Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 26846 98023 97995 2026-05-13T13:39:00Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mercury poisoning''' be a type of metal poisoning secof exposure to mercury.<ref name="Bernhoft20122">{{Cite journal |last=Bernhoft |first=Robin A. |date=2012 |title=Mercury toxicity and treatment: a review of the literature |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22235210 |journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health |volume=2012 |doi=10.1155/2012/460508 |issn=1687-9813 |pmc=3253456 |pmid=22235210 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Symptoms dey depend upon de type, dose, method, den duration of exposure.<ref name="Bernhoft20122" /><ref name="WHO20162">{{cite web |date=January 2016 |title=Mercury and health |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120171147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/ |archive-date=20 November 2016 |access-date=19 November 2016 |website=WHO}}</ref> Dem fi include muscle weakness, poor coordination, numbness insyd de hands den feet, skin rashes, anxiety, memory problems, trouble speaking, trouble hearing, anaa trouble seeing.<ref name="NIH2016">{{cite web |title=Mercury |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/mercury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119182023/http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/mercury/ |archive-date=19 November 2016 |access-date=19 November 2016 |website=NIEHS}}</ref> High-level exposure to methylmercury be known as Minamata disease.<ref name=Bos2010/> Methylmercury exposure insyd kiddies fi result in acrodynia (pink disease) insyd wich de skin cam be pink den dey peel.<ref name=Bos2010/> Long-term complications fi include kidney problems den decreased intelligence.<ref name="Bos2010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bose-O'Reilly S, McCarty KM, Steckling N, Lettmeier B |date=September 2010 |title=Mercury exposure and children's health |journal=Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care |volume=40 |issue=8 |pages=186–215 |doi=10.1016/j.cppeds.2010.07.002 |pmc=3096006 |pmid=20816346}}</ref> De effects of long-term exposure to methylmercury at very low doses be unclear.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hong YS, Kim YM, Lee KE |date=November 2012 |title=Methylmercury exposure and health effects |journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health = Yebang Uihakhoe Chi |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=353–63 |doi=10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.6.353 |pmc=3514465 |pmid=23230465}}</ref> Forms of mercury exposure dey include metal, vapor, salt, den organic compound.<ref name=Bernhoft2012/> Chaw exposure be from eating fish, amalgam-based dental fillings, anaa exposure at a workplace.<ref name=Bernhoft2012/> Insyd fish, those higher up insyd de food chain generally get higher levels of mercury, a process dem know as biomagnification.<ref name=Bernhoft2012/> Less commonly, poisoning fi occur as a method of attempted [[suicide]].<ref name=Bernhoft2012/> Human activities wey dey release mercury into de environment dey include de burning of coal den mining of gold.<ref name="WHO2016">{{cite web |date=January 2016 |title=Mercury and health |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120171147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/ |archive-date=20 November 2016 |access-date=19 November 2016 |website=WHO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019-03-04 |title=Global Mercury Assessment 2018 |url=http://www.unep.org/resources/publication/global-mercury-assessment-2018 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> Tests of de blood, urine, den hair for mercury be available buh no dey relate well to de amount insyd de body.<ref name="Bernhoft2012">{{Cite journal |last=Bernhoft |first=Robin A. |date=2012 |title=Mercury toxicity and treatment: a review of the literature |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22235210 |journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health |volume=2012 |doi=10.1155/2012/460508 |issn=1687-9813 |pmc=3253456 |pmid=22235210 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 4wsws29moik90gqyljo06ajzavnps09 98024 98023 2026-05-13T13:43:33Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mercury poisoning''' be a type of metal poisoning secof exposure to mercury.<ref name="Bernhoft20122">{{Cite journal |last=Bernhoft |first=Robin A. |date=2012 |title=Mercury toxicity and treatment: a review of the literature |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22235210 |journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health |volume=2012 |doi=10.1155/2012/460508 |issn=1687-9813 |pmc=3253456 |pmid=22235210 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Symptoms dey depend upon de type, dose, method, den duration of exposure.<ref name="Bernhoft20122" /><ref name="WHO20162">{{cite web |date=January 2016 |title=Mercury and health |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120171147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/ |archive-date=20 November 2016 |access-date=19 November 2016 |website=WHO}}</ref> Dem fi include muscle weakness, poor coordination, numbness insyd de hands den feet, skin rashes, anxiety, memory problems, trouble speaking, trouble hearing, anaa trouble seeing.<ref name="NIH2016">{{cite web |title=Mercury |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/mercury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119182023/http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/mercury/ |archive-date=19 November 2016 |access-date=19 November 2016 |website=NIEHS}}</ref> High-level exposure to methylmercury be known as Minamata disease.<ref name=Bos2010/> Methylmercury exposure insyd kiddies fi result in acrodynia (pink disease) insyd wich de skin cam be pink den dey peel.<ref name=Bos2010/> Long-term complications fi include kidney problems den decreased intelligence.<ref name="Bos2010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bose-O'Reilly S, McCarty KM, Steckling N, Lettmeier B |date=September 2010 |title=Mercury exposure and children's health |journal=Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care |volume=40 |issue=8 |pages=186–215 |doi=10.1016/j.cppeds.2010.07.002 |pmc=3096006 |pmid=20816346}}</ref> De effects of long-term exposure to methylmercury at very low doses be unclear.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hong YS, Kim YM, Lee KE |date=November 2012 |title=Methylmercury exposure and health effects |journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health = Yebang Uihakhoe Chi |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=353–63 |doi=10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.6.353 |pmc=3514465 |pmid=23230465}}</ref> Forms of mercury exposure dey include metal, vapor, salt, den organic compound.<ref name=Bernhoft2012/> Chaw exposure be from eating fish, amalgam-based dental fillings, anaa exposure at a workplace.<ref name=Bernhoft2012/> Insyd fish, those higher up insyd de food chain generally get higher levels of mercury, a process dem know as biomagnification.<ref name=Bernhoft2012/> Less commonly, poisoning fi occur as a method of attempted [[suicide]].<ref name=Bernhoft2012/> Human activities wey dey release mercury into de environment dey include de burning of coal den mining of gold.<ref name="WHO2016">{{cite web |date=January 2016 |title=Mercury and health |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120171147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/ |archive-date=20 November 2016 |access-date=19 November 2016 |website=WHO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019-03-04 |title=Global Mercury Assessment 2018 |url=http://www.unep.org/resources/publication/global-mercury-assessment-2018 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> Tests of de blood, urine, den hair for mercury be available buh no dey relate well to de amount insyd de body.<ref name="Bernhoft2012">{{Cite journal |last=Bernhoft |first=Robin A. |date=2012 |title=Mercury toxicity and treatment: a review of the literature |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22235210 |journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health |volume=2012 |doi=10.1155/2012/460508 |issn=1687-9813 |pmc=3253456 |pmid=22235210 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Prevention dey include eating a diet low in mercury, removing mercury from medical den oda devices, proper disposal of mercury, den no dey mining further mercury.<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Bos2010/> Insyd those plus acute poisoning from inorganic mercury salts, chelation plus either dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) anaa dimercaptopropane sulfonate (DMPS) dey appear to improve outcomes if given within a few hours of exposure.<ref name=Kos2013/> Chelation for those plus long-term exposure be of unclear benefit.<ref name="Kos2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kosnett MJ |date=December 2013 |title=The role of chelation in the treatment of arsenic and mercury poisoning |journal=Journal of Medical Toxicology |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=347–54 |doi=10.1007/s13181-013-0344-5 |pmc=3846971 |pmid=24178900}}</ref> Insyd certain communities wey dey survive on fishing, na rates of mercury poisoning among kiddies be as high as 1.7 per 100.<ref name=WHO2016/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 20rebkzf6mo2nskguh7rafaekchw1rp 98025 98024 2026-05-13T13:51:21Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mercury poisoning''' be a type of metal poisoning secof exposure to mercury.<ref name="Bernhoft20122">{{Cite journal |last=Bernhoft |first=Robin A. |date=2012 |title=Mercury toxicity and treatment: a review of the literature |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22235210 |journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health |volume=2012 |doi=10.1155/2012/460508 |issn=1687-9813 |pmc=3253456 |pmid=22235210 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Symptoms dey depend upon de type, dose, method, den duration of exposure.<ref name="Bernhoft20122" /><ref name="WHO20162">{{cite web |date=January 2016 |title=Mercury and health |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120171147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/ |archive-date=20 November 2016 |access-date=19 November 2016 |website=WHO}}</ref> Dem fi include muscle weakness, poor coordination, numbness insyd de hands den feet, skin rashes, anxiety, memory problems, trouble speaking, trouble hearing, anaa trouble seeing.<ref name="NIH2016">{{cite web |title=Mercury |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/mercury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119182023/http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/mercury/ |archive-date=19 November 2016 |access-date=19 November 2016 |website=NIEHS}}</ref> High-level exposure to methylmercury be known as Minamata disease.<ref name=Bos2010/> Methylmercury exposure insyd kiddies fi result in acrodynia (pink disease) insyd wich de skin cam be pink den dey peel.<ref name=Bos2010/> Long-term complications fi include kidney problems den decreased intelligence.<ref name="Bos2010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bose-O'Reilly S, McCarty KM, Steckling N, Lettmeier B |date=September 2010 |title=Mercury exposure and children's health |journal=Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care |volume=40 |issue=8 |pages=186–215 |doi=10.1016/j.cppeds.2010.07.002 |pmc=3096006 |pmid=20816346}}</ref> De effects of long-term exposure to methylmercury at very low doses be unclear.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hong YS, Kim YM, Lee KE |date=November 2012 |title=Methylmercury exposure and health effects |journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health = Yebang Uihakhoe Chi |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=353–63 |doi=10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.6.353 |pmc=3514465 |pmid=23230465}}</ref> Forms of mercury exposure dey include metal, vapor, salt, den organic compound.<ref name=Bernhoft2012/> Chaw exposure be from eating fish, amalgam-based dental fillings, anaa exposure at a workplace.<ref name=Bernhoft2012/> Insyd fish, those higher up insyd de food chain generally get higher levels of mercury, a process dem know as biomagnification.<ref name=Bernhoft2012/> Less commonly, poisoning fi occur as a method of attempted [[suicide]].<ref name=Bernhoft2012/> Human activities wey dey release mercury into de environment dey include de burning of coal den mining of gold.<ref name="WHO2016">{{cite web |date=January 2016 |title=Mercury and health |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120171147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/ |archive-date=20 November 2016 |access-date=19 November 2016 |website=WHO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2019-03-04 |title=Global Mercury Assessment 2018 |url=http://www.unep.org/resources/publication/global-mercury-assessment-2018 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> Tests of de blood, urine, den hair for mercury be available buh no dey relate well to de amount insyd de body.<ref name="Bernhoft2012">{{Cite journal |last=Bernhoft |first=Robin A. |date=2012 |title=Mercury toxicity and treatment: a review of the literature |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22235210 |journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health |volume=2012 |doi=10.1155/2012/460508 |issn=1687-9813 |pmc=3253456 |pmid=22235210 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Prevention dey include eating a diet low in mercury, removing mercury from medical den oda devices, proper disposal of mercury, den no dey mining further mercury.<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Bos2010/> Insyd those plus acute poisoning from inorganic mercury salts, chelation plus either dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) anaa dimercaptopropane sulfonate (DMPS) dey appear to improve outcomes if given within a few hours of exposure.<ref name=Kos2013/> Chelation for those plus long-term exposure be of unclear benefit.<ref name="Kos2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kosnett MJ |date=December 2013 |title=The role of chelation in the treatment of arsenic and mercury poisoning |journal=Journal of Medical Toxicology |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=347–54 |doi=10.1007/s13181-013-0344-5 |pmc=3846971 |pmid=24178900}}</ref> Insyd certain communities wey dey survive on fishing, na rates of mercury poisoning among kiddies be as high as 1.7 per 100.<ref name=WHO2016/> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mercury Poisoning}} [[Category:Mercury poisoning| ]] [[Category:Drug eruptions]] [[Category:Mercury pollution]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] pgxi6uvobatoig8bdorr6vpdg7z26mm 0 26848 98028 97996 2026-05-13T13:57:19Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Water intoxication''', dem sanso know as '''water poisoning''', '''hyperhydration''', '''overhydration''', anaa '''water toxemia''', be a potentially fatal disturbance insyd brain functions wey fi result wen de normal balance of electrolytes insyd de body be pushed outsyd safe limits by excessive water intake. Water, like any oda substance, fi be considered a poison wen over-consumed insyd a brief period. Water intoxication mostly dey occur wen water be consumed insyd a high quantity, provoking disturbances insyd electrolyte balance.<ref name="Farrell, D. J.">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farrell DJ, Bower L |title=Fatal water intoxication |journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=803–804 |date=Oct 2003 |pmc=1770067 |doi=10.1136/jcp.56.10.803-a |pmid=14514793}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 3vil7bxq9mes97d73zxwrcfk3gobad6 98029 98028 2026-05-13T14:00:23Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Water intoxication''', dem sanso know as '''water poisoning''', '''hyperhydration''', '''overhydration''', anaa '''water toxemia''', be a potentially fatal disturbance insyd brain functions wey fi result wen de normal balance of electrolytes insyd de body be pushed outsyd safe limits by excessive water intake. Insyd normal circumstances, accidentally consuming too much water be exceptionally rare. Chaw deaths wey relate to water intoxication insyd healthy individuals result either from water-drinking contests, insyd wich individuals attempt to consume large amounts of water, anaa from long bouts of exercise during which excessive amounts of fluid be consumed.<ref name="Noakes2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noakes TD, Speedy DB |title=Case proven: exercise associated hyponatraemia is due to overdrinking. So why did it take 20 years before the original evidence was accepted? |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=567–72 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16799109 |pmc=2564296 |doi=10.1136/bjsm.2005.020354}}</ref> In addition, water cure, a method of torture insyd wich de victim be forced to consume excessive amounts of water, fi cause water intoxication.<ref name="Noakes2006" /> Water, like any oda substance, fi be considered a poison wen over-consumed insyd a brief period. Water intoxication mostly dey occur wen water be consumed insyd a high quantity, provoking disturbances insyd electrolyte balance.<ref name="Farrell, D. J.">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farrell DJ, Bower L |title=Fatal water intoxication |journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=803–804 |date=Oct 2003 |pmc=1770067 |doi=10.1136/jcp.56.10.803-a |pmid=14514793}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] p9hadujplenbrskxw4jvly5sori9gyl 98030 98029 2026-05-13T14:03:17Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Water intoxication''', dem sanso know as '''water poisoning''', '''hyperhydration''', '''overhydration''', anaa '''water toxemia''', be a potentially fatal disturbance insyd brain functions wey fi result wen de normal balance of electrolytes insyd de body be pushed outsyd safe limits by excessive water intake. Insyd normal circumstances, accidentally consuming too much water be exceptionally rare. Chaw deaths wey relate to water intoxication insyd healthy individuals result either from water-drinking contests, insyd wich individuals attempt to consume large amounts of water, anaa from long bouts of exercise during which excessive amounts of fluid be consumed.<ref name="Noakes2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noakes TD, Speedy DB |title=Case proven: exercise associated hyponatraemia is due to overdrinking. So why did it take 20 years before the original evidence was accepted? |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=567–72 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16799109 |pmc=2564296 |doi=10.1136/bjsm.2005.020354}}</ref> In addition, water cure, a method of torture insyd wich de victim be forced to consume excessive amounts of water, fi cause water intoxication.<ref name="Noakes2006" /> Water, like any oda substance, fi be considered a poison wen over-consumed insyd a brief period. Water intoxication mostly dey occur wen water be consumed insyd a high quantity, provoking disturbances insyd electrolyte balance.<ref name="Farrell, D. J.">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farrell DJ, Bower L |title=Fatal water intoxication |journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=803–804 |date=Oct 2003 |pmc=1770067 |doi=10.1136/jcp.56.10.803-a |pmid=14514793}}</ref> Excess of body water sanso fi be a result of a medical condition anaa improper treatment; spy "hyponatremia" for sam examples. Water be considered one of de least toxic chemical compounds, plus an LD₅₀ wey dey exceed {{convert|90000|mg/kg|g/kg|abbr=on}} body weight insyd rats;<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927321|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929230110/http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927321|archive-date=29 September 2018|title=Material Safety Data Sheet Water MSDS|chapter=Section 11: Toxicological Information|publisher=ScienceLab.com}}</ref> drinking six liters insyd three hours cause de death of a human.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Ballantyne | first=Coco | title=Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill | journal=Scientific American | date=21 June 2007 | url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strange-but-true-drinking-too-much-water-can-kill/}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] jwfoe46y80u6of467uu5c8dpi40isk0 98031 98030 2026-05-13T14:06:12Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Water intoxication''', dem sanso know as '''water poisoning''', '''hyperhydration''', '''overhydration''', anaa '''water toxemia''', be a potentially fatal disturbance insyd brain functions wey fi result wen de normal balance of electrolytes insyd de body be pushed outsyd safe limits by excessive water intake. Insyd normal circumstances, accidentally consuming too much water be exceptionally rare. Chaw deaths wey relate to water intoxication insyd healthy individuals result either from water-drinking contests, insyd wich individuals attempt to consume large amounts of water, anaa from long bouts of exercise during which excessive amounts of fluid be consumed.<ref name="Noakes2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noakes TD, Speedy DB |title=Case proven: exercise associated hyponatraemia is due to overdrinking. So why did it take 20 years before the original evidence was accepted? |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=567–72 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16799109 |pmc=2564296 |doi=10.1136/bjsm.2005.020354}}</ref> In addition, water cure, a method of torture insyd wich de victim be forced to consume excessive amounts of water, fi cause water intoxication.<ref name="Noakes2006" /> Water, like any oda substance, fi be considered a poison wen over-consumed insyd a brief period. Water intoxication mostly dey occur wen water be consumed insyd a high quantity, provoking disturbances insyd electrolyte balance.<ref name="Farrell, D. J.">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farrell DJ, Bower L |title=Fatal water intoxication |journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=803–804 |date=Oct 2003 |pmc=1770067 |doi=10.1136/jcp.56.10.803-a |pmid=14514793}}</ref> Excess of body water sanso fi be a result of a medical condition anaa improper treatment; spy "hyponatremia" for sam examples. Water be considered one of de least toxic chemical compounds, plus an LD₅₀ wey dey exceed {{convert|90000|mg/kg|g/kg|abbr=on}} body weight insyd rats;<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927321|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929230110/http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927321|archive-date=29 September 2018|title=Material Safety Data Sheet Water MSDS|chapter=Section 11: Toxicological Information|publisher=ScienceLab.com}}</ref> drinking six liters insyd three hours cause de death of a human.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Ballantyne | first=Coco | title=Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill | journal=Scientific American | date=21 June 2007 | url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strange-but-true-drinking-too-much-water-can-kill/}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Water Intoxication}} [[Category:Body water]] [[Category:Electrolyte disturbances]] [[Category:Intoxication]] [[Category:Substance intoxication]] [[Category:Suicide by poison]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 6s5a4q7bd0kjkjz8b3vohyhsebkm7mt 14 26850 98026 2026-05-13T13:51:44Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 98026 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26851 98027 2026-05-13T13:51:55Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 98027 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26852 98032 2026-05-13T14:06:31Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 98032 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26853 98033 2026-05-13T14:16:39Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456456|Blue balls]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 98033 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 98035 98033 2026-05-13T14:40:17Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Epididymal hypertension''' ('''EH'''), dem informally refer to as '''blue balls''' give males anaa '''blue vulva''' give females, be a harmless buh uncomfortable sensation insyd de genital regions during a prolonged state of sexual arousal.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book |last1 = Fergusson |first1 = Rosalind |first2= Eric |last2= Partridge |first3 = Paul |last3= Beale |title = Shorter Slang Dictionary |page = 21 |publisher = [[Routledge]] |date = December 1993 |isbn = 978-0-415-08866-4}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-18 |title=Is Blue Balls Real? |url= https://health.clevelandclinic.org/blue-balls/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website= health.clevelandclinic.org| publisher= [[Cleveland Clinic]] |language= en-US}}</ref> E usually dey resolve within hours unless dem relieve thru an orgasm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Mallika |title=What Is Blue Vulva Syndrome? |url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-is-blue-vulva-syndrome |access-date=2023-11-28 |website= [[WebMD]] |language=en}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 3lsnvtdzhvm9tfuq8xgx7dr46lvh2jt 98036 98035 2026-05-13T14:47:32Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Epididymal hypertension''' ('''EH'''), dem informally refer to as '''blue balls''' give males anaa '''blue vulva''' give females, be a harmless buh uncomfortable sensation insyd de genital regions during a prolonged state of sexual arousal.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book |last1 = Fergusson |first1 = Rosalind |first2= Eric |last2= Partridge |first3 = Paul |last3= Beale |title = Shorter Slang Dictionary |page = 21 |publisher = [[Routledge]] |date = December 1993 |isbn = 978-0-415-08866-4}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-18 |title=Is Blue Balls Real? |url= https://health.clevelandclinic.org/blue-balls/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website= health.clevelandclinic.org| publisher= [[Cleveland Clinic]] |language= en-US}}</ref> E usually dey resolve within hours unless dem relieve thru an orgasm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Mallika |title=What Is Blue Vulva Syndrome? |url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-is-blue-vulva-syndrome |access-date=2023-11-28 |website= [[WebMD]] |language=en}}</ref> Insyd females, de discomfort dey occur insyd de erectile tissue den clitoris of de vulva.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Insyd males, de phenomenon dey result in an uncomfortable testicular sensation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Byrne|first1=Lauren N.| last2= Meacham |first2= Randall B.|date=2006|title=Management of Post-Ejaculatory Perineal Pain|journal=Journal of Andrology|language=en|volume=27|issue=6|pages=710–711| doi= 10.2164/jandrol.106.001370|issn=1939-4640|pmid=17079745|doi-access=}}</ref> E most often dey describe a temporary fluid congestion insyd de testicles anaa vulva, wey prolonged sexual arousal cause widout orgasm.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Yazmajian| first1 = Richard V. | year = 1967 | title = The Influence of Testicular Sensory Stimuli on the Dream | url = http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=apa.015.0083a | journal = [[Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association]] | volume = 15 | pages = 83–98| pmid = 6032147 | doi = 10.1177/000306516701500103 | issue = 1 | s2cid = 7093435 | url-access = subscription |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Glenn| first1 = Jules | year = 1969 | title = Testicular and Scrotal Masturbation | url = http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=ijp.050.0353a | journal = [[International Journal of Psycho-Analysis]] | volume = 50 | pages = 353–362| pmid = 5387383 | issue = 3| via= pep-web.org| access-date= }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] hpkbk64f2zb52rf4avm3p0r6xe7fyy2 98037 98036 2026-05-13T14:52:37Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Epididymal hypertension''' ('''EH'''), dem informally refer to as '''blue balls''' give males anaa '''blue vulva''' give females, be a harmless buh uncomfortable sensation insyd de genital regions during a prolonged state of sexual arousal.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book |last1 = Fergusson |first1 = Rosalind |first2= Eric |last2= Partridge |first3 = Paul |last3= Beale |title = Shorter Slang Dictionary |page = 21 |publisher = [[Routledge]] |date = December 1993 |isbn = 978-0-415-08866-4}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-18 |title=Is Blue Balls Real? |url= https://health.clevelandclinic.org/blue-balls/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website= health.clevelandclinic.org| publisher= [[Cleveland Clinic]] |language= en-US}}</ref> E usually dey resolve within hours unless dem relieve thru an orgasm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Mallika |title=What Is Blue Vulva Syndrome? |url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-is-blue-vulva-syndrome |access-date=2023-11-28 |website= [[WebMD]] |language=en}}</ref> Insyd females, de discomfort dey occur insyd de erectile tissue den clitoris of de vulva.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Insyd males, de phenomenon dey result in an uncomfortable testicular sensation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Byrne|first1=Lauren N.| last2= Meacham |first2= Randall B.|date=2006|title=Management of Post-Ejaculatory Perineal Pain|journal=Journal of Andrology|language=en|volume=27|issue=6|pages=710–711| doi= 10.2164/jandrol.106.001370|issn=1939-4640|pmid=17079745|doi-access=}}</ref> E most often dey describe a temporary fluid congestion insyd de testicles anaa vulva, wey prolonged sexual arousal cause widout orgasm.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Yazmajian| first1 = Richard V. | year = 1967 | title = The Influence of Testicular Sensory Stimuli on the Dream | url = http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=apa.015.0083a | journal = [[Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association]] | volume = 15 | pages = 83–98| pmid = 6032147 | doi = 10.1177/000306516701500103 | issue = 1 | s2cid = 7093435 | url-access = subscription |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Glenn| first1 = Jules | year = 1969 | title = Testicular and Scrotal Masturbation | url = http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=ijp.050.0353a | journal = [[International Journal of Psycho-Analysis]] | volume = 50 | pages = 353–362| pmid = 5387383 | issue = 3| via= pep-web.org| access-date= }}</ref> De term ''epididymal hypertension'' be derived from de epididymis, a part of de male reproductive system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Epididyme {{!}} Sperm Storage, Vas Deferens & Testes |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/epididyme |website= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language= en |access-date= 2024-01-08}}</ref> De term sanso be applied to females despite de lack of an epididymis insyd female anatomy. Professor Caroline Pukall, wey co-wrep de first in-depth study on EH, suggest using de term ''throbbing crotch syndrome''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Broderick |first=Timmy |title=The First In-Depth Study on 'Blue Balls' Reveals a Lot about Sex |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-in-depth-study-on-blue-balls-reveals-a-lot-about-sex/ |website= [[Scientific American]]| publisher= |language=en |access-date=2024-01-08}}</ref> De term "blue balls" be thought to originate insyd de US, first dey appear insyd 1916.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dalzell |first1=Tom |title=Sex Slang |last2=Victor |first2=Terry |date=December 2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-37180-3 |page=16}}</ref> Though lesser known, de equivalent of dis phenomenon insyd females be informally referred to as "blue vulva", among oda names.<ref name=":1" /> E for no be confused plus de inability to orgasm anaa de masturbatory practice of edging. == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] nxivtpy0xu06e5dj5jen4yqu8gpsx3f 98038 98037 2026-05-13T15:02:02Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Epididymal hypertension''' ('''EH'''), dem informally refer to as '''blue balls''' give males anaa '''blue vulva''' give females, be a harmless buh uncomfortable sensation insyd de genital regions during a prolonged state of sexual arousal.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book |last1 = Fergusson |first1 = Rosalind |first2= Eric |last2= Partridge |first3 = Paul |last3= Beale |title = Shorter Slang Dictionary |page = 21 |publisher = [[Routledge]] |date = December 1993 |isbn = 978-0-415-08866-4}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-18 |title=Is Blue Balls Real? |url= https://health.clevelandclinic.org/blue-balls/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website= health.clevelandclinic.org| publisher= [[Cleveland Clinic]] |language= en-US}}</ref> E usually dey resolve within hours unless dem relieve thru an orgasm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Mallika |title=What Is Blue Vulva Syndrome? |url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-is-blue-vulva-syndrome |access-date=2023-11-28 |website= [[WebMD]] |language=en}}</ref> Insyd females, de discomfort dey occur insyd de erectile tissue den clitoris of de vulva.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Insyd males, de phenomenon dey result in an uncomfortable testicular sensation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Byrne|first1=Lauren N.| last2= Meacham |first2= Randall B.|date=2006|title=Management of Post-Ejaculatory Perineal Pain|journal=Journal of Andrology|language=en|volume=27|issue=6|pages=710–711| doi= 10.2164/jandrol.106.001370|issn=1939-4640|pmid=17079745|doi-access=}}</ref> E most often dey describe a temporary fluid congestion insyd de testicles anaa vulva, wey prolonged sexual arousal cause widout orgasm.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Yazmajian| first1 = Richard V. | year = 1967 | title = The Influence of Testicular Sensory Stimuli on the Dream | url = http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=apa.015.0083a | journal = [[Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association]] | volume = 15 | pages = 83–98| pmid = 6032147 | doi = 10.1177/000306516701500103 | issue = 1 | s2cid = 7093435 | url-access = subscription |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Glenn| first1 = Jules | year = 1969 | title = Testicular and Scrotal Masturbation | url = http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=ijp.050.0353a | journal = [[International Journal of Psycho-Analysis]] | volume = 50 | pages = 353–362| pmid = 5387383 | issue = 3| via= pep-web.org| access-date= }}</ref> De term ''epididymal hypertension'' be derived from de epididymis, a part of de male reproductive system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Epididyme {{!}} Sperm Storage, Vas Deferens & Testes |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/epididyme |website= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language= en |access-date= 2024-01-08}}</ref> De term sanso be applied to females despite de lack of an epididymis insyd female anatomy. Professor Caroline Pukall, wey co-wrep de first in-depth study on EH, suggest using de term ''throbbing crotch syndrome''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Broderick |first=Timmy |title=The First In-Depth Study on 'Blue Balls' Reveals a Lot about Sex |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-in-depth-study-on-blue-balls-reveals-a-lot-about-sex/ |website= [[Scientific American]]| publisher= |language=en |access-date=2024-01-08}}</ref> De term "blue balls" be thought to originate insyd de US, first dey appear insyd 1916.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dalzell |first1=Tom |title=Sex Slang |last2=Victor |first2=Terry |date=December 2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-37180-3 |page=16}}</ref> Though lesser known, de equivalent of dis phenomenon insyd females be informally referred to as "blue vulva", among oda names.<ref name=":1" /> E for no be confused plus de inability to orgasm anaa de masturbatory practice of edging. == Symptoms == De following indications den symptoms fi be experienced by both sexes:<ref name=":1" /> * heaviness * aching * discomfort anaa mild pain == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q1737225|c=no|q=no|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=blue balls|species=no}} * [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020222235423/http://www.sexuality.org/l/sex/dsmansex.html "Understanding Male Sexuality"] at Library of Congress * [http://health.howstuffworks.com/sexual-health/male-reproductive-system/blue-balls-dictionary.htm "Blue Balls"] by DiscoveryHealth.com writers at howstuffworks.com * {{cite web |url= http://altpenis.com/news/blue_balls.shtml |title= Blue Balls |last= Aitken |first= Paul |website= AltPenis.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130508071722/http://altpenis.com/news/blue_balls.shtml |archive-date= 2013-05-08 |url-status= dead |access-date= }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Blue Balls}} [[Category:Mammal male reproductive system]] [[Category:Men's health]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ks532i46y4ml6br1o1cb9nmvlsy13oy 98039 98038 2026-05-13T15:02:38Z DaSupremo 9 Add category 98039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Epididymal hypertension''' ('''EH'''), dem informally refer to as '''blue balls''' give males anaa '''blue vulva''' give females, be a harmless buh uncomfortable sensation insyd de genital regions during a prolonged state of sexual arousal.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book |last1 = Fergusson |first1 = Rosalind |first2= Eric |last2= Partridge |first3 = Paul |last3= Beale |title = Shorter Slang Dictionary |page = 21 |publisher = [[Routledge]] |date = December 1993 |isbn = 978-0-415-08866-4}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-18 |title=Is Blue Balls Real? |url= https://health.clevelandclinic.org/blue-balls/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website= health.clevelandclinic.org| publisher= [[Cleveland Clinic]] |language= en-US}}</ref> E usually dey resolve within hours unless dem relieve thru an orgasm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Mallika |title=What Is Blue Vulva Syndrome? |url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-is-blue-vulva-syndrome |access-date=2023-11-28 |website= [[WebMD]] |language=en}}</ref> Insyd females, de discomfort dey occur insyd de erectile tissue den clitoris of de vulva.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Insyd males, de phenomenon dey result in an uncomfortable testicular sensation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Byrne|first1=Lauren N.| last2= Meacham |first2= Randall B.|date=2006|title=Management of Post-Ejaculatory Perineal Pain|journal=Journal of Andrology|language=en|volume=27|issue=6|pages=710–711| doi= 10.2164/jandrol.106.001370|issn=1939-4640|pmid=17079745|doi-access=}}</ref> E most often dey describe a temporary fluid congestion insyd de testicles anaa vulva, wey prolonged sexual arousal cause widout orgasm.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Yazmajian| first1 = Richard V. | year = 1967 | title = The Influence of Testicular Sensory Stimuli on the Dream | url = http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=apa.015.0083a | journal = [[Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association]] | volume = 15 | pages = 83–98| pmid = 6032147 | doi = 10.1177/000306516701500103 | issue = 1 | s2cid = 7093435 | url-access = subscription |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Glenn| first1 = Jules | year = 1969 | title = Testicular and Scrotal Masturbation | url = http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=ijp.050.0353a | journal = [[International Journal of Psycho-Analysis]] | volume = 50 | pages = 353–362| pmid = 5387383 | issue = 3| via= pep-web.org| access-date= }}</ref> De term ''epididymal hypertension'' be derived from de epididymis, a part of de male reproductive system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Epididyme {{!}} Sperm Storage, Vas Deferens & Testes |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/epididyme |website= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language= en |access-date= 2024-01-08}}</ref> De term sanso be applied to females despite de lack of an epididymis insyd female anatomy. Professor Caroline Pukall, wey co-wrep de first in-depth study on EH, suggest using de term ''throbbing crotch syndrome''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Broderick |first=Timmy |title=The First In-Depth Study on 'Blue Balls' Reveals a Lot about Sex |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-in-depth-study-on-blue-balls-reveals-a-lot-about-sex/ |website= [[Scientific American]]| publisher= |language=en |access-date=2024-01-08}}</ref> De term "blue balls" be thought to originate insyd de US, first dey appear insyd 1916.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dalzell |first1=Tom |title=Sex Slang |last2=Victor |first2=Terry |date=December 2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-37180-3 |page=16}}</ref> Though lesser known, de equivalent of dis phenomenon insyd females be informally referred to as "blue vulva", among oda names.<ref name=":1" /> E for no be confused plus de inability to orgasm anaa de masturbatory practice of edging. == Symptoms == De following indications den symptoms fi be experienced by both sexes:<ref name=":1" /> * heaviness * aching * discomfort anaa mild pain == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q1737225|c=no|q=no|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=blue balls|species=no}} * [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020222235423/http://www.sexuality.org/l/sex/dsmansex.html "Understanding Male Sexuality"] at Library of Congress * [http://health.howstuffworks.com/sexual-health/male-reproductive-system/blue-balls-dictionary.htm "Blue Balls"] by DiscoveryHealth.com writers at howstuffworks.com * {{cite web |url= http://altpenis.com/news/blue_balls.shtml |title= Blue Balls |last= Aitken |first= Paul |website= AltPenis.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130508071722/http://altpenis.com/news/blue_balls.shtml |archive-date= 2013-05-08 |url-status= dead |access-date= }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Blue Balls}} [[Category:Mammal male reproductive system]] [[Category:Men's health]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Category:Women's health]] 9fc68owso5gbxp1spjwwpm0asn4rlhq 98041 98039 2026-05-13T15:03:41Z DaSupremo 9 Add category 98041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Epididymal hypertension''' ('''EH'''), dem informally refer to as '''blue balls''' give males anaa '''blue vulva''' give females, be a harmless buh uncomfortable sensation insyd de genital regions during a prolonged state of sexual arousal.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book |last1 = Fergusson |first1 = Rosalind |first2= Eric |last2= Partridge |first3 = Paul |last3= Beale |title = Shorter Slang Dictionary |page = 21 |publisher = [[Routledge]] |date = December 1993 |isbn = 978-0-415-08866-4}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-18 |title=Is Blue Balls Real? |url= https://health.clevelandclinic.org/blue-balls/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website= health.clevelandclinic.org| publisher= [[Cleveland Clinic]] |language= en-US}}</ref> E usually dey resolve within hours unless dem relieve thru an orgasm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Mallika |title=What Is Blue Vulva Syndrome? |url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-is-blue-vulva-syndrome |access-date=2023-11-28 |website= [[WebMD]] |language=en}}</ref> Insyd females, de discomfort dey occur insyd de erectile tissue den clitoris of de vulva.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Insyd males, de phenomenon dey result in an uncomfortable testicular sensation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Byrne|first1=Lauren N.| last2= Meacham |first2= Randall B.|date=2006|title=Management of Post-Ejaculatory Perineal Pain|journal=Journal of Andrology|language=en|volume=27|issue=6|pages=710–711| doi= 10.2164/jandrol.106.001370|issn=1939-4640|pmid=17079745|doi-access=}}</ref> E most often dey describe a temporary fluid congestion insyd de testicles anaa vulva, wey prolonged sexual arousal cause widout orgasm.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Yazmajian| first1 = Richard V. | year = 1967 | title = The Influence of Testicular Sensory Stimuli on the Dream | url = http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=apa.015.0083a | journal = [[Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association]] | volume = 15 | pages = 83–98| pmid = 6032147 | doi = 10.1177/000306516701500103 | issue = 1 | s2cid = 7093435 | url-access = subscription |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Glenn| first1 = Jules | year = 1969 | title = Testicular and Scrotal Masturbation | url = http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=ijp.050.0353a | journal = [[International Journal of Psycho-Analysis]] | volume = 50 | pages = 353–362| pmid = 5387383 | issue = 3| via= pep-web.org| access-date= }}</ref> De term ''epididymal hypertension'' be derived from de epididymis, a part of de male reproductive system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Epididyme {{!}} Sperm Storage, Vas Deferens & Testes |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/epididyme |website= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language= en |access-date= 2024-01-08}}</ref> De term sanso be applied to females despite de lack of an epididymis insyd female anatomy. Professor Caroline Pukall, wey co-wrep de first in-depth study on EH, suggest using de term ''throbbing crotch syndrome''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Broderick |first=Timmy |title=The First In-Depth Study on 'Blue Balls' Reveals a Lot about Sex |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-in-depth-study-on-blue-balls-reveals-a-lot-about-sex/ |website= [[Scientific American]]| publisher= |language=en |access-date=2024-01-08}}</ref> De term "blue balls" be thought to originate insyd de US, first dey appear insyd 1916.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dalzell |first1=Tom |title=Sex Slang |last2=Victor |first2=Terry |date=December 2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-37180-3 |page=16}}</ref> Though lesser known, de equivalent of dis phenomenon insyd females be informally referred to as "blue vulva", among oda names.<ref name=":1" /> E for no be confused plus de inability to orgasm anaa de masturbatory practice of edging. == Symptoms == De following indications den symptoms fi be experienced by both sexes:<ref name=":1" /> * heaviness * aching * discomfort anaa mild pain == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q1737225|c=no|q=no|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=blue balls|species=no}} * [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020222235423/http://www.sexuality.org/l/sex/dsmansex.html "Understanding Male Sexuality"] at Library of Congress * [http://health.howstuffworks.com/sexual-health/male-reproductive-system/blue-balls-dictionary.htm "Blue Balls"] by DiscoveryHealth.com writers at howstuffworks.com * {{cite web |url= http://altpenis.com/news/blue_balls.shtml |title= Blue Balls |last= Aitken |first= Paul |website= AltPenis.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130508071722/http://altpenis.com/news/blue_balls.shtml |archive-date= 2013-05-08 |url-status= dead |access-date= }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Blue Balls}} [[Category:Mammal male reproductive system]] [[Category:Men's health]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Category:Women's health]] [[Category:Mammal female reproductive system]] mji2utuiubf8ltkz460aeexlh7w02bm 0 26854 98034 2026-05-13T14:17:22Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1498449|Hantavirus infection]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 98034 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 98043 98034 2026-05-13T15:12:58Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hantavirus infection''' anaa '''hantavirus disease''' be an infectious disease of humans wey viruses insyd de ''Orthohantavirus'' genus of viruses cause. E fi result in hemorrhagic fever plus renal syndrome (HFRS) anaa [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]] (HPS).<ref name="CDC2021">{{cite web |title=CDC - Hantavirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/ |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128235900/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/phys/virology.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms of HFRS generally dey include headache, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, bleeding, den kidney failure.<ref name="CDC2021HFRS">{{cite web |title=CDC - Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) - Hantavirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hfrs/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116234245/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hfrs/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms of HPS dey include tiredness, fever, muscle pain, cough, den shortness of breath.<ref name="CDC2016Sym">{{cite web |title=Signs & Symptoms {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=28 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320001311/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Onset of initial symptoms generally be 1 to 8 weeks dey follow exposure.<ref name="CDC2021HFRS" /><ref name="CDC2016Sym" /> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] d6j157ywbepz83xxsw34nfk0k4xn1jq 98044 98043 2026-05-13T15:17:24Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hantavirus infection''' anaa '''hantavirus disease''' be an infectious disease of humans wey viruses insyd de ''Orthohantavirus'' genus of viruses cause. E fi result in hemorrhagic fever plus renal syndrome (HFRS) anaa [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]] (HPS).<ref name="CDC2021">{{cite web |title=CDC - Hantavirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/ |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128235900/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/phys/virology.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms of HFRS generally dey include headache, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, bleeding, den kidney failure.<ref name="CDC2021HFRS">{{cite web |title=CDC - Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) - Hantavirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hfrs/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116234245/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hfrs/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms of HPS dey include tiredness, fever, muscle pain, cough, den shortness of breath.<ref name="CDC2016Sym">{{cite web |title=Signs & Symptoms {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=28 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320001311/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Onset of initial symptoms generally be 1 to 8 weeks dey follow exposure.<ref name="CDC2021HFRS" /><ref name="CDC2016Sym" /> HFRS be secof Old World hantaviruses while HPS be secof New World hantaviruses.<ref name=CDC2021/> More dan 28 specific hantaviruses dey cause disease insyd humans.<ref name="Av20192">{{cite journal |vauthors=Avšič-Županc T, Saksida A, Korva M |date=2019 |title=Hantavirus infections. |journal=Clin Microbiol Infect |volume=21S |pages=e6–e16 |doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291 |pmid=24750436 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De disease typically be spread wen people breathe in air wey be contaminated by rodent droppings.<ref name="Av20192" /> De underlying mechanism of both forms of de disease dey involve low platelets den leaky blood vessels.<ref name="Av20192" /> Diagnosis be based on blood tests, typically serology.<ref name="Av20192" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] hczvg0x5yf0jl8x3uiy6llc73fcf5zu 98045 98044 2026-05-13T16:02:41Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hantavirus infection''' anaa '''hantavirus disease''' be an infectious disease of humans wey viruses insyd de ''Orthohantavirus'' genus of viruses cause. E fi result in hemorrhagic fever plus renal syndrome (HFRS) anaa [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]] (HPS).<ref name="CDC2021">{{cite web |title=CDC - Hantavirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/ |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128235900/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/phys/virology.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms of HFRS generally dey include headache, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, bleeding, den kidney failure.<ref name="CDC2021HFRS">{{cite web |title=CDC - Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) - Hantavirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hfrs/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116234245/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hfrs/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms of HPS dey include tiredness, fever, muscle pain, cough, den shortness of breath.<ref name="CDC2016Sym">{{cite web |title=Signs & Symptoms {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=28 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320001311/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Onset of initial symptoms generally be 1 to 8 weeks dey follow exposure.<ref name="CDC2021HFRS" /><ref name="CDC2016Sym" /> HFRS be secof Old World hantaviruses while HPS be secof New World hantaviruses.<ref name=CDC2021/> More dan 28 specific hantaviruses dey cause disease insyd humans.<ref name="Av20192">{{cite journal |vauthors=Avšič-Županc T, Saksida A, Korva M |date=2019 |title=Hantavirus infections. |journal=Clin Microbiol Infect |volume=21S |pages=e6–e16 |doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291 |pmid=24750436 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De disease typically be spread wen people breathe in air wey be contaminated by rodent droppings.<ref name="Av20192" /> De underlying mechanism of both forms of de disease dey involve low platelets den leaky blood vessels.<ref name="Av20192" /> Diagnosis be based on blood tests, typically serology.<ref name="Av20192" /> Treatment primarily be supportive care.<ref name=Av2019>{{cite journal|vauthors=Avšič-Županc T, Saksida A, Korva M|date=2019|title=Hantavirus infections.|journal=Clin Microbiol Infect|volume=21S|pages=e6–e16|doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291|pmid=24750436|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis fi include oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, dialysis, anaa platelet transfusions.<ref name=Av2019/> Ribavirin fi be useful if dem give am early insyd HFRS.<ref name=Av2019/> De risk of death be around 12% plus HFRS den around 40% plus HPS.<ref name=Av2019/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] dl2w56ikimmnco2wysof93019450fvy 98046 98045 2026-05-13T16:04:59Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hantavirus infection''' anaa '''hantavirus disease''' be an infectious disease of humans wey viruses insyd de ''Orthohantavirus'' genus of viruses cause. E fi result in hemorrhagic fever plus renal syndrome (HFRS) anaa [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]] (HPS).<ref name="CDC2021">{{cite web |title=CDC - Hantavirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/ |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128235900/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/phys/virology.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms of HFRS generally dey include headache, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, bleeding, den kidney failure.<ref name="CDC2021HFRS">{{cite web |title=CDC - Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) - Hantavirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hfrs/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116234245/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hfrs/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms of HPS dey include tiredness, fever, muscle pain, cough, den shortness of breath.<ref name="CDC2016Sym">{{cite web |title=Signs & Symptoms {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=28 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320001311/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Onset of initial symptoms generally be 1 to 8 weeks dey follow exposure.<ref name="CDC2021HFRS" /><ref name="CDC2016Sym" /> HFRS be secof Old World hantaviruses while HPS be secof New World hantaviruses.<ref name=CDC2021/> More dan 28 specific hantaviruses dey cause disease insyd humans.<ref name="Av20192">{{cite journal |vauthors=Avšič-Županc T, Saksida A, Korva M |date=2019 |title=Hantavirus infections. |journal=Clin Microbiol Infect |volume=21S |pages=e6–e16 |doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291 |pmid=24750436 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De disease typically be spread wen people breathe in air wey be contaminated by rodent droppings.<ref name="Av20192" /> De underlying mechanism of both forms of de disease dey involve low platelets den leaky blood vessels.<ref name="Av20192" /> Diagnosis be based on blood tests, typically serology.<ref name="Av20192" /> Treatment primarily be supportive care.<ref name=Av2019>{{cite journal|vauthors=Avšič-Županc T, Saksida A, Korva M|date=2019|title=Hantavirus infections.|journal=Clin Microbiol Infect|volume=21S|pages=e6–e16|doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291|pmid=24750436|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis fi include oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, dialysis, anaa platelet transfusions.<ref name=Av2019/> Ribavirin fi be useful if dem give am early insyd HFRS.<ref name=Av2019/> De risk of death be around 12% plus HFRS den around 40% plus HPS.<ref name=Av2019/> About 100,000 cases of HFRS dey occur a year, while about 1,000 cases of HPS be identified since dem first detect am insyd 1993.<ref name=Av2019/> While descriptions of wat be believed to be hantavirus infections dey date back to around 1000 AD,<ref name=Av2019/> de virus wey dey cause de disease dem no discover am til 1976, insyd de Hantan River area of South Korea.<ref name=Av2019/><ref name=ICTV9>{{cite web |title=ICTV 9th Report (2011) – Negative Sense RNA Viruses – Bunyaviridae |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_9th_report/negative-sense-rna-viruses-2011/w/negrna_viruses/205/bunyaviridae |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=31 January 2019 |language=en |quote=Hanta: from Hantaan, river in South Korea near where type virus was isolated. |archive-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010501/https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_9th_report/negative-sense-rna-viruses-2011/w/negrna_viruses/205/bunyaviridae |url-status=live }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4tba6e2z7b548zcy559o2xrntqzmmz5 98047 98046 2026-05-13T16:11:38Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hantavirus infection''' anaa '''hantavirus disease''' be an infectious disease of humans wey viruses insyd de ''Orthohantavirus'' genus of viruses cause. E fi result in hemorrhagic fever plus renal syndrome (HFRS) anaa [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]] (HPS).<ref name="CDC2021">{{cite web |title=CDC - Hantavirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/ |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128235900/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/phys/virology.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms of HFRS generally dey include headache, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, bleeding, den kidney failure.<ref name="CDC2021HFRS">{{cite web |title=CDC - Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) - Hantavirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hfrs/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116234245/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hfrs/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms of HPS dey include tiredness, fever, muscle pain, cough, den shortness of breath.<ref name="CDC2016Sym">{{cite web |title=Signs & Symptoms {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=28 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320001311/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Onset of initial symptoms generally be 1 to 8 weeks dey follow exposure.<ref name="CDC2021HFRS" /><ref name="CDC2016Sym" /> HFRS be secof Old World hantaviruses while HPS be secof New World hantaviruses.<ref name=CDC2021/> More dan 28 specific hantaviruses dey cause disease insyd humans.<ref name="Av20192">{{cite journal |vauthors=Avšič-Županc T, Saksida A, Korva M |date=2019 |title=Hantavirus infections. |journal=Clin Microbiol Infect |volume=21S |pages=e6–e16 |doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291 |pmid=24750436 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De disease typically be spread wen people breathe in air wey be contaminated by rodent droppings.<ref name="Av20192" /> De underlying mechanism of both forms of de disease dey involve low platelets den leaky blood vessels.<ref name="Av20192" /> Diagnosis be based on blood tests, typically serology.<ref name="Av20192" /> Treatment primarily be supportive care.<ref name=Av2019>{{cite journal|vauthors=Avšič-Županc T, Saksida A, Korva M|date=2019|title=Hantavirus infections.|journal=Clin Microbiol Infect|volume=21S|pages=e6–e16|doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291|pmid=24750436|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis fi include oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, dialysis, anaa platelet transfusions.<ref name=Av2019/> Ribavirin fi be useful if dem give am early insyd HFRS.<ref name=Av2019/> De risk of death be around 12% plus HFRS den around 40% plus HPS.<ref name=Av2019/> About 100,000 cases of HFRS dey occur a year, while about 1,000 cases of HPS be identified since dem first detect am insyd 1993.<ref name=Av2019/> While descriptions of wat be believed to be hantavirus infections dey date back to around 1000 AD,<ref name=Av2019/> de virus wey dey cause de disease dem no discover am til 1976, insyd de Hantan River area of South Korea.<ref name=Av2019/><ref name=ICTV9>{{cite web |title=ICTV 9th Report (2011) – Negative Sense RNA Viruses – Bunyaviridae |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_9th_report/negative-sense-rna-viruses-2011/w/negrna_viruses/205/bunyaviridae |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=31 January 2019 |language=en |quote=Hanta: from Hantaan, river in South Korea near where type virus was isolated. |archive-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010501/https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_9th_report/negative-sense-rna-viruses-2011/w/negrna_viruses/205/bunyaviridae |url-status=live }}</ref> Insyd April 2026, an outbreak of hantavirus infection wey de Andes virus cause [[Hantavirus infection#2026 MV Hondius hantavirus outbreak|dem identify am on de Dutch cruise ship MV ''Hondius'']].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2026 |title=A suspected outbreak of the rare hantavirus on a cruise ship in the Atlantic kills 3 people |url=https://apnews.com/article/hantavirus-south-africa-cruise-ship-who-4c9215a2bd7cd34a743b2a31323c7e18 |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=AP News}}</ref> == Diagnosis == In terms of de evaluation of dis infection dem dey do de following:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=Ross A. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/#article-22568.s7 |title=StatPearls |last2=Griffen |first2=David |date=2021 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |chapter=Hantavirus Syndrome |pmid=30020615 |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320052331/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/#article-22568.s7 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> * Chest X-ray (pulmonary edema) * Blood workup (thrombocytopenia) * Immunofluorescent anaa immunoblot assay (ELISA utilizing IgM) == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] hh82s0kieil5m6g8n8rs9rhgf0ow015 98048 98047 2026-05-13T16:17:55Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hantavirus infection''' anaa '''hantavirus disease''' be an infectious disease of humans wey viruses insyd de ''Orthohantavirus'' genus of viruses cause. E fi result in hemorrhagic fever plus renal syndrome (HFRS) anaa [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]] (HPS).<ref name="CDC2021">{{cite web |title=CDC - Hantavirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/ |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128235900/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/phys/virology.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms of HFRS generally dey include headache, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, bleeding, den kidney failure.<ref name="CDC2021HFRS">{{cite web |title=CDC - Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) - Hantavirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hfrs/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116234245/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hfrs/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms of HPS dey include tiredness, fever, muscle pain, cough, den shortness of breath.<ref name="CDC2016Sym">{{cite web |title=Signs & Symptoms {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=28 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320001311/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Onset of initial symptoms generally be 1 to 8 weeks dey follow exposure.<ref name="CDC2021HFRS" /><ref name="CDC2016Sym" /> HFRS be secof Old World hantaviruses while HPS be secof New World hantaviruses.<ref name=CDC2021/> More dan 28 specific hantaviruses dey cause disease insyd humans.<ref name="Av20192">{{cite journal |vauthors=Avšič-Županc T, Saksida A, Korva M |date=2019 |title=Hantavirus infections. |journal=Clin Microbiol Infect |volume=21S |pages=e6–e16 |doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291 |pmid=24750436 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De disease typically be spread wen people breathe in air wey be contaminated by rodent droppings.<ref name="Av20192" /> De underlying mechanism of both forms of de disease dey involve low platelets den leaky blood vessels.<ref name="Av20192" /> Diagnosis be based on blood tests, typically serology.<ref name="Av20192" /> Treatment primarily be supportive care.<ref name=Av2019>{{cite journal|vauthors=Avšič-Županc T, Saksida A, Korva M|date=2019|title=Hantavirus infections.|journal=Clin Microbiol Infect|volume=21S|pages=e6–e16|doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291|pmid=24750436|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis fi include oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, dialysis, anaa platelet transfusions.<ref name=Av2019/> Ribavirin fi be useful if dem give am early insyd HFRS.<ref name=Av2019/> De risk of death be around 12% plus HFRS den around 40% plus HPS.<ref name=Av2019/> About 100,000 cases of HFRS dey occur a year, while about 1,000 cases of HPS be identified since dem first detect am insyd 1993.<ref name=Av2019/> While descriptions of wat be believed to be hantavirus infections dey date back to around 1000 AD,<ref name=Av2019/> de virus wey dey cause de disease dem no discover am til 1976, insyd de Hantan River area of South Korea.<ref name=Av2019/><ref name=ICTV9>{{cite web |title=ICTV 9th Report (2011) – Negative Sense RNA Viruses – Bunyaviridae |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_9th_report/negative-sense-rna-viruses-2011/w/negrna_viruses/205/bunyaviridae |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=31 January 2019 |language=en |quote=Hanta: from Hantaan, river in South Korea near where type virus was isolated. |archive-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010501/https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_9th_report/negative-sense-rna-viruses-2011/w/negrna_viruses/205/bunyaviridae |url-status=live }}</ref> Insyd April 2026, an outbreak of hantavirus infection wey de Andes virus cause [[Hantavirus infection#2026 MV Hondius hantavirus outbreak|dem identify am on de Dutch cruise ship MV ''Hondius'']].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2026 |title=A suspected outbreak of the rare hantavirus on a cruise ship in the Atlantic kills 3 people |url=https://apnews.com/article/hantavirus-south-africa-cruise-ship-who-4c9215a2bd7cd34a743b2a31323c7e18 |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=AP News}}</ref> == Diagnosis == In terms of de evaluation of dis infection dem dey do de following:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=Ross A. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/#article-22568.s7 |title=StatPearls |last2=Griffen |first2=David |date=2021 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |chapter=Hantavirus Syndrome |pmid=30020615 |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320052331/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/#article-22568.s7 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> * Chest X-ray (pulmonary edema) * Blood workup (thrombocytopenia) * Immunofluorescent anaa immunoblot assay (ELISA utilizing IgM) == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON599 Hantavirus] [[Category:Animal viruses]] [[Category:Hantavirus infections| ]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r10p65ahdy3xyzw01w7xwgv27eyz0ys 98058 98048 2026-05-13T16:57:33Z ~2026-28702-27 5937 Avenge Ryouta and Kuroha. 98058 wikitext text/x-wiki About 100,000 cases of HFRS dey occur a year, while about 1,000 cases of HPS be identified since dem first detect am insyd 1993.<ref name=Av2019/> While descriptions of wat be believed to be hantavirus infections dey date back to around 1000 AD,<ref name=Av2019/> de virus wey dey cause de disease dem no discover am til 1976, insyd de Hantan River area of South Korea.<ref name=Av2019/><ref name=ICTV9>{{cite web |title=ICTV 9th Report (2011) – Negative Sense RNA Viruses – Bunyaviridae |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_9th_report/negative-sense-rna-viruses-2011/w/negrna_viruses/205/bunyaviridae |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=31 January 2019 |language=en |quote=Hanta: from Hantaan, river in South Korea near where type virus was isolated. |archive-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010501/https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_9th_report/negative-sense-rna-viruses-2011/w/negrna_viruses/205/bunyaviridae |url-status=live }}</ref> Insyd April 2026, an outbreak of hantavirus infection wey de Andes virus cause [[Hantavirus infection#2026 MV Hondius hantavirus outbreak|dem identify am on de Dutch cruise ship MV ''Hondius'']].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2026 |title=A suspected outbreak of the rare hantavirus on a cruise ship in the Atlantic kills 3 people |url=https://apnews.com/article/hantavirus-south-africa-cruise-ship-who-4c9215a2bd7cd34a743b2a31323c7e18 |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=AP News}}</ref> == Diagnosis == In terms of de evaluation of dis infection dem dey do de following:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=Ross A. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/#article-22568.s7 |title=StatPearls |last2=Griffen |first2=David |date=2021 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |chapter=Hantavirus Syndrome |pmid=30020615 |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320052331/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/#article-22568.s7 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> * Chest X-ray (pulmonary edema) * Blood workup (thrombocytopenia) * Immunofluorescent anaa immunoblot assay (ELISA utilizing IgM) == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON599 Hantavirus] [[Category:Animal viruses]] [[Category:Hantavirus infections| ]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] jct385c3rmizgt11jnhll98nclje072 98059 98058 2026-05-13T16:57:44Z ~2026-28702-27 5937 Avenge Ryouta and Kuroha. 98059 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26855 98040 2026-05-13T15:02:54Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 98040 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26856 98042 2026-05-13T15:03:59Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 98042 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26857 98049 2026-05-13T16:18:18Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 98049 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26858 98050 2026-05-13T16:22:52Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457288|Ritonavir]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 98050 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 98051 98050 2026-05-13T16:32:21Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ritonavir''', dem sell under de brand name '''Norvir''', be an antiretroviral medication dem use along plus oda medications to treat [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - NORVIR- ritonavir tablet, film coated NORVIR- ritonavir solution NORVIR- ritonavir powder |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2849298e-de6e-47bb-8194-56e075b33fc3 |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-24 |title=Norvir {{!}} European Medicines Agency (EMA) |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/norvir |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=www.ema.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Ritonavir|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ritonavir.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=October 23, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017233743/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ritonavir.html|archive-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref> Dis combination treatment be known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).<ref name=AHFS2015/> Ritonavir be a protease inhibitor, though e now mainly dey serve to boost de potency of oda protease inhibitors.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref name="StatPearls">{{cite book | vauthors = Talha B, Dhamoon AS | chapter = Ritonavir | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544312/ | title = StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |access-date=6 January 2024 |date=8 August 2023|pmid=31335032 }}</ref> E sanso fi be used in combination plus oda [[medication]]s to treat [[hepatitis C]] den [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Announcements - FDA approves Viekira Pak to treat hepatitis C |url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm427530.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031114612/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm427530.htm |archive-date=2015-10-31 |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=www.fda.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref name="pmid36423149">{{cite journal | vauthors = Akinosoglou K, Schinas G, Gogos C | title = Oral Antiviral Treatment for COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review on Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir | journal = Viruses | volume = 14 | issue = 11 | date = November 2022 | page = 2540 | pmid = 36423149 | pmc = 9696049 | doi = 10.3390/v14112540 | url = | doi-access = free }}</ref> Dem dey take am by mouth.<ref name=AHFS2015/> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == np6vhgfhryj0gnf8ekzr9o2d9uusr7l 98052 98051 2026-05-13T16:36:06Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ritonavir''', dem sell under de brand name '''Norvir''', be an antiretroviral medication dem use along plus oda medications to treat [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - NORVIR- ritonavir tablet, film coated NORVIR- ritonavir solution NORVIR- ritonavir powder |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2849298e-de6e-47bb-8194-56e075b33fc3 |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-24 |title=Norvir {{!}} European Medicines Agency (EMA) |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/norvir |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=www.ema.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Ritonavir|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ritonavir.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=October 23, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017233743/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ritonavir.html|archive-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref> Dis combination treatment be known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).<ref name=AHFS2015/> Ritonavir be a protease inhibitor, though e now mainly dey serve to boost de potency of oda protease inhibitors.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref name="StatPearls">{{cite book | vauthors = Talha B, Dhamoon AS | chapter = Ritonavir | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544312/ | title = StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |access-date=6 January 2024 |date=8 August 2023|pmid=31335032 }}</ref> E sanso fi be used in combination plus oda [[medication]]s to treat [[hepatitis C]] den [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Announcements - FDA approves Viekira Pak to treat hepatitis C |url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm427530.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031114612/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm427530.htm |archive-date=2015-10-31 |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=www.fda.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref name="pmid36423149">{{cite journal | vauthors = Akinosoglou K, Schinas G, Gogos C | title = Oral Antiviral Treatment for COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review on Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir | journal = Viruses | volume = 14 | issue = 11 | date = November 2022 | page = 2540 | pmid = 36423149 | pmc = 9696049 | doi = 10.3390/v14112540 | url = | doi-access = free }}</ref> Dem dey take am by mouth.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Common side effects of ritonavir dey include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, den numbness of de hands den feet.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Serious side effects dey include liver complications, [[pancreatitis]], allergic reactions, den arrhythmias.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Serious interactions fi occur plus a number of oda medications wey dey include amiodarone den simvastatin.<ref name=AHFS2015/> At low doses, e be considered to be acceptable for use during [[pregnancy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ritonavir Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ritonavir.html|website=drugs.com|access-date=October 23, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907212039/http://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ritonavir.html|archive-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> Ritonavir be of de protease inhibitor class.<ref name=AHFS2015/> However, e sanso be commonly used to inhibit de enzyme wey dey metabolize oda protease inhibitors.<ref name=BNF69/> Dis inhibition dey allow lower doses of dese latter medications to be used.<ref name=BNF69>{{cite book|title=British National Formulary 69|date=March 31, 2015|publisher=Pharmaceutical Pr|isbn=9780857111562|edition=69|page=426}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] fii7gbbw5tzb1p2oryvxigkifcdy779 98053 98052 2026-05-13T16:38:44Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ritonavir''', dem sell under de brand name '''Norvir''', be an antiretroviral medication dem use along plus oda medications to treat [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - NORVIR- ritonavir tablet, film coated NORVIR- ritonavir solution NORVIR- ritonavir powder |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2849298e-de6e-47bb-8194-56e075b33fc3 |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-24 |title=Norvir {{!}} European Medicines Agency (EMA) |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/norvir |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=www.ema.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Ritonavir|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ritonavir.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=October 23, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017233743/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ritonavir.html|archive-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref> Dis combination treatment be known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).<ref name=AHFS2015/> Ritonavir be a protease inhibitor, though e now mainly dey serve to boost de potency of oda protease inhibitors.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref name="StatPearls">{{cite book | vauthors = Talha B, Dhamoon AS | chapter = Ritonavir | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544312/ | title = StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |access-date=6 January 2024 |date=8 August 2023|pmid=31335032 }}</ref> E sanso fi be used in combination plus oda [[medication]]s to treat [[hepatitis C]] den [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Announcements - FDA approves Viekira Pak to treat hepatitis C |url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm427530.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031114612/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm427530.htm |archive-date=2015-10-31 |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=www.fda.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref name="pmid36423149">{{cite journal | vauthors = Akinosoglou K, Schinas G, Gogos C | title = Oral Antiviral Treatment for COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review on Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir | journal = Viruses | volume = 14 | issue = 11 | date = November 2022 | page = 2540 | pmid = 36423149 | pmc = 9696049 | doi = 10.3390/v14112540 | url = | doi-access = free }}</ref> Dem dey take am by mouth.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Common side effects of ritonavir dey include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, den numbness of de hands den feet.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Serious side effects dey include liver complications, [[pancreatitis]], allergic reactions, den arrhythmias.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Serious interactions fi occur plus a number of oda medications wey dey include amiodarone den simvastatin.<ref name=AHFS2015/> At low doses, e be considered to be acceptable for use during [[pregnancy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ritonavir Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ritonavir.html|website=drugs.com|access-date=October 23, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907212039/http://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ritonavir.html|archive-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> Ritonavir be of de protease inhibitor class.<ref name=AHFS2015/> However, e sanso be commonly used to inhibit de enzyme wey dey metabolize oda protease inhibitors.<ref name=BNF69/> Dis inhibition dey allow lower doses of dese latter medications to be used.<ref name=BNF69>{{cite book|title=British National Formulary 69|date=March 31, 2015|publisher=Pharmaceutical Pr|isbn=9780857111562|edition=69|page=426}}</ref> Na dem patent ritonavir insyd 1989 wey e cam into medical use insyd 1996.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Hacker M |title=Pharmacology principles and practice |date=2009 |publisher=Academic Press/Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |isbn=9780080919225 |page=550 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YDMmjWXe-AC&pg=PA550 |access-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-date=June 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617071224/https://books.google.com/books?id=5YDMmjWXe-AC&pg=PA550 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book |vauthors=Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9783527607495 |page=509 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA509 |access-date=August 27, 2020 |archive-date=June 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620183330/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA509 |url-status=live }}</ref> E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="WHO22nd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021) | year = 2021 | hdl = 10665/345533 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Ritonavir capsules be approved as a generic medication insyd de [[United States]] insyd 2020.<ref>{{cite web | title=First Generic Drug Approvals | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-and-biologic-approval-and-ind-activity-reports/first-generic-drug-approvals | access-date=February 13, 2021 | archive-date=January 26, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126083800/http://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-and-biologic-approval-and-ind-activity-reports/first-generic-drug-approvals | url-status=live }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] cyq3xx2xr7me5g9utc3vzxl9uf145ev 98054 98053 2026-05-13T16:43:32Z DaSupremo 9 /* Side effects */ Improve article 98054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ritonavir''', dem sell under de brand name '''Norvir''', be an antiretroviral medication dem use along plus oda medications to treat [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - NORVIR- ritonavir tablet, film coated NORVIR- ritonavir solution NORVIR- ritonavir powder |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2849298e-de6e-47bb-8194-56e075b33fc3 |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-24 |title=Norvir {{!}} European Medicines Agency (EMA) |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/norvir |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=www.ema.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Ritonavir|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ritonavir.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=October 23, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017233743/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ritonavir.html|archive-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref> Dis combination treatment be known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).<ref name=AHFS2015/> Ritonavir be a protease inhibitor, though e now mainly dey serve to boost de potency of oda protease inhibitors.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref name="StatPearls">{{cite book | vauthors = Talha B, Dhamoon AS | chapter = Ritonavir | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544312/ | title = StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |access-date=6 January 2024 |date=8 August 2023|pmid=31335032 }}</ref> E sanso fi be used in combination plus oda [[medication]]s to treat [[hepatitis C]] den [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Announcements - FDA approves Viekira Pak to treat hepatitis C |url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm427530.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031114612/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm427530.htm |archive-date=2015-10-31 |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=www.fda.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref name="pmid36423149">{{cite journal | vauthors = Akinosoglou K, Schinas G, Gogos C | title = Oral Antiviral Treatment for COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review on Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir | journal = Viruses | volume = 14 | issue = 11 | date = November 2022 | page = 2540 | pmid = 36423149 | pmc = 9696049 | doi = 10.3390/v14112540 | url = | doi-access = free }}</ref> Dem dey take am by mouth.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Common side effects of ritonavir dey include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, den numbness of de hands den feet.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Serious side effects dey include liver complications, [[pancreatitis]], allergic reactions, den arrhythmias.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Serious interactions fi occur plus a number of oda medications wey dey include amiodarone den simvastatin.<ref name=AHFS2015/> At low doses, e be considered to be acceptable for use during [[pregnancy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ritonavir Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ritonavir.html|website=drugs.com|access-date=October 23, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907212039/http://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ritonavir.html|archive-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> Ritonavir be of de protease inhibitor class.<ref name=AHFS2015/> However, e sanso be commonly used to inhibit de enzyme wey dey metabolize oda protease inhibitors.<ref name=BNF69/> Dis inhibition dey allow lower doses of dese latter medications to be used.<ref name=BNF69>{{cite book|title=British National Formulary 69|date=March 31, 2015|publisher=Pharmaceutical Pr|isbn=9780857111562|edition=69|page=426}}</ref> Na dem patent ritonavir insyd 1989 wey e cam into medical use insyd 1996.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Hacker M |title=Pharmacology principles and practice |date=2009 |publisher=Academic Press/Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |isbn=9780080919225 |page=550 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YDMmjWXe-AC&pg=PA550 |access-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-date=June 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617071224/https://books.google.com/books?id=5YDMmjWXe-AC&pg=PA550 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book |vauthors=Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9783527607495 |page=509 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA509 |access-date=August 27, 2020 |archive-date=June 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620183330/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA509 |url-status=live }}</ref> E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="WHO22nd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021) | year = 2021 | hdl = 10665/345533 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Ritonavir capsules be approved as a generic medication insyd de [[United States]] insyd 2020.<ref>{{cite web | title=First Generic Drug Approvals | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-and-biologic-approval-and-ind-activity-reports/first-generic-drug-approvals | access-date=February 13, 2021 | archive-date=January 26, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126083800/http://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-and-biologic-approval-and-ind-activity-reports/first-generic-drug-approvals | url-status=live }}</ref> ==Side effects== Wen dem administer at de initially tested higher doses effective for anti-HIV therapy, de side effects of ritonavir be those dem show below.<ref name=":0" /> {{div col}} * Asthenia, malaise * Diarrhea * Nausea den vomiting * Abdominal pain * Dizziness * Insomnia * Kidney failure * Sweating * Taste abnormality * Metabolic effects, wey dey include ** Hypercholesterolemia ** Hypertriglyceridemia ** Elevated transaminases ** Elevated creatine kinase {{div col end}} == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 62w0i4qqadkizs0vcr36cewgs3ta2es 98055 98054 2026-05-13T16:45:37Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ritonavir''', dem sell under de brand name '''Norvir''', be an antiretroviral medication dem use along plus oda medications to treat [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - NORVIR- ritonavir tablet, film coated NORVIR- ritonavir solution NORVIR- ritonavir powder |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2849298e-de6e-47bb-8194-56e075b33fc3 |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-24 |title=Norvir {{!}} European Medicines Agency (EMA) |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/norvir |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=www.ema.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Ritonavir|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ritonavir.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=October 23, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017233743/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ritonavir.html|archive-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref> Dis combination treatment be known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).<ref name=AHFS2015/> Ritonavir be a protease inhibitor, though e now mainly dey serve to boost de potency of oda protease inhibitors.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref name="StatPearls">{{cite book | vauthors = Talha B, Dhamoon AS | chapter = Ritonavir | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544312/ | title = StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |access-date=6 January 2024 |date=8 August 2023|pmid=31335032 }}</ref> E sanso fi be used in combination plus oda [[medication]]s to treat [[hepatitis C]] den [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Announcements - FDA approves Viekira Pak to treat hepatitis C |url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm427530.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031114612/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm427530.htm |archive-date=2015-10-31 |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=www.fda.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref name="pmid36423149">{{cite journal | vauthors = Akinosoglou K, Schinas G, Gogos C | title = Oral Antiviral Treatment for COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review on Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir | journal = Viruses | volume = 14 | issue = 11 | date = November 2022 | page = 2540 | pmid = 36423149 | pmc = 9696049 | doi = 10.3390/v14112540 | url = | doi-access = free }}</ref> Dem dey take am by mouth.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Common side effects of ritonavir dey include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, den numbness of de hands den feet.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Serious side effects dey include liver complications, [[pancreatitis]], allergic reactions, den arrhythmias.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Serious interactions fi occur plus a number of oda medications wey dey include amiodarone den simvastatin.<ref name=AHFS2015/> At low doses, e be considered to be acceptable for use during [[pregnancy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ritonavir Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ritonavir.html|website=drugs.com|access-date=October 23, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907212039/http://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ritonavir.html|archive-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> Ritonavir be of de protease inhibitor class.<ref name=AHFS2015/> However, e sanso be commonly used to inhibit de enzyme wey dey metabolize oda protease inhibitors.<ref name=BNF69/> Dis inhibition dey allow lower doses of dese latter medications to be used.<ref name=BNF69>{{cite book|title=British National Formulary 69|date=March 31, 2015|publisher=Pharmaceutical Pr|isbn=9780857111562|edition=69|page=426}}</ref> Na dem patent ritonavir insyd 1989 wey e cam into medical use insyd 1996.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Hacker M |title=Pharmacology principles and practice |date=2009 |publisher=Academic Press/Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |isbn=9780080919225 |page=550 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YDMmjWXe-AC&pg=PA550 |access-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-date=June 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617071224/https://books.google.com/books?id=5YDMmjWXe-AC&pg=PA550 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book |vauthors=Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9783527607495 |page=509 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA509 |access-date=August 27, 2020 |archive-date=June 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620183330/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA509 |url-status=live }}</ref> E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="WHO22nd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021) | year = 2021 | hdl = 10665/345533 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Ritonavir capsules be approved as a generic medication insyd de [[United States]] insyd 2020.<ref>{{cite web | title=First Generic Drug Approvals | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-and-biologic-approval-and-ind-activity-reports/first-generic-drug-approvals | access-date=February 13, 2021 | archive-date=January 26, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126083800/http://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-and-biologic-approval-and-ind-activity-reports/first-generic-drug-approvals | url-status=live }}</ref> ==Side effects== Wen dem administer at de initially tested higher doses effective for anti-HIV therapy, de side effects of ritonavir be those dem show below.<ref name=":0" /> {{div col}} * Asthenia, malaise * Diarrhea * Nausea den vomiting * Abdominal pain * Dizziness * Insomnia * Kidney failure * Sweating * Taste abnormality * Metabolic effects, wey dey include ** Hypercholesterolemia ** Hypertriglyceridemia ** Elevated transaminases ** Elevated creatine kinase {{div col end}} == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite journal | doi = 10.1021/op000023y | title = Dealing with the Impact of Ritonavir Polymorphs on the Late Stages of Bulk Drug Process Development | year = 2000 | vauthors = Chemburkar SR, Bauer J, Deming K, Spiwek H, Patel K, Morris J, Henry R, Spanton S, Dziki W, Porter W, Quick J | display-authors = 6 | journal = Organic Process Research & Development | volume = 4 | issue = 5 | pages = 413–417 }} [[Category:Drugs wey AbbVie develop]] [[Category:Carbamates]] [[Category:CYP2D6 inhibitors]] [[Category:CYP3A4 inhibitors]] [[Category:Hepatotoxins]] [[Category:HIV protease inhibitors]] [[Category:Isopropyl compounds]] [[Category:Pregnane X receptor agonists]] [[Category:Thiazoles]] [[Category:Ureas]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Category:CYP3A5 inhibitors]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4rcuqeu14pea9itu3z04mdwg0rik01b 14 26859 98056 2026-05-13T16:48:17Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 98056 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26860 98057 2026-05-13T16:48:29Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 98057 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26861 98060 2026-05-13T17:07:05Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1463874|Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 98060 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 98061 98060 2026-05-13T17:18:33Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome''' ('''HFRS''') be a hemorrhagic fever wey hantaviruses cause. Signs den symptoms usually dey occur 2 weeks after exposure to de virus wey e dey cam in five distinct clinical stages: febrile (toxic), hypotensive, low urine production (oliguric), high urine production (diuretic), den recovery. Early symptoms dey include headache, lower back pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody stool, de appearance of spots on de skin, bleeding insyd de respiratory tract, den renal symptoms such as kidney swelling, proteinuria, den hematuria. During de hypotensive phase, blood pressure lower secof microvascular leakage. Renal failure then dey cause de oliguric phase, before recovering den increasing urine production as disease progression dey improve. De severity of symptoms dey vary dey depend on wich virus dey cause HFRS den dey range from mild illness to severe. De case fatality rate likewise dey vary by virus, from less dan 1% up to 15%. [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0bsss7hdo3hgrztbrsp2ucyeqiupept 98062 98061 2026-05-13T17:44:34Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome''' ('''HFRS''') be a hemorrhagic fever wey hantaviruses cause. Signs den symptoms usually dey occur 2 weeks after exposure to de virus wey e dey cam in five distinct clinical stages: febrile (toxic), hypotensive, low urine production (oliguric), high urine production (diuretic), den recovery. Early symptoms dey include headache, lower back pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody stool, de appearance of spots on de skin, bleeding insyd de respiratory tract, den renal symptoms such as kidney swelling, proteinuria, den hematuria. During de hypotensive phase, blood pressure lower secof microvascular leakage. Renal failure then dey cause de oliguric phase, before recovering den increasing urine production as disease progression dey improve. De severity of symptoms dey vary dey depend on wich virus dey cause HFRS den dey range from mild illness to severe. De case fatality rate likewise dey vary by virus, from less dan 1% up to 15%. HFRS be caused mainly by four viruses insyd Asia den Europe: Hantaan virus, Seoul virus, Puumala virus, den Dobrava-Belgrade virus. Insyd East Asia, de Hantaan virus be de most common cause of HFRS, wey dey cause a severe form of HFRS, wey e be spread by striped field mice. Seoul virus dey account give about a quarter of HFRS cases, wey cause a moderate form of de disease, wey dem dey find am worldwide secof de global distribution of ein natural reservoir, de brown rat. Puumala virus be de most common cause of HFRS insyd [[Russia]] den northern den central Europe, usually dey cause a mild form of HFRS, wey e be transmitted by de bank vole. Dobrava-Belgrade virus be de most common cause of HFRS insyd southern Europe, den dey vary insyd disease severity den natural reservoir wey dey depend on ein genotype. A mild form of HFRS dem often call '''nephropathia epidemica''' (NE) be caused by de Puumala virus den de Dobrava-Belgrade virus. Transmission dey occur mainly thru inhalation of aerosols wey contain rodent saliva, urine, anaa feces, buh sanso fi occur thru contaminated chow, bites, den scratches. Vascular endothelial cells den macrophages be de primary cells wey be infected by hantaviruses, den infection dey cause abnormalities plus blood clotting, all of wich dey result in fluid leakage responsible for de more severe symptoms. Recovery from infection likely dey confer lifelong protection. [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] djpb16374pmqw3w3qesa0jqdc8e7omm 98073 98062 2026-05-13T23:02:58Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome''' ('''HFRS''') be a hemorrhagic fever wey hantaviruses cause. Signs den symptoms usually dey occur 2 weeks after exposure to de virus wey e dey cam in five distinct clinical stages: febrile (toxic), hypotensive, low urine production (oliguric), high urine production (diuretic), den recovery. Early symptoms dey include headache, lower back pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody stool, de appearance of spots on de skin, bleeding insyd de respiratory tract, den renal symptoms such as kidney swelling, proteinuria, den hematuria. During de hypotensive phase, blood pressure lower secof microvascular leakage. Renal failure then dey cause de oliguric phase, before recovering den increasing urine production as disease progression dey improve. De severity of symptoms dey vary dey depend on wich virus dey cause HFRS den dey range from mild illness to severe. De case fatality rate likewise dey vary by virus, from less dan 1% up to 15%. HFRS be caused mainly by four viruses insyd Asia den Europe: Hantaan virus, Seoul virus, Puumala virus, den Dobrava-Belgrade virus. Insyd East Asia, de Hantaan virus be de most common cause of HFRS, wey dey cause a severe form of HFRS, wey e be spread by striped field mice. Seoul virus dey account give about a quarter of HFRS cases, wey cause a moderate form of de disease, wey dem dey find am worldwide secof de global distribution of ein natural reservoir, de brown rat. Puumala virus be de most common cause of HFRS insyd [[Russia]] den northern den central Europe, usually dey cause a mild form of HFRS, wey e be transmitted by de bank vole. Dobrava-Belgrade virus be de most common cause of HFRS insyd southern Europe, den dey vary insyd disease severity den natural reservoir wey dey depend on ein genotype. A mild form of HFRS dem often call '''nephropathia epidemica''' (NE) be caused by de Puumala virus den de Dobrava-Belgrade virus. Transmission dey occur mainly thru inhalation of aerosols wey contain rodent saliva, urine, anaa feces, buh sanso fi occur thru contaminated chow, bites, den scratches. Vascular endothelial cells den macrophages be de primary cells wey be infected by hantaviruses, den infection dey cause abnormalities plus blood clotting, all of wich dey result in fluid leakage responsible for de more severe symptoms. Recovery from infection likely dey confer lifelong protection. De main way to prevent HFRS be to avoid anaa minimize contact plus rodents wey dey carry hantaviruses. Removing sources of chow give rodents, safely cleaning up after dem, den preventing dem from entering one ein house all be important means of protection. People wey be at risk of interacting plus infected rodents fi wear masks to protect demaselves. Bivalent vaccines wey dey protect against de Hantaan virus den de Seoul virus be in use insyd [[China]] den South Korea. Initial diagnosis of infection fi be made based on epidemiological information den symptoms. Confirmation of infection fi be done by testing for hantavirus nucleic acid, proteins, anaa hantavirus-specific antibodies. Treatment of HFRS be supportive den dey depend on de phase of de disease den clinical presentation. Intravenous hydration, electrolyte therapy, den platelet transfusions fi be performed, as well as intermittent hemodialysis for renal failure den continuous renal replacement therapy insyd critical cases. No specific antiviral drugs dey exist give hantavirus infection. [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] eiwju1czsbwodvgpp2i3ucjue7fk8qn 98074 98073 2026-05-13T23:12:24Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome''' ('''HFRS''') be a hemorrhagic fever wey hantaviruses cause. Signs den symptoms usually dey occur 2 weeks after exposure to de virus wey e dey cam in five distinct clinical stages: febrile (toxic), hypotensive, low urine production (oliguric), high urine production (diuretic), den recovery. Early symptoms dey include headache, lower back pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody stool, de appearance of spots on de skin, bleeding insyd de respiratory tract, den renal symptoms such as kidney swelling, proteinuria, den hematuria. During de hypotensive phase, blood pressure lower secof microvascular leakage. Renal failure then dey cause de oliguric phase, before recovering den increasing urine production as disease progression dey improve. De severity of symptoms dey vary dey depend on wich virus dey cause HFRS den dey range from mild illness to severe. De case fatality rate likewise dey vary by virus, from less dan 1% up to 15%. HFRS be caused mainly by four viruses insyd Asia den Europe: Hantaan virus, Seoul virus, Puumala virus, den Dobrava-Belgrade virus. Insyd East Asia, de Hantaan virus be de most common cause of HFRS, wey dey cause a severe form of HFRS, wey e be spread by striped field mice. Seoul virus dey account give about a quarter of HFRS cases, wey cause a moderate form of de disease, wey dem dey find am worldwide secof de global distribution of ein natural reservoir, de brown rat. Puumala virus be de most common cause of HFRS insyd [[Russia]] den northern den central Europe, usually dey cause a mild form of HFRS, wey e be transmitted by de bank vole. Dobrava-Belgrade virus be de most common cause of HFRS insyd southern Europe, den dey vary insyd disease severity den natural reservoir wey dey depend on ein genotype. A mild form of HFRS dem often call '''nephropathia epidemica''' (NE) be caused by de Puumala virus den de Dobrava-Belgrade virus. Transmission dey occur mainly thru inhalation of aerosols wey contain rodent saliva, urine, anaa feces, buh sanso fi occur thru contaminated chow, bites, den scratches. Vascular endothelial cells den macrophages be de primary cells wey be infected by hantaviruses, den infection dey cause abnormalities plus blood clotting, all of wich dey result in fluid leakage responsible for de more severe symptoms. Recovery from infection likely dey confer lifelong protection. De main way to prevent HFRS be to avoid anaa minimize contact plus rodents wey dey carry hantaviruses. Removing sources of chow give rodents, safely cleaning up after dem, den preventing dem from entering one ein house all be important means of protection. People wey be at risk of interacting plus infected rodents fi wear masks to protect demaselves. Bivalent vaccines wey dey protect against de Hantaan virus den de Seoul virus be in use insyd [[China]] den South Korea. Initial diagnosis of infection fi be made based on epidemiological information den symptoms. Confirmation of infection fi be done by testing for hantavirus nucleic acid, proteins, anaa hantavirus-specific antibodies. Treatment of HFRS be supportive den dey depend on de phase of de disease den clinical presentation. Intravenous hydration, electrolyte therapy, den platelet transfusions fi be performed, as well as intermittent hemodialysis for renal failure den continuous renal replacement therapy insyd critical cases. No specific antiviral drugs dey exist give hantavirus infection. More dan 100,000 cases of HFRS dey occur each year. China be de most affected country insyd Asia, while [[Finland]] be de most affected country insyd Europe. More dan 10,000 cases of NE be diagnosed annually. De distribution of viruses wey dey cause HFRS directly be tied to de distribution of dema natural reservoirs. Transmission sanso greatly be influenced by environmental factors such as rainfall, temperature, den humidity, wich dey affect de rodent population den virus transmissibility. Outbreaks of HFRS occur thru out history, especially among soldiers during wartime wey live insyd poor conditions. During de Korean War insyd de 1950s, an epidemic of HFRS occur among [[United Nations]] soldiers dem station near de Hantan river. De outbreak be determined insyd de 1970s den 1980s to be caused by de Hantaan virus, wich na dem name after de river den wich na be de first hantavirus dem discover. Oda HFRS epidemics dey include an outbreak insyd Finland insyd World War Two among German den Finnish soldiers, wey Puumala virus cause, den an outbreak insyd Croatia during de Balkan Wars, wey Puumala virus den Dobrava-Belgrade virus cause. [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ilcnmle14qlb1c35dadnys8k3r6qey7 98075 98074 2026-05-13T23:15:44Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome''' ('''HFRS''') be a hemorrhagic fever wey hantaviruses cause. Signs den symptoms usually dey occur 2 weeks after exposure to de virus wey e dey cam in five distinct clinical stages: febrile (toxic), hypotensive, low urine production (oliguric), high urine production (diuretic), den recovery. Early symptoms dey include headache, lower back pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody stool, de appearance of spots on de skin, bleeding insyd de respiratory tract, den renal symptoms such as kidney swelling, proteinuria, den hematuria. During de hypotensive phase, blood pressure lower secof microvascular leakage. Renal failure then dey cause de oliguric phase, before recovering den increasing urine production as disease progression dey improve. De severity of symptoms dey vary dey depend on wich virus dey cause HFRS den dey range from mild illness to severe. De case fatality rate likewise dey vary by virus, from less dan 1% up to 15%. HFRS be caused mainly by four viruses insyd Asia den Europe: Hantaan virus, Seoul virus, Puumala virus, den Dobrava-Belgrade virus. Insyd East Asia, de Hantaan virus be de most common cause of HFRS, wey dey cause a severe form of HFRS, wey e be spread by striped field mice. Seoul virus dey account give about a quarter of HFRS cases, wey cause a moderate form of de disease, wey dem dey find am worldwide secof de global distribution of ein natural reservoir, de brown rat. Puumala virus be de most common cause of HFRS insyd [[Russia]] den northern den central Europe, usually dey cause a mild form of HFRS, wey e be transmitted by de bank vole. Dobrava-Belgrade virus be de most common cause of HFRS insyd southern Europe, den dey vary insyd disease severity den natural reservoir wey dey depend on ein genotype. A mild form of HFRS dem often call '''nephropathia epidemica''' (NE) be caused by de Puumala virus den de Dobrava-Belgrade virus. Transmission dey occur mainly thru inhalation of aerosols wey contain rodent saliva, urine, anaa feces, buh sanso fi occur thru contaminated chow, bites, den scratches. Vascular endothelial cells den macrophages be de primary cells wey be infected by hantaviruses, den infection dey cause abnormalities plus blood clotting, all of wich dey result in fluid leakage responsible for de more severe symptoms. Recovery from infection likely dey confer lifelong protection. De main way to prevent HFRS be to avoid anaa minimize contact plus rodents wey dey carry hantaviruses. Removing sources of chow give rodents, safely cleaning up after dem, den preventing dem from entering one ein house all be important means of protection. People wey be at risk of interacting plus infected rodents fi wear masks to protect demaselves. Bivalent vaccines wey dey protect against de Hantaan virus den de Seoul virus be in use insyd [[China]] den South Korea. Initial diagnosis of infection fi be made based on epidemiological information den symptoms. Confirmation of infection fi be done by testing for hantavirus nucleic acid, proteins, anaa hantavirus-specific antibodies. Treatment of HFRS be supportive den dey depend on de phase of de disease den clinical presentation. Intravenous hydration, electrolyte therapy, den platelet transfusions fi be performed, as well as intermittent hemodialysis for renal failure den continuous renal replacement therapy insyd critical cases. No specific antiviral drugs dey exist give hantavirus infection. More dan 100,000 cases of HFRS dey occur each year. China be de most affected country insyd Asia, while [[Finland]] be de most affected country insyd Europe. More dan 10,000 cases of NE be diagnosed annually. De distribution of viruses wey dey cause HFRS directly be tied to de distribution of dema natural reservoirs. Transmission sanso greatly be influenced by environmental factors such as rainfall, temperature, den humidity, wich dey affect de rodent population den virus transmissibility. Outbreaks of HFRS occur thru out history, especially among soldiers during wartime wey live insyd poor conditions. During de Korean War insyd de 1950s, an epidemic of HFRS occur among [[United Nations]] soldiers dem station near de Hantan river. De outbreak be determined insyd de 1970s den 1980s to be caused by de Hantaan virus, wich na dem name after de river den wich na be de first hantavirus dem discover. Oda HFRS epidemics dey include an outbreak insyd Finland insyd World War Two among German den Finnish soldiers, wey Puumala virus cause, den an outbreak insyd Croatia during de Balkan Wars, wey Puumala virus den Dobrava-Belgrade virus cause. ==External links== {{Commons}} * [https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/phys/technicalinfoindex.htm CDC's Hantavirus Technical Information Index page] * [http://www.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/213.html '''Viralzone''': Hantavirus] * [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=bunya Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Bunyaviridae] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Hantavirus infections]] [[Category:Rodent-carried diseases]] [[Category:Biological agents]] [[Category:Hemorrhagic fevers]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] fcsv01eejpv6ag15fjzletl3detozoz 1 26862 98063 2026-05-13T18:00:22Z ~2026-29090-05 5938 /* dyi87414tu */ new section 98063 wikitext text/x-wiki == dyi87414tu == tr79 [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-29090-05|&#126;2026-29090-05]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-29090-05|talk]]) 18:00, 13 May 2026 (GMT) 4oecyz13fca89k2ek0xfxp5lz1x8xe2 0 26863 98064 2026-05-13T18:42:09Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458764|Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 98064 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 98065 98064 2026-05-13T18:51:29Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chronic lymphocytic leukemia''' ('''CLL''') be a type of [[cancer]] wey dey affect de blood den bone marrow.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Shadman |first=Mazyar |date=2023-03-21 |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Review |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2802611 |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=329 |issue=11 |pages=918–932 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.1946 |pmid=36943212 |issn=0098-7484|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=What Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia? |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/about/what-is-cll.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref> Insyd CLL, de bone marrow dey produce chaw lymphocytes, wich be a type of white blood cell.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" /> B cell lymphocytes fi begin to collect insyd de blood, spleen, lymph nodes, den bone marrow;<ref name=":10">{{Citation |last1=Mukkamalla |first1=Shiva Kumar R. |title=Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia |date=2025 |work=StatPearls |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470433/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29261864 |last2=Taneja |first2=Alankrita |last3=Malipeddi |first3=Dhatri |last4=Master |first4=Samip R.}}</ref><ref name="Nature2017">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kipps TJ, Stevenson FK, Wu CJ, Croce CM, Packham G, Wierda WG, O'Brien S, Gribben J, Rai K |date=January 2017 |title=Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia |journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume=3 |article-number=16096 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2016.96 |pmc=5336551 |pmid=28102226}}</ref> dese cells malfunction den crowd out healthy blood cells.<ref name="NCI2017Pt">{{cite web |date=26 October 2017 |title=Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treatment |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/hp/cll-treatment-pdq |access-date=19 December 2017 |website=National Cancer Institute}}</ref> CLL be divided into slow-growing (indolent) den fast-growing variants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia? |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/about/what-is-cll.html |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] afk843r5qlwk2dcdwbgjnxfmmy44frc 98066 98065 2026-05-13T19:08:46Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chronic lymphocytic leukemia''' ('''CLL''') be a type of [[cancer]] wey dey affect de blood den bone marrow.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Shadman |first=Mazyar |date=2023-03-21 |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Review |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2802611 |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=329 |issue=11 |pages=918–932 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.1946 |pmid=36943212 |issn=0098-7484|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=What Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia? |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/about/what-is-cll.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref> Insyd CLL, de bone marrow dey produce chaw lymphocytes, wich be a type of white blood cell.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" /> B cell lymphocytes fi begin to collect insyd de blood, spleen, lymph nodes, den bone marrow;<ref name=":10">{{Citation |last1=Mukkamalla |first1=Shiva Kumar R. |title=Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia |date=2025 |work=StatPearls |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470433/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29261864 |last2=Taneja |first2=Alankrita |last3=Malipeddi |first3=Dhatri |last4=Master |first4=Samip R.}}</ref><ref name="Nature2017">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kipps TJ, Stevenson FK, Wu CJ, Croce CM, Packham G, Wierda WG, O'Brien S, Gribben J, Rai K |date=January 2017 |title=Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia |journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume=3 |article-number=16096 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2016.96 |pmc=5336551 |pmid=28102226}}</ref> dese cells malfunction den crowd out healthy blood cells.<ref name="NCI2017Pt">{{cite web |date=26 October 2017 |title=Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treatment |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/hp/cll-treatment-pdq |access-date=19 December 2017 |website=National Cancer Institute}}</ref> CLL be divided into slow-growing (indolent) den fast-growing variants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia? |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/about/what-is-cll.html |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref> Chaw individuals get no symptoms wen dem be first diagnosed plus CLL.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Around five to 10% of patients fi experience fever, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite, painless swelling of de lymph nodes, enlargement of de spleen, den/anaa [[anemia]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name="Nature2017" /><ref name="NCI2017Pt" /><ref name="Hall20182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hallek M, Shanafelt TD, Eichhorst B |date=April 2018 |title=Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia |journal=Lancet |volume=391 |issue=10129 |pages=1524–1537 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30422-7 |pmid=29477250 |s2cid=3517733}}</ref> Dese symptoms often worsen over time.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Patients plus CLL sanso get an increased risk of developing serious infections.<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stilgenbauer S, Furman RR, Zent CS |date=2015-05-01 |title=Management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia |journal=American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting |issue=35 |pages=164–175 |doi=10.14694/EdBook_AM.2015.35.164 |pmid=25993154}}</ref> De exact cause of CLL be unknown, buh risk factors dey include a family history of CLL, tobacco use, anaa environmental exposure to Agent Orange, ionizing radiation, certain insecticides.<ref name=":10" /><ref name="Nature2017" /> Diagnosis typically be by testing de blood for high numbers of mature lymphocytes den smudge cells.<ref name="Fer2018">{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-52957-0|page=750|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA750}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] mo8k7goazrndziv6ycy9vxuir1d1q1t 98067 98066 2026-05-13T19:17:42Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chronic lymphocytic leukemia''' ('''CLL''') be a type of [[cancer]] wey dey affect de blood den bone marrow.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Shadman |first=Mazyar |date=2023-03-21 |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Review |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2802611 |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=329 |issue=11 |pages=918–932 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.1946 |pmid=36943212 |issn=0098-7484|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=What Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia? |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/about/what-is-cll.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref> Insyd CLL, de bone marrow dey produce chaw lymphocytes, wich be a type of white blood cell.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" /> B cell lymphocytes fi begin to collect insyd de blood, spleen, lymph nodes, den bone marrow;<ref name=":10">{{Citation |last1=Mukkamalla |first1=Shiva Kumar R. |title=Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia |date=2025 |work=StatPearls |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470433/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29261864 |last2=Taneja |first2=Alankrita |last3=Malipeddi |first3=Dhatri |last4=Master |first4=Samip R.}}</ref><ref name="Nature2017">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kipps TJ, Stevenson FK, Wu CJ, Croce CM, Packham G, Wierda WG, O'Brien S, Gribben J, Rai K |date=January 2017 |title=Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia |journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume=3 |article-number=16096 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2016.96 |pmc=5336551 |pmid=28102226}}</ref> dese cells malfunction den crowd out healthy blood cells.<ref name="NCI2017Pt">{{cite web |date=26 October 2017 |title=Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treatment |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/hp/cll-treatment-pdq |access-date=19 December 2017 |website=National Cancer Institute}}</ref> CLL be divided into slow-growing (indolent) den fast-growing variants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia? |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/about/what-is-cll.html |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref> Chaw individuals get no symptoms wen dem be first diagnosed plus CLL.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Around five to 10% of patients fi experience fever, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite, painless swelling of de lymph nodes, enlargement of de spleen, den/anaa [[anemia]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name="Nature2017" /><ref name="NCI2017Pt" /><ref name="Hall20182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hallek M, Shanafelt TD, Eichhorst B |date=April 2018 |title=Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia |journal=Lancet |volume=391 |issue=10129 |pages=1524–1537 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30422-7 |pmid=29477250 |s2cid=3517733}}</ref> Dese symptoms often worsen over time.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Patients plus CLL sanso get an increased risk of developing serious infections.<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stilgenbauer S, Furman RR, Zent CS |date=2015-05-01 |title=Management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia |journal=American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting |issue=35 |pages=164–175 |doi=10.14694/EdBook_AM.2015.35.164 |pmid=25993154}}</ref> De exact cause of CLL be unknown, buh risk factors dey include a family history of CLL, tobacco use, anaa environmental exposure to Agent Orange, ionizing radiation, certain insecticides.<ref name=":10" /><ref name="Nature2017" /> Diagnosis typically be by testing de blood for high numbers of mature lymphocytes den smudge cells.<ref name="Fer2018">{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-52957-0|page=750|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA750}}</ref> Asymptomatic patients of CLL often be managed by watchful waiting den monitoring for oda infections. Der currently be no evidence dat early intervention fi alter de course of de disease.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stilgenbauer S, Furman RR, Zent CS | title = Management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia | journal = American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting | issue = 35 | pages = 164–175 | date = 2015-05-01 | pmid = 25993154 | doi = 10.14694/EdBook_AM.2015.35.164 }}</ref> Those plus significant symptoms be treated plus chemotherapy, immunotherapy, anaa a combination of both,<ref name="Nature2017" /> wey dey depend on de individual ein age, physical condition, den whether dem get de del(17p) anaa TP53 mutations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hallek M | title = Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2020 update on diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment | journal = American Journal of Hematology | volume = 94 | issue = 11 | pages = 1266–1287 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31364186 | doi = 10.1002/ajh.25595 | s2cid = 199000131 | doi-access = free }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] mgcxszg25gjqlv5gmvrb4i3zdiyon1k 98068 98067 2026-05-13T19:38:19Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chronic lymphocytic leukemia''' ('''CLL''') be a type of [[cancer]] wey dey affect de blood den bone marrow.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Shadman |first=Mazyar |date=2023-03-21 |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Review |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2802611 |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=329 |issue=11 |pages=918–932 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.1946 |pmid=36943212 |issn=0098-7484|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=What Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia? |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/about/what-is-cll.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref> Insyd CLL, de bone marrow dey produce chaw lymphocytes, wich be a type of white blood cell.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" /> B cell lymphocytes fi begin to collect insyd de blood, spleen, lymph nodes, den bone marrow;<ref name=":10">{{Citation |last1=Mukkamalla |first1=Shiva Kumar R. |title=Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia |date=2025 |work=StatPearls |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470433/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29261864 |last2=Taneja |first2=Alankrita |last3=Malipeddi |first3=Dhatri |last4=Master |first4=Samip R.}}</ref><ref name="Nature2017">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kipps TJ, Stevenson FK, Wu CJ, Croce CM, Packham G, Wierda WG, O'Brien S, Gribben J, Rai K |date=January 2017 |title=Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia |journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume=3 |article-number=16096 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2016.96 |pmc=5336551 |pmid=28102226}}</ref> dese cells malfunction den crowd out healthy blood cells.<ref name="NCI2017Pt">{{cite web |date=26 October 2017 |title=Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treatment |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/hp/cll-treatment-pdq |access-date=19 December 2017 |website=National Cancer Institute}}</ref> CLL be divided into slow-growing (indolent) den fast-growing variants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia? |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/about/what-is-cll.html |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref> Chaw individuals get no symptoms wen dem be first diagnosed plus CLL.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Around five to 10% of patients fi experience fever, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite, painless swelling of de lymph nodes, enlargement of de spleen, den/anaa [[anemia]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name="Nature2017" /><ref name="NCI2017Pt" /><ref name="Hall20182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hallek M, Shanafelt TD, Eichhorst B |date=April 2018 |title=Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia |journal=Lancet |volume=391 |issue=10129 |pages=1524–1537 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30422-7 |pmid=29477250 |s2cid=3517733}}</ref> Dese symptoms often worsen over time.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Patients plus CLL sanso get an increased risk of developing serious infections.<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stilgenbauer S, Furman RR, Zent CS |date=2015-05-01 |title=Management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia |journal=American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting |issue=35 |pages=164–175 |doi=10.14694/EdBook_AM.2015.35.164 |pmid=25993154}}</ref> De exact cause of CLL be unknown, buh risk factors dey include a family history of CLL, tobacco use, anaa environmental exposure to Agent Orange, ionizing radiation, certain insecticides.<ref name=":10" /><ref name="Nature2017" /> Diagnosis typically be by testing de blood for high numbers of mature lymphocytes den smudge cells.<ref name="Fer2018">{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-52957-0|page=750|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA750}}</ref> Asymptomatic patients of CLL often be managed by watchful waiting den monitoring for oda infections. Der currently be no evidence dat early intervention fi alter de course of de disease.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stilgenbauer S, Furman RR, Zent CS | title = Management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia | journal = American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting | issue = 35 | pages = 164–175 | date = 2015-05-01 | pmid = 25993154 | doi = 10.14694/EdBook_AM.2015.35.164 }}</ref> Those plus significant symptoms be treated plus chemotherapy, immunotherapy, anaa a combination of both,<ref name="Nature2017" /> wey dey depend on de individual ein age, physical condition, den whether dem get de del(17p) anaa TP53 mutations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hallek M | title = Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2020 update on diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment | journal = American Journal of Hematology | volume = 94 | issue = 11 | pages = 1266–1287 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31364186 | doi = 10.1002/ajh.25595 | s2cid = 199000131 | doi-access = free }}</ref> CLL be de most common type of [[leukemia]] insyd de Western world. E most commonly dey affect individuals over de age of 65 secof de accumulation of genetic mutations wey dey occur over time.<ref name="SEER2017">{{cite web|title=Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia – Cancer Stat Facts|url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/clyl.html|website=seer.cancer.gov|access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Genes and Cancer|url=https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/what-is-cancer/genes-and-cancer|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116222602/https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/what-is-cancer/genes-and-cancer |archive-date=2021-11-16 }}</ref> CLL be rarely seen insyd individuals less dan 40 years old.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Key Statistics for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/about/key-statistics.html |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref> Men be more commonly affected dan women, although de average lifetime risk give both genders be similar (around 0.5-1%).<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grywalska E, Zaborek M, Łyczba J, Hrynkiewicz R, Bębnowska D, Becht R, Sosnowska-Pasiarska B, Smok-Kalwat J, Pasiarski M, Góźdź S, Roliński J, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P | display-authors = 6 | title = Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia-Induced Humoral Immunosuppression: A Systematic Review | journal = Cells | volume = 9 | issue = 11 | page = 2398 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33147729 | pmc = 7693361 | doi = 10.3390/cells9112398 | doi-access = free }}</ref> E represent less dan 1% of deaths from [[cancer]] between 1980 den 2015.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Haidong |last2=Naghavi |first2=Mohsen |last3=Allen |first3=Christine |last4=Barber |first4=Ryan M. |last5=Bhutta |first5=Zulfiqar A. |last6=Carter |first6=Austin |last7=Casey |first7=Daniel C. |last8=Charlson |first8=Fiona J. |last9=Chen |first9=Alan Zian |last10=Coates |first10=Matthew M. |last11=Coggeshall |first11=Megan |last12=Dandona |first12=Lalit |last13=Dicker |first13=Daniel J. |last14=Erskine |first14=Holly E. |last15=Ferrari |first15=Alize J. |display-authors=1 |date=October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281 |last16=Fitzmaurice |first16=Christina |last17=Foreman |first17=Kyle |last18=Forouzanfar |first18=Mohammad H. |last19=Fraser |first19=Maya S. |last20=Fullman |first20=Nancy |last21=Gething |first21=Peter W. |last22=Goldberg |first22=Ellen M. |last23=Graetz |first23=Nicholas |last24=Haagsma |first24=Juanita A. |last25=Hay |first25=Simon I. |last26=Huynh |first26=Chantal |last27=Johnson |first27=Catherine O. |last28=Kassebaum |first28=Nicholas J. |last29=Kinfu |first29=Yohannes |last30=Kulikoff |first30=Xie Rachel}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 2bjjh4n9br4fsv5tmwo9hm86mdqtkzr 98069 98068 2026-05-13T19:54:50Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chronic lymphocytic leukemia''' ('''CLL''') be a type of [[cancer]] wey dey affect de blood den bone marrow.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Shadman |first=Mazyar |date=2023-03-21 |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Review |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2802611 |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=329 |issue=11 |pages=918–932 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.1946 |pmid=36943212 |issn=0098-7484|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=What Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia? |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/about/what-is-cll.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref> Insyd CLL, de bone marrow dey produce chaw lymphocytes, wich be a type of white blood cell.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" /> B cell lymphocytes fi begin to collect insyd de blood, spleen, lymph nodes, den bone marrow;<ref name=":10">{{Citation |last1=Mukkamalla |first1=Shiva Kumar R. |title=Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia |date=2025 |work=StatPearls |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470433/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29261864 |last2=Taneja |first2=Alankrita |last3=Malipeddi |first3=Dhatri |last4=Master |first4=Samip R.}}</ref><ref name="Nature2017">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kipps TJ, Stevenson FK, Wu CJ, Croce CM, Packham G, Wierda WG, O'Brien S, Gribben J, Rai K |date=January 2017 |title=Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia |journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume=3 |article-number=16096 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2016.96 |pmc=5336551 |pmid=28102226}}</ref> dese cells malfunction den crowd out healthy blood cells.<ref name="NCI2017Pt">{{cite web |date=26 October 2017 |title=Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treatment |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/hp/cll-treatment-pdq |access-date=19 December 2017 |website=National Cancer Institute}}</ref> CLL be divided into slow-growing (indolent) den fast-growing variants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia? |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/about/what-is-cll.html |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref> Chaw individuals get no symptoms wen dem be first diagnosed plus CLL.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Around five to 10% of patients fi experience fever, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite, painless swelling of de lymph nodes, enlargement of de spleen, den/anaa [[anemia]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name="Nature2017" /><ref name="NCI2017Pt" /><ref name="Hall20182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hallek M, Shanafelt TD, Eichhorst B |date=April 2018 |title=Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia |journal=Lancet |volume=391 |issue=10129 |pages=1524–1537 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30422-7 |pmid=29477250 |s2cid=3517733}}</ref> Dese symptoms often worsen over time.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Patients plus CLL sanso get an increased risk of developing serious infections.<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stilgenbauer S, Furman RR, Zent CS |date=2015-05-01 |title=Management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia |journal=American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting |issue=35 |pages=164–175 |doi=10.14694/EdBook_AM.2015.35.164 |pmid=25993154}}</ref> De exact cause of CLL be unknown, buh risk factors dey include a family history of CLL, tobacco use, anaa environmental exposure to Agent Orange, ionizing radiation, certain insecticides.<ref name=":10" /><ref name="Nature2017" /> Diagnosis typically be by testing de blood for high numbers of mature lymphocytes den smudge cells.<ref name="Fer2018">{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-52957-0|page=750|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA750}}</ref> Asymptomatic patients of CLL often be managed by watchful waiting den monitoring for oda infections. Der currently be no evidence dat early intervention fi alter de course of de disease.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stilgenbauer S, Furman RR, Zent CS | title = Management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia | journal = American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting | issue = 35 | pages = 164–175 | date = 2015-05-01 | pmid = 25993154 | doi = 10.14694/EdBook_AM.2015.35.164 }}</ref> Those plus significant symptoms be treated plus chemotherapy, immunotherapy, anaa a combination of both,<ref name="Nature2017" /> wey dey depend on de individual ein age, physical condition, den whether dem get de del(17p) anaa TP53 mutations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hallek M | title = Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2020 update on diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment | journal = American Journal of Hematology | volume = 94 | issue = 11 | pages = 1266–1287 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31364186 | doi = 10.1002/ajh.25595 | s2cid = 199000131 | doi-access = free }}</ref> CLL be de most common type of [[leukemia]] insyd de Western world. E most commonly dey affect individuals over de age of 65 secof de accumulation of genetic mutations wey dey occur over time.<ref name="SEER2017">{{cite web|title=Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia – Cancer Stat Facts|url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/clyl.html|website=seer.cancer.gov|access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Genes and Cancer|url=https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/what-is-cancer/genes-and-cancer|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116222602/https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/what-is-cancer/genes-and-cancer |archive-date=2021-11-16 }}</ref> CLL be rarely seen insyd individuals less dan 40 years old.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Key Statistics for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/about/key-statistics.html |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref> Men be more commonly affected dan women, although de average lifetime risk give both genders be similar (around 0.5-1%).<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grywalska E, Zaborek M, Łyczba J, Hrynkiewicz R, Bębnowska D, Becht R, Sosnowska-Pasiarska B, Smok-Kalwat J, Pasiarski M, Góźdź S, Roliński J, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P | display-authors = 6 | title = Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia-Induced Humoral Immunosuppression: A Systematic Review | journal = Cells | volume = 9 | issue = 11 | page = 2398 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33147729 | pmc = 7693361 | doi = 10.3390/cells9112398 | doi-access = free }}</ref> E represent less dan 1% of deaths from [[cancer]] between 1980 den 2015.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Haidong |last2=Naghavi |first2=Mohsen |last3=Allen |first3=Christine |last4=Barber |first4=Ryan M. |last5=Bhutta |first5=Zulfiqar A. |last6=Carter |first6=Austin |last7=Casey |first7=Daniel C. |last8=Charlson |first8=Fiona J. |last9=Chen |first9=Alan Zian |last10=Coates |first10=Matthew M. |last11=Coggeshall |first11=Megan |last12=Dandona |first12=Lalit |last13=Dicker |first13=Daniel J. |last14=Erskine |first14=Holly E. |last15=Ferrari |first15=Alize J. |display-authors=1 |date=October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281 |last16=Fitzmaurice |first16=Christina |last17=Foreman |first17=Kyle |last18=Forouzanfar |first18=Mohammad H. |last19=Fraser |first19=Maya S. |last20=Fullman |first20=Nancy |last21=Gething |first21=Peter W. |last22=Goldberg |first22=Ellen M. |last23=Graetz |first23=Nicholas |last24=Haagsma |first24=Juanita A. |last25=Hay |first25=Simon I. |last26=Huynh |first26=Chantal |last27=Johnson |first27=Catherine O. |last28=Kassebaum |first28=Nicholas J. |last29=Kinfu |first29=Yohannes |last30=Kulikoff |first30=Xie Rachel}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470433/ Stat Pearls article on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia] <!-- Wikipedia is not a place to advertise your favorite CLL-related charity. Links need to take a reader directly to high-quality information about CLL. --> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia}} [[Category:Aging-associated diseases]] [[Category:Chronic lymphocytic leukemia| ]] [[Category:Small-blue-round-cell tumors]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] jhyq6rv7r8p9gjcq0ssd9u5rl1q2ygi 98070 98069 2026-05-13T19:55:45Z DaSupremo 9 98070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chronic lymphocytic leukemia''' ('''CLL''') be a type of [[cancer]] wey dey affect de blood den bone marrow.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Shadman |first=Mazyar |date=2023-03-21 |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Review |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2802611 |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=329 |issue=11 |pages=918–932 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.1946 |pmid=36943212 |issn=0098-7484|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=What Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia? |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/about/what-is-cll.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref> Insyd CLL, de bone marrow dey produce chaw lymphocytes, wich be a type of white blood cell.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" /> B cell lymphocytes fi begin to collect insyd de blood, spleen, lymph nodes, den bone marrow;<ref name=":10">{{Citation |last1=Mukkamalla |first1=Shiva Kumar R. |title=Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia |date=2025 |work=StatPearls |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470433/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29261864 |last2=Taneja |first2=Alankrita |last3=Malipeddi |first3=Dhatri |last4=Master |first4=Samip R.}}</ref><ref name="Nature2017">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kipps TJ, Stevenson FK, Wu CJ, Croce CM, Packham G, Wierda WG, O'Brien S, Gribben J, Rai K |date=January 2017 |title=Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia |journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume=3 |article-number=16096 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2016.96 |pmc=5336551 |pmid=28102226}}</ref> dese cells malfunction den crowd out healthy blood cells.<ref name="NCI2017Pt">{{cite web |date=26 October 2017 |title=Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treatment |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/hp/cll-treatment-pdq |access-date=19 December 2017 |website=National Cancer Institute}}</ref> CLL be divided into slow-growing (indolent) den fast-growing variants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia? |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/about/what-is-cll.html |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref> Chaw individuals get no symptoms wen dem be first diagnosed plus CLL.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Around five to 10% of patients fi experience fever, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite, painless swelling of de lymph nodes, enlargement of de spleen, den/anaa [[anemia]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name="Nature2017" /><ref name="NCI2017Pt" /><ref name="Hall20182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hallek M, Shanafelt TD, Eichhorst B |date=April 2018 |title=Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia |journal=Lancet |volume=391 |issue=10129 |pages=1524–1537 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30422-7 |pmid=29477250 |s2cid=3517733}}</ref> Dese symptoms often worsen over time.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="NCI2017Pt" /> Patients plus CLL sanso get an increased risk of developing serious infections.<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stilgenbauer S, Furman RR, Zent CS |date=2015-05-01 |title=Management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia |journal=American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting |issue=35 |pages=164–175 |doi=10.14694/EdBook_AM.2015.35.164 |pmid=25993154}}</ref> De exact cause of CLL be unknown, buh risk factors dey include a family history of CLL, tobacco use, anaa environmental exposure to Agent Orange, ionizing radiation, certain insecticides.<ref name=":10" /><ref name="Nature2017" /> Diagnosis typically be by testing de blood for high numbers of mature lymphocytes den smudge cells.<ref name="Fer2018">{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-52957-0|page=750|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA750}}</ref> Asymptomatic patients of CLL often be managed by watchful waiting den monitoring for oda infections. Der currently be no evidence dat early intervention fi alter de course of de disease.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stilgenbauer S, Furman RR, Zent CS | title = Management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia | journal = American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting | issue = 35 | pages = 164–175 | date = 2015-05-01 | pmid = 25993154 | doi = 10.14694/EdBook_AM.2015.35.164 }}</ref> Those plus significant symptoms be treated plus chemotherapy, immunotherapy, anaa a combination of both,<ref name="Nature2017" /> wey dey depend on de individual ein age, physical condition, den whether dem get de del(17p) anaa TP53 mutations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hallek M | title = Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2020 update on diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment | journal = American Journal of Hematology | volume = 94 | issue = 11 | pages = 1266–1287 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31364186 | doi = 10.1002/ajh.25595 | s2cid = 199000131 | doi-access = free }}</ref> CLL be de most common type of [[leukemia]] insyd de Western world. E most commonly dey affect individuals over de age of 65 secof de accumulation of genetic mutations wey dey occur over time.<ref name="SEER2017">{{cite web|title=Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia – Cancer Stat Facts|url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/clyl.html|website=seer.cancer.gov|access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Genes and Cancer|url=https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/what-is-cancer/genes-and-cancer|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116222602/https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/what-is-cancer/genes-and-cancer |archive-date=2021-11-16 }}</ref> CLL be rarely seen insyd individuals less dan 40 years old.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Key Statistics for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/about/key-statistics.html |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}</ref> Men be more commonly affected dan women, although de average lifetime risk give both genders be similar (around 0.5-1%).<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grywalska E, Zaborek M, Łyczba J, Hrynkiewicz R, Bębnowska D, Becht R, Sosnowska-Pasiarska B, Smok-Kalwat J, Pasiarski M, Góźdź S, Roliński J, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P | display-authors = 6 | title = Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia-Induced Humoral Immunosuppression: A Systematic Review | journal = Cells | volume = 9 | issue = 11 | page = 2398 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33147729 | pmc = 7693361 | doi = 10.3390/cells9112398 | doi-access = free }}</ref> E represent less dan 1% of deaths from [[cancer]] between 1980 den 2015.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Haidong |last2=Naghavi |first2=Mohsen |last3=Allen |first3=Christine |last4=Barber |first4=Ryan M. |last5=Bhutta |first5=Zulfiqar A. |last6=Carter |first6=Austin |last7=Casey |first7=Daniel C. |last8=Charlson |first8=Fiona J. |last9=Chen |first9=Alan Zian |last10=Coates |first10=Matthew M. |last11=Coggeshall |first11=Megan |last12=Dandona |first12=Lalit |last13=Dicker |first13=Daniel J. |last14=Erskine |first14=Holly E. |last15=Ferrari |first15=Alize J. |display-authors=1 |date=October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281 |last16=Fitzmaurice |first16=Christina |last17=Foreman |first17=Kyle |last18=Forouzanfar |first18=Mohammad H. |last19=Fraser |first19=Maya S. |last20=Fullman |first20=Nancy |last21=Gething |first21=Peter W. |last22=Goldberg |first22=Ellen M. |last23=Graetz |first23=Nicholas |last24=Haagsma |first24=Juanita A. |last25=Hay |first25=Simon I. |last26=Huynh |first26=Chantal |last27=Johnson |first27=Catherine O. |last28=Kassebaum |first28=Nicholas J. |last29=Kinfu |first29=Yohannes |last30=Kulikoff |first30=Xie Rachel}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470433/ Stat Pearls article on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia]<!-- Wikipedia is not a place to advertise your favorite CLL-related charity. Links need to take a reader directly to high-quality information about CLL. --> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia}} [[Category:Aging-associated diseases]] [[Category:Chronic lymphocytic leukemia| ]] [[Category:Small-blue-round-cell tumors]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] st0wwr018jhzdal984wk4wx8ki8t3ws 14 26864 98071 2026-05-13T19:56:57Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 98071 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26865 98072 2026-05-13T19:57:06Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 98072 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26866 98076 2026-05-13T23:32:23Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458482|Epidermolysis bullosa]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 98076 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 98077 98076 2026-05-13T23:41:30Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Epidermolysis bullosa''' ('''EB''') be a group of rare medical conditions wey dey result in easy blistering of de skin den mucous membranes. Blisters dey occur plus minor trauma anaa friction wey be painful. Ein severity fi range from mild to fatal.<ref name="nature12">{{Cite journal |last1=Bardhan |first1=Ajoy |last2=Bruckner-Tuderman |first2=Leena |last3=Chapple |first3=Iain L. C. |last4=Fine |first4=Jo-David |last5=Harper |first5=Natasha |last6=Has |first6=Cristina |last7=Magin |first7=Thomas M. |last8=Marinkovich |first8=M. Peter |last9=Marshall |first9=John F. |last10=McGrath |first10=John A. |last11=Mellerio |first11=Jemima E. |date=24 September 2020 |title=Epidermolysis bullosa |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0210-0 |url-status=live |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=78 |doi=10.1038/s41572-020-0210-0 |issn=2056-676X |pmid=32973163 |s2cid=221861310 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118171049/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0210-0 |archive-date=18 November 2020 |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref> Inherited EB be a rare disease plus a prevalence insyd de [[United States]] of 8.2 per million live births.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=FINE |first1=JO-DAVID |last2=JOHNSON |first2=LORRAINE B. |last3=WEINER |first3=MADELINE |last4=STEIN |first4=AMY |last5=CASH |first5=SARAH |last6=DeLEOZ |first6=JOY |last7=DEVRIES |first7=DAVID T. |last8=SUCHINDRAN |first8=CHIRAYATH |title=Genitourinary Complications of Inherited Epidermolysis Bullosa: Experience of the National Epidermylosis Bullosa Registry and Review of the Literature |date=November 2004 |journal=Journal of Urology |volume=172 |issue=5 |pages=2040–2044 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000143200.86683.2c |pmid=15540785 }}</ref> Those plus mild cases no fi develop symptoms til dem start to crawl anaa walk. Complications fi include esophageal narrowing, squamous cell skin cancer, den de need for amputations. == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 3ztbh02wwo96xvwulgo7jghnlex9yia 98078 98077 2026-05-13T23:46:49Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Epidermolysis bullosa''' ('''EB''') be a group of rare medical conditions wey dey result in easy blistering of de skin den mucous membranes. Blisters dey occur plus minor trauma anaa friction wey be painful. Ein severity fi range from mild to fatal.<ref name="nature12">{{Cite journal |last1=Bardhan |first1=Ajoy |last2=Bruckner-Tuderman |first2=Leena |last3=Chapple |first3=Iain L. C. |last4=Fine |first4=Jo-David |last5=Harper |first5=Natasha |last6=Has |first6=Cristina |last7=Magin |first7=Thomas M. |last8=Marinkovich |first8=M. Peter |last9=Marshall |first9=John F. |last10=McGrath |first10=John A. |last11=Mellerio |first11=Jemima E. |date=24 September 2020 |title=Epidermolysis bullosa |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0210-0 |url-status=live |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=78 |doi=10.1038/s41572-020-0210-0 |issn=2056-676X |pmid=32973163 |s2cid=221861310 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118171049/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0210-0 |archive-date=18 November 2020 |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref> Inherited EB be a rare disease plus a prevalence insyd de [[United States]] of 8.2 per million live births.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=FINE |first1=JO-DAVID |last2=JOHNSON |first2=LORRAINE B. |last3=WEINER |first3=MADELINE |last4=STEIN |first4=AMY |last5=CASH |first5=SARAH |last6=DeLEOZ |first6=JOY |last7=DEVRIES |first7=DAVID T. |last8=SUCHINDRAN |first8=CHIRAYATH |title=Genitourinary Complications of Inherited Epidermolysis Bullosa: Experience of the National Epidermylosis Bullosa Registry and Review of the Literature |date=November 2004 |journal=Journal of Urology |volume=172 |issue=5 |pages=2040–2044 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000143200.86683.2c |pmid=15540785 }}</ref> Those plus mild cases no fi develop symptoms til dem start to crawl anaa walk. Complications fi include esophageal narrowing, squamous cell skin cancer, den de need for amputations. EB be secof a mutation insyd at least one of 16 different genes. Sam types be autosomal dominant while odas be autosomal recessive.<ref name="GARD2018">{{cite web|title=Epidermolysis bullosa|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6359/epidermolysis-bullosa|access-date=16 May 2018|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|language=en|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516103605/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6359/epidermolysis-bullosa|url-status=live}}</ref> De underlying mechanism be a defect in attachment between anaa within de layers of de skin. Loss anaa diminished function of type VII collagen dey lead to weakness insyd de structural architecture of de dermal–epidermal junction (DEJ) den mucosal membranes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vanden Oever |first1=Michael |last2=Twaroski |first2=Kirk |last3=Osborn |first3=Mark J |last4=Wagner |first4=John E |last5=Tolar |first5=Jakub |date=1 November 2017 |title=Inside out: regenerative medicine for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa |journal=Pediatric Research |volume=83 |issue=1–2 |pages=318–324 |doi=10.1038/pr.2017.244 |pmid=29593249 |s2cid=4447720 |issn=0031-3998|doi-access=free }}</ref> Der be four main types: epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB), junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB), den Kindler syndrome. De diagnosis be suspected based on symptoms wey be confirmed by skin biopsy anaa genetic testing. == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] c4jkmw3c9kwxtpxxeibsoswxu5joe8t 98079 98078 2026-05-13T23:49:58Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Epidermolysis bullosa''' ('''EB''') be a group of rare medical conditions wey dey result in easy blistering of de skin den mucous membranes. Blisters dey occur plus minor trauma anaa friction wey be painful. Ein severity fi range from mild to fatal.<ref name="nature12">{{Cite journal |last1=Bardhan |first1=Ajoy |last2=Bruckner-Tuderman |first2=Leena |last3=Chapple |first3=Iain L. C. |last4=Fine |first4=Jo-David |last5=Harper |first5=Natasha |last6=Has |first6=Cristina |last7=Magin |first7=Thomas M. |last8=Marinkovich |first8=M. Peter |last9=Marshall |first9=John F. |last10=McGrath |first10=John A. |last11=Mellerio |first11=Jemima E. |date=24 September 2020 |title=Epidermolysis bullosa |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0210-0 |url-status=live |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=78 |doi=10.1038/s41572-020-0210-0 |issn=2056-676X |pmid=32973163 |s2cid=221861310 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118171049/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0210-0 |archive-date=18 November 2020 |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref> Inherited EB be a rare disease plus a prevalence insyd de [[United States]] of 8.2 per million live births.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=FINE |first1=JO-DAVID |last2=JOHNSON |first2=LORRAINE B. |last3=WEINER |first3=MADELINE |last4=STEIN |first4=AMY |last5=CASH |first5=SARAH |last6=DeLEOZ |first6=JOY |last7=DEVRIES |first7=DAVID T. |last8=SUCHINDRAN |first8=CHIRAYATH |title=Genitourinary Complications of Inherited Epidermolysis Bullosa: Experience of the National Epidermylosis Bullosa Registry and Review of the Literature |date=November 2004 |journal=Journal of Urology |volume=172 |issue=5 |pages=2040–2044 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000143200.86683.2c |pmid=15540785 }}</ref> Those plus mild cases no fi develop symptoms til dem start to crawl anaa walk. Complications fi include esophageal narrowing, squamous cell skin cancer, den de need for amputations. EB be secof a mutation insyd at least one of 16 different genes. Sam types be autosomal dominant while odas be autosomal recessive.<ref name="GARD2018">{{cite web|title=Epidermolysis bullosa|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6359/epidermolysis-bullosa|access-date=16 May 2018|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|language=en|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516103605/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6359/epidermolysis-bullosa|url-status=live}}</ref> De underlying mechanism be a defect in attachment between anaa within de layers of de skin. Loss anaa diminished function of type VII collagen dey lead to weakness insyd de structural architecture of de dermal–epidermal junction (DEJ) den mucosal membranes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vanden Oever |first1=Michael |last2=Twaroski |first2=Kirk |last3=Osborn |first3=Mark J |last4=Wagner |first4=John E |last5=Tolar |first5=Jakub |date=1 November 2017 |title=Inside out: regenerative medicine for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa |journal=Pediatric Research |volume=83 |issue=1–2 |pages=318–324 |doi=10.1038/pr.2017.244 |pmid=29593249 |s2cid=4447720 |issn=0031-3998|doi-access=free }}</ref> Der be four main types: epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB), junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB), den Kindler syndrome. De diagnosis be suspected based on symptoms wey be confirmed by skin biopsy anaa genetic testing. Der be no cure give de condition. Management dey involve wound care, pain control, controlling infections, nutritional support, den prevention den treatment of complications.<ref name="nature1">{{Cite journal|last1=Bardhan|first1=Ajoy|last2=Bruckner-Tuderman|first2=Leena|last3=Chapple|first3=Iain L. C.|last4=Fine|first4=Jo-David|last5=Harper|first5=Natasha|last6=Has|first6=Cristina|last7=Magin|first7=Thomas M.|last8=Marinkovich|first8=M. Peter|last9=Marshall|first9=John F.|last10=McGrath|first10=John A.|last11=Mellerio|first11=Jemima E.|date=24 September 2020|title=Epidermolysis bullosa|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0210-0|journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|page=78|doi=10.1038/s41572-020-0210-0|pmid=32973163|s2cid=221861310|issn=2056-676X|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=18 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118171049/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0210-0|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> About half a million people be affected globally.<ref name=Tab2017>{{cite journal|last1=Tabor|first1=A|last2=Pergolizzi JV|first2=Jr|last3=Marti|first3=G|last4=Harmon|first4=J|last5=Cohen|first5=B|last6=Lequang|first6=JA|title=Raising Awareness Among Healthcare Providers about Epidermolysis Bullosa and Advancing Toward a Cure.|journal=The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology|date=May 2017|volume=10|issue=5|pages=36–48|pmid=28670357|pmc=5479476}}</ref> E dey occur equally commonly insyd males den females.<ref name=NIH2018Who>{{cite web|title=Epidermolysis Bullosa|url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/epidermolysis-bullosa/advanced#tab-risk|website=National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases|access-date=16 May 2018|language=en|date=11 April 2017|archive-date=4 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004213433/https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/epidermolysis-bullosa/advanced#tab-risk|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] fdvjrfgvkvio17b25dy0ldzq35f140o 98080 98079 2026-05-13T23:51:45Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Epidermolysis bullosa''' ('''EB''') be a group of rare medical conditions wey dey result in easy blistering of de skin den mucous membranes. Blisters dey occur plus minor trauma anaa friction wey be painful. Ein severity fi range from mild to fatal.<ref name="nature12">{{Cite journal |last1=Bardhan |first1=Ajoy |last2=Bruckner-Tuderman |first2=Leena |last3=Chapple |first3=Iain L. C. |last4=Fine |first4=Jo-David |last5=Harper |first5=Natasha |last6=Has |first6=Cristina |last7=Magin |first7=Thomas M. |last8=Marinkovich |first8=M. Peter |last9=Marshall |first9=John F. |last10=McGrath |first10=John A. |last11=Mellerio |first11=Jemima E. |date=24 September 2020 |title=Epidermolysis bullosa |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0210-0 |url-status=live |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=78 |doi=10.1038/s41572-020-0210-0 |issn=2056-676X |pmid=32973163 |s2cid=221861310 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118171049/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0210-0 |archive-date=18 November 2020 |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref> Inherited EB be a rare disease plus a prevalence insyd de [[United States]] of 8.2 per million live births.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=FINE |first1=JO-DAVID |last2=JOHNSON |first2=LORRAINE B. |last3=WEINER |first3=MADELINE |last4=STEIN |first4=AMY |last5=CASH |first5=SARAH |last6=DeLEOZ |first6=JOY |last7=DEVRIES |first7=DAVID T. |last8=SUCHINDRAN |first8=CHIRAYATH |title=Genitourinary Complications of Inherited Epidermolysis Bullosa: Experience of the National Epidermylosis Bullosa Registry and Review of the Literature |date=November 2004 |journal=Journal of Urology |volume=172 |issue=5 |pages=2040–2044 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000143200.86683.2c |pmid=15540785 }}</ref> Those plus mild cases no fi develop symptoms til dem start to crawl anaa walk. Complications fi include esophageal narrowing, squamous cell skin cancer, den de need for amputations. EB be secof a mutation insyd at least one of 16 different genes. Sam types be autosomal dominant while odas be autosomal recessive.<ref name="GARD2018">{{cite web|title=Epidermolysis bullosa|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6359/epidermolysis-bullosa|access-date=16 May 2018|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|language=en|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516103605/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6359/epidermolysis-bullosa|url-status=live}}</ref> De underlying mechanism be a defect in attachment between anaa within de layers of de skin. Loss anaa diminished function of type VII collagen dey lead to weakness insyd de structural architecture of de dermal–epidermal junction (DEJ) den mucosal membranes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vanden Oever |first1=Michael |last2=Twaroski |first2=Kirk |last3=Osborn |first3=Mark J |last4=Wagner |first4=John E |last5=Tolar |first5=Jakub |date=1 November 2017 |title=Inside out: regenerative medicine for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa |journal=Pediatric Research |volume=83 |issue=1–2 |pages=318–324 |doi=10.1038/pr.2017.244 |pmid=29593249 |s2cid=4447720 |issn=0031-3998|doi-access=free }}</ref> Der be four main types: epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB), junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB), den Kindler syndrome. De diagnosis be suspected based on symptoms wey be confirmed by skin biopsy anaa genetic testing. Der be no cure give de condition. Management dey involve wound care, pain control, controlling infections, nutritional support, den prevention den treatment of complications.<ref name="nature1">{{Cite journal|last1=Bardhan|first1=Ajoy|last2=Bruckner-Tuderman|first2=Leena|last3=Chapple|first3=Iain L. C.|last4=Fine|first4=Jo-David|last5=Harper|first5=Natasha|last6=Has|first6=Cristina|last7=Magin|first7=Thomas M.|last8=Marinkovich|first8=M. Peter|last9=Marshall|first9=John F.|last10=McGrath|first10=John A.|last11=Mellerio|first11=Jemima E.|date=24 September 2020|title=Epidermolysis bullosa|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0210-0|journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|page=78|doi=10.1038/s41572-020-0210-0|pmid=32973163|s2cid=221861310|issn=2056-676X|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=18 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118171049/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0210-0|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> About half a million people be affected globally.<ref name=Tab2017>{{cite journal|last1=Tabor|first1=A|last2=Pergolizzi JV|first2=Jr|last3=Marti|first3=G|last4=Harmon|first4=J|last5=Cohen|first5=B|last6=Lequang|first6=JA|title=Raising Awareness Among Healthcare Providers about Epidermolysis Bullosa and Advancing Toward a Cure.|journal=The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology|date=May 2017|volume=10|issue=5|pages=36–48|pmid=28670357|pmc=5479476}}</ref> E dey occur equally commonly insyd males den females.<ref name=NIH2018Who>{{cite web|title=Epidermolysis Bullosa|url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/epidermolysis-bullosa/advanced#tab-risk|website=National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases|access-date=16 May 2018|language=en|date=11 April 2017|archive-date=4 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004213433/https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/epidermolysis-bullosa/advanced#tab-risk|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{commons}} * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1369/ GeneReviews/NCBI/UW/NIH entry on Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex] * [https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/epidermolysis-bullosa Questions and Answers about Epidermolysis Bullosa]&nbsp;- US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases {{Authority control}} [[Category:Genodermatoses]] [[Category:Rare diseases]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4eoaws608f9xxj2zmr9b7cmfhc8amjy 0 26867 98081 2026-05-13T23:53:01Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457416|Progressive supranuclear palsy]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 98081 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 98082 98081 2026-05-14T00:00:38Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Progressive supranuclear palsy''' ('''PSP''') be a non late-onset neurodegenerative disease wey dey involve de gradual deterioration den death of specific volumes of de brain, dem link to 4-repeat tau pathology.<ref name="Golbe20142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Golbe LI |date=April 2014 |title=Progressive supranuclear palsy |journal=Seminars in Neurology |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=151–9 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1381736 |pmid=24963674 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ICD112">{{cite web |title=ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1493396558 |website=icd.who.int}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Boxer |first1=Adam L |last2=Yu |first2=Jin-Tai |last3=Golbe |first3=Lawrence I |last4=Litvan |first4=Irene |last5=Lang |first5=Anthony E |last6=Höglinger |first6=Günter U |date=July 2017 |title=Advances in progressive supranuclear palsy: new diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, and therapeutic approaches |journal=The Lancet Neurology |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=552–563 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30157-6|pmid=28653647 |pmc=5802400 }}</ref> De condition dey lead to symptoms wey dey include loss of balance, slowing of movement, difficulty dey move de eyes, den cognitive impairment.<ref name="Golbe20142" /> PSP fi be mistaken for oda types of neurodegeneration such as [[Parkinson's disease]], [[frontotemporal dementia]] den Alzheimer's disease. E be de second most common tauopathy behind [[Alzheimer's disease]]. De cause of de condition be uncertain, buh dey involve de accumulation of tau protein within de brain. Medications such as levodopa den amantadine fi be useful insyd sam cases.<ref name="Golbe20142" /> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 9830ubbwp8064ar01cmq8ztjmu0rl9q