology|last=Hacker|first=Neville F.|publisher=Elsevier|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4557-7558-3|edition=6th|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=276}}</ref> Normal vaginal discharge fi get a thin, watery consistency anaa a thick, sticky consistency, wey fi be clear anaa white in color.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="medicalnewstoday-dischargecolorguide"/> Normal vaginal discharge fi be large in volume buh typically no get a strong odor, nor e be typically associated plus itching anaa pain.<ref name=":6" />
While chaw discharge be considered physiologic (dey represent normal functioning of de body), sam changes insyd discharge fi reflect infection anaa oda pathological processes.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Comprehensive Gynecology|last=Lentz|first=Gretchen M.|publisher=Elsevier|year=2012|isbn=978-0-323-06986-1|edition=6th|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=532–533}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=DeGowin's Diagnostic Examination|last=LeBlond|first=Richard F.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|year=2015|isbn=978-0-07-181447-8|edition=10th|chapter=Chapter 11}}</ref> Infections wey fi cause changes insyd vaginal discharge dey include vaginal yeast infections, bacterial vaginosis, den [[sexually transmitted infection]]s.<ref name="medicalnewstoday-dischargecolorguide" /><ref name=":152">{{Cite journal |last=Rice |first=Alexandra |year=2016 |title=Vaginal Discharge |journal=Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=317–323 |doi=10.1016/j.ogrm.2016.08.002}}</ref> De characteristics of abnormal vaginal discharge dey vary wey dey depend on de cause, buh common features dey include a change in color, a foul odor, den associated symptoms such as itching, burning, pelvic pain, anaa pain during sexual intercourse.<ref name=":92">{{Cite journal |last1=Wathne |first1=Bjarne |last2=Holst |first2=Elisabeth |last3=Hovelius |first3=Birgitta |last4=Mårdh |first4=Per-Anders |date=1994-01-01 |title=Vaginal discharge - comparison of clinical, laboratory and microbiological findings |journal=Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=802–808 |doi=10.3109/00016349409072509 |issn=0001-6349 |pmid=7817733 |s2cid=26037589}}</ref>
== References ==
<references />
== External links ==
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'''Vaginal discharge''' be a mixture of liquid, cells, den bacteria wey dey lubricate den protect de vagina.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Obstetrics and Gynecology|last=Beckmann|first=R.B.|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4511-4431-4|edition=7th|location=Baltimore, MD|pages=260}}</ref><ref name="medicalnewstoday-dischargecolorguide">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-10 |title=Vaginal discharge color guide: Causes and when to see a doctor |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322232 |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> Dis mixture constantly be produced by de cells of de vagina den cervix, wey e dey exit de body thru de vaginal opening. De composition, quality, den amount of discharge dey vary between individuals, den fi vary thru out de menstrual cycle den thru out de stages of sexual den reproductive development.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Hacker & Moore's Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology|last=Hacker|first=Neville F.|publisher=Elsevier|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4557-7558-3|edition=6th|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=276}}</ref> Normal vaginal discharge fi get a thin, watery consistency anaa a thick, sticky consistency, wey fi be clear anaa white in color.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="medicalnewstoday-dischargecolorguide"/> Normal vaginal discharge fi be large in volume buh typically no get a strong odor, nor e be typically associated plus itching anaa pain.<ref name=":6" />
While chaw discharge be considered physiologic (dey represent normal functioning of de body), sam changes insyd discharge fi reflect infection anaa oda pathological processes.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Comprehensive Gynecology|last=Lentz|first=Gretchen M.|publisher=Elsevier|year=2012|isbn=978-0-323-06986-1|edition=6th|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=532–533}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=DeGowin's Diagnostic Examination|last=LeBlond|first=Richard F.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|year=2015|isbn=978-0-07-181447-8|edition=10th|chapter=Chapter 11}}</ref> Infections wey fi cause changes insyd vaginal discharge dey include vaginal yeast infections, bacterial vaginosis, den [[sexually transmitted infection]]s.<ref name="medicalnewstoday-dischargecolorguide" /><ref name=":152">{{Cite journal |last=Rice |first=Alexandra |year=2016 |title=Vaginal Discharge |journal=Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=317–323 |doi=10.1016/j.ogrm.2016.08.002}}</ref> De characteristics of abnormal vaginal discharge dey vary wey dey depend on de cause, buh common features dey include a change in color, a foul odor, den associated symptoms such as itching, burning, pelvic pain, anaa pain during sexual intercourse.<ref name=":92">{{Cite journal |last1=Wathne |first1=Bjarne |last2=Holst |first2=Elisabeth |last3=Hovelius |first3=Birgitta |last4=Mårdh |first4=Per-Anders |date=1994-01-01 |title=Vaginal discharge - comparison of clinical, laboratory and microbiological findings |journal=Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=802–808 |doi=10.3109/00016349409072509 |issn=0001-6349 |pmid=7817733 |s2cid=26037589}}</ref>
== References ==
<references />
== External links ==
{{commons}}
[[Category:Inflammatory diseases of female pelvic organs]]
[[Category:Bacterial vaginosis]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]
[[Category:Women's health]]
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Acne
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'''Acne''', dem sanso know as '''acne vulgaris''', be a long-term skin condition wey dey occur wen dead skin cells den sebum clog hair follicles.<ref name="Aslam2015">{{cite journal |vauthors = Aslam I, Fleischer A, Feldman S |title = Emerging drugs for the treatment of acne |journal = Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs |volume = 20 |issue = 1 |pages = 91–101 |date = March 2015 |pmid = 25474485 |doi = 10.1517/14728214.2015.990373 |s2cid = 12685388 |type = Review | issn = 1472-8214}}</ref> Typical features of de condition dey include blackheads anaa whiteheads, pimples, oily skin, den possible scarring.<ref name="Vary2015">{{cite journal |vauthors = Vary JC |title = Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis |journal = The Medical Clinics of North America |volume = 99 |issue = 6 |pages = 1195–211 |date = November 2015 |pmid = 26476248 |doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003 |type = Review }}</ref><ref name="Bhate20132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC |date=March 2013 |title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris |journal=The British Journal of Dermatology |type=Review |volume=168 |issue=3 |pages=474–85 |doi=10.1111/bjd.12149 |pmid=23210645 |s2cid=24002879 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC |title = Acne vulgaris |journal = Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume = 1 |article-number = 15033 |date = September 2015 |pmid = 27227877 |doi = 10.1038/nrdp.2015.33 |s2cid = 44167421 |doi-access = free }}</ref> E primarily dey affect skin plus a relatively high number of oil glands, wey dey include de face, upper part of de chest, den back.<ref name="women">{{cite web |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/assets/docs/fact-sheets/acne.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions: Acne |date=July 2009 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Public Health and Science, Office on Women's Health |access-date=30 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210141821/https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/assets/docs/fact-sheets/acne.pdf |archive-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> De resulting appearance fi lead to lack of confidence, anxiety, reduced self-esteem, den, insyd extreme cases, depression anaa thoughts of suicide.<ref name="Barnes2012">{{cite journal |vauthors = Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR |title = Quality of life measures for acne patients |journal = Dermatologic Clinics |volume = 30 |issue = 2 |pages = 293–300, ix |date = April 2012 |pmid = 22284143 |doi = 10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001 |type = Review }}</ref><ref name="Goodman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Goodman |first1=Greg |title=Acne and acne scarring – the case for active and early intervention. |journal=Australian Family Physician |date=July 2006 |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=503–504 |pmid=16820822 |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200607/8194 |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419115433/https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200607/8194 |url-status=live }}</ref>
== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]
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'''Acne''', dem sanso know as '''acne vulgaris''', be a long-term skin condition wey dey occur wen dead skin cells den sebum clog hair follicles.<ref name="Aslam2015">{{cite journal |vauthors = Aslam I, Fleischer A, Feldman S |title = Emerging drugs for the treatment of acne |journal = Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs |volume = 20 |issue = 1 |pages = 91–101 |date = March 2015 |pmid = 25474485 |doi = 10.1517/14728214.2015.990373 |s2cid = 12685388 |type = Review | issn = 1472-8214}}</ref> Typical features of de condition dey include blackheads anaa whiteheads, pimples, oily skin, den possible scarring.<ref name="Vary2015">{{cite journal |vauthors = Vary JC |title = Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis |journal = The Medical Clinics of North America |volume = 99 |issue = 6 |pages = 1195–211 |date = November 2015 |pmid = 26476248 |doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003 |type = Review }}</ref><ref name="Bhate20132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC |date=March 2013 |title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris |journal=The British Journal of Dermatology |type=Review |volume=168 |issue=3 |pages=474–85 |doi=10.1111/bjd.12149 |pmid=23210645 |s2cid=24002879 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC |title = Acne vulgaris |journal = Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume = 1 |article-number = 15033 |date = September 2015 |pmid = 27227877 |doi = 10.1038/nrdp.2015.33 |s2cid = 44167421 |doi-access = free }}</ref> E primarily dey affect skin plus a relatively high number of oil glands, wey dey include de face, upper part of de chest, den back.<ref name="women">{{cite web |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/assets/docs/fact-sheets/acne.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions: Acne |date=July 2009 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Public Health and Science, Office on Women's Health |access-date=30 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210141821/https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/assets/docs/fact-sheets/acne.pdf |archive-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> De resulting appearance fi lead to lack of confidence, anxiety, reduced self-esteem, den, insyd extreme cases, depression anaa thoughts of suicide.<ref name="Barnes2012">{{cite journal |vauthors = Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR |title = Quality of life measures for acne patients |journal = Dermatologic Clinics |volume = 30 |issue = 2 |pages = 293–300, ix |date = April 2012 |pmid = 22284143 |doi = 10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001 |type = Review }}</ref><ref name="Goodman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Goodman |first1=Greg |title=Acne and acne scarring – the case for active and early intervention. |journal=Australian Family Physician |date=July 2006 |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=503–504 |pmid=16820822 |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200607/8194 |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419115433/https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200607/8194 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Susceptibility to acne primarily be genetic insyd 80% of cases.<ref name="Bhate20132" /> De roles of diet den cigarette smoking insyd de condition be unclear, den neither cleanliness nor exposure to sunlight be associated plus acne.<ref name="Bhate20132" /><ref name="Knutsen2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP | title = Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment | journal = Dermatologic Clinics | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 99–106, viii-ix | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22117871 | doi = 10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001 | type = Review }}</ref><ref name="Schnopp2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schnopp C, Mempel M | title = Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents | journal = Minerva Pediatrica | volume = 63 | issue = 4 | pages = 293–304 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21909065 | type = Review }}</ref> Insyd both sexes, hormones dem call androgens appear to be part of de underlying mechanism, by causing increased production of sebum.<ref name=NEJM2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = James WD | title = Clinical practice. Acne | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 352 | issue = 14 | pages = 1463–72 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15814882 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp033487 | type = Review }}</ref> Anoda common factor be de excessive growth of de bacterium ''Cutibacterium acnes'', wich be present on de skin.<ref name="Zaenglein20182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zaenglein AL |date=October 2018 |title=Acne Vulgaris |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |type=Review |volume=379 |issue=14 |pages=1343–1352 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493 |pmid=30281982 |s2cid=52914179}}</ref>
== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]
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'''Acne''', dem sanso know as '''acne vulgaris''', be a long-term skin condition wey dey occur wen dead skin cells den sebum clog hair follicles.<ref name="Aslam2015">{{cite journal |vauthors = Aslam I, Fleischer A, Feldman S |title = Emerging drugs for the treatment of acne |journal = Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs |volume = 20 |issue = 1 |pages = 91–101 |date = March 2015 |pmid = 25474485 |doi = 10.1517/14728214.2015.990373 |s2cid = 12685388 |type = Review | issn = 1472-8214}}</ref> Typical features of de condition dey include blackheads anaa whiteheads, pimples, oily skin, den possible scarring.<ref name="Vary2015">{{cite journal |vauthors = Vary JC |title = Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis |journal = The Medical Clinics of North America |volume = 99 |issue = 6 |pages = 1195–211 |date = November 2015 |pmid = 26476248 |doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003 |type = Review }}</ref><ref name="Bhate20132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC |date=March 2013 |title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris |journal=The British Journal of Dermatology |type=Review |volume=168 |issue=3 |pages=474–85 |doi=10.1111/bjd.12149 |pmid=23210645 |s2cid=24002879 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC |title = Acne vulgaris |journal = Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume = 1 |article-number = 15033 |date = September 2015 |pmid = 27227877 |doi = 10.1038/nrdp.2015.33 |s2cid = 44167421 |doi-access = free }}</ref> E primarily dey affect skin plus a relatively high number of oil glands, wey dey include de face, upper part of de chest, den back.<ref name="women">{{cite web |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/assets/docs/fact-sheets/acne.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions: Acne |date=July 2009 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Public Health and Science, Office on Women's Health |access-date=30 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210141821/https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/assets/docs/fact-sheets/acne.pdf |archive-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> De resulting appearance fi lead to lack of confidence, anxiety, reduced self-esteem, den, insyd extreme cases, depression anaa thoughts of suicide.<ref name="Barnes2012">{{cite journal |vauthors = Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR |title = Quality of life measures for acne patients |journal = Dermatologic Clinics |volume = 30 |issue = 2 |pages = 293–300, ix |date = April 2012 |pmid = 22284143 |doi = 10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001 |type = Review }}</ref><ref name="Goodman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Goodman |first1=Greg |title=Acne and acne scarring – the case for active and early intervention. |journal=Australian Family Physician |date=July 2006 |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=503–504 |pmid=16820822 |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200607/8194 |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419115433/https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200607/8194 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Susceptibility to acne primarily be genetic insyd 80% of cases.<ref name="Bhate20132" /> De roles of diet den cigarette smoking insyd de condition be unclear, den neither cleanliness nor exposure to sunlight be associated plus acne.<ref name="Bhate20132" /><ref name="Knutsen2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP | title = Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment | journal = Dermatologic Clinics | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 99–106, viii-ix | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22117871 | doi = 10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001 | type = Review }}</ref><ref name="Schnopp2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schnopp C, Mempel M | title = Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents | journal = Minerva Pediatrica | volume = 63 | issue = 4 | pages = 293–304 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21909065 | type = Review }}</ref> Insyd both sexes, hormones dem call androgens appear to be part of de underlying mechanism, by causing increased production of sebum.<ref name=NEJM2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = James WD | title = Clinical practice. Acne | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 352 | issue = 14 | pages = 1463–72 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15814882 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp033487 | type = Review }}</ref> Anoda common factor be de excessive growth of de bacterium ''Cutibacterium acnes'', wich be present on de skin.<ref name="Zaenglein20182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zaenglein AL |date=October 2018 |title=Acne Vulgaris |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |type=Review |volume=379 |issue=14 |pages=1343–1352 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493 |pmid=30281982 |s2cid=52914179}}</ref>
Treatments for acne be available, wey dey include lifestyle changes, medications, den medical procedures. De most effective medication be isotretinoin. Eating fewer simple carbohydrates such as sugar fi minimize de condition.<ref name="Mahmood2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahmood SN, Bowe WP | title = [Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit] | url = https://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961614P0428X | journal = [[Journal of Drugs in Dermatology]] | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 428–35 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24719062 | type = Review | access-date = 3 September 2020 | archive-date = 11 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200811185258/https://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961614P0428X | url-status = live }}</ref> Treatments dem apply directly to de affected skin, such as azelaic acid, benzoyl peroxide, den salicylic acid, commonly be used.<ref name=Titus2012/> Antibiotics den retinoids be available insyd formulations wey be applied to de skin wey dem take am by mouth for de treatment of acne.<ref name=Titus2012/> However, resistance to antibiotics fi develop as a result of antibiotic therapy.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B | title = Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne | journal = Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 271–8 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 23905540 | doi = 10.1111/jdv.12224 | s2cid = 26027411 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> Chaw types of birth control pills help prevent acne insyd women.<ref name=Titus2012/> Medical professionals typically dey reserve isotretinoin pills give severe acne, secof greater potential side effects.<ref name="Titus2012">{{cite journal |last1=Titus |first1=Stephen |last2=Hodge |first2=Joshua |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Acne |journal=American Family Physician |date=15 October 2012 |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=734–740 |pmid=23062156 |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1015/p734.html |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218104435/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1015/p734.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lew2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB | title = Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review | journal = The British Journal of Dermatology | volume = 178 | issue = 1 | pages = 76–85 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 28542914 | doi = 10.1111/bjd.15668 | s2cid = 635373 }}</ref> Early den aggressive treatment of acne be advocated by sam insyd de medical community to decrease de overall long-term impact on individuals.<ref name=Goodman2006/>
== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]
<references />
== External links ==
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'''Acne''', dem sanso know as '''acne vulgaris''', be a long-term skin condition wey dey occur wen dead skin cells den sebum clog hair follicles.<ref name="Aslam2015">{{cite journal |vauthors = Aslam I, Fleischer A, Feldman S |title = Emerging drugs for the treatment of acne |journal = Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs |volume = 20 |issue = 1 |pages = 91–101 |date = March 2015 |pmid = 25474485 |doi = 10.1517/14728214.2015.990373 |s2cid = 12685388 |type = Review | issn = 1472-8214}}</ref> Typical features of de condition dey include blackheads anaa whiteheads, pimples, oily skin, den possible scarring.<ref name="Vary2015">{{cite journal |vauthors = Vary JC |title = Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis |journal = The Medical Clinics of North America |volume = 99 |issue = 6 |pages = 1195–211 |date = November 2015 |pmid = 26476248 |doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003 |type = Review }}</ref><ref name="Bhate20132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC |date=March 2013 |title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris |journal=The British Journal of Dermatology |type=Review |volume=168 |issue=3 |pages=474–85 |doi=10.1111/bjd.12149 |pmid=23210645 |s2cid=24002879 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC |title = Acne vulgaris |journal = Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume = 1 |article-number = 15033 |date = September 2015 |pmid = 27227877 |doi = 10.1038/nrdp.2015.33 |s2cid = 44167421 |doi-access = free }}</ref> E primarily dey affect skin plus a relatively high number of oil glands, wey dey include de face, upper part of de chest, den back.<ref name="women">{{cite web |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/assets/docs/fact-sheets/acne.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions: Acne |date=July 2009 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Public Health and Science, Office on Women's Health |access-date=30 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210141821/https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/assets/docs/fact-sheets/acne.pdf |archive-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> De resulting appearance fi lead to lack of confidence, anxiety, reduced self-esteem, den, insyd extreme cases, depression anaa thoughts of suicide.<ref name="Barnes2012">{{cite journal |vauthors = Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR |title = Quality of life measures for acne patients |journal = Dermatologic Clinics |volume = 30 |issue = 2 |pages = 293–300, ix |date = April 2012 |pmid = 22284143 |doi = 10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001 |type = Review }}</ref><ref name="Goodman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Goodman |first1=Greg |title=Acne and acne scarring – the case for active and early intervention. |journal=Australian Family Physician |date=July 2006 |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=503–504 |pmid=16820822 |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200607/8194 |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419115433/https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200607/8194 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Susceptibility to acne primarily be genetic insyd 80% of cases.<ref name="Bhate20132" /> De roles of diet den cigarette smoking insyd de condition be unclear, den neither cleanliness nor exposure to sunlight be associated plus acne.<ref name="Bhate20132" /><ref name="Knutsen2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP | title = Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment | journal = Dermatologic Clinics | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 99–106, viii-ix | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22117871 | doi = 10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001 | type = Review }}</ref><ref name="Schnopp2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schnopp C, Mempel M | title = Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents | journal = Minerva Pediatrica | volume = 63 | issue = 4 | pages = 293–304 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21909065 | type = Review }}</ref> Insyd both sexes, hormones dem call androgens appear to be part of de underlying mechanism, by causing increased production of sebum.<ref name=NEJM2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = James WD | title = Clinical practice. Acne | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 352 | issue = 14 | pages = 1463–72 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15814882 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp033487 | type = Review }}</ref> Anoda common factor be de excessive growth of de bacterium ''Cutibacterium acnes'', wich be present on de skin.<ref name="Zaenglein20182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zaenglein AL |date=October 2018 |title=Acne Vulgaris |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |type=Review |volume=379 |issue=14 |pages=1343–1352 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493 |pmid=30281982 |s2cid=52914179}}</ref>
Treatments for acne be available, wey dey include lifestyle changes, medications, den medical procedures. De most effective medication be isotretinoin. Eating fewer simple carbohydrates such as sugar fi minimize de condition.<ref name="Mahmood2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahmood SN, Bowe WP | title = [Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit] | url = https://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961614P0428X | journal = [[Journal of Drugs in Dermatology]] | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 428–35 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24719062 | type = Review | access-date = 3 September 2020 | archive-date = 11 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200811185258/https://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961614P0428X | url-status = live }}</ref> Treatments dem apply directly to de affected skin, such as azelaic acid, benzoyl peroxide, den salicylic acid, commonly be used.<ref name=Titus2012/> Antibiotics den retinoids be available insyd formulations wey be applied to de skin wey dem take am by mouth for de treatment of acne.<ref name=Titus2012/> However, resistance to antibiotics fi develop as a result of antibiotic therapy.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B | title = Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne | journal = Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 271–8 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 23905540 | doi = 10.1111/jdv.12224 | s2cid = 26027411 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> Chaw types of birth control pills help prevent acne insyd women.<ref name=Titus2012/> Medical professionals typically dey reserve isotretinoin pills give severe acne, secof greater potential side effects.<ref name="Titus2012">{{cite journal |last1=Titus |first1=Stephen |last2=Hodge |first2=Joshua |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Acne |journal=American Family Physician |date=15 October 2012 |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=734–740 |pmid=23062156 |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1015/p734.html |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218104435/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1015/p734.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lew2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB | title = Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review | journal = The British Journal of Dermatology | volume = 178 | issue = 1 | pages = 76–85 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 28542914 | doi = 10.1111/bjd.15668 | s2cid = 635373 }}</ref> Early den aggressive treatment of acne be advocated by sam insyd de medical community to decrease de overall long-term impact on individuals.<ref name=Goodman2006/>
Insyd 2015, acne affect approximately 633{{nbsp}}million people globally, wey dey make am de eighth-most common chronic disease worldwide.<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 | author1 = ((GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators)) }}</ref><ref name=Hay2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray C, Naghavi M | display-authors = 6 | title = The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions | journal = The Journal of Investigative Dermatology | volume = 134 | issue = 6 | pages = 1527–1534 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24166134 | doi = 10.1038/jid.2013.446 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Acne commonly dey occur insyd adolescence den dey affect an estimated 80–90% of teenagers insyd de Western world.<ref name="Taylor2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R | title = Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology | journal = European Journal of Dermatology | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 323–33 | date = May–June 2011 | pmid = 21609898 | doi = 10.1684/ejd.2011.1357 | s2cid = 7128254 | type = Review }}</ref><ref name="BMJ2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP | title = Acne vulgaris | journal = The BMJ | volume = 346 | issue = 5 | pages = 30–33 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23657180 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.f2634 | type = Review | jstor = 23494950 | s2cid = 5331094 }}</ref><ref name="Goldberg2011">{{cite book| vauthors = Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL |title=Acne and Rosacea: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84076-150-4|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&pg=PA8|date=October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&pg=PA8&dq|archive-date=2 July 2016}}</ref> Sam rural societies report lower rates of acne dan industrialized ones.<ref name=Goldberg2011/><ref name="Spen2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND | title = Diet and acne: a review of the evidence | journal = International Journal of Dermatology | volume = 48 | issue = 4 | pages = 339–47 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19335417 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x | s2cid = 16534829 | type = Review | doi-access = }}</ref> Kiddies den adults sanso be affected before den after [[puberty]].<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal | vauthors = Admani S, Barrio VR | title = Evaluation and treatment of acne from infancy to preadolescence | journal = Dermatologic Therapy | volume = 26 | issue = 6 | pages = 462–6 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24552409 | doi = 10.1111/dth.12108 | s2cid = 30549586 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> Although acne cam be less common insyd adulthood, e dey persist in nearly half of affected people into dema twenties den thirties, den a smaller group dey continue to have difficulties insyd dema forties.<ref name="Bhate20132" />
== References ==
<references />
== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]
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'''Acne''', dem sanso know as '''acne vulgaris''', be a long-term skin condition wey dey occur wen dead skin cells den sebum clog hair follicles.<ref name="Aslam2015">{{cite journal |vauthors = Aslam I, Fleischer A, Feldman S |title = Emerging drugs for the treatment of acne |journal = Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs |volume = 20 |issue = 1 |pages = 91–101 |date = March 2015 |pmid = 25474485 |doi = 10.1517/14728214.2015.990373 |s2cid = 12685388 |type = Review | issn = 1472-8214}}</ref> Typical features of de condition dey include blackheads anaa whiteheads, pimples, oily skin, den possible scarring.<ref name="Vary2015">{{cite journal |vauthors = Vary JC |title = Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis |journal = The Medical Clinics of North America |volume = 99 |issue = 6 |pages = 1195–211 |date = November 2015 |pmid = 26476248 |doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003 |type = Review }}</ref><ref name="Bhate20132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC |date=March 2013 |title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris |journal=The British Journal of Dermatology |type=Review |volume=168 |issue=3 |pages=474–85 |doi=10.1111/bjd.12149 |pmid=23210645 |s2cid=24002879 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC |title = Acne vulgaris |journal = Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume = 1 |article-number = 15033 |date = September 2015 |pmid = 27227877 |doi = 10.1038/nrdp.2015.33 |s2cid = 44167421 |doi-access = free }}</ref> E primarily dey affect skin plus a relatively high number of oil glands, wey dey include de face, upper part of de chest, den back.<ref name="women">{{cite web |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/assets/docs/fact-sheets/acne.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions: Acne |date=July 2009 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Public Health and Science, Office on Women's Health |access-date=30 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210141821/https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/assets/docs/fact-sheets/acne.pdf |archive-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> De resulting appearance fi lead to lack of confidence, anxiety, reduced self-esteem, den, insyd extreme cases, depression anaa thoughts of suicide.<ref name="Barnes2012">{{cite journal |vauthors = Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR |title = Quality of life measures for acne patients |journal = Dermatologic Clinics |volume = 30 |issue = 2 |pages = 293–300, ix |date = April 2012 |pmid = 22284143 |doi = 10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001 |type = Review }}</ref><ref name="Goodman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Goodman |first1=Greg |title=Acne and acne scarring – the case for active and early intervention. |journal=Australian Family Physician |date=July 2006 |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=503–504 |pmid=16820822 |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200607/8194 |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419115433/https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200607/8194 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Susceptibility to acne primarily be genetic insyd 80% of cases.<ref name="Bhate20132" /> De roles of diet den cigarette smoking insyd de condition be unclear, den neither cleanliness nor exposure to sunlight be associated plus acne.<ref name="Bhate20132" /><ref name="Knutsen2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP | title = Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment | journal = Dermatologic Clinics | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 99–106, viii-ix | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22117871 | doi = 10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001 | type = Review }}</ref><ref name="Schnopp2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schnopp C, Mempel M | title = Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents | journal = Minerva Pediatrica | volume = 63 | issue = 4 | pages = 293–304 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21909065 | type = Review }}</ref> Insyd both sexes, hormones dem call androgens appear to be part of de underlying mechanism, by causing increased production of sebum.<ref name=NEJM2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = James WD | title = Clinical practice. Acne | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 352 | issue = 14 | pages = 1463–72 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15814882 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp033487 | type = Review }}</ref> Anoda common factor be de excessive growth of de bacterium ''Cutibacterium acnes'', wich be present on de skin.<ref name="Zaenglein20182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zaenglein AL |date=October 2018 |title=Acne Vulgaris |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |type=Review |volume=379 |issue=14 |pages=1343–1352 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493 |pmid=30281982 |s2cid=52914179}}</ref>
Treatments for acne be available, wey dey include lifestyle changes, medications, den medical procedures. De most effective medication be isotretinoin. Eating fewer simple carbohydrates such as sugar fi minimize de condition.<ref name="Mahmood2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahmood SN, Bowe WP | title = [Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit] | url = https://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961614P0428X | journal = [[Journal of Drugs in Dermatology]] | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 428–35 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24719062 | type = Review | access-date = 3 September 2020 | archive-date = 11 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200811185258/https://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961614P0428X | url-status = live }}</ref> Treatments dem apply directly to de affected skin, such as azelaic acid, benzoyl peroxide, den salicylic acid, commonly be used.<ref name=Titus2012/> Antibiotics den retinoids be available insyd formulations wey be applied to de skin wey dem take am by mouth for de treatment of acne.<ref name=Titus2012/> However, resistance to antibiotics fi develop as a result of antibiotic therapy.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B | title = Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne | journal = Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 271–8 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 23905540 | doi = 10.1111/jdv.12224 | s2cid = 26027411 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> Chaw types of birth control pills help prevent acne insyd women.<ref name=Titus2012/> Medical professionals typically dey reserve isotretinoin pills give severe acne, secof greater potential side effects.<ref name="Titus2012">{{cite journal |last1=Titus |first1=Stephen |last2=Hodge |first2=Joshua |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Acne |journal=American Family Physician |date=15 October 2012 |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=734–740 |pmid=23062156 |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1015/p734.html |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218104435/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1015/p734.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lew2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB | title = Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review | journal = The British Journal of Dermatology | volume = 178 | issue = 1 | pages = 76–85 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 28542914 | doi = 10.1111/bjd.15668 | s2cid = 635373 }}</ref> Early den aggressive treatment of acne be advocated by sam insyd de medical community to decrease de overall long-term impact on individuals.<ref name=Goodman2006/>
Insyd 2015, acne affect approximately 633{{nbsp}}million people globally, wey dey make am de eighth-most common chronic disease worldwide.<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 | author1 = ((GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators)) }}</ref><ref name=Hay2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray C, Naghavi M | display-authors = 6 | title = The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions | journal = The Journal of Investigative Dermatology | volume = 134 | issue = 6 | pages = 1527–1534 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24166134 | doi = 10.1038/jid.2013.446 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Acne commonly dey occur insyd adolescence den dey affect an estimated 80–90% of teenagers insyd de Western world.<ref name="Taylor2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R | title = Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology | journal = European Journal of Dermatology | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 323–33 | date = May–June 2011 | pmid = 21609898 | doi = 10.1684/ejd.2011.1357 | s2cid = 7128254 | type = Review }}</ref><ref name="BMJ2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP | title = Acne vulgaris | journal = The BMJ | volume = 346 | issue = 5 | pages = 30–33 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23657180 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.f2634 | type = Review | jstor = 23494950 | s2cid = 5331094 }}</ref><ref name="Goldberg2011">{{cite book| vauthors = Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL |title=Acne and Rosacea: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84076-150-4|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&pg=PA8|date=October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&pg=PA8&dq|archive-date=2 July 2016}}</ref> Sam rural societies report lower rates of acne dan industrialized ones.<ref name=Goldberg2011/><ref name="Spen2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND | title = Diet and acne: a review of the evidence | journal = International Journal of Dermatology | volume = 48 | issue = 4 | pages = 339–47 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19335417 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x | s2cid = 16534829 | type = Review | doi-access = }}</ref> Kiddies den adults sanso be affected before den after [[puberty]].<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal | vauthors = Admani S, Barrio VR | title = Evaluation and treatment of acne from infancy to preadolescence | journal = Dermatologic Therapy | volume = 26 | issue = 6 | pages = 462–6 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24552409 | doi = 10.1111/dth.12108 | s2cid = 30549586 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> Although acne cam be less common insyd adulthood, e dey persist in nearly half of affected people into dema twenties den thirties, den a smaller group dey continue to have difficulties insyd dema forties.<ref name="Bhate20132" />
== References ==
<references />
== Read further ==
* {{cite book | first1 = Amy S. | last1 = Paller | first2 = Anthony J. | last2 = Mancini |title=Hurwitz's Clinical Pediatric Dermatology: A Textbook of Skin Disorders of Childhood And Adolescence |publisher=Elsevier |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-323-24475-6 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Cordain L, Lindeberg S, Hurtado M, Hill K, Eaton SB, Brand-Miller J | title = Acne vulgaris: a disease of Western civilization | journal = Archives of Dermatology | volume = 138 | issue = 12 | pages = 1584–90 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12472346 | doi = 10.1001/archderm.138.12.1584 | doi-access = }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Del Rosso JQ | title = The role of skin care as an integral component in the management of acne vulgaris: part 1: the importance of cleanser and moisturizer ingredients, design, and product selection | journal = The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology | volume = 6 | issue = 12 | pages = 19–27 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 24765221 | pmc = 3997205 }}
* {{cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/acne.html | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | department = [[MedlinePlus]] | title = Acne | access-date = 20 May 2020 | archive-date = 29 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200729021012/https://medlineplus.gov/acne.html | url-status = live }}
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.acnesupport.org.uk/ Acne Support]. Expert, impartial advice on acne by the British Association of Dermatologists (BAD).
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Acne vulgaris}}
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'''Nitrofurantoin''', dem sell under de brand name '''Macrobid''' among odas, be an antibacterial [[medication]] of de nitrofuran class. E be used primarily to treat lower<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=About nitrofurantoin |url=https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/nitrofurantoin/about-nitrofurantoin/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NICE - Nitrofurantoin |url=https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/nitrofurantoin/ |website=BNF - NICE}}</ref> urinary tract infections (UTIs) buh e sanso be used insyd bladder infections. E no be indicated give kidney infections<ref name="AHFS2015">{{cite web|title=Nitrofurantoin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/nitrofurantoin.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=1 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707224038/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/nitrofurantoin.html|archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> nor e be as effective give dem. Dem dey take am by mouth.<ref name=AHFS2015/>
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'''Nitrofurantoin''', dem sell under de brand name '''Macrobid''' among odas, be an antibacterial [[medication]] of de nitrofuran class. E be used primarily to treat lower<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=About nitrofurantoin |url=https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/nitrofurantoin/about-nitrofurantoin/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NICE - Nitrofurantoin |url=https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/nitrofurantoin/ |website=BNF - NICE}}</ref> urinary tract infections (UTIs) buh e sanso be used insyd bladder infections. E no be indicated give kidney infections<ref name="AHFS2015">{{cite web|title=Nitrofurantoin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/nitrofurantoin.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=1 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707224038/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/nitrofurantoin.html|archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> nor e be as effective give dem. Dem dey take am by mouth.<ref name=AHFS2015/>
Common side effects dey include nausea, loss of appetite, [[diarrhea]], den headaches.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Rarely [[peripheral neuropathy|numbness]], lung problems, anaa liver problems fi occur.<ref name=AHFS2015/> While e dey appear to be generally safe during [[pregnancy]] ein use no be recommended near time of delivery.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref name=TGA2014>{{cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=https://www.tga.gov.au/products/medicines/find-information-about-medicine/prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database |work=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> While e usually dey work by slowing bacterial growth, e fi result in bacterial death at de high concentrations dem find insyd urine, provided forced fluid dilution of urine be avoided.<ref name=AHFS2015/>
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'''Nitrofurantoin''', dem sell under de brand name '''Macrobid''' among odas, be an antibacterial [[medication]] of de nitrofuran class. E be used primarily to treat lower<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=About nitrofurantoin |url=https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/nitrofurantoin/about-nitrofurantoin/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NICE - Nitrofurantoin |url=https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/nitrofurantoin/ |website=BNF - NICE}}</ref> urinary tract infections (UTIs) buh e sanso be used insyd bladder infections. E no be indicated give kidney infections<ref name="AHFS2015">{{cite web|title=Nitrofurantoin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/nitrofurantoin.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=1 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707224038/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/nitrofurantoin.html|archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> nor e be as effective give dem. Dem dey take am by mouth.<ref name=AHFS2015/>
Common side effects dey include nausea, loss of appetite, [[diarrhea]], den headaches.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Rarely [[peripheral neuropathy|numbness]], lung problems, anaa liver problems fi occur.<ref name=AHFS2015/> While e dey appear to be generally safe during [[pregnancy]] ein use no be recommended near time of delivery.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref name=TGA2014>{{cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=https://www.tga.gov.au/products/medicines/find-information-about-medicine/prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database |work=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> While e usually dey work by slowing bacterial growth, e fi result in bacterial death at de high concentrations dem find insyd urine, provided forced fluid dilution of urine be avoided.<ref name=AHFS2015/>
As de name anaa branding dey suggest, nitrofurantoin (secof de brand name macrobid) for be taken twice per day, or bis in die (B.I.D.). Na dem first sell nitrofurantoin insyd 1953.<ref name=Ben2015>{{cite book| vauthors = Blass B |title=Basic Principles of Drug Discovery and Development |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780124115255 |page=511 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YTvLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA511 |url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170908150204/https://books.google.com/books?id=YTvLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA511 |archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> E be available as a generic medication.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Insyd 2023, e be de 143rd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 3{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top 300">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Nitrofurantoin Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Nitrofurantoin | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}</ref>
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'''Nitrofurantoin''', dem sell under de brand name '''Macrobid''' among odas, be an antibacterial [[medication]] of de nitrofuran class. E be used primarily to treat lower<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=About nitrofurantoin |url=https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/nitrofurantoin/about-nitrofurantoin/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NICE - Nitrofurantoin |url=https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/nitrofurantoin/ |website=BNF - NICE}}</ref> urinary tract infections (UTIs) buh e sanso be used insyd bladder infections. E no be indicated give kidney infections<ref name="AHFS2015">{{cite web|title=Nitrofurantoin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/nitrofurantoin.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=1 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707224038/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/nitrofurantoin.html|archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> nor e be as effective give dem. Dem dey take am by mouth.<ref name=AHFS2015/>
Common side effects dey include nausea, loss of appetite, [[diarrhea]], den headaches.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Rarely [[peripheral neuropathy|numbness]], lung problems, anaa liver problems fi occur.<ref name=AHFS2015/> While e dey appear to be generally safe during [[pregnancy]] ein use no be recommended near time of delivery.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref name=TGA2014>{{cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=https://www.tga.gov.au/products/medicines/find-information-about-medicine/prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database |work=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> While e usually dey work by slowing bacterial growth, e fi result in bacterial death at de high concentrations dem find insyd urine, provided forced fluid dilution of urine be avoided.<ref name=AHFS2015/>
As de name anaa branding dey suggest, nitrofurantoin (secof de brand name macrobid) for be taken twice per day, or bis in die (B.I.D.). Na dem first sell nitrofurantoin insyd 1953.<ref name=Ben2015>{{cite book| vauthors = Blass B |title=Basic Principles of Drug Discovery and Development |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780124115255 |page=511 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YTvLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA511 |url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170908150204/https://books.google.com/books?id=YTvLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA511 |archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> E be available as a generic medication.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Insyd 2023, e be de 143rd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 3{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top 300">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Nitrofurantoin Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Nitrofurantoin | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}</ref>
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[[Category:Antimicrobials]]
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'''Migraine''' be a neurological disorder wey dey cause moderate-to-severe headaches. De pain usually dey affect one side of de head. E be generally associated plus nausea, light sensitivity den sound sensitivity.<ref name="Pescador_Ruschel_2024">{{cite book | vauthors = Pescador Ruschel MA, De Jesus O | chapter = Migraine Headache |date=2024 |title = StatPearls | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560787/ |access-date=13 September 2024 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809622 }}</ref><ref name="Cephalalgia_2018">{{Cite journal |date=January 2018 |title=Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition |journal=Cephalalgia|volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–211 |doi=10.1177/0333102417738202 |pmid=29368949}}</ref> Oda symptoms fi include dizziness, vomiting,<ref name="Pescador_Ruschel_2024" /> and difficulty thinking.<ref name="Fernandes">{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=C |last2=Dapkute |first2=A |last3=Watson |first3=E |last4=Kazaishvili |first4=I |last5=Chądzyński |first5=P |last6=Varanda |first6=S |last7=Di Antonio |first7=S |last8=Munday |first8=V |last9=MaassenVanDenBrink |first9=A |last10=Lampl |first10=C |last11=European Headache Federation School of Advanced Studies |first11=(EHF-SAS) |title=Migraine and cognitive dysfunction: a narrative review. |journal=The Journal of Headache and Pain |date=19 December 2024 |volume=25 |issue=1 |page=221 |doi=10.1186/s10194-024-01923-y |doi-access=free |pmid=39701926 |pmc=11657937 }}</ref> Insyd sam cases, a migraine attack dey begin plus an aura, a period of sensory disturbance.<ref name="Cephalalgia_2018" />
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