United Kingdom

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    <title>United Kingdom</title>
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De '''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''', dem commonly know am as de '''United Kingdom''' ('''UK''') anaa '''Britain''', be country insyd Northwestern Europe, off de coast of de continental mainland.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toponymic-guidelines/toponymic-guidelines-for-map-and-other-editors-united-kingdom-of-great-britain-and-northern-ireland--2 &quot;Toponymic guidelines for map and other editors, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland&quot;]. ''GOV.UK''. 9 November 2023. 10.2 Definitions. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165832/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toponymic-guidelines Archived] from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2024. &lt;q&gt;usually shortened to United Kingdom ... The abbreviation is UK or U.K.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom &quot;United Kingdom&quot;]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 12 February 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231013082418/https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom Archived] from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; E dey comprise England, Scotland, Wales, den Northern Ireland.&lt;ref&gt;The Isle of Man, Guernsey and Jersey are Crown Dependencies and not part of the UK.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about &quot;A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2023)&quot;]. ''Open Geography Portal''. Office for National Statistics. 24 August 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231209115545/https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about Archived] from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; De UK dey include de island of Great Britain, de north-eastern part of de island of Ireland, den most of de smaller islands within de British Isles, wey dey make up a total area of 94,354 square miles (244,376 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;ONS Standard Area Measurement, 'area to mean high water'. Excludes the Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about &quot;Standard Area Measurements for Administrative Areas (December 2023) in the UK&quot;]. ''Open Geography Portal''. Office for National Statistics. 31 May 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240607052407/https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about Archived] from the original on 7 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223902/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Great-Britain?q=Great+Britain &quot;Definition of Great Britain in English&quot;]. Oxford University Press. Archived from [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Great-Britain?q=Great+Britain the original] on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2014. &lt;q&gt;Great Britain is the name for the island that comprises England, Scotland and Wales, although the term is also used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Northern Ireland dey share a land border plus de Republic of Ireland; otherwise, de United Kingdom be surrounded by de Atlantic Ocean, de North Sea, de English Channel, de Celtic Sea, den de Irish Sea. De United Kingdom get estimated population of over 68.2 million people insyd 2023.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/latest &quot;Population estimates for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2023&quot;]. ''www.ons.gov.uk''. Office for National Statistics (ONS). 8 October 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; De capital den largest city of both England den de United Kingdom be London, wey ein wider metropolitan area be de largest insyd Western Europe, plus population of 14.9 million.&lt;ref&gt;[http://citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations &quot;Major Agglomerations&quot;]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231004094531/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ Archived] from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; De cities of Edinburgh, Cardiff, den Belfast be de national capitals of Scotland, Wales, den Northern Ireland, respectively.

De United Kingdom be constitutional monarchy den parliamentary democracy.&lt;ref&gt;The United Kingdom does not have a codified constitution but an unwritten one formed of Acts of Parliament, court judgments, traditions, and conventions.

''[https://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/what-uk-constitution/what-uk-constitution What is the UK Constitution?]'', The Constitution Unit of UCL, 9 August 2018, [https://web.archive.org/web/20181107060057/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/whatis/uk-constitution archived] from the original on 7 November 2018, retrieved 6 February 2020&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx The British Monarchy, &quot;What is constitutional monarchy?&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190604151257/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx Archived] 4 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 July 2013; [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/ &quot;United Kingdom&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/ Archived] 9 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine CIA ''The World Factbook''. Retrieved 17 July 2013&lt;/ref&gt; De UK get three distinct jurisdictions: England den Wales, Scotland, den Northern Ireland.&lt;ref&gt;Dewart, Megan (2019). [https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_EtwEACAAJ ''The Scottish Legal System''.] UK: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 57. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-5265-0633-7|978-1-5265-0633-7]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230704040048/https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_EtwEACAAJ Archived] from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1999, Scotland, Wales den Northern Ireland get dema own governments den parliaments wich dey control various devolved matters.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations &quot;Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland&quot;]. United Kingdom Government. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130718065448/https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations Archived] from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de UK be permanent member of de UN Security Council since ein first session insyd 1946. Ebe member of de Commonwealth of Nations, Council of Europe, G7, OECD, NATO, Five Eyes, AUKUS den CPTPP. Dem fi observe British influence insyd de legal den political systems of chaw of ein former colonies, den British culture dey remain globally influential, particularly insyd language, literature, music den sport. English be de world ein most widely spoken language den de third-most spoken native language.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/ &quot;What are the top 200 most spoken languages?&quot;]. ''Ethnologue''. 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230618053740/https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/ Archived] from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demographics ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Population of de United Kingdom by country (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx &quot;Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022&quot;]. ''Office for National Statistics''. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Country
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Land area
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Population
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Density
(/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
!(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!(%)
!People
!(%)
|-
|England
|130,310
|54%
|57,106,398
|84%
|438
|-
|Scotland
|77,901
|32%
|5,447,700
|8%
|70
|-
|Wales
|20,737
|9%
|3,131,640
|5%
|151
|-
|Northern Ireland
|13,547
|6%
|1,910,543
|3%
|141
|-
!United Kingdom
!242,495
!100%
!67,596,281
!100%
!279
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; |Largest urban areas of de United Kingdom

(England den Wales: 2011 census built-up area;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx &quot;2011 Census - Built-up areas&quot;]. ONS. Retrieved 1 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Scotland: 2016 estimates settlement;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170206065314/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//geography/products/2012-setts-locals-back-info.pdf &quot;NRS – Background Information Settlements and Localities&quot;] (PDF). ''National Records of Scotland''. Retrieved 29 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Northern Ireland: 2001 census urban area)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/fertility-analysis/focus-on-people-and-migration/december-2005/focus-on-people-and-migration---focus-on-people-and-migration---chapter-3.pdf The UK's major urban areas] Office for National Statistics (Urban area of Belfast and connected settlements, Table 3.1, page 47)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!Rank
!Urban area
!Pop.
!Principal settlement
!Rank
!Urban area
!Pop.
!Principal settlement
|-
|1
|'''Greater London'''
|9,787,426
|London
|11
|'''Bristol'''
|617,280
|Bristol
|-
|2
|'''Greater Manchester'''
|2,553,379
|Manchester
|12
|'''Edinburgh'''
|512,150
|Edinburgh
|-
|3
|'''West Midlands'''
|2,440,986
|Birmingham
|13
|'''Leicester'''
|508,916
|Leicester
|-
|4
|'''West Yorkshire'''
|1,777,934
|Leeds
|14
|'''Belfast'''
|483,418
|Belfast
|-
|5
|'''Greater Glasgow'''
|985,290
|Glasgow
|15
|'''Brighton &amp; Hove'''
|474,485
|Brighton
|-
|6
|'''Liverpool'''
|864,122
|Liverpool
|16
|'''South East Dorset'''
|466,266
|Bournemouth
|-
|7
|'''South Hampshire'''
|855,569
|Southampton
|17
|'''Cardiff'''
|390,214
|Cardiff
|-
|8
|'''Tyneside'''
|774,891
|Newcastle upon Tyne
|18
|'''Teesside'''
|376,633
|Middlesbrough
|-
|9
|'''Nottingham'''
|729,977
|Nottingham
|19
|'''Stoke-on-Trent'''
|372,775
|Stoke-on-Trent
|-
|10
|'''Sheffield'''
|685,368
|Sheffield
|20
|'''Coventry'''
|359,262
|Coventry
|}

=== Ethnicity ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ethnic group
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Population (absolute)
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Population (per cent)
|-
!2001
!2011
!2001&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040619124235/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=455 &quot;Population size: 7.9 per cent from a non-White ethnic group&quot;]. Office for National Statistics. 8 January 2004. Archived from [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=455 the original] on 19 June 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
!2011&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160123182221/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls &quot;2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom&quot;]. Office for National Statistics. 11 October 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |White
|54,153,898
|55,010,359
|92.1%
|87.1%
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |White: Gypsy, Traveller den Irish Traveller
|–
|63,193
|–
|0.1%
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Asian den Asian British
|Indian
|1,053,411
|1,451,862
|1.8%
|2.3%
|-
|Pakistani
|747,285
|1,174,983
|1.3%
|1.9%
|-
|Bangladeshi
|283,063
|451,529
|0.5%
|0.7%
|-
|Chinese
|247,403
|433,150
|0.4%
|0.7%
|-
|Oda Asian
|247,664
|861,815
|0.4%
|1.4%
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Black, African, Caribbean den Black British
|1,148,738
|1,904,684
|2.0%
|3.0%
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mixed anaa multiple ethnic groups
|677,117
|1,250,229
|1.2%
|2.0%
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oda ethnic groups
|230,615
|580,374
|0.4%
|0.9%
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!58,789,194
!63,182,178
!100.0%
!100.0%
|}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
'''United Kingdom''' at Wikipedia ein sisto projects

* [[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Basshunter?uselang=gpe|16x16px]] [[wiktionary:Special:Search/United_Kingdom|Wiktionary]]
* [[File:Commons-logo.svg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Basshunter?uselang=gpe|16x16px]] [[commons:United_Kingdom|Commons]]
* [[File:Wikinews-logo.svg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Basshunter?uselang=gpe|16x16px]] [[wikinews:Category:United_Kingdom|News]]
* [[File:Wikiquote-logo.svg|link=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Basshunter?uselang=gpe|16x16px]] [[wikiquote:United_Kingdom|Wikiquote]] (en)
* [[File:Wikisource-logo.svg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Basshunter?uselang=gpe|16x16px]] [[wikisource:Special:Search/United_Kingdom|Wikisource]]
* [[File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|link=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Basshunter?uselang=gpe|16x16px]] [[wikibooks:Special:Search/United_Kingdom|Wikibooks]]
* [[File:Wikidata-logo.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383541|16x16px]] [[wikidata:Q145|Wikidata]]
* [[File:Wikiversity-logo.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383541|16x16px]] [[wikiversity:Special:Search/United_Kingdom|Wikiversity]]
* [[File:Wikivoyage-logo.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383541|16x16px]] [[wikivoyage:United_Kingdom|Wikivoyage]]

* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18023389 United Kingdom] from BBC News
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/ United Kingdom]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090406224510/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/british.htm United Kingdom] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' (archived 6 April 2009)
*[[commons:Atlas_of_United_Kingdom|Wikimedia Atlas of United Kingdom]]
*Geographic data related to [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/62149 United Kingdom] at OpenStreetMap
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=GB Key Development Forecasts for the United Kingdom] from International Futures

=== Government ===

* [http://www.gov.uk/ Official website of HM Government]
* [http://www.royal.gov.uk/ Official website of the British Monarchy]
* [http://www.number10.gov.uk/ Official website of the British Prime Minister's Office]

=== Travel ===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210213081243/https://www.visitbritain.com/gb/en Official tourist guide to Britain]
[[Category:United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British Islands]]
[[Category:Countries for Europe insyd]]
[[Category:English-speaking countries den territories]]
[[Category:G20 members]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:Member states of NATO]]
[[Category:Member states of de Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Member states of de Council of Europe]]
[[Category:Member states of de United Nations]]
[[Category:OECD members]]</text>
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    <title>Luc Gnacadja</title>
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'''Luc-Marie Constant Gnacadja''' anaa simply '''Luc Gnacadja''' be [[Benin]]ese politician den architect. Na he be Executive Secretary of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification from 2007 to 2013.

== Political career ==
Gnacadja serve insyd de government of Benin as Minister of de Environment, Housing, den Urban Planning from June 1999 to February 2005 under long-time Presido Mathieu Kérékou.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/french/specials/1618_benin_elex/page5.shtml Page on 2006 presidential candidates], BBC Afrique (insyd French).&lt;/ref&gt; Secof major political changes wey dey take place since 2005, particularly plus dem bar Presido Kérékou make he san run by a two-term limit den an age limit of 70 years for candidates, Gnacadja run for presido as de unique candidate of de Envol movement&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.panapress.com/pana-17-lang1-index.html|title=---::: Panapress ::: -la panafricaine de presse pour vos informations, analyses et résumés de l'actualité africaine - Le site officiel ---:::|website=www.panapress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; insyd de March 2006 presidential election,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sonangnon.net/vote2006.php Page on 2006 presidential candidates] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070805204722/http://www.sonangnon.net/vote2006.php Archived] 2007-08-05 at the Wayback Machine, sonangnon.net (insyd French)..&lt;/ref&gt; wey he receive 11th place den 0.68% of de vote for de first round insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210627183714/https://africanelections.tripod.com/bj.html Elections in Benin], African Elections Database.&lt;/ref&gt;

== United Nations career ==
For terms of ministerial authority, Luc Gnacadja represent Benin as de head of delegation to de UNCCD den at de UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) den Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) while he dey serve as Minister.

Insyd September 2007, na dem appoint Luc Gnacadja as Executive Secretary of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, after na dem endorse am by de Bureau of de Conference of de Parties of de UNCCD. As he dey apply for de position, na dem say Gnacadja be backed by Beninese Presido Yayi Boni.&lt;ref&gt;[http://apanews.net/apa.php?page=show_article_eng&amp;id_article=41128 &quot;Beninese named UN Desertification Convention chief&quot;] [https://archive.today/20070805235821/http://apanews.net/apa.php?page=show_article_eng&amp;id_article=41128 Archived] 2007-08-05 at archive.today, African Press Agency, September 5, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Gnacadja ein second term conclude at de end of September 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319162054/http://www.un.org/press/en/2013/sga1438.doc.htm|url-status=live|archivedate=19 March 2017|title=Secretary-General Appoints Monique Barbut of France Executive Secretary, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sga1438.doc.htm|work=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UN Ambassadors Launch Group of Friends of Desertification|url=http://post2015.iisd.org/news/un-ambassadors-launch-group-of-friends-of-desertification|url-status=live|archivedate=8 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108195144/http://sd.iisd.org/news/un-ambassadors-launch-group-of-friends-of-desertification|work=IISD}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Education den awards ==
Luc Gnacadja earn an architecture degree at de African Crafts School of Architecture and Urbanism insyd Lomé, [[Togo]], wey he later study at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government den de World Bank Institute.

Insyd March 2003, na dem award Gnacadja de Green Award 2002 by de World Bank insyd Washington.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNCCD2&quot;&gt;[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/sga1092.doc.htm &quot;Secretary-General appoints Luc Gnacadja of Benin Executive Secretary of United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification&quot;], United Nations website, SG/A/1092, September 11, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; make he dey promote environment-friendly public expenditure reform insyd [[Benin]].

For November 17, 2014, na dem award Gnacadja de Jeffery Cook Prize insyd Desert Architecture&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160422145927/http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/Media/NewsHighlight/Cook_Prize_Press_Release.pdf &quot;Archived copy&quot;] (PDF). ''unccd.int''. 2014. Archived from [http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/Media/NewsHighlight/Cook_Prize_Press_Release.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2014-11-25.&lt;/ref&gt; at de International Drylands, Deserts den Desertification Conference&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eld-initiative.org/index.php?id=51&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=90&amp;cHash=59c28d8db91510efbb6f3a97fd36da24|title=Single news - ELD Initiative|access-date=2015-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930161614/http://eld-initiative.org/index.php?id=51&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=90&amp;cHash=59c28d8db91510efbb6f3a97fd36da24|archive-date=2014-09-30|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem organize by Ben-Gurion University&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; of de Negev's Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research (BIDR).

== Oda activities ==
Gnacadja be honorary councillor&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/5561.html|title=The World Future Council: Luc Gnacadja|accessdate=2015-03-25|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093134/http://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/5561.html|archivedate=2015-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; of The World Future Council&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/english.html|title=The World Future Council: WFC - Home|accessdate=2015-03-25|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402034213/http://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/english.html|archivedate=2015-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; (WFC) dem launch insyd 2007 insyd Hamburg, Germany by Jakob von Uexkull.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130801012608/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/about_the_award.html &quot;Archived copy&quot;]. ''rightlivelihood.org''. 2013. Archived from [http://www.rightlivelihood.org/about_the_award.html the original] on 2013-08-01. Retrieved 2013-07-19.&lt;/ref&gt; De WFC be an international Foundation wey dey consist of sam eminent global personalities wey dey promote change by dem dey advocate at de highest levels for a sustainable, just den peaceful future den dey provide decision-makers plus practical solutions to de global challenges wey dey face future generations.

== References ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gnacadja, Luc}}
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Beninese people]]
[[Category:Environment ministers of Benin]]
[[Category:Housing ministers of Benin]]
[[Category:Urban planning ministers of Benin]]
[[Category:20th-century Beninese politicians]]
[[Category:Sustainability advocates]]
[[Category:People wey komot Porto-Novo]]
[[Category:Candidates for President of Benin]]
[[Category:Beninese officials of de United Nations]]
[[Category:Beninese architects]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Beninese politicians]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
Media wey relate to [[commons:Category:Luc_Gnacadja|Luc Gnacadja]] at Wikimedia Commons{{Authority control}}</text>
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'''George Padmore''' (28 June 1903 – 23 September 1959), born '''Malcolm Ivan Meredith Nurse''', na he be a leading Pan-Africanist, journalist, den author. Na he lef ein native Trinidad inside 1924 make he study medicine inside de [[United States]], wer he also join de Communist Party.

From there he moved to de Soviet Union, where he became active inside de party, then they work on African independence movements. Na he sanso work give de party insyd Germany buh na he lef after de rise of Nazism insyd de 1930s. Insyd 1935, na de official foreign policy of de USSR shift, na Britain den [[France]], colonial powers plus colonies in Africa, dem now be referred &quot;democratic-imperialisms&quot;, a lower priority dan de category of &quot;fascist-imperialist&quot; powers, [[Germany]] den Japan. Na dis shift fall into direct contradiction plus Padmore ein prioritization of African independence, as na [[Germany]] den Japan get no colonies insyd Africa.  Na Padmore break instantly plus d Kremlin, buh na he continue dey support socialism ideologically.&lt;ref name=&quot;James1&quot;&gt;C. L. R. James, ''The Black Jacobins: Toussaint Louverture and the San Domingo Revolution'' (1963).&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1939, na de official view san shift, as na e do after 1941, den afterwards.

Na Padmore live for a time insyd France, before he settle insyd London, England, insyd 1934. Toward de end of ein life na he move to [[Accra]], [[Ghana]], wer na he help shape de politics of [[Kwame Nkrumah]] den de Convention People's Party.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlman&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Jeffrey Ahlman|title=Living with Nkrumahism: Nation, State, and Pan-Africanism in Ghana|date=2017|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0821422939|location=Athens, Ohio|page=14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biography ==

=== Early years ===

Malcolm Ivan Meredith Nurse, dem better know am by ein pseudonym George Padmore, na dem born am on 28 June 1903 insyd Arouca District, Tacarigua,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hooker2&quot;&gt;James R. Hooker, ''Black Revolutionary: George Padmore's Path from Communism to Pan-Africanism'' (1967), p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/george-padmore-commemorative-plaque &quot;George Padmore commemorative plaque&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200919025508/https://www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/george-padmore-commemorative-plaque Archived] 2020-09-19 at the Wayback Machine, George Padmore Institute, 27 June 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Trinidad, then part of de British West Indies. Na ein paternal great-grandpoppie be an Asante warrior wey na dem take am prisoner wey dem sell am into slavery for Barbados, wer na dem born ein grandpoppie.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Kelly Gaines, ''American Africans in Ghana: Black Expatriates and the Civil Rights Era'', UNC Press Books, 2006; p. 27.&lt;/ref&gt; Na ein poppie, James Hubert Alfonso Nurse, be a local schoolmaster wey na he marry Anna Susanna Symister of Antigua, a naturalist.

Na Nurse attend Tranquillity Intermediate College insyd Port of Spain, before he go St Mary's College for two years (1914 den 1915). Na he transfer to Pamphylian High School, wey he graduate from der insyd 1918. After dat, na he work for chaw years as a reporter plus de Trinidad Publishing Company.&lt;ref&gt;Hooker, ''Black Revolutionary'' (1967), p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd late 1924, na he travel to de [[United States]] make he take up medical studies for Fisk University, a historically black college insyd Tennessee. Na he recently marry, on 10 September dat year,&lt;ref&gt;Bill Schwarz, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327005461_George_Padmore &quot;Chapter Six: George Padmore&quot;], in ''West Indian Intellectuals in Britain'', Manchester University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0719064746}}.&lt;/ref&gt; wey ein wifey Julia Semper later go join am insyd America. Na she lef behind dema daughter Blyden, wey na dem born am insyd 1925 (wey she die insyd 2012).&lt;ref&gt;Edwin S Wilson, [https://www.pambazuka.org/resources/blyden-cowart-george-padmore%E2%80%99s-daughter-dies-february-3-2012 &quot;Blyden-Cowart: George Padmore’s daughter dies, February 3, 2012&quot;], ''Pambazuka News'', 9 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; According to Nurse ein instruction, na dem name am in honour of de African nationalist Edward Blyden of [[Liberia]].&lt;ref&gt;Hooker, ''Black Revolutionary'' (1967), pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cameron Duodu, [http://cameronduodu.com/uncategorized/edward-wilmot-blyden-grandfather-of-african-emancipation &quot;Edward Wilmot Blyden, Grandfather of African Emancipation&quot;], Cameron Duodu Blogspot, 8 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Nurse subsequently register for New York University buh soon he transfer to Howard University.

=== Communist Party ===

Na during ein college years insyd de US, Nurse cam be involved plus de Workers (Communist) Party (CPUSA). Wen na he engage insyd party business, he adopt de name George Padmore (wey dey compound de Christian name of ein father-in-law, Constabulary Sergeant-Major George Semper, den de surname of paddie wey na he be ein best man, Errol Padmore).&lt;ref&gt;Hooker, ''Black Revolutionary'' (1967), p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pan-Africanist ===

Although na he alienate from Stalinism, Padmore remain a socialist. Na he seek new ways make he work for African independence from imperial rule. He relocate to [[France]], wer na Garan Kouyaté be an ally from ein Comintern days, na Padmore begin dey wrep a book: ''How Britain Rules Africa''. Plus de help of former American heiress Nancy Cunard, na he find a London agent den, eventually, a publisher (Wishart). Na e publish de book insyd 1936, de year na de publisher cam be Lawrence and Wishart, dem know e be sympathetic to communists. Na publication of books by black men for dat time be rare insyd de [[United Kingdom]]. Na a Swiss publisher distribute a German translation insyd [[Germany]].&lt;ref&gt;Carol Polsgrove, ''Ending British Rule in Africa: Writers in a Common Cause'' (2009), pp. 1–15.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Legacy ===

* After Padmore ein death, na Nkrumah pay tribute to am insyd a radio broadcast: &quot;One day, de whole of Africa go surely be free den united den wen na dem tell de final tale, de significance of George Padmore ein work go be revealed.&quot; Insyd de ''Pittsburgh Courier'', na George Schuyler say Padmore ein writings be &quot;an inspiration to de men wey na dem dream of a free Africa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;George S. Schuyler, &quot;Views and Reviews&quot;, ''The Pittsburgh Courier'', 31 October 1959, p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Padmore ein physician paddie, Cecil Belfield Clarke, wrep de obituary wey run insyd ''The Times,'' wey dey describe Padmore as a writer wey na he wrep books den study dem. Na Jamaican pan-Africanist den diplomat Dudley Thompson wrep of Padmore insyd a letter to ''The Guardian'': &quot;Na he truly be international wey de entire colonial world suffer a loss.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dudley J. Thompson, &quot;Mr. George Padmore&quot;, ''The Guardian'', 9 October 1959, p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;
* After a funeral service for a London crematorium, na dem bury Padmore ein ashes for [[Osu Castle|Christiansborg Castle]] insyd [[Ghana]] on 4 October 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wondji&quot;&gt;Christophe Wondji, [https://newafrikan77.wordpress.com/2014/01/26/a-tribute-to-george-padmore-a-great-pan-africanist/ &quot;A Tribute to George Padmore, A Great Pan-Africanist&quot;], ''New Afrikan'' 77, 26 January 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.caricom.org/jsp/projects/personalities/george_padmore.jsp?menu=projects &quot;George Padmore&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20101214052346/http://caricom.org/jsp/projects/personalities/george_padmore.jsp?menu=projects Archived] 14 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Caribbean Community (Caricom) Secretariat.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem broadcast de ceremony insyd de US by NBC television.&lt;ref&gt;Polsgrove, ''Ending British Rule,'' pp. 162–63.&lt;/ref&gt;

* De George Padmore Research Library, insyd de neighbourhood of Ridge, Accra, Ghana, dem name after am. Na [[Kwame Nkrumah]] speak for de opening of de building dem dedicate to Padmore as a memorial library on 30 June 1961.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210918140630/http://www.dearghana.com/attractions/george-padmore-library/ &quot;George Padmore Library&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; Na Nkrumah rank Padmore as &quot;one of de greatest architects of de African liberation movement ... dem dedicate to African union den liberty.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Emmanuel Akyeampong, Steven J. Niven (eds), [https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Dictionary+of+African+Biography+%22george+padmore+memorial+library%22&amp;pg=RA4-PA75 &quot;George Padmore&quot;], in ''Dictionary of African Biography'', Vols 1–6, OUP USA, 2012, p. 75.&lt;/ref&gt;

* James, na he relocate to Port of Spain, Trinidad, wrep a series of articles on Padmore for ''The Nation''. James sanso begin dey collect material for a biography buh eventually na he produce a slim manuscript per, &quot;Notes on the Life of George Padmore.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Polsgrove, ''Ending British Rule,'' pp. 163–65.&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Works==
* ''The Life and Struggles of Negro Toilers'' (London: Red International of Labour Unions ''Magazine for the International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers'', 1931)
* ''Haiti, an American Slave Colony'' (Centrizdat, 1931)
* ''The Negro Workers and the Imperialist War Intervention in the USSR'' (1931)
* ''How Britain Rules Africa'' (London: Wishart Books, 1936)
* ''Africa and World Peace'' (Foreword by Sir Stafford Cripps; London: Martin Secker and Warburg Ltd, 1937)
* ''Hands Off the Protectorates'' (London: International African Service Bureau, 1938)
* Hands off the Colonies! ''New Leader'', 25 February 1938 [https://www.marxists.org/archive/padmore/1938/hands-off.htm].
* ''The White Man's Duty: An Analysis of the Colonial Question in the Light of the Atlantic Charter'' (with Nancy Cunard) (London: W. H. Allen &amp; Co., 1942)
* ''The Voice of Coloured Labour (Speeches and Reports of Colonial Delegates to the World Trade Union Conference, 1945)'' (editor) (Manchester: Panaf Service, 1945)
* ''How Russia Transformed Her Colonial Empire: A Challenge to the Imperialist Powers'' (in collaboration with Dorothy Pizer) (London: Dennis Dobson, 1946)
* &quot;History of the Pan-African Congress (Colonial and Coloured Unity: A Programme of Action)&quot; (editor) (1947). Reprinted in Hakim Adi and Marika Sherwood, ''The 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress Revisited'' (London: New Beacon Books, 1995)
* ''Africa: Britain's Third Empire'' (London: Dennis Dobson, 1949)
* ''The Gold Coast Revolution: The Struggle of an African People from Slavery to Freedom'' (London: Dennis Dobson, 1953)
* ''Pan-Africanism or Communism? The Coming Struggle for Africa'' (Foreword by Richard Wright. London: Dennis Dobson, 1956)

Online ressources available at https://www.marxists.org/archive/padmore/
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Read further ==
* Baptiste, Fitzroy, and Rupert Lewis (eds.), ''George Padmore: Pan-African Revolutionary''. Kingston: Ian Randle Publishers, 2009. {{ISBN|978-9766373504}} &lt;small&gt;—Essays on Padmore.&lt;/small&gt;
* Duodu, Cameron, [https://www.modernghana.com/news/798245/george-padmore-father-of-the-african-revolution.html &quot;George Padmore , Father Of The African Revolution&quot;], ''Modern Ghana'', 26 August 2017.
* Edwards, Brent Hayes. ''The Practice of Diaspora|The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation, and the Rise of Black Internationalism''. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0674011038}}
* Høgsbjerg, Christian. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150414224814/http://www.isj.org.uk/www.isj.org.uk/indexdc8b.html?id=595&amp;issue=124 &quot;A forgotten fighter&quot;], ''International Socialism'', no. 124 (2009).
* Hooker, James Ralph. ''Black Revolutionary: George Padmore's Path from Communism to Pan-Africanism''. London: Pall Mall Press, 1967. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967.
* James, Leslie, ''George Padmore and Decolonization from Below: Pan-Africanism, the Cold War, and the End of Empire''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. {{ISBN|9781137352019}}
* James, Leslie. ''[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/399/1/James_What%20we%20put%20in%20black%20and%20white.pdf &quot;What We Put in Black and White&quot;]: George Padmore and the Practice of Anti-Imperial Politics''. PhD Thesis, London School of Economics, 2012.
* Makonnen, Ras. ''Pan-Africanism from Within''. Kenneth King (ed.), Nairobi, London, New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.
* Polsgrove, Carol. ''Ending British Rule in Africa: Writers in a Common Cause''. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0719077678}}. Reprint 2012, {{ISBN|978-0719089015}}
* Quest, Matthew. CLR James and George Padmore: Hidden Disputes in The Black Radical Tradition. ROAPE Blog (Review of African Political Economy), January 4, 2024.[https://roape.net/2024/01/04/clr-james-and-george-padmore-hidden-disputes-in-the-black-radical-tradition/]
* Solomon, Mark. ''The Cry was Unity: Communists and African-Americans, 1917–1936'', Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1998. {{ISBN|978-1578060955}}
* Sonderegger, Arno. &quot;Questioning Diaspora: George Padmore, Colonial Fascism, and the Route to Marxist Pan-Africanism&quot;. In: ''Africa and Its Historical and Contemporary Diasporas''. Edited by Tunde Adeleke and Arno Sonderegger. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2023, pp.&amp;nbsp;155–182.
* Sonderegger, Arno. &quot;Which Way Africa? Re-Reading George Padmore's Panafricanism or Communism&quot;. In: ''African Thoughts on Colonial and Neo-Colonial Worlds: Facets of an Intellectual History of Africa''. Edited by Arno Sonderegger. Berlin: Neofelis, 2015, pp.&amp;nbsp;191–202.
* Weiss, Holger. The ITUCNW in the RILU- and CI-Apparatus, 1930-1933. In: ''Framing a Radical African Atlantic. African American Agency, West African Intellectuals and the International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers''. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2014, Chapter VII. ISBN 978-90-04261631.
* Weiss, Holger. The Radical African Atlantic, 1930-1933: Writing Class, Thinking Race. In: ''Framing a Radical African Atlantic. African American Agency, West African Intellectuals and the International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers''. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2014, Chapter VIII. ISBN 978-90-04261631.
* Williams, Theo. ''Making the Revolution Global: Black Radicalism and the British Socialist Movement before Decolonisation''. London, New York: Verso, 2022.
* Williams, Theo. George Padmore and the Soviet Model of the British Commonwealth. ''Modern Intellectual History'', 16/2, 2019: 531-555.

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/padmore/index.htm George Padmore Internet Archive], Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org./ &lt;small&gt;—Selected writings by Padmore.&lt;/small&gt;
* [http://www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/ The George Padmore Institute], London. www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/
* [http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/pacscl/PRIN_MUDD_C1247 George Padmore collection] from [https://library.princeton.edu/special-collections/ Princeton University Library. Special Collections]
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
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[[Category:20th-century journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Trinidad and Tobago male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Trinidad and Tobago historians]]
[[Category:African diaspora literature]]
[[Category:Anti–World War II activists]]
[[Category:Comintern people]]
[[Category:Fisk University alumni]]
[[Category:Howard University alumni]]
[[Category:Marxist writers]]
[[Category:Members of de Communist Party USA]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:People wey komot Tunapuna–Piarco]]
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[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago journalists]]
[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago male non-fiction writers]]
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[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago people of Ashanti descent]]
[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago people of Ghanaian descent]]
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'''George Padmore''' (28 June 1903 – 23 September 1959), born '''Malcolm Ivan Meredith Nurse''', na he be a leading Pan-Africanist, journalist, den author. Na he lef ein native Trinidad insyd 1924 make he study medicine insyd de [[United States]], wer he sanso join de Communist Party.

From der na he move to de Soviet Union, wer na he be active insyd de party, den dey work on African independence movements. Na he sanso work give de party insyd Germany buh na he lef after de rise of Nazism insyd de 1930s. Insyd 1935, na de official foreign policy of de USSR shift, na Britain den [[France]], colonial powers plus colonies in Africa, dem now be referred &quot;democratic-imperialisms&quot;, a lower priority dan de category of &quot;fascist-imperialist&quot; powers, [[Germany]] den Japan. Na dis shift fall into direct contradiction plus Padmore ein prioritization of African independence, as na [[Germany]] den Japan get no colonies insyd Africa.  Na Padmore break instantly plus d Kremlin, buh na he continue dey support socialism ideologically.&lt;ref name=&quot;James1&quot;&gt;C. L. R. James, ''The Black Jacobins: Toussaint Louverture and the San Domingo Revolution'' (1963).&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1939, na de official view san shift, as na e do after 1941, den afterwards.

Na Padmore live for a time insyd France, before he settle insyd London, England, insyd 1934. Toward de end of ein life na he move to [[Accra]], [[Ghana]], wer na he help shape de politics of [[Kwame Nkrumah]] den de Convention People's Party.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlman&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Jeffrey Ahlman|title=Living with Nkrumahism: Nation, State, and Pan-Africanism in Ghana|date=2017|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0821422939|location=Athens, Ohio|page=14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biography ==

=== Early years ===

Malcolm Ivan Meredith Nurse, dem better know am by ein pseudonym George Padmore, na dem born am on 28 June 1903 insyd Arouca District, Tacarigua,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hooker2&quot;&gt;James R. Hooker, ''Black Revolutionary: George Padmore's Path from Communism to Pan-Africanism'' (1967), p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/george-padmore-commemorative-plaque &quot;George Padmore commemorative plaque&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200919025508/https://www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/george-padmore-commemorative-plaque Archived] 2020-09-19 at the Wayback Machine, George Padmore Institute, 27 June 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Trinidad, then part of de British West Indies. Na ein paternal great-grandpoppie be an Asante warrior wey na dem take am prisoner wey dem sell am into slavery for Barbados, wer na dem born ein grandpoppie.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Kelly Gaines, ''American Africans in Ghana: Black Expatriates and the Civil Rights Era'', UNC Press Books, 2006; p. 27.&lt;/ref&gt; Na ein poppie, James Hubert Alfonso Nurse, be a local schoolmaster wey na he marry Anna Susanna Symister of Antigua, a naturalist.

Na Nurse attend Tranquillity Intermediate College insyd Port of Spain, before he go St Mary's College for two years (1914 den 1915). Na he transfer to Pamphylian High School, wey he graduate from der insyd 1918. After dat, na he work for chaw years as a reporter plus de Trinidad Publishing Company.&lt;ref&gt;Hooker, ''Black Revolutionary'' (1967), p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd late 1924, na he travel to de [[United States]] make he take up medical studies for Fisk University, a historically black college insyd Tennessee. Na he recently marry, on 10 September dat year,&lt;ref&gt;Bill Schwarz, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327005461_George_Padmore &quot;Chapter Six: George Padmore&quot;], in ''West Indian Intellectuals in Britain'', Manchester University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0719064746}}.&lt;/ref&gt; wey ein wifey Julia Semper later go join am insyd America. Na she lef behind dema daughter Blyden, wey na dem born am insyd 1925 (wey she die insyd 2012).&lt;ref&gt;Edwin S Wilson, [https://www.pambazuka.org/resources/blyden-cowart-george-padmore%E2%80%99s-daughter-dies-february-3-2012 &quot;Blyden-Cowart: George Padmore’s daughter dies, February 3, 2012&quot;], ''Pambazuka News'', 9 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; According to Nurse ein instruction, na dem name am in honour of de African nationalist Edward Blyden of [[Liberia]].&lt;ref&gt;Hooker, ''Black Revolutionary'' (1967), pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cameron Duodu, [http://cameronduodu.com/uncategorized/edward-wilmot-blyden-grandfather-of-african-emancipation &quot;Edward Wilmot Blyden, Grandfather of African Emancipation&quot;], Cameron Duodu Blogspot, 8 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Nurse subsequently register for New York University buh soon he transfer to Howard University.

=== Communist Party ===

Na during ein college years insyd de US, Nurse cam be involved plus de Workers (Communist) Party (CPUSA). Wen na he engage insyd party business, he adopt de name George Padmore (wey dey compound de Christian name of ein father-in-law, Constabulary Sergeant-Major George Semper, den de surname of paddie wey na he be ein best man, Errol Padmore).&lt;ref&gt;Hooker, ''Black Revolutionary'' (1967), p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pan-Africanist ===

Although na he alienate from Stalinism, Padmore remain a socialist. Na he seek new ways make he work for African independence from imperial rule. He relocate to [[France]], wer na Garan Kouyaté be an ally from ein Comintern days, na Padmore begin dey wrep a book: ''How Britain Rules Africa''. Plus de help of former American heiress Nancy Cunard, na he find a London agent den, eventually, a publisher (Wishart). Na e publish de book insyd 1936, de year na de publisher cam be Lawrence and Wishart, dem know e be sympathetic to communists. Na publication of books by black men for dat time be rare insyd de [[United Kingdom]]. Na a Swiss publisher distribute a German translation insyd [[Germany]].&lt;ref&gt;Carol Polsgrove, ''Ending British Rule in Africa: Writers in a Common Cause'' (2009), pp. 1–15.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Legacy ===

* After Padmore ein death, na Nkrumah pay tribute to am insyd a radio broadcast: &quot;One day, de whole of Africa go surely be free den united den wen na dem tell de final tale, de significance of George Padmore ein work go be revealed.&quot; Insyd de ''Pittsburgh Courier'', na George Schuyler say Padmore ein writings be &quot;an inspiration to de men wey na dem dream of a free Africa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;George S. Schuyler, &quot;Views and Reviews&quot;, ''The Pittsburgh Courier'', 31 October 1959, p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Padmore ein physician paddie, Cecil Belfield Clarke, wrep de obituary wey run insyd ''The Times,'' wey dey describe Padmore as a writer wey na he wrep books den study dem. Na Jamaican pan-Africanist den diplomat Dudley Thompson wrep of Padmore insyd a letter to ''The Guardian'': &quot;Na he truly be international wey de entire colonial world suffer a loss.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dudley J. Thompson, &quot;Mr. George Padmore&quot;, ''The Guardian'', 9 October 1959, p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;
* After a funeral service for a London crematorium, na dem bury Padmore ein ashes for [[Osu Castle|Christiansborg Castle]] insyd [[Ghana]] on 4 October 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wondji&quot;&gt;Christophe Wondji, [https://newafrikan77.wordpress.com/2014/01/26/a-tribute-to-george-padmore-a-great-pan-africanist/ &quot;A Tribute to George Padmore, A Great Pan-Africanist&quot;], ''New Afrikan'' 77, 26 January 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.caricom.org/jsp/projects/personalities/george_padmore.jsp?menu=projects &quot;George Padmore&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20101214052346/http://caricom.org/jsp/projects/personalities/george_padmore.jsp?menu=projects Archived] 14 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Caribbean Community (Caricom) Secretariat.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem broadcast de ceremony insyd de US by NBC television.&lt;ref&gt;Polsgrove, ''Ending British Rule,'' pp. 162–63.&lt;/ref&gt;

* De George Padmore Research Library, insyd de neighbourhood of Ridge, Accra, Ghana, dem name after am. Na [[Kwame Nkrumah]] speak for de opening of de building dem dedicate to Padmore as a memorial library on 30 June 1961.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210918140630/http://www.dearghana.com/attractions/george-padmore-library/ &quot;George Padmore Library&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; Na Nkrumah rank Padmore as &quot;one of de greatest architects of de African liberation movement ... dem dedicate to African union den liberty.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Emmanuel Akyeampong, Steven J. Niven (eds), [https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Dictionary+of+African+Biography+%22george+padmore+memorial+library%22&amp;pg=RA4-PA75 &quot;George Padmore&quot;], in ''Dictionary of African Biography'', Vols 1–6, OUP USA, 2012, p. 75.&lt;/ref&gt;

* James, na he relocate to Port of Spain, Trinidad, wrep a series of articles on Padmore for ''The Nation''. James sanso begin dey collect material for a biography buh eventually na he produce a slim manuscript per, &quot;Notes on the Life of George Padmore.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Polsgrove, ''Ending British Rule,'' pp. 163–65.&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Works==
* ''The Life and Struggles of Negro Toilers'' (London: Red International of Labour Unions ''Magazine for the International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers'', 1931)
* ''Haiti, an American Slave Colony'' (Centrizdat, 1931)
* ''The Negro Workers and the Imperialist War Intervention in the USSR'' (1931)
* ''How Britain Rules Africa'' (London: Wishart Books, 1936)
* ''Africa and World Peace'' (Foreword by Sir Stafford Cripps; London: Martin Secker and Warburg Ltd, 1937)
* ''Hands Off the Protectorates'' (London: International African Service Bureau, 1938)
* Hands off the Colonies! ''New Leader'', 25 February 1938 [https://www.marxists.org/archive/padmore/1938/hands-off.htm].
* ''The White Man's Duty: An Analysis of the Colonial Question in the Light of the Atlantic Charter'' (with Nancy Cunard) (London: W. H. Allen &amp; Co., 1942)
* ''The Voice of Coloured Labour (Speeches and Reports of Colonial Delegates to the World Trade Union Conference, 1945)'' (editor) (Manchester: Panaf Service, 1945)
* ''How Russia Transformed Her Colonial Empire: A Challenge to the Imperialist Powers'' (in collaboration with Dorothy Pizer) (London: Dennis Dobson, 1946)
* &quot;History of the Pan-African Congress (Colonial and Coloured Unity: A Programme of Action)&quot; (editor) (1947). Reprinted in Hakim Adi and Marika Sherwood, ''The 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress Revisited'' (London: New Beacon Books, 1995)
* ''Africa: Britain's Third Empire'' (London: Dennis Dobson, 1949)
* ''The Gold Coast Revolution: The Struggle of an African People from Slavery to Freedom'' (London: Dennis Dobson, 1953)
* ''Pan-Africanism or Communism? The Coming Struggle for Africa'' (Foreword by Richard Wright. London: Dennis Dobson, 1956)

Online ressources available at https://www.marxists.org/archive/padmore/
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Read further ==
* Baptiste, Fitzroy, and Rupert Lewis (eds.), ''George Padmore: Pan-African Revolutionary''. Kingston: Ian Randle Publishers, 2009. {{ISBN|978-9766373504}} &lt;small&gt;—Essays on Padmore.&lt;/small&gt;
* Duodu, Cameron, [https://www.modernghana.com/news/798245/george-padmore-father-of-the-african-revolution.html &quot;George Padmore , Father Of The African Revolution&quot;], ''Modern Ghana'', 26 August 2017.
* Edwards, Brent Hayes. ''The Practice of Diaspora|The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation, and the Rise of Black Internationalism''. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0674011038}}
* Høgsbjerg, Christian. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150414224814/http://www.isj.org.uk/www.isj.org.uk/indexdc8b.html?id=595&amp;issue=124 &quot;A forgotten fighter&quot;], ''International Socialism'', no. 124 (2009).
* Hooker, James Ralph. ''Black Revolutionary: George Padmore's Path from Communism to Pan-Africanism''. London: Pall Mall Press, 1967. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967.
* James, Leslie, ''George Padmore and Decolonization from Below: Pan-Africanism, the Cold War, and the End of Empire''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. {{ISBN|9781137352019}}
* James, Leslie. ''[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/399/1/James_What%20we%20put%20in%20black%20and%20white.pdf &quot;What We Put in Black and White&quot;]: George Padmore and the Practice of Anti-Imperial Politics''. PhD Thesis, London School of Economics, 2012.
* Makonnen, Ras. ''Pan-Africanism from Within''. Kenneth King (ed.), Nairobi, London, New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.
* Polsgrove, Carol. ''Ending British Rule in Africa: Writers in a Common Cause''. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0719077678}}. Reprint 2012, {{ISBN|978-0719089015}}
* Quest, Matthew. CLR James and George Padmore: Hidden Disputes in The Black Radical Tradition. ROAPE Blog (Review of African Political Economy), January 4, 2024.[https://roape.net/2024/01/04/clr-james-and-george-padmore-hidden-disputes-in-the-black-radical-tradition/]
* Solomon, Mark. ''The Cry was Unity: Communists and African-Americans, 1917–1936'', Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1998. {{ISBN|978-1578060955}}
* Sonderegger, Arno. &quot;Questioning Diaspora: George Padmore, Colonial Fascism, and the Route to Marxist Pan-Africanism&quot;. In: ''Africa and Its Historical and Contemporary Diasporas''. Edited by Tunde Adeleke and Arno Sonderegger. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2023, pp.&amp;nbsp;155–182.
* Sonderegger, Arno. &quot;Which Way Africa? Re-Reading George Padmore's Panafricanism or Communism&quot;. In: ''African Thoughts on Colonial and Neo-Colonial Worlds: Facets of an Intellectual History of Africa''. Edited by Arno Sonderegger. Berlin: Neofelis, 2015, pp.&amp;nbsp;191–202.
* Weiss, Holger. The ITUCNW in the RILU- and CI-Apparatus, 1930-1933. In: ''Framing a Radical African Atlantic. African American Agency, West African Intellectuals and the International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers''. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2014, Chapter VII. ISBN 978-90-04261631.
* Weiss, Holger. The Radical African Atlantic, 1930-1933: Writing Class, Thinking Race. In: ''Framing a Radical African Atlantic. African American Agency, West African Intellectuals and the International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers''. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2014, Chapter VIII. ISBN 978-90-04261631.
* Williams, Theo. ''Making the Revolution Global: Black Radicalism and the British Socialist Movement before Decolonisation''. London, New York: Verso, 2022.
* Williams, Theo. George Padmore and the Soviet Model of the British Commonwealth. ''Modern Intellectual History'', 16/2, 2019: 531-555.

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/padmore/index.htm George Padmore Internet Archive], Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org./ &lt;small&gt;—Selected writings by Padmore.&lt;/small&gt;
* [http://www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/ The George Padmore Institute], London. www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/
* [http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/pacscl/PRIN_MUDD_C1247 George Padmore collection] from [https://library.princeton.edu/special-collections/ Princeton University Library. Special Collections]
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      <comment>The entire paragraphy</comment>
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&lt;references /&gt;

== Fingle Girble Gangle Banglec ==
*the pregnancy test came back positive, imma be a dad
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[[Category:Marfan syndrome]]
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      <comment>Undid revision [[Special:Diff/97571|97571]] by [[Special:Contributions/Eyfeyfey|Eyfeyfey]] ([[User talk:Eyfeyfey|talk]])</comment>
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'''Marfan syndrome''' ('''MFS''') be a multi-systemic genetic disorder wey dey affect de connective tissue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Loeys BL, Dietz HC, Braverman AC, Callewaert BL, De Backer J, Devereux RB, Hilhorst-Hofstee Y, Jondeau G, Faivre L, Milewicz DM, Pyeritz RE, Sponseller PD, Wordsworth P, De Paepe AM | display-authors = 6 | title = The revised Ghent nosology for the Marfan syndrome | journal = Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 47 | issue = 7 | pages = 476–485 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20591885 | doi = 10.1136/jmg.2009.072785 | s2cid = 13895128 | hdl = 1854/LU-1013955 | url = https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1013955 | hdl-access = free | access-date = 2016-01-10 | archive-date = 2017-08-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170829014454/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1013955 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Nistri S, De Cario R, Sticchi E, Spaziani G, Della Monica M, Giglio S, Favilli S, Giusti B, Stefano P, Pepe G | display-authors = 6 | title = Differential Diagnosis between Marfan Syndrome and Loeys-Dietz Syndrome Type 4: A Novel Chromosomal Deletion Covering TGFB2 | journal = Genes | volume = 12 | issue = 10 | page = 1462 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34680857 | pmc = 8536070 | doi = 10.3390/genes12101462 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=What Is Marfan Syndrome? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/marfan-syndrome|website=NHLBI, NIH|access-date=16 May 2016|date=October 1, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506150850/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar|archive-date=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; People plus de condition often be tall den thin, plus long arms, legs, fingers, den toes.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; Dem sanso typically get exceptionally flexible joints den abnormally curved spines.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; De most serious complications dey involve de heart den aorta, plus an increased risk of mitral valve prolapse den aortic aneurysm.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 1, 2010 |title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Marfan Syndrome? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/marfan-syndrome |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611000255/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar/signs |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=16 May 2016 |website=NHLBI, NIH}}&lt;/ref&gt; De lungs, eyes, bones, den de covering of de spinal cord sanso be commonly affected.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; De severity of de symptoms be variable.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt;

MFS be caused by a mutation insyd ''FBN1'', one of de genes wey dey make fibrillin, wich dey result in abnormal connective tissue.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; E be an autosomal dominant disorder.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; Insyd about 75% of cases, e be inherited from a parent plus de condition, while insyd about 25% e be a new mutation.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; Diagnosis often be based on de Ghent criteria,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Loeys BL, Dietz HC, Braverman AC, Callewaert BL, De Backer J, Devereux RB, Hilhorst-Hofstee Y, Jondeau G, Faivre L, Milewicz DM, Pyeritz RE, Sponseller PD, Wordsworth P, De Paepe AM |date=2010 |title=The revised Ghent nosology for the Marfan syndrome |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1013955 |journal=Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=476–485 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2009.072785 |hdl=1854/LU-1013955 |pmid=20591885 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; family history den genetic testing (DNA analysis).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010Diag&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=October 1, 2010 |title=How Is Marfan Syndrome Diagnosed? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/marfan-syndrome/diagnosis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927065314/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/marfan-syndrome/diagnosis |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=16 May 2016 |website=NHLBI, NIH}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Marfan Syndrome |url=http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/marfan-syndrome/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112111640/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/marfan-syndrome/ |archive-date=12 November 2019 |access-date=5 November 2016 |website=National Organization for Rare Disorders}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid37443678&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Marelli S, Micaglio E, Taurino J, Salvi P, Rurali E, Perrucci GL, Dolci C, Udugampolage NS, Caruso R, Gentilini D, Trifiro' G, Callus E, Frigiola A, De Vincentiis C, Pappone C, Parati G, Pini A |date=July 2023 |title=Marfan Syndrome: Enhanced Diagnostic Tools and Follow-up Management Strategies |url= |journal=Diagnostics |volume=13 |issue=13 |page=2284 |doi=10.3390/diagnostics13132284 |pmc=10340634 |pmid=37443678 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der be no known cure for MFS.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; Chaw of those plus de disorder get a normal life expectancy plus proper treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; Management often dey include de use of beta blockers such as propranolol anaa atenolol, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, den/anaa angiotensin receptor blockers (&quot;ARBs&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010Tx&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=October 1, 2010 |title=How Is Marfan Syndrome Treated? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/marfan-syndrome |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611003149/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar/treatment |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=16 May 2016 |website=NHLBI, NIH}}&lt;/ref&gt; Surgery fi be required to repair de aorta anaa replace a heart valve.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010Tx&quot; /&gt; Avoiding strenuous exercise be recommended for those plus de condition.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2017&quot; /&gt;

About 1 insyd 5,000 to 1 insyd 10,000 people get MFS.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID18506019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Keane MG, Pyeritz RE |date=May 2008 |title=Medical management of Marfan syndrome |journal=Circulation |volume=117 |issue=21 |pages=2802–2813 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.693523 |pmid=18506019 |quote=estimated prevalence of 1 case per 3000 to 5000 individuals |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rates of de condition be similar insyd different regions of de world.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID18506019&quot; /&gt; Dem name am after French pediatrician Antoine Marfan, wey first describe am insyd 1896.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marfan1896&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Marfan, Antoine |year=1896 |title=Un cas de déformation congénitale des quartre membres, plus prononcée aux extrémitiés, caractérisée par l'allongement des os avec un certain degré d'amincissement [A case of congenital deformation of the four limbs, more pronounced at the extremities, characterized by elongation of the bones with some degree of thinning] |journal=Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société Médicale des Hôpitaux de Paris |language=fr |volume=13 |issue=3rd series |pages=220–226 |oclc=493643386 |id=NAID 10014879958}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AntoineBernardJean&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan |url=http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/972.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308084456/http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/972.html |archive-date=8 March 2016 |access-date=16 May 2016 |website=Whonamedit?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&amp;Expert=558 Orphanet's disease page on Marfan syndrome]
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'''Migraine''' be a neurological disorder wey dey cause moderate-to-severe headaches. De pain usually dey affect one side of de head. E be generally associated plus nausea, light sensitivity den sound sensitivity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pescador_Ruschel_2024&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Pescador Ruschel MA, De Jesus O | chapter = Migraine Headache |date=2024 |title = StatPearls | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560787/ |access-date=13 September 2024 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809622 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cephalalgia_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=January 2018 |title=Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition |journal=Cephalalgia|volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–211 |doi=10.1177/0333102417738202 |pmid=29368949}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda symptoms fi include dizziness, vomiting,&lt;ref name=&quot;Pescador_Ruschel_2024&quot; /&gt; and difficulty thinking.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fernandes&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=C |last2=Dapkute |first2=A |last3=Watson |first3=E |last4=Kazaishvili |first4=I |last5=Chądzyński |first5=P |last6=Varanda |first6=S |last7=Di Antonio |first7=S |last8=Munday |first8=V |last9=MaassenVanDenBrink |first9=A |last10=Lampl |first10=C |last11=European Headache Federation School of Advanced Studies |first11=(EHF-SAS) |title=Migraine and cognitive dysfunction: a narrative review. |journal=The Journal of Headache and Pain |date=19 December 2024 |volume=25 |issue=1 |page=221 |doi=10.1186/s10194-024-01923-y |doi-access=free |pmid=39701926 |pmc=11657937 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd sam cases, a migraine attack dey begin plus an aura, a period of sensory disturbance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cephalalgia_2018&quot; /&gt;

Migraine attacks dey vary among individuals. Sam people dey experience occasional attacks, while odas dey develop chronic migraine plus frequent headaches.&lt;ref name=&quot;Katsarava_20122&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Katsarava Z, Buse DC, Manack AN, Lipton RB |date=February 2012 |title=Defining the differences between episodic migraine and chronic migraine |journal=Current Pain and Headache Reports |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=86–92 |doi=10.1007/s11916-011-0233-z |pmc=3258393 |pmid=22083262}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=December 2022 |title=Migraine With Aura |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554611/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608145627/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554611/ |archive-date=8 June 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32119498 |id=Bookshelf ID: NBK554611 |vauthors=Shankar Kikkeri N, Nagalli S}}&lt;/ref&gt; Migraine frequency fi increase over time. Insyd sam cases, frequent use of pain medications for headaches fi make migraines worse den lead to medication overuse headache.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lipton2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lipton |first1=RB |last2=Buse |first2=DC |last3=Nahas |first3=SJ |last4=Tietjen |first4=GE |last5=Martin |first5=VT |last6=Löf |first6=E |last7=Brevig |first7=T |last8=Cady |first8=R |last9=Diener |first9=HC |date=December 2023 |title=Risk factors for migraine disease progression: a narrative review for a patient-centered approach. |journal=Journal of Neurology |volume=270 |issue=12 |pages=5692–5710 |doi=10.1007/s00415-023-11880-2 |pmc=10632231 |pmid=37615752}}&lt;/ref&gt; Attacks be more likely to happen wen changes occur insyd a person ein daily routine, such as lack of sleep, disrupted sleep, skipped meals, anaa hormonal fluctuations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Burstein R, Noseda R, Borsook D |date=April 2015 |title=Migraine: multiple processes, complex pathophysiology |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |volume=35 |issue=17 |pages=6619–6629 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0373-15.2015 |pmc=4412887 |pmid=25926442}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Migraine''' be a neurological disorder wey dey cause moderate-to-severe headaches. De pain usually dey affect one side of de head. E be generally associated plus nausea, light sensitivity den sound sensitivity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pescador_Ruschel_2024&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Pescador Ruschel MA, De Jesus O | chapter = Migraine Headache |date=2024 |title = StatPearls | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560787/ |access-date=13 September 2024 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809622 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cephalalgia_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=January 2018 |title=Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition |journal=Cephalalgia|volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–211 |doi=10.1177/0333102417738202 |pmid=29368949}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda symptoms fi include dizziness, vomiting,&lt;ref name=&quot;Pescador_Ruschel_2024&quot; /&gt; and difficulty thinking.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fernandes&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=C |last2=Dapkute |first2=A |last3=Watson |first3=E |last4=Kazaishvili |first4=I |last5=Chądzyński |first5=P |last6=Varanda |first6=S |last7=Di Antonio |first7=S |last8=Munday |first8=V |last9=MaassenVanDenBrink |first9=A |last10=Lampl |first10=C |last11=European Headache Federation School of Advanced Studies |first11=(EHF-SAS) |title=Migraine and cognitive dysfunction: a narrative review. |journal=The Journal of Headache and Pain |date=19 December 2024 |volume=25 |issue=1 |page=221 |doi=10.1186/s10194-024-01923-y |doi-access=free |pmid=39701926 |pmc=11657937 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd sam cases, a migraine attack dey begin plus an aura, a period of sensory disturbance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cephalalgia_2018&quot; /&gt;

Migraine attacks dey vary among individuals. Sam people dey experience occasional attacks, while odas dey develop chronic migraine plus frequent headaches.&lt;ref name=&quot;Katsarava_20122&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Katsarava Z, Buse DC, Manack AN, Lipton RB |date=February 2012 |title=Defining the differences between episodic migraine and chronic migraine |journal=Current Pain and Headache Reports |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=86–92 |doi=10.1007/s11916-011-0233-z |pmc=3258393 |pmid=22083262}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=December 2022 |title=Migraine With Aura |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554611/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608145627/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554611/ |archive-date=8 June 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32119498 |id=Bookshelf ID: NBK554611 |vauthors=Shankar Kikkeri N, Nagalli S}}&lt;/ref&gt; Migraine frequency fi increase over time. Insyd sam cases, frequent use of pain medications for headaches fi make migraines worse den lead to medication overuse headache.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lipton2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lipton |first1=RB |last2=Buse |first2=DC |last3=Nahas |first3=SJ |last4=Tietjen |first4=GE |last5=Martin |first5=VT |last6=Löf |first6=E |last7=Brevig |first7=T |last8=Cady |first8=R |last9=Diener |first9=HC |date=December 2023 |title=Risk factors for migraine disease progression: a narrative review for a patient-centered approach. |journal=Journal of Neurology |volume=270 |issue=12 |pages=5692–5710 |doi=10.1007/s00415-023-11880-2 |pmc=10632231 |pmid=37615752}}&lt;/ref&gt; Attacks be more likely to happen wen changes occur insyd a person ein daily routine, such as lack of sleep, disrupted sleep, skipped meals, anaa hormonal fluctuations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Burstein R, Noseda R, Borsook D |date=April 2015 |title=Migraine: multiple processes, complex pathophysiology |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |volume=35 |issue=17 |pages=6619–6629 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0373-15.2015 |pmc=4412887 |pmid=25926442}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Migraine be believed to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, den neurological factors wey dey affect de activity of nerve cells den chemical signals insyd de brain. Migraine attacks be theorized to occur wen de brain exceed an individual ein sensitivity threshold. Migraine attacks get multiple phases. De initial phase of a migraine attack fi start 48 hours before de main headache phase wey fi cause early warning symptoms. De subsequent pain phase of a migraine attack fi be linked to increased activity insyd de pain pathway of de brain, plus heightened blood flow den transmission of pain signals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bentivegna&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashina |first1=S |last2=Bentivegna |first2=E |last3=Martelletti |first3=P |last4=Eikermann-Haerter |first4=K |date=June 2021 |title=Structural and Functional Brain Changes in Migraine |journal=Pain and Therapy |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=211–223 |doi=10.1007/s40122-021-00240-5 |pmc=8119592 |pmid=33594593}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Levy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Levy |first1=D |last2=Moskowitz |first2=MA |date=10 July 2023 |title=Meningeal Mechanisms and the Migraine Connection |journal=Annual Review of Neuroscience |volume=46 |pages=39–58 |doi=10.1146/annurev-neuro-080422-105509 |issn=0147-006X |pmc=11412714 |pmid=36913712}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Migraine''' be a neurological disorder wey dey cause moderate-to-severe headaches. De pain usually dey affect one side of de head. E be generally associated plus nausea, light sensitivity den sound sensitivity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pescador_Ruschel_2024&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Pescador Ruschel MA, De Jesus O | chapter = Migraine Headache |date=2024 |title = StatPearls | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560787/ |access-date=13 September 2024 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809622 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cephalalgia_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=January 2018 |title=Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition |journal=Cephalalgia|volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–211 |doi=10.1177/0333102417738202 |pmid=29368949}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda symptoms fi include dizziness, vomiting,&lt;ref name=&quot;Pescador_Ruschel_2024&quot; /&gt; and difficulty thinking.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fernandes&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=C |last2=Dapkute |first2=A |last3=Watson |first3=E |last4=Kazaishvili |first4=I |last5=Chądzyński |first5=P |last6=Varanda |first6=S |last7=Di Antonio |first7=S |last8=Munday |first8=V |last9=MaassenVanDenBrink |first9=A |last10=Lampl |first10=C |last11=European Headache Federation School of Advanced Studies |first11=(EHF-SAS) |title=Migraine and cognitive dysfunction: a narrative review. |journal=The Journal of Headache and Pain |date=19 December 2024 |volume=25 |issue=1 |page=221 |doi=10.1186/s10194-024-01923-y |doi-access=free |pmid=39701926 |pmc=11657937 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd sam cases, a migraine attack dey begin plus an aura, a period of sensory disturbance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cephalalgia_2018&quot; /&gt;

Migraine attacks dey vary among individuals. Sam people dey experience occasional attacks, while odas dey develop chronic migraine plus frequent headaches.&lt;ref name=&quot;Katsarava_20122&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Katsarava Z, Buse DC, Manack AN, Lipton RB |date=February 2012 |title=Defining the differences between episodic migraine and chronic migraine |journal=Current Pain and Headache Reports |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=86–92 |doi=10.1007/s11916-011-0233-z |pmc=3258393 |pmid=22083262}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=December 2022 |title=Migraine With Aura |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554611/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608145627/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554611/ |archive-date=8 June 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32119498 |id=Bookshelf ID: NBK554611 |vauthors=Shankar Kikkeri N, Nagalli S}}&lt;/ref&gt; Migraine frequency fi increase over time. Insyd sam cases, frequent use of pain medications for headaches fi make migraines worse den lead to medication overuse headache.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lipton2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lipton |first1=RB |last2=Buse |first2=DC |last3=Nahas |first3=SJ |last4=Tietjen |first4=GE |last5=Martin |first5=VT |last6=Löf |first6=E |last7=Brevig |first7=T |last8=Cady |first8=R |last9=Diener |first9=HC |date=December 2023 |title=Risk factors for migraine disease progression: a narrative review for a patient-centered approach. |journal=Journal of Neurology |volume=270 |issue=12 |pages=5692–5710 |doi=10.1007/s00415-023-11880-2 |pmc=10632231 |pmid=37615752}}&lt;/ref&gt; Attacks be more likely to happen wen changes occur insyd a person ein daily routine, such as lack of sleep, disrupted sleep, skipped meals, anaa hormonal fluctuations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Burstein R, Noseda R, Borsook D |date=April 2015 |title=Migraine: multiple processes, complex pathophysiology |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |volume=35 |issue=17 |pages=6619–6629 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0373-15.2015 |pmc=4412887 |pmid=25926442}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Migraine be believed to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, den neurological factors wey dey affect de activity of nerve cells den chemical signals insyd de brain. Migraine attacks be theorized to occur wen de brain exceed an individual ein sensitivity threshold. Migraine attacks get multiple phases. De initial phase of a migraine attack fi start 48 hours before de main headache phase wey fi cause early warning symptoms. De subsequent pain phase of a migraine attack fi be linked to increased activity insyd de pain pathway of de brain, plus heightened blood flow den transmission of pain signals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bentivegna&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashina |first1=S |last2=Bentivegna |first2=E |last3=Martelletti |first3=P |last4=Eikermann-Haerter |first4=K |date=June 2021 |title=Structural and Functional Brain Changes in Migraine |journal=Pain and Therapy |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=211–223 |doi=10.1007/s40122-021-00240-5 |pmc=8119592 |pmid=33594593}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Levy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Levy |first1=D |last2=Moskowitz |first2=MA |date=10 July 2023 |title=Meningeal Mechanisms and the Migraine Connection |journal=Annual Review of Neuroscience |volume=46 |pages=39–58 |doi=10.1146/annurev-neuro-080422-105509 |issn=0147-006X |pmc=11412714 |pmid=36913712}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A migraine management plan often dey include lifestyle modifications to cope plus possible migraine triggers den dey reduce de impact of co-occurring conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 199 (3rd series) Migraine Management |date=1 January 2024 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-823357-3 |editor-last1=Swanson |editor-first1=JW |editor-last2=Matharu |editor-first2=M |pages=535–566 |chapter=The evolving concept of multimorbidity and migraine |author-first1=C |author-last1=Altamura|author-first2= G |author-last2=Coppola |author-first3=F |author-last3=Vernieri |volume=199 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823357-3.00014-8 |pmid=38307670 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lifestyle changes wey fi prevent migraines dey include stress management, improving sleep habits, eating regularly, den exercise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Haghdoost F, Togha M |date=January 2022 |title=Migraine management: Non-pharmacological points for patients and health care professionals |journal=Open Medicine |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1869–1882 |doi=10.1515/med-2022-0598 |pmc=9691984 |pmid=36475060 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Treatment give acute mild to moderate attacks dey begin plus over-the-counter pain relievers such as [[ibuprofen]] den [[paracetamol]]. Triptans be recommended as a first-line therapy give moderate to severe attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiley&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wiley |first1=AT |last2=Watson |first2=JC |last3=Lehmann |first3=DN |date=April 2025 |title=Acute Migraine Headache: Treatment Strategies. |journal=American Family Physician |volume=111 |issue=4 |pages=317–327 |pmid=40238974}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey see de approval of gepants as a major advance insyd migraine treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zobdeh&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zobdeh |first1=F |last2=Ben Kraiem |first2=A |last3=Attwood |first3=MM |last4=Chubarev |first4=VN |last5=Tarasov |first5=VV |last6=Schiöth |first6=HB |last7=Mwinyi |first7=J |title=Pharmacological treatment of migraine: Drug classes, mechanisms of action, clinical trials and new treatments |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology |date=December 2021 |volume=178 |issue=23 |pages=4588–4607 |doi=10.1111/bph.15657 |pmid=34379793}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Swanson&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 199 (3rd series) Migraine Management |date=1 January 2024 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-823357-3 |editor-last1=Swanson |editor-first1=JW |author-first1=S |editor-last2=Matharu |editor-first2=M  |pages=51–66 |chapter=CGRP receptor antagonists (gepants) |author-last1=Younis |author-first2=NV|author-last2= Latysheva |author-first3= AB |author-last3= Danilov |author-first4= M|author-last4= Ashina}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey use Anti-nausea medications give migraine-related nausea.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiley&quot; /&gt; Ergotamines fi be used by those wey no dey respond to oda medications.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiley&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tzankova&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tzankova V, Becker WJ, Chan TL | title = Diagnosis and acute management of migraine | journal = CMAJ | volume = 195 | issue = 4 | pages = E153–E158 | date = January 2023 | pmid = 36717129 | pmc = 9888545 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.211969 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Several medications fi help prevent migraines. Dese dey include gepants, buh also beta blockers, anticonvulsants den certain antidepressants.&lt;ref name=&quot;Duncan&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 199 (3rd series) Migraine Management |date=1 January 2024 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-823357-3 |editor-last1=Swanson |editor-first1=JW |editor-last2=Matharu |editor-first2=M  |pages=219–241 |chapter=Evidence-based preventive treatment of migraine |author-first1= CW |author-last1= Duncan|author-first2= SD |author-last2=Silberstein |volume=199 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823357-3.00030-6 |pmid=38307648 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aguilar-Shea&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aguilar-Shea |first1=AL |last2=Membrilla Md |first2=JA |last3=Diaz-de-Teran |first3=J |title=Migraine review for general practice |journal=Atencion Primaria |date=February 2022 |volume=54 |issue=2 |article-number=102208 |doi=10.1016/j.aprim.2021.102208 |pmid=34798397 |pmc=8605054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Opioids for no be prescribed give migraine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shao&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Shao |first1=Q |last2=Rascati |first2=KL |last3=Lawson |first3=KA |last4=Barner |first4=JC |last5=Sonawane |first5=KB |last6=Rousseau |first6=JF |date=November 2022 |title=Real-world opioid use among patients with migraine enrolled in US commercial insurance and risk factors associated with migraine progression. |journal=Journal of Managed Care &amp; Specialty Pharmacy |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=1272–1281 |doi=10.18553/jmcp.2022.28.11.1272 |pmc=10373005 |pmid=36282930}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;americanheadachesociety.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Research Explores Migraine and Opioids |url=https://americanheadachesociety.org/research/library/new-research-explores-migraine-and-opioids |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=American Headache Society |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Migraine''' be a neurological disorder wey dey cause moderate-to-severe headaches. De pain usually dey affect one side of de head. E be generally associated plus nausea, light sensitivity den sound sensitivity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pescador_Ruschel_2024&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Pescador Ruschel MA, De Jesus O | chapter = Migraine Headache |date=2024 |title = StatPearls | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560787/ |access-date=13 September 2024 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809622 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cephalalgia_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=January 2018 |title=Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition |journal=Cephalalgia|volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–211 |doi=10.1177/0333102417738202 |pmid=29368949}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda symptoms fi include dizziness, vomiting,&lt;ref name=&quot;Pescador_Ruschel_2024&quot; /&gt; and difficulty thinking.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fernandes&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=C |last2=Dapkute |first2=A |last3=Watson |first3=E |last4=Kazaishvili |first4=I |last5=Chądzyński |first5=P |last6=Varanda |first6=S |last7=Di Antonio |first7=S |last8=Munday |first8=V |last9=MaassenVanDenBrink |first9=A |last10=Lampl |first10=C |last11=European Headache Federation School of Advanced Studies |first11=(EHF-SAS) |title=Migraine and cognitive dysfunction: a narrative review. |journal=The Journal of Headache and Pain |date=19 December 2024 |volume=25 |issue=1 |page=221 |doi=10.1186/s10194-024-01923-y |doi-access=free |pmid=39701926 |pmc=11657937 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd sam cases, a migraine attack dey begin plus an aura, a period of sensory disturbance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cephalalgia_2018&quot; /&gt;

Migraine attacks dey vary among individuals. Sam people dey experience occasional attacks, while odas dey develop chronic migraine plus frequent headaches.&lt;ref name=&quot;Katsarava_20122&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Katsarava Z, Buse DC, Manack AN, Lipton RB |date=February 2012 |title=Defining the differences between episodic migraine and chronic migraine |journal=Current Pain and Headache Reports |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=86–92 |doi=10.1007/s11916-011-0233-z |pmc=3258393 |pmid=22083262}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=December 2022 |title=Migraine With Aura |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554611/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608145627/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554611/ |archive-date=8 June 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32119498 |id=Bookshelf ID: NBK554611 |vauthors=Shankar Kikkeri N, Nagalli S}}&lt;/ref&gt; Migraine frequency fi increase over time. Insyd sam cases, frequent use of pain medications for headaches fi make migraines worse den lead to medication overuse headache.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lipton2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lipton |first1=RB |last2=Buse |first2=DC |last3=Nahas |first3=SJ |last4=Tietjen |first4=GE |last5=Martin |first5=VT |last6=Löf |first6=E |last7=Brevig |first7=T |last8=Cady |first8=R |last9=Diener |first9=HC |date=December 2023 |title=Risk factors for migraine disease progression: a narrative review for a patient-centered approach. |journal=Journal of Neurology |volume=270 |issue=12 |pages=5692–5710 |doi=10.1007/s00415-023-11880-2 |pmc=10632231 |pmid=37615752}}&lt;/ref&gt; Attacks be more likely to happen wen changes occur insyd a person ein daily routine, such as lack of sleep, disrupted sleep, skipped meals, anaa hormonal fluctuations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Burstein R, Noseda R, Borsook D |date=April 2015 |title=Migraine: multiple processes, complex pathophysiology |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |volume=35 |issue=17 |pages=6619–6629 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0373-15.2015 |pmc=4412887 |pmid=25926442}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Migraine be believed to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, den neurological factors wey dey affect de activity of nerve cells den chemical signals insyd de brain. Migraine attacks be theorized to occur wen de brain exceed an individual ein sensitivity threshold. Migraine attacks get multiple phases. De initial phase of a migraine attack fi start 48 hours before de main headache phase wey fi cause early warning symptoms. De subsequent pain phase of a migraine attack fi be linked to increased activity insyd de pain pathway of de brain, plus heightened blood flow den transmission of pain signals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bentivegna&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashina |first1=S |last2=Bentivegna |first2=E |last3=Martelletti |first3=P |last4=Eikermann-Haerter |first4=K |date=June 2021 |title=Structural and Functional Brain Changes in Migraine |journal=Pain and Therapy |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=211–223 |doi=10.1007/s40122-021-00240-5 |pmc=8119592 |pmid=33594593}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Levy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Levy |first1=D |last2=Moskowitz |first2=MA |date=10 July 2023 |title=Meningeal Mechanisms and the Migraine Connection |journal=Annual Review of Neuroscience |volume=46 |pages=39–58 |doi=10.1146/annurev-neuro-080422-105509 |issn=0147-006X |pmc=11412714 |pmid=36913712}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A migraine management plan often dey include lifestyle modifications to cope plus possible migraine triggers den dey reduce de impact of co-occurring conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 199 (3rd series) Migraine Management |date=1 January 2024 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-823357-3 |editor-last1=Swanson |editor-first1=JW |editor-last2=Matharu |editor-first2=M |pages=535–566 |chapter=The evolving concept of multimorbidity and migraine |author-first1=C |author-last1=Altamura|author-first2= G |author-last2=Coppola |author-first3=F |author-last3=Vernieri |volume=199 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823357-3.00014-8 |pmid=38307670 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lifestyle changes wey fi prevent migraines dey include stress management, improving sleep habits, eating regularly, den exercise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Haghdoost F, Togha M |date=January 2022 |title=Migraine management: Non-pharmacological points for patients and health care professionals |journal=Open Medicine |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1869–1882 |doi=10.1515/med-2022-0598 |pmc=9691984 |pmid=36475060 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Treatment give acute mild to moderate attacks dey begin plus over-the-counter pain relievers such as [[ibuprofen]] den [[paracetamol]]. Triptans be recommended as a first-line therapy give moderate to severe attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiley&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wiley |first1=AT |last2=Watson |first2=JC |last3=Lehmann |first3=DN |date=April 2025 |title=Acute Migraine Headache: Treatment Strategies. |journal=American Family Physician |volume=111 |issue=4 |pages=317–327 |pmid=40238974}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey see de approval of gepants as a major advance insyd migraine treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zobdeh&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zobdeh |first1=F |last2=Ben Kraiem |first2=A |last3=Attwood |first3=MM |last4=Chubarev |first4=VN |last5=Tarasov |first5=VV |last6=Schiöth |first6=HB |last7=Mwinyi |first7=J |title=Pharmacological treatment of migraine: Drug classes, mechanisms of action, clinical trials and new treatments |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology |date=December 2021 |volume=178 |issue=23 |pages=4588–4607 |doi=10.1111/bph.15657 |pmid=34379793}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Swanson&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 199 (3rd series) Migraine Management |date=1 January 2024 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-823357-3 |editor-last1=Swanson |editor-first1=JW |author-first1=S |editor-last2=Matharu |editor-first2=M  |pages=51–66 |chapter=CGRP receptor antagonists (gepants) |author-last1=Younis |author-first2=NV|author-last2= Latysheva |author-first3= AB |author-last3= Danilov |author-first4= M|author-last4= Ashina}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey use Anti-nausea medications give migraine-related nausea.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiley&quot; /&gt; Ergotamines fi be used by those wey no dey respond to oda medications.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiley&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tzankova&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tzankova V, Becker WJ, Chan TL | title = Diagnosis and acute management of migraine | journal = CMAJ | volume = 195 | issue = 4 | pages = E153–E158 | date = January 2023 | pmid = 36717129 | pmc = 9888545 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.211969 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Several medications fi help prevent migraines. Dese dey include gepants, buh also beta blockers, anticonvulsants den certain antidepressants.&lt;ref name=&quot;Duncan&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 199 (3rd series) Migraine Management |date=1 January 2024 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-823357-3 |editor-last1=Swanson |editor-first1=JW |editor-last2=Matharu |editor-first2=M  |pages=219–241 |chapter=Evidence-based preventive treatment of migraine |author-first1= CW |author-last1= Duncan|author-first2= SD |author-last2=Silberstein |volume=199 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823357-3.00030-6 |pmid=38307648 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aguilar-Shea&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aguilar-Shea |first1=AL |last2=Membrilla Md |first2=JA |last3=Diaz-de-Teran |first3=J |title=Migraine review for general practice |journal=Atencion Primaria |date=February 2022 |volume=54 |issue=2 |article-number=102208 |doi=10.1016/j.aprim.2021.102208 |pmid=34798397 |pmc=8605054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Opioids for no be prescribed give migraine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shao&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Shao |first1=Q |last2=Rascati |first2=KL |last3=Lawson |first3=KA |last4=Barner |first4=JC |last5=Sonawane |first5=KB |last6=Rousseau |first6=JF |date=November 2022 |title=Real-world opioid use among patients with migraine enrolled in US commercial insurance and risk factors associated with migraine progression. |journal=Journal of Managed Care &amp; Specialty Pharmacy |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=1272–1281 |doi=10.18553/jmcp.2022.28.11.1272 |pmc=10373005 |pmid=36282930}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;americanheadachesociety.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Research Explores Migraine and Opioids |url=https://americanheadachesociety.org/research/library/new-research-explores-migraine-and-opioids |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=American Headache Society |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Approximately 14% (1.16 billion) of people worldwide be affected by migraine,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dong&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=L |last2=Dong |first2=W |last3=Jin |first3=Y |last4=Jiang |first4=Y |last5=Li |first5=Z |last6=Yu |first6=D |title=The Global Burden of Migraine: A 30-Year Trend Review and Future Projections by Age, Sex, Country, and Region. |journal=Pain and Therapy |date=February 2025 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=297–315 |doi=10.1007/s40122-024-00690-7 |pmid=39661241 |pmc=11751287}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey make am de third most disabling condition wey dey affect de nervous system&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Y |last2=Li |first2=QY |last3=Gan |first3=L |last4=You |first4=Y |last5=Wang |first5=CD |last6=Guo |first6=ZW |last7=Shi |first7=J |last8=Liu |first8=XY |title=The global and regional burden and trends of migraine from 1990 to 2021: Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. |journal=Frontiers in Neurology |date=2025 |volume=16 |article-number=1686288 |doi=10.3389/fneur.2025.1686288 |doi-access=free |pmid=41255791 |pmc=12620191}}&lt;/ref&gt; den one of de most common causes of disability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Treadwell |first1=Jonathan R. |last2=Tsou |first2=Amy Y. |last3=Rouse |first3=Benjamin |last4=Ivlev |first4=Ilya |last5=Fricke |first5=Julie |last6=Buse |first6=Dawn |last7=Powers |first7=Scott W. |last8=Minen |first8=Mia |last9=Szperka |first9=Christina L. |last10=Mull |first10=Nikhil K. |title=Behavioral Interventions for Migraine Prevention |date=18 September 2024 |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) |doi=10.23970/AHRQEPCCER270 |pmid=39471258 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dey begin at [[puberty]], women dey experience more den longer migraines, den higher disability wey relate to migraines.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuruvilla&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kuruvilla |first1=DE |last2=Hutchinson |first2=S |last3=Moriarty |first3=M |last4=Abbott |first4=C |last5=Brown |first5=A |last6=Leroue |first6=C |last7=Sheikh |first7=H |title=Understanding migraine throughout a woman's life and the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide: A narrative review |journal=Women's Health (London, England) |date=January 2025 |volume=21 |article-number=17455057251376878 |doi=10.1177/17455057251376878 |pmid=41109841 |pmc=12547133 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Denney&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Denney |first1=Delora E. |last2=Hendry |first2=Matthew |last3=Pahlevan |first3=Nader |last4=Ayaz |first4=Ahmed |last5=Denney |first5=Delora Ann |title=Migraine Throughout a Woman's Life: A Guide to Management |journal=Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association |date=16 May 2024 |volume=65 |issue=5/6 |url=https://jmsma.scholasticahq.com/article/117919-migraine-throughout-a-woman-s-life-a-guide-to-management |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Allais |first1=Gianni |last2=Chiarle |first2=Giulia |last3=Sinigaglia |first3=Silvia |last4=Airola |first4=Gisella |last5=Schiapparelli |first5=Paola |last6=Benedetto |first6=Chiara |date=2020 |title=Gender-related differences in migraine |journal=Neurological Sciences: Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology |volume=41 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=429–436 |doi=10.1007/s10072-020-04643-8 |issn=1590-3478 |pmc=7704513 |pmid=32845494}}&lt;/ref&gt; Migraines often start dey occur after a girl ein first period, plus increased frequency over time, wey dey peak during perimenopause wey dey tend to decrease following menopause.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bugge2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bugge |first1=NS |last2=Vetvik |first2=KG |last3=Alstadhaug |first3=KB |last4=Braaten |first4=T |date=20 June 2025 |title=Migraine through puberty and menopausal transition-data from the population-based Norwegian Women and Health study (NOWAC). |journal=The Journal of Headache and Pain |volume=26 |issue=1 |page=145 |doi=10.1186/s10194-025-02083-3 |pmc=12180204 |pmid=40542382 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; From age 30 to 50, up to four times as chaw women experience migraine attacks as men.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferrari20222&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferrari MD, Goadsby PJ, Burstein R, Kurth T, Ayata C, Charles A, Ashina M, van den Maagdenberg AM, Dodick DW |date=January 2022 |title=Migraine |journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41572-021-00328-4 |pmid=35027572 |s2cid=245883895 |article-number=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Migraine''' be a neurological disorder wey dey cause moderate-to-severe headaches. De pain usually dey affect one side of de head. E be generally associated plus nausea, light sensitivity den sound sensitivity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pescador_Ruschel_2024&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Pescador Ruschel MA, De Jesus O | chapter = Migraine Headache |date=2024 |title = StatPearls | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560787/ |access-date=13 September 2024 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809622 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cephalalgia_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=January 2018 |title=Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition |journal=Cephalalgia|volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–211 |doi=10.1177/0333102417738202 |pmid=29368949}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda symptoms fi include dizziness, vomiting,&lt;ref name=&quot;Pescador_Ruschel_2024&quot; /&gt; and difficulty thinking.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fernandes&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=C |last2=Dapkute |first2=A |last3=Watson |first3=E |last4=Kazaishvili |first4=I |last5=Chądzyński |first5=P |last6=Varanda |first6=S |last7=Di Antonio |first7=S |last8=Munday |first8=V |last9=MaassenVanDenBrink |first9=A |last10=Lampl |first10=C |last11=European Headache Federation School of Advanced Studies |first11=(EHF-SAS) |title=Migraine and cognitive dysfunction: a narrative review. |journal=The Journal of Headache and Pain |date=19 December 2024 |volume=25 |issue=1 |page=221 |doi=10.1186/s10194-024-01923-y |doi-access=free |pmid=39701926 |pmc=11657937 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd sam cases, a migraine attack dey begin plus an aura, a period of sensory disturbance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cephalalgia_2018&quot; /&gt;

Migraine attacks dey vary among individuals. Sam people dey experience occasional attacks, while odas dey develop chronic migraine plus frequent headaches.&lt;ref name=&quot;Katsarava_20122&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Katsarava Z, Buse DC, Manack AN, Lipton RB |date=February 2012 |title=Defining the differences between episodic migraine and chronic migraine |journal=Current Pain and Headache Reports |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=86–92 |doi=10.1007/s11916-011-0233-z |pmc=3258393 |pmid=22083262}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=December 2022 |title=Migraine With Aura |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554611/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608145627/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554611/ |archive-date=8 June 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32119498 |id=Bookshelf ID: NBK554611 |vauthors=Shankar Kikkeri N, Nagalli S}}&lt;/ref&gt; Migraine frequency fi increase over time. Insyd sam cases, frequent use of pain medications for headaches fi make migraines worse den lead to medication overuse headache.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lipton2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lipton |first1=RB |last2=Buse |first2=DC |last3=Nahas |first3=SJ |last4=Tietjen |first4=GE |last5=Martin |first5=VT |last6=Löf |first6=E |last7=Brevig |first7=T |last8=Cady |first8=R |last9=Diener |first9=HC |date=December 2023 |title=Risk factors for migraine disease progression: a narrative review for a patient-centered approach. |journal=Journal of Neurology |volume=270 |issue=12 |pages=5692–5710 |doi=10.1007/s00415-023-11880-2 |pmc=10632231 |pmid=37615752}}&lt;/ref&gt; Attacks be more likely to happen wen changes occur insyd a person ein daily routine, such as lack of sleep, disrupted sleep, skipped meals, anaa hormonal fluctuations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Burstein R, Noseda R, Borsook D |date=April 2015 |title=Migraine: multiple processes, complex pathophysiology |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |volume=35 |issue=17 |pages=6619–6629 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0373-15.2015 |pmc=4412887 |pmid=25926442}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Migraine be believed to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, den neurological factors wey dey affect de activity of nerve cells den chemical signals insyd de brain. Migraine attacks be theorized to occur wen de brain exceed an individual ein sensitivity threshold. Migraine attacks get multiple phases. De initial phase of a migraine attack fi start 48 hours before de main headache phase wey fi cause early warning symptoms. De subsequent pain phase of a migraine attack fi be linked to increased activity insyd de pain pathway of de brain, plus heightened blood flow den transmission of pain signals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bentivegna&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashina |first1=S |last2=Bentivegna |first2=E |last3=Martelletti |first3=P |last4=Eikermann-Haerter |first4=K |date=June 2021 |title=Structural and Functional Brain Changes in Migraine |journal=Pain and Therapy |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=211–223 |doi=10.1007/s40122-021-00240-5 |pmc=8119592 |pmid=33594593}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Levy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Levy |first1=D |last2=Moskowitz |first2=MA |date=10 July 2023 |title=Meningeal Mechanisms and the Migraine Connection |journal=Annual Review of Neuroscience |volume=46 |pages=39–58 |doi=10.1146/annurev-neuro-080422-105509 |issn=0147-006X |pmc=11412714 |pmid=36913712}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A migraine management plan often dey include lifestyle modifications to cope plus possible migraine triggers den dey reduce de impact of co-occurring conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 199 (3rd series) Migraine Management |date=1 January 2024 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-823357-3 |editor-last1=Swanson |editor-first1=JW |editor-last2=Matharu |editor-first2=M |pages=535–566 |chapter=The evolving concept of multimorbidity and migraine |author-first1=C |author-last1=Altamura|author-first2= G |author-last2=Coppola |author-first3=F |author-last3=Vernieri |volume=199 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823357-3.00014-8 |pmid=38307670 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lifestyle changes wey fi prevent migraines dey include stress management, improving sleep habits, eating regularly, den exercise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Haghdoost F, Togha M |date=January 2022 |title=Migraine management: Non-pharmacological points for patients and health care professionals |journal=Open Medicine |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1869–1882 |doi=10.1515/med-2022-0598 |pmc=9691984 |pmid=36475060 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Treatment give acute mild to moderate attacks dey begin plus over-the-counter pain relievers such as [[ibuprofen]] den [[paracetamol]]. Triptans be recommended as a first-line therapy give moderate to severe attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiley&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wiley |first1=AT |last2=Watson |first2=JC |last3=Lehmann |first3=DN |date=April 2025 |title=Acute Migraine Headache: Treatment Strategies. |journal=American Family Physician |volume=111 |issue=4 |pages=317–327 |pmid=40238974}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey see de approval of gepants as a major advance insyd migraine treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zobdeh&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zobdeh |first1=F |last2=Ben Kraiem |first2=A |last3=Attwood |first3=MM |last4=Chubarev |first4=VN |last5=Tarasov |first5=VV |last6=Schiöth |first6=HB |last7=Mwinyi |first7=J |title=Pharmacological treatment of migraine: Drug classes, mechanisms of action, clinical trials and new treatments |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology |date=December 2021 |volume=178 |issue=23 |pages=4588–4607 |doi=10.1111/bph.15657 |pmid=34379793}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Swanson&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 199 (3rd series) Migraine Management |date=1 January 2024 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-823357-3 |editor-last1=Swanson |editor-first1=JW |author-first1=S |editor-last2=Matharu |editor-first2=M  |pages=51–66 |chapter=CGRP receptor antagonists (gepants) |author-last1=Younis |author-first2=NV|author-last2= Latysheva |author-first3= AB |author-last3= Danilov |author-first4= M|author-last4= Ashina}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey use Anti-nausea medications give migraine-related nausea.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiley&quot; /&gt; Ergotamines fi be used by those wey no dey respond to oda medications.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiley&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tzankova&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tzankova V, Becker WJ, Chan TL | title = Diagnosis and acute management of migraine | journal = CMAJ | volume = 195 | issue = 4 | pages = E153–E158 | date = January 2023 | pmid = 36717129 | pmc = 9888545 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.211969 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Several medications fi help prevent migraines. Dese dey include gepants, buh also beta blockers, anticonvulsants den certain antidepressants.&lt;ref name=&quot;Duncan&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 199 (3rd series) Migraine Management |date=1 January 2024 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-823357-3 |editor-last1=Swanson |editor-first1=JW |editor-last2=Matharu |editor-first2=M  |pages=219–241 |chapter=Evidence-based preventive treatment of migraine |author-first1= CW |author-last1= Duncan|author-first2= SD |author-last2=Silberstein |volume=199 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823357-3.00030-6 |pmid=38307648 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aguilar-Shea&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aguilar-Shea |first1=AL |last2=Membrilla Md |first2=JA |last3=Diaz-de-Teran |first3=J |title=Migraine review for general practice |journal=Atencion Primaria |date=February 2022 |volume=54 |issue=2 |article-number=102208 |doi=10.1016/j.aprim.2021.102208 |pmid=34798397 |pmc=8605054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Opioids for no be prescribed give migraine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shao&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Shao |first1=Q |last2=Rascati |first2=KL |last3=Lawson |first3=KA |last4=Barner |first4=JC |last5=Sonawane |first5=KB |last6=Rousseau |first6=JF |date=November 2022 |title=Real-world opioid use among patients with migraine enrolled in US commercial insurance and risk factors associated with migraine progression. |journal=Journal of Managed Care &amp; Specialty Pharmacy |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=1272–1281 |doi=10.18553/jmcp.2022.28.11.1272 |pmc=10373005 |pmid=36282930}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;americanheadachesociety.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Research Explores Migraine and Opioids |url=https://americanheadachesociety.org/research/library/new-research-explores-migraine-and-opioids |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=American Headache Society |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Approximately 14% (1.16 billion) of people worldwide be affected by migraine,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dong&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=L |last2=Dong |first2=W |last3=Jin |first3=Y |last4=Jiang |first4=Y |last5=Li |first5=Z |last6=Yu |first6=D |title=The Global Burden of Migraine: A 30-Year Trend Review and Future Projections by Age, Sex, Country, and Region. |journal=Pain and Therapy |date=February 2025 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=297–315 |doi=10.1007/s40122-024-00690-7 |pmid=39661241 |pmc=11751287}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey make am de third most disabling condition wey dey affect de nervous system&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Y |last2=Li |first2=QY |last3=Gan |first3=L |last4=You |first4=Y |last5=Wang |first5=CD |last6=Guo |first6=ZW |last7=Shi |first7=J |last8=Liu |first8=XY |title=The global and regional burden and trends of migraine from 1990 to 2021: Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. |journal=Frontiers in Neurology |date=2025 |volume=16 |article-number=1686288 |doi=10.3389/fneur.2025.1686288 |doi-access=free |pmid=41255791 |pmc=12620191}}&lt;/ref&gt; den one of de most common causes of disability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Treadwell |first1=Jonathan R. |last2=Tsou |first2=Amy Y. |last3=Rouse |first3=Benjamin |last4=Ivlev |first4=Ilya |last5=Fricke |first5=Julie |last6=Buse |first6=Dawn |last7=Powers |first7=Scott W. |last8=Minen |first8=Mia |last9=Szperka |first9=Christina L. |last10=Mull |first10=Nikhil K. |title=Behavioral Interventions for Migraine Prevention |date=18 September 2024 |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) |doi=10.23970/AHRQEPCCER270 |pmid=39471258 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dey begin at [[puberty]], women dey experience more den longer migraines, den higher disability wey relate to migraines.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuruvilla&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kuruvilla |first1=DE |last2=Hutchinson |first2=S |last3=Moriarty |first3=M |last4=Abbott |first4=C |last5=Brown |first5=A |last6=Leroue |first6=C |last7=Sheikh |first7=H |title=Understanding migraine throughout a woman's life and the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide: A narrative review |journal=Women's Health (London, England) |date=January 2025 |volume=21 |article-number=17455057251376878 |doi=10.1177/17455057251376878 |pmid=41109841 |pmc=12547133 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Denney&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Denney |first1=Delora E. |last2=Hendry |first2=Matthew |last3=Pahlevan |first3=Nader |last4=Ayaz |first4=Ahmed |last5=Denney |first5=Delora Ann |title=Migraine Throughout a Woman's Life: A Guide to Management |journal=Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association |date=16 May 2024 |volume=65 |issue=5/6 |url=https://jmsma.scholasticahq.com/article/117919-migraine-throughout-a-woman-s-life-a-guide-to-management |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Allais |first1=Gianni |last2=Chiarle |first2=Giulia |last3=Sinigaglia |first3=Silvia |last4=Airola |first4=Gisella |last5=Schiapparelli |first5=Paola |last6=Benedetto |first6=Chiara |date=2020 |title=Gender-related differences in migraine |journal=Neurological Sciences: Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology |volume=41 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=429–436 |doi=10.1007/s10072-020-04643-8 |issn=1590-3478 |pmc=7704513 |pmid=32845494}}&lt;/ref&gt; Migraines often start dey occur after a girl ein first period, plus increased frequency over time, wey dey peak during perimenopause wey dey tend to decrease following menopause.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bugge2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bugge |first1=NS |last2=Vetvik |first2=KG |last3=Alstadhaug |first3=KB |last4=Braaten |first4=T |date=20 June 2025 |title=Migraine through puberty and menopausal transition-data from the population-based Norwegian Women and Health study (NOWAC). |journal=The Journal of Headache and Pain |volume=26 |issue=1 |page=145 |doi=10.1186/s10194-025-02083-3 |pmc=12180204 |pmid=40542382 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; From age 30 to 50, up to four times as chaw women experience migraine attacks as men.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferrari20222&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferrari MD, Goadsby PJ, Burstein R, Kurth T, Ayata C, Charles A, Ashina M, van den Maagdenberg AM, Dodick DW |date=January 2022 |title=Migraine |journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41572-021-00328-4 |pmid=35027572 |s2cid=245883895 |article-number=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ashina M | title = Migraine | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 383 | issue = 19 | pages = 1866–1876 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33211930 | doi = 10.1056/nejmra1915327 | s2cid = 227078662 | veditors = Ropper AH | url = https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/da/publications/1844d773-addc-4d14-868f-9e419eadb6c8 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Oskoui M, Pringsheim T, Billinghurst L, Potrebic S, Gersz EM, Gloss D, Holler-Managan Y, Leininger E, Licking N, Mack K, Powers SW, Sowell M, Victorio MC, Yonker M, Zanitsch H, Hershey AD | title = Practice guideline update summary: Pharmacologic treatment for pediatric migraine prevention: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society | journal = Neurology | volume = 93 | issue = 11 | pages = 500–509 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31413170 | pmc = 6746206 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008105 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Oskoui M, Pringsheim T, Holler-Managan Y, Potrebic S, Billinghurst L, Gloss D, Hershey AD, Licking N, Sowell M, Victorio MC, Gersz EM, Leininger E, Zanitsch H, Yonker M, Mack K | title = Practice guideline update summary: Acute treatment of migraine in children and adolescents: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society | journal = Neurology | volume = 93 | issue = 11 | pages = 487–499 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31413171 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008095| s2cid = 199662718 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Migraine| ]]
[[Category:Ailments of unknown cause]]
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456285|Anencephaly]] to:gpe #mdwikicx</comment>
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'''Anencephaly''' be de absence of a major portion of de brain, skull, den scalp wey dey occur during embryonic development.&lt;ref name=&quot;neurologychannel&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=3 September 2015 |title=Cephalic disorders – Overview, Anencephaly, Colpocephaly – neurologychannel |url=http://www.neurologychannel.com/cephalicdisorders/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509092319/http://www.neurologychannel.com/cephalicdisorders/index.shtml |archive-date=9 May 2008 |access-date=19 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be a cephalic disorder wey dey result from a neural tube defect wey dey occur wen de rostral (head) end of de neural tube fail to close, usually between de 23rd den 26th day following conception.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=O'Rahilly |first1=M |title=Human Embryology &amp; Teratology |last2=Muller |first2=F |publisher=Wiley-Liss, Inc |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-471-38225-6 |location=New York |page=253}}&lt;/ref&gt; Strictly speaking, de Greek term dey translate as &quot;widout a brain&quot;, buh e be accepted say kiddies dem born plus dis disorder usually lack a telencephalon per,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Chervenak |first=F.A. |title=Ultrasound and the Fetal Brain: Progress in Obstetric and Gynecological Sonography Series |author2=Kurjak, A. |author3=Comstock, C.H. |publisher=Parthenon Pub. Group |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-85070-612-0 |edition=1st publ |location=New York |page=102}}&lt;/ref&gt; de largest part of de brain wey dey consist mainly of de cerebral hemispheres, wey dey include de neocortex, wich be responsible give cognition. De remaining structure usually be covered per by a thin layer of membrane—skin, bone, meninges, etc., all be lacking.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Anencephaly Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/anencephaly/anencephaly.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202230140/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/anencephaly/anencephaly.htm |archive-date=2 December 2016 |access-date=2 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plus very few exceptions,&lt;ref name=&quot;koaa.com survive&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Baby Without A Brain, Nickolas Coke, Update |url=http://www.koaa.com/videos/boy-without-a-brain/?fullsite |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914233036/http://www.koaa.com/videos/boy-without-a-brain/?fullsite |archive-date=14 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; infants plus dis disorder no dey survive longer dan a few hours anaa days after birth.

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Anencephaly''' be de absence of a major portion of de brain, skull, den scalp wey dey occur during embryonic development.&lt;ref name=&quot;neurologychannel&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=3 September 2015 |title=Cephalic disorders – Overview, Anencephaly, Colpocephaly – neurologychannel |url=http://www.neurologychannel.com/cephalicdisorders/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509092319/http://www.neurologychannel.com/cephalicdisorders/index.shtml |archive-date=9 May 2008 |access-date=19 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be a cephalic disorder wey dey result from a neural tube defect wey dey occur wen de rostral (head) end of de neural tube fail to close, usually between de 23rd den 26th day following conception.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=O'Rahilly |first1=M |title=Human Embryology &amp; Teratology |last2=Muller |first2=F |publisher=Wiley-Liss, Inc |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-471-38225-6 |location=New York |page=253}}&lt;/ref&gt; Strictly speaking, de Greek term dey translate as &quot;widout a brain&quot;, buh e be accepted say kiddies dem born plus dis disorder usually lack a telencephalon per,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Chervenak |first=F.A. |title=Ultrasound and the Fetal Brain: Progress in Obstetric and Gynecological Sonography Series |author2=Kurjak, A. |author3=Comstock, C.H. |publisher=Parthenon Pub. Group |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-85070-612-0 |edition=1st publ |location=New York |page=102}}&lt;/ref&gt; de largest part of de brain wey dey consist mainly of de cerebral hemispheres, wey dey include de neocortex, wich be responsible give cognition. De remaining structure usually be covered per by a thin layer of membrane—skin, bone, meninges, etc., all be lacking.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Anencephaly Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/anencephaly/anencephaly.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202230140/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/anencephaly/anencephaly.htm |archive-date=2 December 2016 |access-date=2 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plus very few exceptions,&lt;ref name=&quot;koaa.com survive&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Baby Without A Brain, Nickolas Coke, Update |url=http://www.koaa.com/videos/boy-without-a-brain/?fullsite |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914233036/http://www.koaa.com/videos/boy-without-a-brain/?fullsite |archive-date=14 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; infants plus dis disorder no dey survive longer dan a few hours anaa days after birth.

Anencephaly be a severe neural tube defect dem typically consider incompatible plus prolonged postnatal survival, den as such, surgical intervention no be commonly indicated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Menekşe |first1=Güner |last2=Kahvecioğlu |first2=Dilek |last3=Aksoy |first3=Hatice Tatar |last4=Kankaya |first4=Yüksel |last5=Bayar |first5=Mehmet Akif |date=24 March 2023 |title=First report of surgery for anencephaly in twin pregnancies: Technical notes and postoperative management |journal=Medicine |volume=102 |issue=12 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000033358 |pmc=10036067 |pmid=36961186 |article-number=e33358}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{commons}}
[[Category:Congenital disorders of nervous system]]
[[Category:Brain disorders]]
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'''Rosacea''' be a long-term skin condition wey typically dey affect de face.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014 /&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2016&gt;{{cite web |title = Questions and Answers about Rosacea |url = https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/rosacea |website = www.niams.nih.gov |access-date = 5 June 2017 |language = en |date = April 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513064456/https://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Rosacea/default.asp |archive-date = 13 May 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey result in redness, pimples, [[edema|swelling]], den small den superficial dilated blood vessels.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Tüzün Y, Wolf R, Kutlubay Z, Karakuş O, Engin B |title = Rosacea and rhinophyma |journal = Clinics in Dermatology |date = February 2014 |volume = 32 |issue = 1 |pages = 35–46 |pmid = 24314376 |doi = 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.05.024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Often, de nose, cheeks, forehead, den chin most be involved.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; A red, enlarged nose fi occur in severe disease, a condition dem know as rhinophyma.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;

== References ==
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'''Rosacea''' be a long-term skin condition wey typically dey affect de face.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014 /&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2016&gt;{{cite web |title = Questions and Answers about Rosacea |url = https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/rosacea |website = www.niams.nih.gov |access-date = 5 June 2017 |language = en |date = April 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513064456/https://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Rosacea/default.asp |archive-date = 13 May 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey result in redness, pimples, [[edema|swelling]], den small den superficial dilated blood vessels.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Tüzün Y, Wolf R, Kutlubay Z, Karakuş O, Engin B |title = Rosacea and rhinophyma |journal = Clinics in Dermatology |date = February 2014 |volume = 32 |issue = 1 |pages = 35–46 |pmid = 24314376 |doi = 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.05.024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Often, de nose, cheeks, forehead, den chin most be involved.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; A red, enlarged nose fi occur in severe disease, a condition dem know as rhinophyma.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;

De cause of rosacea be unknown.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014 /&gt; Risk factors dey include a family history of de condition.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; Factors wey potentially fi worsen de condition dey include heat, exercise, sunlight, cold, spicy food, alcohol, menopause, [[psychological stress]], anaa use of steroid cream on de face.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stein S2&quot;&gt;Stein S (2020). Rosacea. Stern S.C., &amp; Cifu A.S., &amp; Altkorn D(Eds.), ''Symptom to Diagnosis: An Evidence-Based Guide, 4e''. McGraw-Hill Education.&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis dey base on symptoms.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014 /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
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'''Rosacea''' be a long-term skin condition wey typically dey affect de face.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014 /&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2016&gt;{{cite web |title = Questions and Answers about Rosacea |url = https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/rosacea |website = www.niams.nih.gov |access-date = 5 June 2017 |language = en |date = April 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513064456/https://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Rosacea/default.asp |archive-date = 13 May 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey result in redness, pimples, [[edema|swelling]], den small den superficial dilated blood vessels.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Tüzün Y, Wolf R, Kutlubay Z, Karakuş O, Engin B |title = Rosacea and rhinophyma |journal = Clinics in Dermatology |date = February 2014 |volume = 32 |issue = 1 |pages = 35–46 |pmid = 24314376 |doi = 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.05.024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Often, de nose, cheeks, forehead, den chin most be involved.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; A red, enlarged nose fi occur in severe disease, a condition dem know as rhinophyma.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;

De cause of rosacea be unknown.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014 /&gt; Risk factors dey include a family history of de condition.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; Factors wey potentially fi worsen de condition dey include heat, exercise, sunlight, cold, spicy food, alcohol, menopause, [[psychological stress]], anaa use of steroid cream on de face.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stein S2&quot;&gt;Stein S (2020). Rosacea. Stern S.C., &amp; Cifu A.S., &amp; Altkorn D(Eds.), ''Symptom to Diagnosis: An Evidence-Based Guide, 4e''. McGraw-Hill Education.&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis dey base on symptoms.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014 /&gt;

While no be curable, treatment usually dey improve symptoms.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; Treatment typically be plus [[metronidazole]], [[doxycycline]], minocycline, anaa tetracycline.&lt;ref name=BJD2015&gt;{{cite journal |last1 = van Zuuren |first1 = EJ |last2 = Fedorowicz |first2 = Z |title = Interventions for rosacea: abridged updated Cochrane systematic review including GRADE assessments. |journal = The British Journal of Dermatology |date = September 2015 |volume = 173 |issue = 3 |pages = 651–62 |pmid = 26099423 |doi = 10.1111/bjd.13956 |s2cid = 41303286 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wen de eyes be affected, [[azithromycin]] eye drops fi help.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title = Rosacea First choice treatments |journal = Prescrire International |date = May 2017 |volume = 182 |pages = 126–128 |url = http://english.prescrire.org/en/SummaryDetail.aspx?Issueid=182 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910171617/http://english.prescrire.org/en/SummaryDetail.aspx?Issueid=182 |archive-date = 10 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda treatments plus tentative benefit dey include brimonidine cream, [[ivermectin]] cream, den isotretinoin.&lt;ref name=BJD2015 /&gt; Dermabrasion anaa laser surgery sanso fi be used.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; De use of sunscreen typically be recommended.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Rosacea''' be a long-term skin condition wey typically dey affect de face.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014 /&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2016&gt;{{cite web |title = Questions and Answers about Rosacea |url = https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/rosacea |website = www.niams.nih.gov |access-date = 5 June 2017 |language = en |date = April 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513064456/https://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Rosacea/default.asp |archive-date = 13 May 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey result in redness, pimples, [[edema|swelling]], den small den superficial dilated blood vessels.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Tüzün Y, Wolf R, Kutlubay Z, Karakuş O, Engin B |title = Rosacea and rhinophyma |journal = Clinics in Dermatology |date = February 2014 |volume = 32 |issue = 1 |pages = 35–46 |pmid = 24314376 |doi = 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.05.024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Often, de nose, cheeks, forehead, den chin most be involved.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; A red, enlarged nose fi occur in severe disease, a condition dem know as rhinophyma.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;

De cause of rosacea be unknown.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014 /&gt; Risk factors dey include a family history of de condition.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; Factors wey potentially fi worsen de condition dey include heat, exercise, sunlight, cold, spicy food, alcohol, menopause, [[psychological stress]], anaa use of steroid cream on de face.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stein S2&quot;&gt;Stein S (2020). Rosacea. Stern S.C., &amp; Cifu A.S., &amp; Altkorn D(Eds.), ''Symptom to Diagnosis: An Evidence-Based Guide, 4e''. McGraw-Hill Education.&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis dey base on symptoms.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014 /&gt;

While no be curable, treatment usually dey improve symptoms.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; Treatment typically be plus [[metronidazole]], [[doxycycline]], minocycline, anaa tetracycline.&lt;ref name=BJD2015&gt;{{cite journal |last1 = van Zuuren |first1 = EJ |last2 = Fedorowicz |first2 = Z |title = Interventions for rosacea: abridged updated Cochrane systematic review including GRADE assessments. |journal = The British Journal of Dermatology |date = September 2015 |volume = 173 |issue = 3 |pages = 651–62 |pmid = 26099423 |doi = 10.1111/bjd.13956 |s2cid = 41303286 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wen de eyes be affected, [[azithromycin]] eye drops fi help.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title = Rosacea First choice treatments |journal = Prescrire International |date = May 2017 |volume = 182 |pages = 126–128 |url = http://english.prescrire.org/en/SummaryDetail.aspx?Issueid=182 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910171617/http://english.prescrire.org/en/SummaryDetail.aspx?Issueid=182 |archive-date = 10 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda treatments plus tentative benefit dey include brimonidine cream, [[ivermectin]] cream, den isotretinoin.&lt;ref name=BJD2015 /&gt; Dermabrasion anaa laser surgery sanso fi be used.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; De use of sunscreen typically be recommended.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;

Rosacea dey affect between 1% den 10% of people.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014 /&gt; Those affected most often be 30 to 50 years old den female.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014 /&gt; Fair-skinned people dey seem to be more commonly affected.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rainer&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Rainer BM, Kang S, Chien AL |title=Rosacea: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment |journal=Dermatoendocrinol |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=e1361574 |date=2017 |pmid=29484096 |pmc=5821167 |doi=10.1080/19381980.2017.1361574 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Na dem describe de condition insyd ''The Canterbury Tales'' insyd de 1300s, den possibly as early as de 200s BC by Theocritus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1 = Zouboulis |first1 = Christos C. |last2 = Katsambas |first2 = Andreas D. |last3 = Kligman |first3 = Albert M. |title = Pathogenesis and Treatment of Acne and Rosacea |date = 2014 |publisher = Springer |isbn = 978-3-540-69375-8 |page = XXV |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vnQqBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR25 |language = en |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910171616/https://books.google.ca/books?id=vnQqBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR25 |archive-date = 10 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1 = Schachner |first1 = Lawrence A. |last2 = Hansen |first2 = Ronald C. |title = Pediatric Dermatology E-Book |date = 2011 |publisher = Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn = 978-0-7234-3665-2 |page = 827 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tAlGLYplkacC&amp;pg=PA827 |language = en |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910171616/https://books.google.ca/books?id=tAlGLYplkacC&amp;pg=PA827 |archive-date = 10 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
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'''Rosacea''' be a long-term skin condition wey typically dey affect de face.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014 /&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2016&gt;{{cite web |title = Questions and Answers about Rosacea |url = https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/rosacea |website = www.niams.nih.gov |access-date = 5 June 2017 |language = en |date = April 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513064456/https://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Rosacea/default.asp |archive-date = 13 May 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey result in redness, pimples, [[edema|swelling]], den small den superficial dilated blood vessels.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Tüzün Y, Wolf R, Kutlubay Z, Karakuş O, Engin B |title = Rosacea and rhinophyma |journal = Clinics in Dermatology |date = February 2014 |volume = 32 |issue = 1 |pages = 35–46 |pmid = 24314376 |doi = 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.05.024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Often, de nose, cheeks, forehead, den chin most be involved.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; A red, enlarged nose fi occur in severe disease, a condition dem know as rhinophyma.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;

De cause of rosacea be unknown.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014 /&gt; Risk factors dey include a family history of de condition.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; Factors wey potentially fi worsen de condition dey include heat, exercise, sunlight, cold, spicy food, alcohol, menopause, [[psychological stress]], anaa use of steroid cream on de face.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stein S2&quot;&gt;Stein S (2020). Rosacea. Stern S.C., &amp; Cifu A.S., &amp; Altkorn D(Eds.), ''Symptom to Diagnosis: An Evidence-Based Guide, 4e''. McGraw-Hill Education.&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis dey base on symptoms.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014 /&gt;

While no be curable, treatment usually dey improve symptoms.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; Treatment typically be plus [[metronidazole]], [[doxycycline]], minocycline, anaa tetracycline.&lt;ref name=BJD2015&gt;{{cite journal |last1 = van Zuuren |first1 = EJ |last2 = Fedorowicz |first2 = Z |title = Interventions for rosacea: abridged updated Cochrane systematic review including GRADE assessments. |journal = The British Journal of Dermatology |date = September 2015 |volume = 173 |issue = 3 |pages = 651–62 |pmid = 26099423 |doi = 10.1111/bjd.13956 |s2cid = 41303286 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wen de eyes be affected, [[azithromycin]] eye drops fi help.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title = Rosacea First choice treatments |journal = Prescrire International |date = May 2017 |volume = 182 |pages = 126–128 |url = http://english.prescrire.org/en/SummaryDetail.aspx?Issueid=182 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910171617/http://english.prescrire.org/en/SummaryDetail.aspx?Issueid=182 |archive-date = 10 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda treatments plus tentative benefit dey include brimonidine cream, [[ivermectin]] cream, den isotretinoin.&lt;ref name=BJD2015 /&gt; Dermabrasion anaa laser surgery sanso fi be used.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt; De use of sunscreen typically be recommended.&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;

Rosacea dey affect between 1% den 10% of people.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014 /&gt; Those affected most often be 30 to 50 years old den female.&lt;ref name=Tuzun2014 /&gt; Fair-skinned people dey seem to be more commonly affected.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rainer&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Rainer BM, Kang S, Chien AL |title=Rosacea: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment |journal=Dermatoendocrinol |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=e1361574 |date=2017 |pmid=29484096 |pmc=5821167 |doi=10.1080/19381980.2017.1361574 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Na dem describe de condition insyd ''The Canterbury Tales'' insyd de 1300s, den possibly as early as de 200s BC by Theocritus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1 = Zouboulis |first1 = Christos C. |last2 = Katsambas |first2 = Andreas D. |last3 = Kligman |first3 = Albert M. |title = Pathogenesis and Treatment of Acne and Rosacea |date = 2014 |publisher = Springer |isbn = 978-3-540-69375-8 |page = XXV |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vnQqBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR25 |language = en |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910171616/https://books.google.ca/books?id=vnQqBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR25 |archive-date = 10 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1 = Schachner |first1 = Lawrence A. |last2 = Hansen |first2 = Ronald C. |title = Pediatric Dermatology E-Book |date = 2011 |publisher = Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn = 978-0-7234-3665-2 |page = 827 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tAlGLYplkacC&amp;pg=PA827 |language = en |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910171616/https://books.google.ca/books?id=tAlGLYplkacC&amp;pg=PA827 |archive-date = 10 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q831530|c=Category:Rosacea (disease)|n=no|q=no|b=Rosacea|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* [http://www.dermnet.com/rosacea Rosacea photo library at Dermnet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026031614/http://www.dermnet.com/rosacea |date=26 October 2011 }}
* [https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/rosacea Questions and Answers about Rosacea], from the US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
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[[Category:Acneiform eruptions]]
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'''Adrenaline''', dem sanso know as '''epinephrine''' den alternatively dem spell '''adrenalin''', be a hormone den medication&lt;ref name=&quot;Chan_2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Lieberman M, Marks A, Peet A | title=Marks' Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach | date = 2013 | publisher = Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 978-1-60831-572-7 | page = 175 | edition = 4th | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3FNYdShrCwIC&amp;pg=PA175 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=479|title=Adrenaline|date=21 August 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wich be involved insyd regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration).&lt;ref name=&quot;Chan_2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM Epinephrine&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2009 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York, USA | isbn = 978-0-07-148127-4 | page = 157 | edition = 2nd | chapter = Chapter 6: Widely Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin | quote = Epinephrine occurs in only a small number of central neurons, all located in the medulla. Epinephrine is involved in visceral functions, such as the control of respiration. It is also produced by the adrenal medulla.}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey appear as a white microcrystalline granule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Larrañaga M |title=Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary |date=2016 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Incorporated |location=New Jersey |page=561}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adrenaline be normally produced by de adrenal glands den by a small number of neurons insyd de medulla oblongata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adrenaline: physiology and pharmacology {{!}} DermNet |url=https://dermnetnz.org/topics/the-physiology-and-pharmacology-of-adrenaline |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=dermnetnz.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey play an essential role insyd de fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, heart output by acting on de SA node,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown HF, DiFrancesco D, Noble SJ | title = How does adrenaline accelerate the heart? | journal = Nature | volume = 280 | issue = 5719 | pages = 235–236 | date = July 1979 | pmid = 450140 | doi = 10.1038/280235a0 | s2cid = 4350616 | bibcode = 1979Natur.280..235B }}&lt;/ref&gt; pupil dilation response, den blood sugar level.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Bell DR | title=Medical physiology: principles for clinical medicine|date=2009|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6852-8|page=312|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBeAeYS-vRUC&amp;pg=PA312}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Khurana_2008&quot; /&gt; E dey do dis by binding to alpha den beta receptors.&lt;ref name=&quot;Khurana_2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Khurana I |title=Essentials of Medical Physiology|date=2008|publisher=Elsevier India|isbn=978-81-312-1566-1|page=460|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cm_kLhU1AP0C&amp;pg=PA460}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be found insyd chaw animals, wey dey include humans, den sam single-celled organisms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Buckley E |title=Venomous Animals and Their Venoms: Venomous Vertebrates|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4832-6288-8|page=478|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SrLBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA478}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment|date=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-26850-0|page=510|edition=5th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hcw2AAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA510}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso be isolated from de plant ''Scoparia dulcis'' dem find insyd Northern Vietnam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Phan MG, Phan TS, Matsunami K, Otsuka H | title = Chemical and biological evaluation on scopadulane-type diterpenoids from Scoparia dulcis of Vietnamese origin | journal = Chemical &amp; Pharmaceutical Bulletin | volume = 54 | issue = 4 | pages = 546–549 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16595962 | doi = 10.1248/cpb.54.546 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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